Audio Scripts i.

She complains constantly. She never has anything

positive to say.
j. Owning a business is more difficult than most people
think. In fact, many small businesses enter into
bankruptcy within a year or two of opening.

Unit 1 AUDIO TRACK 1.4 5:33 min

Page 6, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas
AUDIO TRACK 1.2  2:14 min Welcome to today’s podcast of Business Talk. These days,
Part 1, Page 4, Exercise B, Think Critically: Predict it seems to me that everyone is starting or thinking about
starting their own business. Just last week, I got hundreds
Welcome to today’s show on Business Talk. These days,
of emails from 20-somethings (most of them living in their
it seems to me that everyone is starting or thinking about
parents’ basements) asking for advice on how to become
starting their own business. Just last week, I got hundreds
the next Mark Zuckerberg. Now in case you’ve been living in
of emails from 20-somethings (most of them living in their
your parents’ basement for too long and don’t get out much,
parents’ basements) asking for advice on how to become
Mark Zuckerberg is the guy who started Facebook at the
the next Mark Zuckerberg. Now in case you’ve been living in
age of 24. He’s now an old guy—in his 30’s—and his wealth
your parents’ basement for too long and don’t get out much,
is estimated at more than 30 billion dollars.
Mark Zuckerberg is the guy who started Facebook at the
age of 24. He’s now an old guy—in his 30’s—and his wealth I’ve been doing this show for a lot of years, but I have never
is estimated at more than 30 billion dollars. seen anything like this before. It’s really striking. In the past,
most middle-class kids would graduate from college, find a
I’ve been doing this show for a lot of years, but I have never
job, collect a paycheck, settle down and get married, buy a
seen anything like this before. It’s really striking. In the past,
house, and have some kids—usually in that order.
most middle-class kids would graduate from college, find a
job, collect a paycheck, settle down and get married, buy a In those days, maybe ten people a week would contact me
house, and have some kids—usually in that order. to get my advice about starting their own businesses. But
nowadays, with a difficult job market, rapid technological
In those days, maybe ten people a week would contact me
change, news all over the media about the so-called
to get my advice about starting their own businesses. But
“overnight success” of entrepreneurs like Mark Zuckerberg,
nowadays, with a difficult job market, rapid technological
and television shows like Shark Tank—where people try to
change, news all over the media about the so-called
sell their ideas to investors with the money to help them start
“overnight success” of entrepreneurs like Mark Zuckerberg,
their own businesses—everybody thinks that they are going
and television shows like Shark Tank—where people try to
to become the next Bill Gates.
sell their ideas to investors with the money to help them start
their own businesses—everybody thinks that they are going And that brings me to today’s podcast. My purpose? It’s
to become the next Bill Gates. simple. My inbox is full. I want to stop, or at least slow down,
the traffic of email from all of you who think you would make
And that brings me to today’s show. My purpose? It’s
great business owners. So here goes. Warning: This is not a
simple. My inbox is full. I want to stop, or at least slow down,
reality TV show. It is just plain reality. Oh, and as always, you
the traffic of email from all of you who think you would make
can check out our website for some additional information
great business owners. So here goes. Warning: This is not a
about today’s podcast.
reality TV show. It is just plain reality. Oh, and as always, you
can check out our website for some additional information First, running a business is hard work. Really hard work.
about today’s podcast. 100 hours a week of hard work.—At least. Seven-days a
week of hard work. No kidding. Just ask Robert. Robert
AUDIO TRACK 1.3  1:44 min is a French chef who owns a café serving breakfast and
Page 5, Exercise C, Vocabulary lunch. He also makes food for parties and special events.
Every day, he gets up at 2:00 or 3:00 AM and drives to
a. His business success brought him great wealth at an the restaurant. He usually doesn’t get home until 4:00 PM,
early age. He was a billionaire by the age of 30. unless he has a large party or special event. On those
b. Experts estimate that the number of people employed days, he might not get home until 10 PM or later. The
by small businesses will grow by 10 percent in the next next day, he gets up and does it all over again. The only
20 years. day the shop is closed is on Sundays, but even then
c. Wow, the new design makes the restaurant look Robert usually spends hours at the shop catching up on
completely different. The change is really striking! paperwork or getting ready for the week to come. In other
d. In my country, many young people settle down very words, he works constantly. His advice to would-be small
soon after college. By the age of 30, most are married business owners? Do not fool yourself. The freedom of
and have one or two children. being your own boss might sound great, but say goodbye
to free time.
e. That singer was an overnight success. One day she was
singing in a small club for almost no money, and the next Second, most business owners never get rich. In fact, about
day she had a number one song! one third of businesses fail within one year, and about half
f. He didn’t have any money of his own, so he had to find fail within five years. And even businesses that have done
an investor to help him start his business. great for years can suddenly fail. Don’t believe me? Just
ask Gail Horvath. She and her husband started a company
g. He has been working 24 hours a day for three days,
in San Francisco called Just Desserts. They made and sold
without any sleep at all. He plans on spending the whole
high quality desserts for 30 years until a couple of bad
weekend in bed to catch up on his sleep.
business decisions sent the company into bankruptcy.
h. He’s retired now. His daughter runs the business. So . . . do you want to lose your business and all of your

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 money? Great, send me an email, and we can talk about chef who owns a café serving breakfast and lunch. He also
how you can get started! makes food for parties and special events. Every day, he gets
Third, do you want a family life? Do you want to be able to up at 2:00 or 3:00 AM and drives to the restaurant. He usually
recognize your own children in a crowd? Good luck with doesn’t get home until 4:00 PM, unless he has a large party
that. The fact is that many entrepreneurs end up divorced. or special event. On those days, he might not get home until
The story of Tony, a software and media entrepreneur, 10 PM or later. The next day, he gets up and does it all over
is not unusual. Tony admits that he put his wife through again. The only day the shop is closed is on Sundays, but even
eight years of suffering while he created and tried to sell a then Robert usually spends hours at the shop catching up
television show. With two young children and no idea where on paperwork or getting ready for the week to come. In other
the next paycheck would come from, Tony’s wife gave him words, he works constantly. His advice to would-be small
a choice: the TV show or her. He chose the TV show. She business owners? Do not fool yourself. The freedom of being
chose divorce. Do you really want to make that choice? your own boss might sound great, but say goodbye to free time.

