Parks Transformation Application For Power System
Parks Transformation Application For Power System
net/publication/229027859
CITATIONS READS
9 11,099
4 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Soliman Abdel-hady Soliman on 04 June 2014.
S. A. SOLIMAN
R. A. ALAMMARI
University of Qatar
Electrical Engineering Department
P. O. Box 2713
Doha, Qatar
M. E. EL-HAWARY
Dalhousie University
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
A. H. MANTAWAY
King Fahad University
Electrical Engineering Department
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
777
778 S. A. Soliman et al.
1. Introduction
The application of electric devices and electronic equipment in power system control
as well as nonlinear loads produces nonsinusoidal waveforms of voltage and current.
To assess the quality of delivered power, especially in open markets, it is necessary
to estimate the harmonic components in a power system. The quality of power
delivered necessitates knowledge regarding the magnitude of harmonic components
and phase angle of these components. The reduction of harmonics in a system leads
to good system quality. Installing filters at feeding points along the network can
do this if the harmonic components’ magnitudes as well as their phase angles are
known in advance.
Reference [1] presents an optimal measurement scheme for tracking the har-
monics in power system voltage and current waveforms. The proposed scheme was
based on Kalman filtering. Reference [2] implements the well-known LES algorithm
for identification and measurement of power system harmonics. The mathematical
model for the identification and measurement process is presented in this reference.
The samples used in this reference are for one of the three-phase voltage or current
signals.
Reference [3] presents a comparative study for power system harmonic estima-
tion. It compares the results obtained using a discrete Fourier transform (DFT),
the well-known least errors square (LES) parameter estimation algorithm, and the
least absolute value (LAV) parameter estimation algorithm. It has been concluded
that the three algorithms produce the same estimate if the signal under study is
free of noise. However, if some data samples are missed, the least absolute value
produces better estimates than the DFT and LES algorithms. The algorithms in
this reference use the samples of a one-phase voltage or current signal.
An approach based on singular value decomposition (SVD) for estimating har-
monic components in a power system is presented in [4]. Three different techniques
are investigated: the standard averaged SVD, total LS, and double SVD. Reference
[5] implements the neural network in its analogue form for estimation of harmonics.
It has been shown that such problem formulation leads to a quadratic objective of
the global minimum, which can be found by using simple electronic circuitry in real
time.
Reference [6] presents an approach for the estimation of harmonic components
of a power system using a linear adaptive neuron called Adaline. The proposed es-
timator tracks Fourier coefficients of signal data corrupted with noise and decaying
DC components. Reference [7] develops a fast Newton-type solution of the six-pulse
rectifier and dc system in the harmonic domain. The nonlinear equations are solved
using Newton’s method, which employs a Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives.
A 12-state Kalman filtering algorithm is applied in [8], using an 8 bit micropro-
cessor, for continuous real-time tracking of the harmonics in the voltage or current
waveforms of a power system to obtain in real time the instantaneous values for a
maximum of six harmonics as well as the existing harmonic distortion.
Reference [9] reviews the problems associated with direct application of the
Fast Fourier Transform to compute harmonic levels of nonsteady-state distorted
waveforms, and various ways to describe recorded data in statistical terms. Refer-
ence [10] presents an approach based on fuzzy linear regression for the measurement
of power system harmonic components. The nonsinusoidal voltage or current wave-
form is written as a linear function. The parameters of this function are assumed
Power System Harmonics Identification 779
to be fuzzy numbers having certain middle and spread value. The problem in this
reference is formulated as a linear optimization problem, where the objective is to
minimize the spread of voltage or current samples.
The online digital measurement on power systems for the power quality analysis
under nonsinusoidal conditions is considered in [11]. The proposed instrument in
this reference adopts a floating point digital signal processing (DSP) hosted on an
IBM PC and interfaced with a special high-speed data acquisition system (DAS).
Voltage and current waveforms are acquired and processed by using a fast recursive
least-square (FRLS) measurement algorithm. Using such an algorithm, different
quantities are obtained, such as the current and voltage rms values, their harmonic
content, the active power, the harmonic active power, the power factor, etc.
