STA 111 Introduction to Proba. and Stat.

Semester: 144210

Review exercises
Exercise 1
Let A and B be two events such that P(A) = 0.62, P(B) = 0.49 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.38. We denote by
A` or Ac the complement of A. Determine the following probabilities.

(1) P(A 𝖴 B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = 0.62 + 0.49 − 0.38 = 0.73

(2) P(A` ∩ B`) = 1 − P(A 𝖴 B) = 1 − 0.73 = 0.27

(3) P(A` 𝖴 B`) =1 − P(A ∩ B) = 1 − 0.38 = 0.62

(4) P(A` ∩ B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = 0.49 − 0.38 = 0.11

(5) P(A` 𝖴 B) = 1 − P(A ∩ B`) = 1 − [P(A) − P(A ∩ B)] = 1 − (0.62 − 0.38) = 0.76

𝑃(𝐴′ ∩𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩𝐵) 0.11

Exercise 2
Let A and B be two events such that P(A) = 0.45, P(B) = 0.52 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.23. We denote by
A` or Ac the complement of A. Determine the following probabilities.

(1) P(A 𝖴 B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = 0.45 + 0.52 − 0.23 = 0.74

(2) P(A` ∩ B`) = 1 − P(A 𝖴 B) = 1 − 0.74 = 0.26

(3) P(A` 𝖴 B`) =1 − P(A ∩ B) = 1 − 0.23 = 0.77

(4) P(A ∩ B`) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B) = 0.45 − 0.23 = 0.22

(5) P(A 𝖴 B`) = 1 − P(A` ∩ B) = 1 − [P(B) − P(A ∩ B)] = 1 − (0.52 − 0.23) =1-0.29= 0.71

Otherwise
P(A 𝖴 B`) = P(A) + P(B`) − P(A ∩ B`) = P(A) +[1- P(B) ] − P(A ∩ B`) =0.45+(1-0.52)-0.22=0.71
Exercise 3
In a state, the probability that a person speaks French is 0.55. It is known that 15% from persons
who speak French and 25% from persons who don’t speak French are teachers. A person is selected at
random.
F: A person that speaks French
T: A person is a teacher
F`: A person that don’t speak French
P(F) = 0.55, P(T|F) = 0.15, P(T|F`) = 0.25
(1) Determine the probability that the selected person is a teacher.
Total probability rule:
P(T) = P(T|F) ∗ P(F) + P(T|F`) ∗ P(F`) = (0.15)(0.55) + (0.25)(1 − 0.55) = 0.195
(2) Suppose that the selected person is a teacher. What is the probability that she speaks French?
Bayes rule:
P(T|F) ∗ P(F) (0.15)(0.55)
P(F|T) = = = 0.423
P(T) 0.195

(3) Determine the probability that the selected person is a teacher or speaks French.
P(T 𝖴 F) = P(T) + P(F) − P(T ∩ F) = P(T) + P(F)- P(T|F) ∗ P(F)
= 0.195 + 0.55 − (0.15)(0.55) = 0.6625
 Exercise 4
A bookshelf contains 7 books : 3 computer, 2 mathematics, and 2 physics
1) In how many ways can these 7 books be arranged in any order

Answer
By permutation rule for = 7 , the number of ways is 7! = 5040

2) In how many ways can these 7 books be arranged if the computer books must be together, the
mathematics books must be together, and the physics books must be together.

Answer
By permutation rule and multiplication rule (four times),
the number of ways is 3! × 2! × 2! × 3! = 144

3) In how many ways can these 7 books be arranged if the computer books must be together but the
other books can be arranged in any order.

Answer
By permutation rule and multiplication rule (four times),
the number of ways is 3! × 4! × 2! = 3! × 5! = 288

4) Now suppose that 3 books are picket at random from the bookshelf. Find in how many ways
a) A physic book is selected

Answer
By combination rule and multiplication rule ,
2 5
the number of ways is ( ) × ( ) = 1 × 5 = 5
2 1

b) 2 computer books and 1 mathematics book are selected.

Answer
By combination rule and multiplication rule ,
3 2 2
the number of ways is ( ) × ( ) × ( ) = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
2 1 0
Exercise 5
A company produces two types of parts: A and B. 20% of parts are type A and 80% are type B. The
probability that type A part is defective is 0.02 and the probability that a type B part is defective is 0.1. If we
choose a part randomly, what is the probability that it is defective?

Answer

Total probability rule:

P(D) = P(D|A) ∗ P(A) + P(D|B) ∗ P(B)

= 0.02 × 0.2 + 0.1 × 0.8 = 0.084

Exercise 6

Machines A and B produce 10% and 90% respectively of the production of a component intended for the
motor industry. From experience, it is known that the probability that machine A produces a defective
component is 0.01 while the probability that machine B produces a defective component is 0.05. If a
component is selected at random from a day’s production and is found to be defective, find the probability
that it was made by
(a) machine A
(b) machine B.
Answer

Let A = {item from machine A}, B = {item from machine B}, D = {item is defective}.
We know that: 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.1, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.9, 𝑃(𝐷|𝐴) = 0.01, 𝑃(𝐷|𝐵) = 0.05.

a)
P(D|A)P(A)
P(A|D) =
P(D|A)P(A) + P(D|B)P(B)

0.01 × 0.1
= = 0.02
0.01 × 0.1 + 0.05 × 0.9

(b) Similarly 𝑃(𝐵|𝐷) = 0.98