OK, so if you’ve listened to all of this and are still interested Segment 3
in starting your own business, great! Now go back and listen Second, most business owners never get rich. In fact, about
again, once a day for seven days. Got it? Seven days—the one third of businesses fail within one year, and about half fail
same number of days a week you will be working if you start within five years. And even businesses that have done great
your own business. Oh, and make sure you listen at 4:00 AM. for years can suddenly fail. Don’t believe me? Just ask Gail
Why? That’s the time you will either be getting up to start Horvath. She and her husband started a company in San
your 20-hour workday, or going to bed after you’ve worked Francisco called Just Desserts. They made and sold high
20 hours straight. If at the end of the seven days, you are still quality desserts for 30 years until a couple of bad business
interested in starting your own business, congratulations. decisions sent the company into bankruptcy. So . . . do you
You just might be the next Mark Zuckerberg . . . and yes, I’ll want to lose your business and all of your money? Great, send
answer your email. me an email, and we can talk about how you can get started!
That’s it for today’s podcast. Tomorrow, I’ll be interviewing . . .
Segment 4
AUDIO TRACK 1.5  5:43 min Third, do you want a family life? Do you want to be able to
recognize your own children in a crowd? Good luck with
Page 7, Exercise F, Listen for Details
that. The fact is that many entrepreneurs end up divorced.
Segment 1 The story of Tony, a software and media entrepreneur,
is not unusual. Tony admits that he put his wife through
Welcome to today’s podcast of Business Talk. These days,
eight years of suffering while he created and tried to sell a
it seems to me that everyone is starting or thinking about
television show. With two young children and no idea where
starting their own business. Just last week, I got hundreds
the next paycheck would come from, Tony’s wife gave him
of emails from 20-somethings (most of them living in their
a choice: the TV show or her. He chose the TV show. She
parents’ basements) asking for advice on how to become
chose divorce. Do you really want to make that choice?
the next Mark Zuckerberg. Now in case you’ve been living in
your parents’ basement for too long and don’t get out much, OK, so if you’ve listened to all of this and are still interested
Mark Zuckerberg is the guy who started Facebook at the in starting your own business, great! Now go back and listen
age of 24. He’s now an old guy—in his 30’s—and his wealth again, once a day for seven days. Got it? Seven days—the
is estimated at more than 30 billion dollars. same number of days a week you will be working if you start
your own business. Oh, and make sure you listen at 4:00 AM.
I’ve been doing this show for a lot of years, but I have never
Why? That’s the time you will either be getting up to start
seen anything like this before. It’s really striking. In the past,
your 20-hour workday, or going to bed after you’ve worked
most middle-class kids would graduate from college, find a
20 hours straight. If at the end of the seven days, you are still
job, collect a paycheck, settle down and get married, buy a
interested in starting your own business, congratulations.
house, and have some kids—usually in that order.
You just might be the next Mark Zuckerberg . . . and yes, I’ll
In those days, maybe ten people a week would contact me answer your email.
to get my advice about starting their own businesses. But
That’s it for today’s podcast. Tomorrow, I’ll be interviewing . . .
nowadays, with a difficult job market, rapid technological
change, news all over the media about the so-called
“overnight success” of entrepreneurs like Mark Zuckerberg, AUDIO TRACK 1.6  0:33 min
and television shows like Shark Tank—where people try to Page 8, Listening Skill: Identify Main Points and
sell their ideas to investors with the money to help them start Story Examples
their own businesses—everybody thinks that they are going
to become the next Bill Gates. Examples:
First, running a business is hard work. Just ask Robert.
And that brings me to today’s podcast. My purpose? It’s Robert is a French chef who owns a café serving breakfast
simple. My inbox is full. I want to stop, or at least slow down, and lunch . . .
the traffic of email from all of you who think you would make
great business owners. So here goes. Warning: This is not a His advice to would-be small business owners? Do not fool
reality TV show. It is just plain reality. Oh, and as always, you yourself. The freedom of being your own boss might sound
can check out our website for some additional information great, but say goodbye to free time.
about today’s podcast.
AUDIO TRACK 1.7  2:44 min
Segment 2 Pages 8 and 9, Exercise G and Exercise H, Listen and Take
First, running a business is hard work. Really hard work. Notes
100 hours a week of hard work.—At least. Seven-days a week
First, running a business is hard work. Really hard work.
of hard work. No kidding. Just ask Robert. Robert is a French
100 hours a week of hard work.—At least. Seven-days a
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 week of hard work. No kidding. Just ask Robert. Robert 4. After finally achieving her dream of opening a new
is a French chef who owns a café serving breakfast and bakery, she had to close it after a year because she
lunch. He also makes food for parties and special events. wasn’t bringing in enough revenue to support her family.
Every day, he gets up at 2:00 or 3:00 AM and drives to 5. The director’s first movie, Fear, was so successful that
the restaurant. He usually doesn’t get home until 4:00 PM, they made a sequel, Fear II.
unless he has a large party or special event. On those days, 6. Most professional athletes, such as tennis players, reach
he might not get home until 10 PM or later. The next day, he their peak when they are in their 20s or 30s. That is when
gets up and does it all over again. The only day the shop is they are most competitive.
closed is on Sundays, but even then Robert usually spends
hours at the shop catching up on paperwork or getting ready 7. People often say that life is about the journey, not the
for the week to come. In other words, he works constantly. final destination.
His advice to would-be small business owners? Do not fool 8. Be careful where you walk. The ground is uneven. I don’t
yourself. The freedom of being your own boss might sound want you to trip.
great, but say goodbye to free time. 9. If you go to business school, you are not guaranteed
Second, most business owners never get rich. In fact, about a good job when you graduate, but your chances are
one third of businesses fail within one year, and about half better.
fail within five years. And even businesses that have done 10. I made more money in my prior job, but I prefer this one.
great for years can suddenly fail. Don’t believe me? Just
ask Gail Horvath. She and her husband started a company
in San Francisco called Just Desserts. They made and sold
high quality desserts for 30 years until a couple of bad
Unit 2
business decisions sent the company into bankruptcy.
So . . . do you want to lose your business and all of your AUDIO TRACK 1.11  1:18 min
money? Great, send me an email, and we can talk about Part 1, Page 25, Exercise C, Vocabulary
how you can get started!
a. Thousands of years ago, before there were any written
Third, do you want a family life? Do you want to be able to languages, our human ancestors used pictures and
recognize your own children in a crowd? Good luck with symbols to communicate. Even with just simple symbols
that. The fact is that many entrepreneurs end up divorced. and pictures, they managed to communicate complex
The story of Tony, a software and media entrepreneur, messages.
is not unusual. Tony admits that he put his wife through b. In addition to spoken language, all human beings also
eight years of suffering while he created and tried to sell a use body language to help them get across their ideas.
television show. With two young children and no idea where The use of body language, which includes both gestures
the next paycheck would come from, Tony’s wife gave him with your hands and facial expressions, such as a smile,
a choice: the TV show or her. He chose the TV show. She is universal.
chose divorce. Do you really want to make that choice?
c. English has a lot of compound words for weather. Two
examples include sunlight (sun + light) and snowstorm
AUDIO TRACK 1.8  0:25 min (snow + storm).
Page 12, Pronunciation Skill: Intonation and Pauses:
d. In informal conversation in English, reductions are quite
Continuing and Concluding
common. For example, be going to sounds like gonna,
Examples: and have to sounds like hafta.
In other words, he works constantly. e. With the Internet, it is easy to spread information from
These days, it seems to me that everyone is starting, or one side of the world to the other in just minutes.
thinking about starting, their own business.
AUDIO TRACK 1.12  4:53 min
AUDIO TRACK 1.9  0:36 min Page 27, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas and Exercise G,
Listen for Details
Page 12, Exercises N and O
Warning: This is not a reality TV show. It is just plain reality. PODCAST HOST  Good afternoon, and welcome to
Communicating in the 21st Century. Our topic today is
First, running a business is hard work. Really hard work. how using emoticons and emoji in texting, tweeting, and
100 hours a week of hard work.—At least. Seven days a instant messaging is affecting the way we communicate.
week of hard work. No kidding. Just ask Robert. Robert Go to our website if you’d like to see some of what I’m
is a French chef who owns a café serving breakfast and going to describe.
lunch.
First, let’s make sure everyone understands the terms
emoticon and emoji. The word emoticon is a combination of
AUDIO TRACK 1.10  1:44 min two words: emotion and icon. An icon is a type of symbol,
Part 2, Pages 14 and 15, Exercise D, Vocabulary such as a drawing of a heart broken into two pieces to mean
1. Some of my ideas in exercise B overlapped with my heartbroken.
partner’s, but some were different. Emoticons express both feelings and ideas in online
2. He comes from a humble background. Neither of his communication.
parents graduated from high school. Despite this, he
As far as we know, a computer scientist named Scott
became a very successful businessman.
Fahlman invented the first emoticon in 1982. You’re probably
3. When he read the university catalogue, he was excited familiar with it—it’s a smiling face on its side. So, as you can
about the large number of course offerings. He felt that see from this early example, emoticons are simple pictures
he could study anything; his choices seemed infinite! made from punctuation or other non-letter symbols.

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 Emoji, on the other hand, are small, cartoon-like pictures of Emoji, on the other hand, are small, cartoon-like pictures of
just about anything—from a doghouse to a watermelon. The just about anything—from a doghouse to a watermelon. The
word emoji is a Japanese word and is similar to a compound word emoji is a Japanese word and is similar to a compound
word in English—that is, a combination of two words to word in English—that is, a combination of two words to
make one word, such as basketball or sunlight. The first make one word, such as basketball or sunlight. The first
character is e-, which means picture, and the second one is character is e-, which means picture, and the second one is
-moji, which means character. -moji, which means character.
Why the Japanese word? Because the first emoji were Segment 2
invented in Japan. At the end of the 1990s, a Japanese
mobile network wanted to attract more teenage customers. Some say that this use of pictures is a sign that we are
So an employee, Shigetaka Kurita and his team invented losing the ability to communicate complex ideas. They
176 characters and made them available for use in instant point out that our ancestors used pictures to communicate
messages. These playful characters, or emoji, became thousands of years ago, before the invention of writing.
immediately popular with the Japanese, who, at least From this point of view, then, emoji and emoticons are like
according to author Motoko Tamamuro, often feel more pictures scratched on rocks, and are a step backward to an
comfortable using indirect ways to get their ideas across, earlier time, before the invention of writing.
especially when sharing their feelings. But there are also strong supporters of emoji and emoticons.
It seems that the desire to express our feelings through They argue that rather than taking something away from
pictures is universal, however, because emoji quickly spread written language, emoji and emoticons improve it. How?
all over the world. They compare emoji and emoticons to facial expressions,
such as raising your eyebrows, and gestures, such as
But emoji and emoticons can express much more than shrugging your shoulders. They believe that emoji and
feelings. There are emoji animals, plants, weather and food, emoticons add meaning to the written word or even change
among many others. We can put them together to make an a word’s meaning completely. Thus, they argue, emoji and
emoji “sentence.” And a lot of emoticons are much more emoticons are a step forward.
complex than just a smiling face.
Thus, people often use emoji and emoticons to replace the Segment 3
written word. And that brings us to our discussion topic for Still other people argue that texting, instant messaging and
today: How are emoticons and emoji affecting communication? tweeting are not really written language at all—they are
much closer to oral conversation. Abbreviations such as
Some say that this use of pictures is a sign that we are the letter “u” for the pronoun “you” are similar to the natural
losing the ability to communicate complex ideas. They reductions of informal speech, for instance “gonna” for “be
point out that our ancestors used pictures to communicate going to.”
thousands of years ago, before the invention of writing.
From this point of view, then, emoji and emoticons are like
pictures scratched on rocks, and are a step backward to an
AUDIO TRACK 1.14  1:11 min
earlier time, before the invention of writing. Page 29, Exercise I
But there are also strong supporters of emoji and emoticons. Some say that this use of pictures is a sign that we are
They argue that rather than taking something away from losing the ability to communicate complex ideas. They
written language, emoji and emoticons improve it. How? point out that our ancestors used pictures to communicate
They compare emoji and emoticons to facial expressions, thousands of years ago, before the invention of writing.
such as raising your eyebrows, and gestures, such as From this point of view, then, emoji and emoticons are like
shrugging your shoulders. They believe that emoji and pictures scratched on rocks, and are a step backward to an
emoticons add meaning to the written word or even change earlier time, before the invention of writing.
a word’s meaning completely. Thus, they argue, emoji and But there are also strong supporters of emoji and emoticons.
emoticons are a step forward. They argue that rather than taking something away from
Still other people argue that texting, instant messaging, and written language, emoji and emoticons improve it. How?
tweeting are not really written language at all—they are much They compare emoji and emoticons to facial expressions,
closer to oral conversation. Abbreviations such as the letter such as raising your eyebrows, and gestures, such as
“u” for the pronoun “you” are similar to the natural reductions shrugging your shoulders. They believe that emoji and
of informal speech, for instance “gonna” for “be going to.” emoticons add meaning to the written word or even change
a word’s meaning completely. Thus, they argue, emoji and
So, what do you think? Are emoji and emoticons like word- emoticons are a step forward.
eating locusts that will end up killing the written word? Or are
they more like honeybees that pollinate our writing and allow AUDIO TRACK 1.15  0:30 min
us to grow our ideas and spread them over large distances?
To join the conversation, call, text or tweet us at . . . Page 31, Pronunciation Skill: Compound Words
Examples:
AUDIO TRACK 1.13 2:30 min basketball earrings eyebrows honeybee
Page 28, Exercise H
heartbroken homework snowstorm sunlight
Segment 1
As far as we know, a computer scientist named Scott AUDIO TRACK 1.16  2:06 min
Fahlman invented the first emoticon in 1982. You’re probably Part 2, Pages 33 and 34, Exercise C, Vocabulary
familiar with it—it’s a smiling face on its side. So, as you can 1. Our use of our native language is unconscious. We are
see from this early example, emoticons are simple pictures not aware of the grammar rules, but we can still speak
made from punctuation or other non-letter symbols. correctly.