Reference [12] applies a technique to the computation of individual harmonics
in digital protections, where only certain isolated harmonics, rather than the full
spectrum, are needed. This leads to O(log2 N ) computations per harmonics. A
technique based on modeling and identification method is proposed in [13] using a
mathematical model describing the signal in question. The recursive least square
error identification algorithm is used to identify the harmonic parameters. These
include the frequency, amplitude, and phase angle.
Because of the limitations associated with conventional algorithms, particu-
larly under supply-frequency drift and transient situations, an approach based on
nonlinear least squares parameter estimation has been proposed in [14]. To reduce
the computational time the Hopfield-type feedback neural networks for real-time
harmonic evaluation are adopted. The neural network implementation determines
simultaneously the supply frequency variation, the fundamental-amplitude/phase
variation, as well as the harmonics-amplitude variation. Reference [15] considers
state estimation of harmonic signals with time-varying magnitudes. Harmonic sig-
nals are modeled using elliptical set-theoretic methods, and an optimal reduced-
order estimator, which has one-half the dimension of the state vector, is developed
for predicting the unknown time-varying harmonic magnitudes.
Reference [16] proposes the optimization of spectrum analysis to reduce the
restriction on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) [17], resulting in a mismatch of
the frequency scale with signal characteristics. By using this method, both the
picket-fence effect and the leakage effect are reduced, and it makes the harmonic
parameters show on spectrum more accurately. Reference [18] proposes a harmonic
model based on the Wavelet Transform (WT) for online tracking of a power system
using Kalman filtering. The close relation between the Wavelet and Multiresolution
analysis is utilized to express the harmonic magnitudes and phase angle as a sum
of Wavelet and scaling function.
Park’s transformation is a well-known technique in the analysis of electric
machines, where the three rotating phases abc are transferred to three equivalent
stationary dq0 phases (d-q reference frame). This paper presents the application of
Park’s transformation for identifying and measuring power system harmonics. The
proposed technique does not need a harmonics model or prior knowledge of the
number of harmonics expected to be in the voltage or current signal. The proposed
algorithm uses the digitized samples of the three phases of voltage or current to
identify and measure the harmonics content in these signals. Sampling frequency is
the only parameter tied to the harmonic order in question to verify the sampling
theorem. The identification process is very simple and easy to apply. Results for
simulated and data generated from EMTP for an actual system are presented.
780 S. A. Soliman et al.
The matrix of Equation (1) can be computed offline if the frequencies of the
voltage or current signal and the order of harmonic to be identified are known in
advance, as well as the sampling frequency and the number of samples used. If this
matrix is multiplied digitally by the samples of the three-phase signals of the voltage
or current, which sampled at the same sampling frequency of matrix (1), a new set
of three-phase samples are obtained. We call this set a dq0 set (reference frame).
This set of new three-phase samples contains the ac component of the three-phase
voltage or current signals as well as the dc offset. The dc off set components can be
calculated as
m
1
Vd (dc) = (Vd )i ,
m i=1
m
1
Vq (dc) = (Vq )i , (2)
m i=1
m
1
V0 (dc) = (V0 )i .
m i=1
If these dc components are eliminated from the new pq0 samples, new ac har-
monic samples are produced. We call this set of samples Vd (ac), Vq (ac), and V0 (ac).
If we multiply this set of samples by the inverse of the matrix of Equation (1),
Power System Harmonics Identification 781
which is given as
1
sin nωt cos nωt √
2
2
sin(nωt + 240n) cos(nωt + 240n) 1
P −1 = √ , (3)
3 2
1
sin(nωt + 120n) cos(nωt + 120n) √
2
then the resulting samples represent the samples of the harmonic components in
each phase of the original three phases. The following are the identification steps:
Step 1. Decide the order of harmonic you would like to identify, and then
adjust the sampling frequency to satisfy the sampling theory. Obtain
m digital samples of harmonics-polluted three-phase voltage or current
samples, sampled at the specified sampling frequency Fs . Or you can
obtain these m samples at one sampling frequency that satisfies the
sampling theorem and cover the entire range of harmonic frequency
you expect to be in the voltage or current signals. Simply choose the
sampling frequency to be greater than double the highest frequency
you expect in the signal.