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 2. People with good manners use polite language. They do for search and rescue since at least the 17th century,
not use rude or abusive terms. when they helped rescue lost and injured travelers in the
3. People who write dictionaries are usually linguists. When Western Alps.
they are at university, they study how languages work. Monks from the St. Bernard Hospice and Monastery,
4. Word usage changes over time. For example, before located in the 49-mile St. Bernard Pass between Switzerland
Facebook existed, friend was only used as a noun. and Italy, kept a breed of dog with an excellent sense of
However, it is now used as a verb. direction. Due to their sense of direction, the dogs were
5. We should not discourage children from using language very helpful in the heavy snowstorms that were common
in creative ways. We should support their creativity. in the area. However, the monks soon discovered that the
dogs had another, equally valuable skill. They were able to
6. Don’t squish all of your words on the same line! It makes find people buried under the snow by avalanches. How? By
your writing very difficult to read. using their sense of smell, estimated to be 10,000-100,000
7. Unusual words grab people’s attention. When you use times stronger than ours. Over the next 200 years, dogs
them, people become interested and listen carefully to you. rescued more than 2,000 people in the St. Bernard Pass.
8. The meanings of words can change over time. For Today, as you probably know, dogs are among the first
example, in the 14th century, girl meant a female or male responders to disasters. Search and rescue dogs are
child. Later, there was a shift in meaning, and girl now specially trained to find survivors buried in the rubble after
only refers to females. a disaster. Due to innovative technology, search and rescue
9. Television commercials help companies sell products. dogs are becoming even more effective. The Fido Vest is
The best ones use words and pictures in unusual ways. one example.
This helps people remember the product.
It has sensors on it that dogs can be trained to activate. How
10. The word camcorder is a blend word. It combines parts of does it work? Well, imagine a plane crash in a mountainous
two words—camera and recorder—to form a new word, area without roads. A dog wearing a Fido Vest is sent out to
with its own definition: a camera that can record videos. find survivors. When the dog finds a survivor, he activates a
global positioning system, or GPS, on the vest. The sensor
sends the location to his human partner, who then sends
help to the site. Although the vest is still being tested, in the
Unit 3 future it could lower the cost and improve the success of
search and rescue missions in difficult to access areas.
AUDIO TRACK 1.17  1:45 min OK, now let’s move on to an unusual animal hero: the rat.
Part 1, Page 45, Exercise C, Vocabulary Rats are used not in search and rescue, but rather to prevent
deaths in areas devastated by war.
a. Police and firemen are usually the first responders to a
disaster. During wartime, soldiers often bury small bombs
b. There were only five survivors of the plane crash. underground. These bombs, called landmines, explode
Everyone else died. when stepped on. When a war is over, it is very difficult to
remove all of the landmines. That’s why years after a war,
c. Experts are always looking for better ways to respond to people continue to be killed.
a disaster. They are open to innovative ideas that no one
has ever thought of before. The solution? Rats. Like dogs, rats have an extraordinary
d. The sensors in the latest fire alarms work very well. They sense of smell. They can be trained to scratch at the ground
can detect the presence of smoke immediately. when they smell TNT, the explosive chemical used in most
landmines. And they are fast: in 20 minutes, one rat can
e. When you activate the fire alarm, the elevators stop search an area that would take a human searcher up to four
working immediately. days. The rats can also do it safely because, unlike humans,
f. To remember and respect those who died in the fire, they do not weigh enough to set off the mines. After the
the town placed a statue on the site where the building rats indicate the exact locations of the mines, their human
burned down. partners can safely explode them.
g. In a fire, elevators are automatically locked and people The final animal we will talk about today is the raven. Do
are unable to access them. That is because it is very you know the expression “bird brain”? It’s used to refer to
dangerous to use an elevator during a fire. someone who’s done something stupid. Because birds’
h. The whole town was devastated by the fire. Almost brains are very small, people assumed that they were not
everyone knew someone who was injured or died. very smart. Well, this assumption has been disproven. In
i. It is dangerous to go into the wilderness alone. You fact, scientists are learning more about bird intelligence
could be attacked by a wild animal or fall down and injure every day. And ravens are among the most intelligent.
yourself, and no one would be able to find you. But are they trainable? According to Emily Corey, a
j. You should never underestimate the power of the graduate student at the University of Arizona, the answer
ocean. It might look very beautiful, but it can suddenly is “absolutely!” She believes ravens would make excellent
become extremely dangerous. search and rescue animals. Why? First, because of their
intelligence; second, because of their ability to form close
AUDIO TRACK 1.18  4:47 min relationships with humans; third, because of their excellent
Pages 46 and 47, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas and eyesight; and finally, because they can cover large distances
Exercise F, Listen for Details quickly. But how can even a trained bird rescue someone?
Here’s one idea: ravens wearing geospatial locaters could
PROFESSOR  Today we’re going to talk about animal heroes— find people lost in the wilderness. First, the raven would fly
that is, animals that help save human lives. Let’s start over the area where the person was last seen. After locating
with man’s best friend, the dog. Dogs have been used the person, the raven would return to its human partner,

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 who would use the data from the locater to send rescuers and Italy, kept a breed of dog with an excellent sense of
to the site. direction. Due to their sense of direction, the dogs were very
While Corey’s research is just getting started, she warns helpful in the heavy snowstorms that were common in the
us not to underestimate the raven. Who knows? It could area. However, the monks soon discovered that the dogs
become the next hero of the animal kingdom. had another, equally valuable skill.

OK, I’ll stop there to leave time for questions . . . They were able to find people buried under the snow by
avalanches. How? By using their sense of smell, estimated
AUDIO TRACK 1.19  0:21 min to be 10,000-100,000 times stronger than ours. Over the
next 200 years, dogs rescued more than 2,000 people in the
Page 48, Listening Skill: Ask Questions While Listening St. Bernard Pass.
Example: Today, as you probably know, dogs are among the first
Today we’re going to talk about animal heroes—that is, responders to disasters. Search and rescue dogs are
animals that help save human lives. Let’s start with man’s specially trained to find survivors buried in the rubble after
best friend, the dog. a disaster. Due to innovative technology, search and rescue
dogs are becoming even more effective.
AUDIO TRACK 1.20  4:27 min The Fido Vest is one example. It has sensors on it that dogs
Page 48, Exercise G can be trained to activate. How does it work? Well, imagine
a plane crash in a mountainous area without roads. A dog
Segment 1 wearing a Fido Vest is sent out to find survivors. When
Today we’re going to talk about animal heroes—that is, the dog finds a survivor, he activates a global positioning
animals that help save human lives. Let’s start with man’s system, or GPS, on the vest. The sensor sends the location
best friend, the dog. Dogs have been used for search and to his human partner, who then sends help to the site.
rescue since at least the 17th century, when they helped Although the vest is still being tested, in the future it could
rescue lost and injured travelers in the Western Alps. lower the cost and improve the success of search and
rescue missions in difficult to access areas.
Segment 2
Monks from the St. Bernard Hospice and Monastery, AUDIO TRACK 1.22  0:27 min
located in the 49-mile St. Bernard Pass between Switzerland Page 49, Speaking Skill: Give Reasons
and Italy, kept a breed of dog with an excellent sense of
direction. Due to their sense of direction, the dogs were very Example:
helpful in the heavy snowstorms that were common in the Monks from the St. Bernard Hospice and Monastery,
area. However, the monks soon discovered that the dogs located in the 49-mile St. Bernard Pass between Switzerland
had another, equally valuable skill. and Italy, kept a breed of dog with an excellent sense of
Segment 3 direction. These dogs were very helpful due to the heavy
snowstorms that were common in the area.
They were able to find people buried under the snow by
avalanches. How? By using their sense of smell, estimated
to be 10,000-100,000 times stronger than ours. Over the
AUDIO TRACK 1.23  1:23 min
next 200 years, dogs rescued more than 2,000 people in the Page 50, Exercise K, Communicate
St. Bernard Pass. Segment 1
Today, as you probably know, dogs are among the first OK, now let’s move on to an unusual animal hero: the rat.
responders to disasters. Search and rescue dogs are Rats are used not in search and rescue, but rather to prevent
specially trained to find survivors buried in the rubble after deaths in areas devastated by war. During wartime, soldiers
a disaster. Due to innovative technology, search and rescue often bury small bombs underground. These bombs, called
dogs are becoming even more effective. landmines, explode when stepped on. When a war is over,
The Fido Vest is one example. It has sensors on it that dogs it is very difficult to remove all of the landmines. That’s why
can be trained to activate. How does it work? Well, imagine years after a war, people continue to be killed.
a plane crash in a mountainous area without roads. A dog
Segment 2
wearing a Fido Vest is sent out to find survivors. When
the dog finds a survivor, he activates a global positioning The rats can also do it safely because, unlike humans,
system, or GPS, on the vest. The sensor sends the location they do not weigh enough to set off the mines. After the
to his human partner, who then sends help to the site. rats indicate the exact locations of the mines, their human
Although the vest is still being tested, in the future it could partners can safely explode them.
lower the cost and improve the success of search and Segment 3
rescue missions in difficult to access areas.
The final animal we will talk about today is the raven. Do
you know the expression “bird brain”? It’s used to refer to
AUDIO TRACK 1.21  2:07 min someone who’s done something stupid. Because birds’
Page 49, Exercise H brains are very small, people assumed that they were not
Today we’re going to talk about animal heroes—that is, very smart. Well, this assumption has been disproven. In fact,
animals that help save human lives. Let’s start with man’s scientists are learning more about bird intelligence every day.
best friend, the dog. Dogs have been used for search and
rescue since at least the 17th century, when they helped AUDIO TRACK 1.24  0:18 min
rescue lost and injured travelers in the Western Alps. Page 50, Pronunciation Skill: Syllable Stress
Monks from the St. Bernard Hospice and Monastery, Examples:
located in the 49-mile St. Bernard Pass between Switzerland
underestimate responder innovative
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 AUDIO TRACK 1.25  0:34 min AUDIO TRACK 1.28  2:04 min
Page 50, Exercise M Pages 65 and 66, Exercise C, Vocabulary
1. access 1. We all have limitations that make it difficult for us to do
2. activate certain things. For example, I do not have a good visual
3. avalanche sense, so I would probably never be an artist.
4. devastated 2. When the interviewer did not understand something that
the interviewee said, she asked for clarification.
5. disproven
3. She took her son to a doctor because of his unusual
6. sensor behavior. The doctor diagnosed him with autism, but
7. survivor unfortunately, at the time, there was nothing the doctor
8. wilderness could suggest to help the child.
4. Some brain conditions stay the same; others get
AUDIO TRACK 1.26  1:52 min progressively worse over time.
Part 2, Pages 53 and 54, Exercise D, Vocabulary 5. Teachers do not always know how students are going to
1. When I asked him to travel with me to the site of the do on tests. Some good students have poorer outcomes
disaster, his initial response was “No.” However, after a than their teachers expect.
few more conversations, he finally agreed to go. 6. When the dancer injured his leg, everyone thought
2. After a snowstorm, we sometimes lose power in my the injury would mean the destruction of his career.
town. It can take days for the power company to However, he recovered and was stronger than ever.
restore it. 7. Because of her brain injury, she has difficulty with hand-
3. Animals are often more resilient than humans. That is eye coordination. She cannot move her hands quickly
why they can recover faster from disasters and injuries. enough to respond to something she sees. For example,
4. After a disaster, insurance companies usually have to she cannot catch a ball.
process claims from thousands of people who have lost 8. Some animals become paralyzed with fear and don’t
property in the disaster. move when they are frightened; others run away or
5. If a building has structural problems, it could easily fall attack.
down during an earthquake. 9. We all pay attention to different things. Something that
6. The imagery in the movie about the hurricane was is easily visible to one person might not be noticed by
incredible. The photos of the damaged trees and houses another person.
showed just how powerful it was. 10. Traveling to other countries can transform your
7. After a disaster, it sometimes takes a long time for a ideas about the world. When you travel, you have the
city to repair the damage to its infrastructure and get opportunity to learn about different places, people, and
everything working properly again. cultures.
8. Many different types of vehicles are necessary during a
disaster because people and goods need to be moved AUDIO TRACK 1.29  4:35 min
from one place to another. Page 67, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas
9. It can be difficult to provide relief during a disaster. There HOST  Good afternoon. As a part of our series on our
are often many people who need different kinds of help, university’s graduate students, Sarah Denby is here
such as medical care and food. from the School of Education to talk about her research.
10. If you overwhelm the networks, they will eventually shut Welcome, Sarah.
down and stop working. SARAH DENBY  Thank you!
HOST  So, could you give us an overview of your work?
SARAH  Sure. I research people with unusual brains. At some
Unit 4 point in their lives, all of them were told that they could
not learn, but later became successful. And interestingly,
for many of them, their success is not in spite of their
AUDIO TRACK 1.27  0:52 min so-called differences and limitations, but rather because
Part 1, Page 65, Exercise B, Think Critically: Predict of them.
HOST  Good afternoon. As a part of our series on our HOST  That’s interesting. Could you provide some clarification
university’s graduate students, Sarah Denby is here by talking about someone in your study?
from the School of Education to talk about her research. SARAH  Sure. Dr. Temple Grandin was diagnosed with
Welcome, Sarah. autism in 1949 at the age of two. At that time, little was
SARAH DENBY  Thank you! known about the condition, and people with autism
HOST  So, could you give us an overview of your work?
were not expected to do much with their lives. After
diagnosis, many ended up in institutions where they got
SARAH  Sure. I research people with unusual brains. At some progressively worse and eventually died.
point in their lives, all of them were told that they could
not learn, but later became successful. And interestingly, HOST  I assume that was not the outcome for Dr. Grandin?
for many of them, their success is not in spite of their SARAH  Fortunately, no. She’s a professor of Animal Science
so-called differences and limitations, but rather because at Colorado State University and a writer. She also
of them. designs equipment to handle animals that are raised for
HOST  That’s interesting. Could you provide some clarification
food, such as cattle for beef. She’s designed the facilities
by talking about someone in your study? for almost half of the cattle in the United States.
HOST  So how has she been so successful?

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 SARAH  Well, Dr. Grandin is highly intelligent, as her Examples:
achievements show. However, she still finds many At some point in their lives, all of them were told that they
everyday things difficult or impossible to do. For could not learn, but later became successful. And interestingly,
example, she is unable to remember more than three for many of them, their success is not in spite of their so-called
simple instructions, and she has extreme difficulty with differences and limitations, but rather because of them.
abstract thinking. These difficulties could have meant the
destruction of her dream of becoming a scientist. When she looks at something, her mind creates an exact
image of that thing and everything around it. For most
HOST  So how did she do it? people, this would be a serious problem. Our brains cannot
SARAH  Her family’s support was important, but scans of handle all of the visual information that is constantly entering
Dr. Grandin’s brain also provide some answers. The part it—so we miss a lot of things.
of her brain that controls the coordination of movement
is 20% smaller than average. The area that handles AUDIO TRACK 1.31  0:34 min
short-term memory is also small. On the other hand, the
Page 68, Exercise F, Listen for Details
side that processes visual information is unusually large.
This helps explain her effective approach to thinking and Segment 1
learning.
SARAH  Well, Dr. Grandin is highly intelligent, as her
HOST  So what is that approach? achievements show. However, she still finds many
SARAH  Dr. Grandin thinks in pictures, rather than words. For everyday things difficult or impossible to do. For
example, she can design a complex cattle facility entirely example, she is unable to remember more than three
in her mind, image by image, and later draw it from simple instructions, and she has extreme difficulty with
memory. She says that her thinking process is similar to abstract thinking. These difficulties could have meant the
animals’. She believes that’s one of the reasons she’s so destruction of her dream of becoming a scientist.
good at her work.
HOST  Can you give us an example? AUDIO TRACK 1.32  0:39 min
SARAH  Sure. One time she was asked to solve a problem in Pages 68 and 69, Exercise F, Listen for Details
a cattle processing facility. To handle a large number of
cattle, you often need to get them to calmly walk in a line. In Segment 2
this facility, something strange kept happening. The cattle SARAH  Her family’s support was important, but scans of
would be walking along when suddenly one of them would Dr. Grandin’s brain also provide some answers. The part
become paralyzed with fear and stop moving. This always of her brain that controls the coordination of movement
happened at exactly the same place. However, nobody in is 20% smaller than average. The area that handles
the plant was able to see anything different about that spot. short-term memory is also small. On the other hand, the
It was then that they contacted Dr. Grandin. side that processes visual information is unusually large.
As soon as Dr. Grandin saw the facility, she identified This helps explain her effective approach to thinking and
the problem. There was a hole in the roof that let light in learning.
exactly above the spot where the cattle stopped moving.
Once the hole was covered, the cattle immediately
AUDIO TRACK 1.33  0:31 min
calmed down. Page 70, Speaking Skill: Explain a Sequence of Events

HOST  But why was it so obvious to Dr. Grandin, when it Example:

wasn’t visible to anyone else? Dr. Temple Grandin was diagnosed with autism in 1949
SARAH  Because of how her brain works. When she looks at the age of two. At that time, little was known about the
at something, her mind creates an exact image of that condition, and people with autism were not expected to
thing and everything around it. For most people, this do much with their lives. After diagnosis, many ended up
would be a serious problem. Our brains cannot handle in institutions where they got progressively worse and
all of the visual information that is constantly entering eventually died.
it—so we miss a lot of things. However, the visual part
of Dr. Grandin’s brain is so well-developed and she has AUDIO TRACK 1.34  0:26 min
learned to use it so effectively that she notices things that Page 70, Pronunciation Skill: Pronouncing -ed endings
others miss.
In fact, Dr. Grandin believes that autistic people could Examples:
solve problems that seem impossible to people with talked, wished, hoped
“normal” brains, if they—and we—stopped focusing so
much on their disability. listened, lived, stayed

HOST  Fascinating! So, what do you hope to achieve through shouted, needed
your research?
SARAH  Well, I think Dr. Grandin is right. We must transform
AUDIO TRACK 1.35  0:41 min
our way of looking at brain differences, and stop thinking Page 71, Exercise I
of them as disabilities. 1. asked
HOST  Thank you, Sarah. Good luck with your research. 2. identified
SARAH  Thank you. 3. happened
4. paralyzed
AUDIO TRACK 1.30  0:45 min
5. diagnosed
Page 68, Listening Skill: Recognize Repetition of Key Points
6. transformed
7. expected
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 8. covered b. Having a baby is stressful both emotionally and
9. contacted physically. Fortunately, there is a mechanism in
10. developed women’s bodies to help them deal with the stress. After
the baby is born, the mother’s brain releases a hormone
AUDIO TRACK 1.36  0:53 min called oxytocin. Oxytocin strengthens the new mother’s
emotional connection to her baby so that she will be
Page 71, Exercise J
more likely to keep the baby safe.
SARAH  One time she was asked to solve a problem in a cattle c. Firefighters have stressful jobs. They have to face
processing facility. To handle a large number of cattle, danger and remain calm. They must learn to control their
you often need to get them to calmly walk in a line. In this emotions in a crisis.
facility, something strange kept happening. The cattle
d. If you eat too much and never walk anywhere or exercise
would be walking along when suddenly one of them would
your muscles, your body will inevitably become weak
become paralyzed with fear and stop moving. This always
and you will gain weight. There is no other possibility.
happened at exactly the same place. However, nobody
in the plant was able to see anything different about that e. Research has revealed that stress can be associated
spot. It was then that they contacted Dr. Grandin. with serious health problems. For example, people
under a lot of stress are more likely to have higher blood
As soon as Dr. Grandin saw the facility, she identified
pressure and more heart attacks than people with less
the problem. There was a hole in the roof that let light in
stress. Stress can also cause depression. To enhance
exactly above the spot where the cattle stopped moving.
your quality of life, you should learn healthy ways to
Once the hole was covered, the cattle immediately
manage stress.
calmed down.
AUDIO TRACK 2.3  4:49 min
AUDIO TRACK 1.37  2:30 min Pages 86 and 87, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas
Part 2, Page 75, Exercise D, Vocabulary
PROFESSOR  Our topic today is the effects of stress on the
1. After many years of drawing, Hansen developed a body. These effects can be positive or negative. First,
shake in his hand. When his hand shook, he tried to you need to understand the two types of stress: acute
compensate by holding the pen more tightly. This didn’t and chronic.
help. In fact, it made things worse.
You experience acute stress when you are in physical
2. The shake in Hansen’s hand was so bad that he couldn’t danger. Acute stress lasts only a short time, just until
draw a straight line. Ultimately he had to find new ways the danger is gone.
to make art.
For example, imagine you’re walking home when a big scary
3. “And more importantly, once I embraced the shake, I
dog jumps out at you. What happens? You’re suddenly
realized I could still make art. I just had to find a different
full of energy, ready to run away or fight. This is called the
approach to making the art that I wanted.”
“fight or flight” reaction. Where does all that energy come
4. In his art, Hansen likes to fragment images. When you from? It starts with your brain releasing the powerful stress
look at the image up close, you see individual dots of ink. hormones adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones act
But when you look at the image from farther away, you on the systems in your body that can give you immediate
see that the dots make up an entire image, for example energy. This strengthens your body and enhances your
a face. reaction time. Suddenly, you feel like Superman.
5. “This was the first time I’d encountered this idea that
Your heart starts to beat faster, and your blood pressure
embracing a limitation could actually drive creativity.”
goes up. Your breathing rate also increases to get more
6. He didn’t even have the basic things that most artists oxygen to your brain and muscles. Your muscles tense up,
have to work with, so when he got a job and his first and you are able to run faster than you’ve ever run. After
paycheck, he was excited to finally be able to buy the you’re safe, your brain stops releasing stress hormones, and
supplies he needed. you lose your special powers. Superman is gone, but so is
7. “And I was in a dark place for a long time, unable to the big scary dog.
create. And it didn’t make any sense, because I was finally
That’s acute stress. It’s your body’s natural reaction to a
able to support my art, and yet I was creatively blank.”
crisis, and it’s not at all harmful. In fact, it can save your life.
8. “Or what if instead of making art to display, I had to
destroy it?” Chronic stress is a completely different story. At first,
however, it looks and feels exactly like acute stress. The
9. To an artist, creativity is an important resource.
body’s stress response is the same—you get all the same
10. “Learning to be creative within the confines of our special powers—but the problem is that the brain doesn’t
limitations is the best hope we have to transform stop releasing the stress hormones. As a result, your blood
ourselves and, collectively, transform our world.” pressure and breathing rate remain high, and your muscles
don’t relax. That’s a big problem. Even Superman cannot
stay Superman forever! So, the difference between acute
Unit 5 and chronic stress is in how long the stress reaction lasts.
And being stressed for a long time, rather than saving you,
can actually kill you.
AUDIO TRACK 2.2  1:33 min So, why does the brain keep releasing stress hormones after
Part 1, Page 85, Exercise C, Vocabulary the danger is gone? The reason is that the danger is not
a. Most people get headaches from time to time, but if you gone. To explain this, I need to go back in time, thousands
suffer from chronic headaches, you should probably see of years. At that time, most of the dangers humans faced
a doctor. It is not normal to have a headache every day. were physical, like wild animals and storms.