Step 2. Calculate the matrices, given by Equations (1) and (3) at the m
available samples as well as the order of harmonics you would like
to identify. To this stage, we assume that the signal frequency ω is
constant and equals the nominal frequency 50 or 60 Hz.
Step 3. Multiplying the samples of the three-phase signal (abc phases), by the
transformation matrix given by Equation (1).
Step 4. Remove the dc offset from the original samples simply by subtracting
the average of the new samples generated in step 3 and calculated by
using Equation (2) from the original samples. The generated samples,
in this step, are the samples of the ac dq0 signal.
Step 5. Multiply the resulting samples of step 4 by the inverse matrix given in
Equation (3). The resulting samples are the samples of harmonics that
contaminate the three-phase abc signals except for the fundamental
components.
Step 6. Subtract these samples from the original samples; we obtain m samples
for the harmonic component in question.
Step 7. Use the least error squares algorithm, explained in the preceding sec-
tion, to estimate the amplitude and phase angle of the components.
If the harmonics are balanced in the three phases, the identified com-
ponent will be the positive sequence for harmonics of order 1st, 4th,
7th, etc., and no negative or zero sequence components. Furthermore,
it will be the negative sequence for the 2nd, 5th, 8th, etc. component
and will be the zero sequence for the 3rd, 6th, 9th, etc. components.
But if the expected harmonics in the three phases are not balanced,
go to step 8.
Step 8. Replace ω by −ω in the transformation matrix of Equation (1) and
the inverse transformation matrix of Equation (3) and repeat steps
1–7 to obtain the negative sequence components.
782 S. A. Soliman et al.
where we define
Z = Aθ + ζ, (8)
where Z is an m × 1 vector of samples of the voltage of any of the three phases, and
A is an m × 2 matrix of measurement that can be calculated offline providing that
the sampling frequency as well as the signal frequency is known in advance. The
elements of this matrix are a1 (t) = cos nωt, a2 (t) = sin nωt; θ is a 2 × 1 parameters
vector to be estimated; and ζ is an m × 1 errors vector due to the filtering process
to be minimized. The solution to Equation (8) based on least error square (LES) is
Having identified the parameters vector θ∗ , the magnitude and phase angle of
the voltage of phase a can be calculated as follows:
1
Vam = [Xa2 + Ya2 ] 2 , (10)
Xa
ϕa = tan−1 . (11)
Ya
The harmonics in the other two phases are displaced backward and forward from
phase a by 120◦ and equal in magnitudes and in a balanced harmonics contamina-
tion. The sampling frequency is chosen to be Fs = 4 × fo × n, where fo = 50 Hz,
where n is the order of harmonic to be identified, n = 1, . . . , N , N is the largest
Power System Harmonics Identification 783
The sampling frequency should be greater than or equal 2×50×7 = 700 Hz. We use,
in this case, a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz, 50-sample data window size. Table 2
gives the results obtained for the positive sequence of each harmonics component
including the fundamental component.
Examining this table reveals that the proposed technique produces good esti-
mates for the positive sequence of each harmonic, such unbalanced harmonics, and
magnitude and phase angle of each harmonics component.
784
Phase V φ V φ V φ V φ
785
Phase V φ V φ V φ V φ
Table 3
Estimated positive sequence for each harmonic
Harmonic V φ V φ V φ
6. Conclusions
We present in this paper a new algorithm based on Park’s transformation to identify
and measure harmonic components in a power system for quality analysis. The main
features of the proposed algorithm are the following:
• It needs no model for the harmonic components in question.
• It filters out the dc components of the voltage or current signal under
consideration.