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 And the crisis didn’t last long; inevitably, you either escaped Suddenly, you feel like Superman! Your heart starts to beat
or died. faster, and your blood pressure goes up. Your breathing rate
These days, however, we rarely have to face a wild animal, also increases to get more oxygen to your brain and your
and we can usually predict and avoid bad storms. So, muscles. Your muscles tense up, and you are able to run
where’s the danger? It’s often in our minds. Nowadays, our faster than you’ve ever run. After you’re safe, your brain stops
stress tends to be caused by psychological fear or worry releasing stress hormones, and you lose your special powers.
about the future, not physical danger. For example, we may Superman is gone, but so is the big scary dog.
worry that we’ll lose our job and not be able to support That’s acute stress. It is your body’s natural reaction to a
our family. And that future feels like a dangerous place. Of crisis, and it is not at all harmful. In fact, it can save your life.
course we can’t escape that kind of danger with our “special
powers.” Unfortunately, our bodies cannot always tell the Segment 2
difference between that fear and a present danger. So, Chronic stress is a completely different story. At first,
sometimes, when we’re afraid of losing our job, our bodies however, it looks and feels exactly like acute stress. The
react as if a lion were chasing us. Why? Because our body’s body’s stress response is the same—you get all the same
stress mechanism is the same as it was thousands of years special powers—but the problem is that the brain doesn’t
ago. The problem is that the fear of losing a job can last a stop releasing the stress hormones. As a result, your blood
long time. This leads to chronic stress, which is associated pressure and breathing rate remain high, and your muscles
with some serious health problems. don’t relax. That is a big problem. Even Superman cannot
One of the most obvious examples is cardiovascular, or stay Superman forever! So, the difference between acute
heart, disease. Your heart is a muscle. Stress hormones and chronic stress is in how long the stress reaction lasts.
make it beat very fast. This is not a problem over the short And being stressed for a long time, rather than saving you,
term. However, over time, the muscles of your heart will can actually kill you.
become thicker from all that beating, and your blood pressure
will remain high. This combination of thicker heart muscles AUDIO TRACK 2.6  0:22 min
and high blood pressure increases your risk of heart disease. Page 92, Pronunciation Skill: Thought Groups
The effects of chronic stress on the heart are the easiest Example:
to explain, but every day research reveals other parts of You experience acute stress when you are in physical
the body that are affected. Next week we’ll talk about how danger.
chronic stress can affect the brain, the stomach, and the
muscles. Acute stress lasts only a short time, just until the danger
is gone.

AUDIO TRACK 2.4  0:49 min AUDIO TRACK 2.7  0:37 min
Page 87, Listening Skill: Listen for Cause and Effect Page 92, Exercises K and L
Examples: 1. For example, imagine you’re walking home when a big
As a result, your blood pressure and breathing rate remain scary dog jumps out at you. What happens?
high, and your muscles don’t relax. 2. You are suddenly full of energy, ready to run away or
fight. This is called the “fight or flight” reaction.
Nowadays, our stress tends to be caused by psychological
fear or worry about the future, not physical danger 3. Where does all that energy come from? It starts with your
brain releasing the powerful stress hormones adrenaline
This leads to chronic stress . . . and cortisol.
Next week we will talk about how chronic stress can affect
the brain, the stomach, and the muscles. AUDIO TRACK 2.8  1:53 min
The effects of chronic stress on the heart are the easiest to Part 2, Pages 94 and 95, Exercise C, Vocabulary
explain. 1. Keeping a secret can be very stressful. For years I didn’t
tell my wife that I had lost money in a bad business deal.
AUDIO TRACK 2.5  2:31 min As soon as I made a confession about what I had done, I
Page 88, Exercise F, Listen for Details felt so much better.
2. You need to take care of yourself. If you are not willing
Segment 1 to reduce your stress levels, eat a healthy diet, and
Our topic today is the effects of stress on the body. These exercise every day, you will never get better. To heal,
effects can be positive or negative. First, you need to your body needs all of these things.
understand the two types of stress: acute and chronic. 3. Teaching can be stressful, but it can also be rewarding.
You experience acute stress when you are in physical When students are successful, it motivates the teacher.
danger. Acute stress lasts only a short time, just until the Their success makes the teacher want to work even
danger is gone. harder.
4. She is a great doctor. She cares deeply about her
For example, imagine you’re walking home when a big scary
patients, and is always very compassionate. In turn, her
dog jumps out at you. What happens? You are suddenly
patients show their appreciation by sending her thank
full of energy, ready to run away or fight. This is called the
you cards.
“fight or flight” reaction. Where does all that energy come
from? It starts with your brain releasing the powerful stress 5. It takes courage to be a good police officer. The police
hormones adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones act on have to face danger every day and remain strong and
the systems in your body that can give you immediate energy. calm. Good police officers also need to have empathy.
This strengthens your body and enhances your reaction time. They need to be able to understand all different types

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 of people and their problems—even people who are like our bones. Calcium carbonate also cements polyps
very different from them. Finally, good police officers together—forming a coral reef.
need resilience. They need to be able to face stressful TA  Great job, Brian! That coral reef is almost like an
situations day after day and stay strong, both emotionally extended family. But unlike most of the families I know,
and physically. coral live on top of the “bones” of their dead ancestors.
6. After my best friend lost his job, I had to ask him how he The oldest coral reefs have been around for 50 million
was dealing with the stress of being unemployed. I did not years. The largest one, which forms the Great Barrier
have access to his mind to know his thoughts and feelings. Reef in Australia, is massive—230 kilometers long. Pretty
amazing.
  OK, so let’s talk about coral reefs and the ocean. What
Unit 6 makes reefs so instrumental to ocean health?
DIEGO  They provide habitats for lots of species.
AUDIO TRACK 2.9  2:01 min TA  Good . . . but can you link that idea directly to ocean
health?
Part 1, Page 105, Exercise C, Vocabulary
DIEGO  Sorry, I’m not following you.
a. There was a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It was
TA  Let me put it another way—What happens if you take
one of the largest environmental disasters in history.
away a species’ habitat?
b. Some kinds of shellfish are able to cement themselves
DIEGO  Oh . . . I see. They can’t thrive—in fact, many of them
to hard objects, such as rocks and the bottoms of boats.
won’t even survive.
It’s very difficult to remove them.
TA  That’s right . . . when a coral reef dies, massive numbers
c. That movie was instrumental in getting the public to pay
of marine plants and animals die, too. Why? Because
attention to the issue of global warming. Before then,
25% of all ocean species depend on reefs for food
nobody seemed to know or care about the issue.
and shelter. 25%! But listen to this—coral reefs cover
d. Some animals can survive in a variety of habitats, but less than 2% of the ocean’s bottom. Just think about
others can live in only one very specific kind of place. that—25% of marine species depend on something that
e. There are many different species of fish, of all different only covers less than 2% of the ocean floor. So, you see
colors, shapes, and sizes. how instrumental reef preservation is to ocean health?
f. Coral can survive a certain amount of pollution, but they OK, now let’s talk about what’s happening to the reefs.
won’t thrive. They will be unhealthy and will eventually Why do they need preservation? Terry?
start to die. TERRY  About 20% are badly damaged and can’t recover.
g. The preservation of our planet is everyone’s TA  And the rest?
responsibility. If we do not work together, we will destroy TERRY  About one half are at risk, but can be saved.
the environment and our children’s future.
TA  A pretty big problem, right? So why is this precious
h. I believe that life is precious. That is why I teach my resource dying?
children to respect all living things.
CARL  We’re the problem.
i. The coral is extremely fragile. When you are swimming,
TA  Can you be just a little more specific?
be careful not to touch it with your hands or feet. Just a
slight touch can damage or even kill it. CARL  Sure . . . pollution, overfishing, global warming . . .
they’re destroying the reefs, and they’re all manmade
j. Before they put up the barrier, the river used to flood the
problems.
road every time it rained. Now it only floods when it rains
unusually hard for several days. TA  Very good. Remember what Brian told us? Coral are
animals, not rocks—fragile animals affected by pollution
AUDIO TRACK 2.10  6:43 min and changes in water temperature due to global
Page 106, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas warming . . . Yes, Terry?
TERRY  I get pollution and global warming, but overfishing?
TEACHING ASSISTANT (TA)  OK folks . . . Lots of exciting stuff
today! Our topic involves an amazing critter. I know, TA  Susan? You want to take that question?
you’ve heard that before. What can I say? There are lots SUSAN  Sure. Certain fish and shellfish protect coral reefs—
of them! Seriously, though, this critter is really special. they eat fish that eat coral and a species of seaweed that
You did the reading? Of course you did. So, today’s covers the coral and can kill it. If fishermen catch too
discussion: the importance of coral reefs to the health of many of them, they can’t protect the reef anymore.
both the oceans and the world economy. TA  Exactly. And what’s that relationship—between the coral
  But first let’s talk about today’s critter—coral—and how, reefs and their protectors—called? Carl?
if conditions are right, it grows up to be part of a massive CARL  Mutalism?
extended family. OK, who can explain what coral is? And TA  Bingo.
how coral reefs are formed? Brian’s not looking at me, so BOB  Sorry, I didn’t catch that. Could you repeat it?
he must have the answer . . .
CARL  Mutualism—two species helping each other.
BRIAN  . . . um . . . just a sec…OK, got it. First of all, there
are different types of coral. The coral that form most BOB  Oh yeah, mutualism. Got it.
reefs are as hard as a rock—but they’re really animals. TA  OK, good. So, Terry, how’re you doing? Do you see how
One individual piece of coral is called a coral polyp. overfishing harms reefs?
Coral polyps float in the water and attach themselves to TERRY  Yes, thanks.
hard surfaces. That surface, if it’s in the right location, TA  Excellent. So we’ve talked about reefs as habitats for
becomes their home. Coral polyps release a chemical, marine life, but what other roles do they play? Haya?
calcium carbonate, that becomes their hard skeleton, HAYA  Sorry, I’m not sure I understand the question.

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 TA  Let me clarify. Reefs are important to marine life, but how TA  Good . . . but can you link that idea directly to ocean
are they important to human life? health?
HAYA  Oh, now I get it. You’re talking about the fishing DIEGO  Sorry, I’m not following you.
industry, right? When a reef dies, the fish around it TA  Let me put it another way—What happens if you take
disappear too, so fishermen lose their jobs—and the away a species’ habitat?
people who eat the fish are also affected. DIEGO  Oh . . . I see. They can’t thrive—in fact, many of them
TA  Yup. In fact, more than 500 million people depend won’t even survive.
on coral reefs for food or work. Did you catch that? TA  That’s right . . . when a coral reef dies, massive numbers
500 million! But incredibly, coral reefs do even more for of marine plants and animals die, too. Why? Because
humans. How else do they help us? 25% of all ocean species depend on reefs for food
BRIAN  They protect the shoreline? and shelter. 25%! But listen to this—coral reefs cover
TA  How? less than 2% of the ocean’s bottom. Just think about
DAN  Large reefs provide a natural barrier between the ocean that—25% of marine species depend on something that
and the coast. When there’s a bad storm, they prevent or only covers less than 2% of the ocean floor. So, you see
reduce the amount of damage to land. how instrumental reef preservation is to ocean health?
TA  Exactly. But we’re still not done with what reefs do for us.
OK, now let’s talk about what’s happening to the reefs.
What other industry depends on coral reefs? Why do they need preservation? Terry?
TERRY  About 20% are badly damaged and can’t recover.
CARL  Tourism. Lots of tourists visit coral reefs to go
snorkeling and scuba diving. TA  And the rest?
TA  Great . . . but we’re not done yet. Daniella? TERRY  About one half are at risk, but can be saved.
DANIELLA  Coral reefs contribute to scientific research. For TA  A pretty big problem, right? So why is this precious
example, new medicines for cancer and HIV have been resource dying?
developed from plants and animals living on coral reefs. CARL  We’re the problem.
TA  That’s right . . . So, do you see how the preservation of TA  Can you be just a little more specific?
coral reefs is an important economic issue? Healthy reefs CARL  Sure . . . pollution, overfishing, global warming . . .
contribute between 30 and 172 billion dollars every year they’re destroying the reefs, and they’re all manmade
to the world’s economy—through the fishing, tourism, problems.
and medical research industries, and by reducing TA  Very good. Remember what Brian told us? Coral are
damage from natural disasters. Next, we are . . . animals, not rocks—fragile animals affected by pollution
and changes in water temperature due to global warming
AUDIO TRACK 2.11  5:00 min . . . Yes, Terry?
Page 107, Exercise F, Listen for Details
TERRY  I get pollution and global warming, but overfishing?
TEACHING ASSISTANT (TA)  OK folks . . . Lots of exciting stuff TA  Susan? You want to take that question?
today! Our topic involves an amazing critter. I know,
SUSAN  Sure. Certain fish and shellfish protect coral
you’ve heard that before. What can I say? There are lots
reefs—they eat fish that eat coral and a species of
of them! Seriously, though, this critter is really special.
seaweed that covers the coral and can kill it. If fishermen
You did the reading? Of course you did. So, today’s
catch too many of them, they can’t protect the reef
discussion: the importance of coral reefs to the health of
anymore.
both the oceans and the world economy.
TA  Exactly. And what’s that relationship—between the coral
  But first let’s talk about today’s critter—coral—and how,
reefs and their protectors—called? Carl?
if conditions are right, it grows up to be part of a massive
extended family. OK, who can explain what coral is? And CARL  Mutalism?
how coral reefs are formed? Brian’s not looking at me, so TA  Bingo.
he must have the answer . . . BOB  Sorry, I didn’t catch that. Could you repeat it?
BRIAN  . . . um . . . just a sec . . .OK, got it. First of all, there CARL  Mutualism—two species helping each other.
are different types of coral. The coral that form most BOB  Oh yeah, mutualism. Got it.
reefs are as hard as a rock—but they’re really animals.
TA  OK, good. So, Terry, how’re you doing? Do you see how
One individual piece of coral is called a coral polyp.
overfishing harms reefs?
Coral polyps float in the water and attach themselves to
hard surfaces. That surface, if it’s in the right location, TERRY  Yes, thanks.
becomes their home. Coral polyps release a chemical,
calcium carbonate, that becomes their hard skeleton,
AUDIO TRACK 2.12  1:43 min
like our bones. Calcium carbonate also cements polyps Page 107, Note-Taking Skill: Rewrite Your Notes in Outline
together—forming a coral reef. Form
TA  Great job, Brian! That coral reef is almost like an Example:
extended family. But unlike most of the families I know,
TA  But first let’s talk about today’s critter—coral—and how,
coral live on top of the “bones” of their dead ancestors.
if conditions are right, it grows up to be part of a massive
The oldest coral reefs have been around for 50 million
extended family. OK, who can explain what coral is? And
years. The largest one, which forms the Great Barrier
how coral reefs are formed? Brian’s not looking at me, so
Reef in Australia, is massive—230 kilometers long. Pretty
he must have the answer . . .
amazing.
BRIAN  . . . um . . . just a sec . . . OK, got it. First of all, there
  OK, so let’s talk about coral reefs and the ocean. What
are different types of coral. The coral that form most
makes reefs so instrumental to ocean health?
reefs are as hard as a rock—but they’re really animals.
DIEGO  They provide habitats for lots of species. One individual piece of coral is called a coral polyp.

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 Coral polyps float in the water and attach themselves to AUDIO TRACK 2.16  1:04 min
hard surfaces. That surface, if it’s in the right location, Page 109, Exercise J
becomes their home. Coral polyps release a chemical,
calcium carbonate, that becomes their hard skeleton, 1. OK, now let’s talk about what’s happening to the reefs.
like our bones. Calcium carbonate also cements polyps 2. About 20% are badly damaged and can’t recover.
together—forming a coral reef. 3. About one half are at risk, but can be saved.
TA  Great job, Brian! That coral reef is almost like an
extended family. But unlike most of the families I know, AUDIO TRACK 2.17  0:23 min
coral live on top of the “bones” of their dead ancestors. Page 112, Pronunciation Skill: Intonation in Questions
The oldest coral reefs have been around for 50 million
years. The largest one, which forms the Great Barrier Examples:
Reef in Australia, is massive—230 kilometers long. Pretty What happens if you take away a species’ habitat?
amazing.
How?
AUDIO TRACK 2.13  1:53 min Has everyone got it?
Page 108, Exercise G, Listen and Take Notes They protect the shoreline?
TA  So we’ve talked about reefs as habitats for marine life,
but what other roles do they play? Haya? AUDIO TRACK 2.18  0:22 min
HAYA  Sorry, I’m not sure I understand the question. Page 112, Exercise N
TA  Let me clarify. Reefs are important to marine life, but how 1. OK, who can explain what coral is?
are they important to human life? 2. Do you see how overfishing harms reefs?
HAYA  Oh, now I get it. You’re talking about the fishing 3. You want to take that question?
industry, right? When a reef dies, the fish around it
disappear too, so fishermen lose their jobs—and the AUDIO TRACK 2.19  1:50 min
people who eat the fish are also affected. Part 2, Page 115, Exercise E, Vocabulary
TA  Yup. In fact, more than 500 million people depend
on coral reefs for food or work. Did you catch that? 1. “As soon as we submerge the sculptures, they’re not
500 million! But incredibly, coral reefs do even more for ours anymore, because as soon as we sink them, the
humans. How else do they help us? sculptures, they belong to the sea.”
DAN  They protect the shoreline?
2. Jason deCaires Taylor uses materials and designs that
create a stable environment for sea plants and animals
TA  How? to grow on and thrive.
DAN  Large reefs provide a natural barrier between the ocean 3. Jason deCaires Taylor creates textured surfaces on his
and the coast. When there’s a bad storm, they prevent or sculptures so that sea life can easily attach to them.
reduce the amount of damage to land.
4. The ocean currents move coral polyps from the natural
TA  Exactly. But we’re still not done with what reefs do for us. reefs to the underwater sculptures, where they can attach
What other industry depends on coral reefs? themselves and live.
CARL  Tourism. Lots of tourists visit coral reefs to go 5. “Since building these sites, we’ve seen some
snorkeling and scuba diving. phenomenal and unexpected results.”
TA  Great . . . but we’re not done yet. Daniella? 6. “The sculpture park in Grenada was instrumental in the
DANIELLA  Coral reefs contribute to scientific research. For government designating a spot a marine-protected area.”
example, new medicines for cancer and HIV have been 7. “When we see these incredible places and things . . . we
developed from plants and animals living on coral reefs. do our best to cherish them, to protect them and to keep
TA  That’s right . . . So, do you see how the preservation of them safe.”
coral reefs is an important economic issue? Healthy reefs 8. “[The ocean is] simply too massive, too vast, too endless
contribute between 30 and 172 billion dollars every year . . . I think most people actually look past to the horizon.”
to the world’s economy—through the fishing, tourism,
and medical research industries, and by reducing 9. “I hope that by bringing our art into the ocean, . . . we
damage from natural disasters. Next, we are . . . are also giving something back, and by encouraging new
environments to thrive, and . . . opening up a new . . .
AUDIO TRACK 2.14  0:20 min way of seeing the seas: as . . . precious places, worthy
of our protection.”
Page 109, Listening Skill: Recognize Linking