Power System Harmonics Identification 787
Table 4
Estimated positive sequence for each harmonic
Harmonic V φ V φ V φ
The only drawback, like other algorithms, is that if there is a frequency drift, it
produces an accurate estimate for the components under study. Thus a frequency
estimation algorithm is needed in this case. Also, we assume that the amplitude
and phase angles of each harmonic component are time independent, steady-state
harmonics identification.
References
[1] A. A. Girgis, W. B. Chang, and E. B. Makram, “A digital recursive measurement
scheme for on-line tracking of power system harmonics,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vol. 6., no. 3, pp. 1153–1160, 1991.
[2] S. A. Soliman, G. S. Christensen, and K. M. El-Naggar, “A state estimation algorithm
for identification and measurement of power system harmonics,” Electric Power
System Research, vol. 19, pp. 195–206, 1990.
[3] E. A. Abu Al-Feilat, I. El-Amin, and M. Bettayeb, “Power system harmonic estima-
tion: a comparative study,” Electric Power System Research, vol. 29, pp. 91–97, 1994.
[4] S. Osowski, “Neural network for estimation of harmonic components in a power
system,” IEE Proc. C, Gener. Trans. Distrib., vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 129–135, 1992.
[5] S. Osowski, “SVD technique for estimating of harmonic components in a power
system: a statistical approach,” IEE Proc. Gener. Trans. Distrib., vol. 141, no. 5,
pp. 473–479, 1994.
[6] P. K. Dash, D. P. Swain, A. C. Liew, and S. Rahman, “An adaptive linear combiner
for on-line tracking of power system harmonics,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,
vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1730–1735, 1996.
[7] B. C. Smith, N. R. Watson, A. R. Wood, and J. Arrillaga, “A Newton solution for
the harmonic phasor analysis of AC/DC,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 11,
no. 2, pp. 965–971, April 1996.
[8] V. M. Moreno Saiz and J. Barros Guadalupe, “Application of Kalman filtering for
continuous real-time tracking of power system harmonics,” IEE Proc. Gener. Trans.
Distrib., Part C, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 13–20, January 1997.
[9] Probabilistic Aspect Task Force of the Harmonics Working Group, “Time-varying
harmonics: Part I—Characterizing measured data,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 938–944, 1998.
[10] S. A. Soliman, I. Helal, and A. M. Al-Kandari, “Fuzzy linear regression for measure-
ment of harmonic components in a power system,” Electric Power Systems Research,
vol. 50, pp. 99–105, 1999.
[11] G. Bucci and C. Landi, “On-line digital measurement for the quality analysis of
power systems under non-sinusoidal conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation
and Measurement, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 853–857, 1999.
[12] A. G. Exposito and J. A. Rosendo Macias, “Fast harmonic computation for digital
relaying,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1263–1268, 1999.
[13] F. Kim, L. Enbouch, A. Chaouiand, and M. Michel, “Novel identification-based
technique for harmonics estimation,” Can. J. Elect. & Comp. Eng., vol. 24, no. 4,
pp. 149–154, 1999.
[14] L. L. Lai, W. L. Chan, and C. T. Tse, “Real-time frequency and harmonic evaluation
using artificial neural networks,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 14, no. 1,
pp. 52–59, 1999.
[15] S. Andreon, E. E. Yaz, and K. J. Olejniczak, “Reduced-order estimation of power
system harmonics using set theory,” Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International
Conference on Control Application, Hawai’i, 22–27 August 1999.
[16] T. P. Tsao, R. C. Wu, and C. C. Nig, “The optimization of spectral analysis for signal
harmonics,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 149–153, April 2001.
Power System Harmonics Identification 789
[17] H. C. Lin and C. S. Lee, “Enhanced FFT-based parametric algorithm for simultaneous
multiple harmonics analysis,” IEEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 148, no. 3,
pp. 209–214, May 2001.
[18] Y. Z. Liu and S. Chen, “A wavelet based model for on-line tracking of power system
harmonic using Kalman filtering,” IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Vancouver, B.C.,
17–19 July 2001.
View publication stats