Example:
Let me put it another way. What happens if you take away a Unit 7
species’ habitat?
They can’t thrive. In fact, many of them won’t even survive. AUDIO TRACK 2.20  0:52 min
Part 1, Page 124, Exercise B, Think Critically: Predict
AUDIO TRACK 2.15  0:33 min
HOST DIANA JENSEN (DJ)  Welcome to today’s roundtable! Our
Page 109, Exercise I
subject is how the Internet impacts reading habits and
TA  What makes reefs so instrumental to ocean health? comprehension. Please join me in welcoming our guests:
DIEGO  They provide habitats for lots of species. James Hall, a reporter on technology in education;
TA  Good . . . but can you link that idea directly to ocean Melanie White from the Hillside Parents’ Association;
health? Pedro Martinez, a history teacher; and Katie Wang, a high

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 school senior—Katie is a gifted student, at the top of her the impact is positive; the key seems to be information.
class of 500; and I’m your host, Diana Jensen. On the Internet, we can immediately access more
information than ever before, and we need to read to get
AUDIO TRACK 2.21  1:50 min that information—it’s just a different kind of reading.
Page 125, Exercise C, Vocabulary PEDRO MARTINEZ  I have to break in here. There is no doubt
a. Computers have impacted our lives in many ways. Life in my mind that the Internet is turning our children into
today is completely different than it was 50 years ago, non-readers. I see it every day in the classroom, and it is
and many of the changes are due to computers. scary.
b. My daughter is academically gifted. She was able to DJ  What do you see? And why does it scare you?
graduate from high school three years early, and started PEDRO  I see kids who can’t concentrate long enough to read
university when she was only 15. even one paragraph. I see kids who can’t remember
c. The Internet has existed for a few decades, but most anything . . . and don’t think that’s a problem! They ask
people didn’t start to use it until about 25 years ago. me, “Why do I need to remember that? I can just look it
up on the Internet.” It’s absurd.
d. If I need to concentrate on something for an extended
period of time, I need to turn off all of my electronic JAMES  Can I . . .
devices and go somewhere quiet. DJ  Let’s give Katie a chance to comment. Katie, do you use
e. At first I was not convinced that the Internet was a good the Internet a lot? And are you a reader?
thing, but on balance I’ve decided that it has done more KATIE WANG  Yes, of course I use the Internet. And I read
good than harm. all the time; I just don’t usually read books—books get
f. There is no doubt that both teaching and learning have outdated really fast these days. Instead, I read articles
been affected by the Internet. with the most up-to-date information. And reading on
the Internet is fun—I can read and watch videos related
g. That is completely absurd! You don’t know what you are
to what I’m learning. Also, because I’m a visual learner,
talking about. How could a computer be more intelligent
videos and pictures help me learn. I can’t imagine what it
than a human being?
would be like to read any other way.
h. Cell phones become outdated very quickly. I replace
MELANIE WHITE  But what are you going to do when you have
mine every two years.
to read something long and difficult . . . with no pictures,
i. No matter how old they are, teachers should be up-to- no Internet . . .? The way you describe reading is not
date on the latest technology. deep reading, it’s skimming—like a swimmer who just
j. My grandmother never lost her sense of wonder about swims along the surface of the water, and never looks
the world. She was always curious and young at heart. down—so you miss the wonder below you—the colorful
fish, the sea plants, the beauty of it all—but also the
AUDIO TRACK 2.22  4:24 min dangers—maybe there’s a shark down there! And you’re
Page 126, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas and Exercise F missing it all! I’m sorry, I guess I’m more emotional
HOST DIANA JENSEN (DJ)  Welcome to today’s roundtable! Our
about this than I realized. It’s just that I worry so much
subject is how the Internet impacts reading habits and for your generation, for my sons . . . Reading is such an
comprehension. Please join me in welcoming our guests: important part of my life, but I can’t get them to even
James Hall, a reporter on technology in education; open a book . . .
Melanie White from the Hillside Parents’ Association; JAMES  Yes, but Katie does read; in fact, she reads a lot, and
Pedro Martinez, a history teacher; and Katie Wang, a high really enjoys it. She just doesn’t read the same way that
school senior—Katie is a gifted student, at the top of her you do. So she’s not a non-reader; she’s a different kind
class of 500; and I’m your host, Diana Jensen. of reader. And that isn’t necessarily bad.
  James, could you briefly explain what the research DJ  Well, this is a lively discussion. We have to take a short
shows? Is the Internet making us stupid, as some break, but we’ll be right back . . .
experts claim? And more to the point, is it making us bad
readers? AUDIO TRACK 2.23  0:47 min
JAMES HALL  Well, as I’m sure you know, the research is still Page 127, Note-Taking Skill: Use a T-Chart to Take Notes
in its early stages. The Internet has only existed for a few JAMES  That said, research suggests that the Internet
decades, while reading goes back thousands of years. impacts our ability to concentrate on one thing over an
But one thing is clear: the Internet is changing the way extended period of time, say 30 minutes. This makes
we read . . . and the way we read changes our brain “deep reading”—that is, concentrated reading, not just
structure. skimming quickly for information—more difficult. But
DJ  That sounds pretty scary. there are many experts who believe that on balance,
JAMES  A lot of people react that way but that’s the wrong the impact is positive; the key seems to be information.
way to think about it. Everything we do affects the On the Internet, we can immediately access more
brain—exercise, food, whether we speak more than information than ever before, and we need to read to get
one language . . . the list is infinite. So it shouldn’t be that information—it’s just a different kind of reading.
surprising or scary that the way we read affects the brain.
  That said, research suggests that the Internet impacts
AUDIO TRACK 2.24  1:14 min
our ability to concentrate on one thing over an extended Page 127, Exercise G, Listen for Details
period of time, say 30 minutes. This makes “deep PEDRO  I have to break in here. There is no doubt in my mind
reading”—that is, concentrated reading, not just that the Internet is turning our children into non-readers. I
skimming quickly for information—more difficult. But see it every day in the classroom, and it is scary.
there are many experts who believe that on balance, DJ  What do you see? And why does it scare you?

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 PEDRO  I see kids who can’t concentrate long enough to read extended period of time, say 30 minutes. This makes
even one paragraph. I see kids who can’t remember “deep reading”—that is, concentrated reading, not just
anything . . . and don’t think that’s a problem! They ask skimming quickly for information—more difficult.
me, “Why do I need to remember that? I can just look it
up on the Internet.” It’s absurd. AUDIO TRACK 2.30  1:58 min
JAMES  Can I . . . Part 2, Page 136, Exercise D, Vocabulary
DJ  Let’s give Katie a chance to comment. Katie, do you use 1. All of the classrooms in my son’s school look identical.
the Internet a lot? And are you a reader? The walls are painted yellow and the teacher’s desk is at
KATIE  Yes, of course I use the Internet. And I read all the the front of the room.
time; I just don’t usually read books—books get outdated 2. The economy in this part of the country is robust. Most
really fast these days. Instead, I read articles with the people have jobs.
most up-to-date information. And reading on the Internet 3. He thinks that schools today are obsolete. He thinks they
is fun—I can read and watch videos related to what I’m should be replaced by schools that are better suited to
learning. Also, because I’m a visual learner, videos and today’s world.
pictures help me learn. I can’t imagine what it would be
4. All public schools must meet the performance standards
like to read any other way.
established by the local government. For example, all
children must learn to read by the end of the third grade.
AUDIO TRACK 2.25  0:22 min
5. My hypothesis was that students could teach
Page 128, Listening Skill: Recognize a Speaker’s Tone
themselves if they had access to computers. The results
Example: of my first experiment suggest that my hypothesis is
correct, but I need to collect more data.
Welcome to today’s roundtable! Our subject is how the
Internet impacts reading habits and comprehension. Please 6. There are very good pedagogical reasons for using
join me in welcoming our guests. computers in the classroom. One of the most important
is that computers motivate students to learn.
AUDIO TRACK 2.26  1:01 min 7. Right now, children in wealthy school districts have the
best teachers and resources. The government should
Page 128, Exercises H and I
level the playing field to enable poorer students to
Segment 1 receive the same education as richer students.
PEDRO  They ask me, “Why do I need to remember that? I can 8. As a result of hours of discussion among experts, a
just look it up on the Internet.” It’s absurd. solution finally emerged.
9. Children learn best when they tap into their own
Segment 2 creativity. Then they learn naturally, with very little help.
KATIE  Also, because I’m a visual learner, videos and pictures 10. The facilities at our new school are incredible. There’s
help me learn. a gym with a pool, several computer labs with the latest
Segment 3 technology, and a new cafeteria.
MELANIE  It’s just that I worry so much for your generation, for
my sons . . . Reading is such an important part of my life,
but I can’t get them to even open a book.
Unit 8
Segment 4
JAMES  Yes, but Katie does read; in fact, she reads a lot, and
really enjoys it. She just doesn’t read the same way that AUDIO TRACK 2.31  1:28 min
you do. So she’s not a non-reader; she’s a different kind Part 1, Page 144, Exercise B, Think Critically: Predict
of reader. And that isn’t necessarily bad. PROFESSOR  Good afternoon. To start today’s class, I have
some questions for you.
AUDIO TRACK 2.27 0:28 min First, have you ever done a “Do it yourself,” or DIY project?
Page 130, Speaking Skill: Defend a Position Even a simple one like assembling a piece of furniture?
So . . . more than half of you.
Example:
Next question: Do you watch a DIY program? You know,
Everything we do affects the brain—exercise, food, whether
those shows where people rebuild their house over a
we speak more than one language . . . the list is infinite. So it
weekend? OK, about three quarters of you.
shouldn’t be surprising or scary that the way we read affects
the brain. Finally, have you ever bought something from a website
where you can design your own product, for example
AUDIO TRACK 2.28  0:21 min sneakers, jeans, or cell-phone cover? Hmmm, so a lot of you
Page 130, Pronunciation Skill: Stress Key Words have done that too.

And reading on the Internet is fun—I can read and watch So, would you agree that DIY is pretty popular these days?
videos related to what I’m learning. Also, because I’m a In fact, DIY has become incredibly popular. And businesses,
visual learner, the videos and pictures help me learn. who have already made a lot of money from DIY, see
the potential for making even more—but only if they can
AUDIO TRACK 2.29  0:27 min maintain the interest of consumers. To find out if the current
Page 130, Exercise L popularity of DIY products is sustainable, businesses hope
to understand the psychology behind DIY—which is the
JAMES  That said, research suggests that the Internet subject of today’s lecture.
impacts our ability to concentrate on one thing over an
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 AUDIO TRACK 2.32  2:00 min is about the link between busyness and happiness. Here’s
Page 145, Exercise C, Vocabulary their first hypothesis: People are happier when they are busy
than when they are idle.
1. The table I bought was cheap, but I had to assemble it
myself. The instructions were terrible. It took me hours! Now, the second hypothesis: People will choose busyness
over idleness, but only if they see a reason to be busy. The
2. Many business people saw the potential for making reason doesn’t have to be serious; they just need to have a
money with DIY products, so they started to develop reason. But without a reason, they will do nothing.
products that people could make themselves.
3. Despite the slow economy, the sales of our DIY projects So . . . the first experiment involved a kind of DIY project
have been very good this month. We hope to maintain or with a bracelet.
even increase sales next month. First, the researchers divided the participants into two
4. Some consumers buy furniture that they need to put groups.
together themselves because it’s cheaper. Second, they put each participant in a separate room with
5. More and more businesses are beginning to reduce a bracelet in it. They didn’t let them bring anything into the
their dependence on oil, because it is not a sustainable room—no cell phones, books, or paper.
source of energy. Instead, they are beginning to invest All of the bracelets were identical and easy to take apart and
in forms of energy that will always be available, such as put back together.
wind and solar.
6. My brother likes to do projects in his free time. I’ve never Next, they told the participants to stay in the room for
seen him sit down and just watch television. He doesn’t 15 minutes.
like to be idle. Then they gave each participant a choice. They could do
7. The researchers are looking for people to be in their nothing for 15 minutes—or they could take the bracelet
study. Participants have to be over the age of 21. apart and put it back together again.
8. There are two versions of the instructions. One is in At that point in the experiment, the researchers gave each
English, and the other is in Spanish. group a different version of the instructions.
9. I bought a beautiful old table from someone on the If participants in group one took the bracelet apart, they had
internet for $100. I took it to an antique dealer and he to put it back together in exactly the same way.
valued it at $1,000. Do you think I should keep it?
If participants in group two took the bracelet apart, they had
10. Think about the business implications of the results of to assemble it in a different way, by following instructions for
the study. Do you think that business owners will change a new design. Got that?
anything based on the research?
OK. Then the researchers left the participants alone for
AUDIO TRACK 2.33  0:24 min 15 minutes.
Page 146, Listening Skill: Understand Content-Rich Material The results?
Now for the second study, which involved origami. Origami Most participants in group one did nothing. In contrast, most
is the Japanese art of folding paper into different shapes, of the participants in group 2 worked on the bracelet. And
often of animals, such as birds, fish, or insects. interestingly, the participants from both groups who worked
on the bracelet felt happier than those who did nothing.
AUDIO TRACK 2.34  7:39 min So, the first hypothesis: People are happier when they are
Pages 146 and 147, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas busy than when they are idle. Do the results support it? Yes?
PROFESSOR  Good afternoon. To start today’s class, I have FEMALE STUDENT  Absolutely . . . the participants who worked
some questions for you. on the bracelet were busy and happier.
First, have you ever done a “Do It Yourself,” or DIY project? PROFESSOR Good . . . so now the second hypothesis: People
Even a simple one like assembling a piece of furniture? will choose being busy over doing nothing, but only if
So . . . more than half of you. they can see a reason for being busy.
Next question: Do you watch a DIY program? You know, So, do the results support this? Anyone? Go ahead.
those shows where people rebuild their house over a MALE STUDENT 1  Yeah, for sure. The ones with a reason worked
weekend? OK, about three quarters of you. on the bracelet. The ones without a reason did nothing.
Finally, have you ever bought something from a website PROFESSOR  And why did they work on it?
where you can design your own product, for example MALE STUDENT 2  To change the design.
sneakers, jeans, or cell-phone cover? Hmmm, so a lot of you
have done that, too. PROFESSOR  OK, good. So now we have one possible reason
why DIY projects are popular: they give people a reason
So, would you agree that DIY is pretty popular these days? to be busy.
In fact, DIY has become incredibly popular. And businesses, Now for the second study, which involved origami. Origami
who have already made a lot of money from DIY, see is the Japanese art of folding paper into different shapes,
the potential for making even more—but only if they can often of animals, such as birds, fish, or insects. Origami
maintain the interest of consumers. To find out if the current experts are true artists, but anyone can follow instructions to
popularity of DIY products is sustainable, businesses hope make simple origami.
to understand the psychology behind DIY—which is the In the experiment, the participants, who were not experts,
subject of today’s lecture. made origami frogs. Next, they were asked to value their
Let’s start with two research studies. The first study, done frogs. Finally, they had to value the frogs made by experts.
by business schools at one U.S. and one Chinese university, The results?

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 They valued their own frogs either the same or higher than How to do something:
the frogs made by experts . . . and they were sure that First, divide the participants into two groups.
others would agree with them. But others did not agree—
they valued the origami made by experts more. Second, put each participant in a separate room. Don’t let
them bring anything into the room.
This experiment gives us another explanation for the
popularity of DIY projects. People tend to prefer, and even
overvalue, things they make themselves. Next week, we will
AUDIO TRACK 2.38 0:19 min
discuss the implications of these study results for the DIY Page 151, Pronunciation Skill: Intonation in Lists
industry.
Example:
AUDIO TRACK 2.35  1:26 min They didn’t let the participants bring anything into the
room—no cell phones, books, or paper.
Page 147 Exercise F, Listen for Details
PROFESSOR  So . . . the first experiment involved a kind of DIY AUDIO TRACK 2.39  0:56 min
project with a bracelet. Page 151, Exercises K and L
First, the researchers divided the participants into two
1. There are many websites where you can design your own
groups.
products; for example, T-shirts, sneakers, jeans, or cell-
Second, they put each participant in a separate room with phone cover.
a bracelet in it. They didn’t let them bring anything into the 2. DIY projects include cooking, gardening, knitting, and
room—no cell phones, books, or paper. sewing.
All of the bracelets were identical and easy to take apart and 3. There are DIY projects for all age groups: children,
put back together. teenagers, adults, and the elderly.
Next, they told the participants to stay in the room for 4. People enjoy making origami of animals, such as birds,
15 minutes. fish, and insects.
Then they gave each participant a choice. They could do 5. Researchers have conducted many experiments to test
nothing for 15 minutes—or they could take the bracelet the effects of idleness on people’s mental, emotional,
apart and put it back together again. and physical health.
At that point in the experiment, the researchers gave each AUDIO TRACK 2.40  2:19 min
group a different version of the instructions. Part 2, Page 154, Exercise D, Vocabulary
If participants in group one took the bracelet apart, they had a. When I set out to do something, I am usually successful
to put it back together in exactly the same way. in completing it.
If participants in group two took the bracelet apart, they had b. After the earthquake, people whose houses were
to assemble it in a different way, by following instructions for destroyed had to move. They started a settlement just
a new design. Got that? outside of town, close to the river.
OK. Then the researchers left the participants alone for c. The new machines helped increase productivity on the
15 minutes. farm. They helped the farmers do their work faster and
more efficiently.
AUDIO TRACK 2.36  1:03 min d. His ideas are sound. He has developed them over years
Page 148, Exercise G, Listen for Details of research.
PROFESSOR  Now for the second study, which involved e. In some countries, the distribution of wealth is quite
origami. Origami is the Japanese art of folding paper into unequal. For example, one percent of the people might
different shapes, often of animals such as birds, fish, or control 99 percent of the wealth.
insects. Origami experts are true artists, but anyone can f. In today’s world, there are many different means of
follow instructions to make simple origami. communication: email, text messages, telephone, etc.
In the experiment, the participants, who were not experts, g. You can only transcend your fear if you understand
made origami frogs. Next, they were asked to value their what you are afraid of and face it directly. By facing your
frogs. Finally, they had to value the frogs made by experts. fear, you can often get past it and move on.
The results? h. When there is a large supply of houses and very few
They valued their own frogs either the same or higher than buyers, house prices go down. On the other hand,
the frogs made by experts . . . and they were sure that when there is a scarcity of houses and a lot of potential
others would agree with them. But others did not agree— buyers, housing prices rise. This is called the law of
they valued the origami made by experts more. supply and demand.
i. Using machines rather than human workers, factories are
AUDIO TRACK 2.37  0:48 min able to make products on a large scale. For example, a
Page 150, Speaking Skill: Explain a Process shoe factory might be able to produce a thousand pairs
of shoes a day, while someone making shoes by hand
Examples: can only work on a small scale, making two pairs a day.
How something happened:
First, the researchers divided the participants into two groups.
Second, they put each participant in a separate room with a
bracelet in it. They didn’t let the participants bring anything
into the room—no cell phones, books, or paper.

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