-_ Strictly according to the latest syllabus issued by M.D. University, Rohtak for B.C.A, Second Semester (Paper - 108) ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE [Paper-108] Amit Sehgal Sunil Kumar Department of Department of Mathematics : PLNRS. Ge hia Govt. College, Gurawara (Rewari) | Sandeep Dahiya Vikasdeep Yadav Department of Mathematies Department of Mathematics, Govt. Nehru College, Jhajjar DS. College, Gurugram JEEVANSONS PUBLICATIONS EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS 4836/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002Laser typeset by : V. V. Enterprises Printed at: Narula Printers Delhizp ‘The present book js designed to be a text book to mect the requirements of BC.A., Second Semester students of Maharishi Dayanand University, Robtak (Paper 108). This bookkis strictly in accordance with the latest syllabus and style prescribed by M.D.U, Rohtak for the year 2012 and onwards. ‘An humble attempt has been made to sake the subject matter simple, exhaustive and intelligible so as to sustain the interest of students in the subject Sufficient number of illustrative examples ate given to explain the concept and procedure of different types of questions. Every attempt has been made to give this book an impressive and refreshing look, We are grateful to all our colleagues and friends for their valuable support and encouragement in the past. We sincerely hope that they will find this book very useful. We are thankful to the publishers and the printers for the pains they have taken to bring out this volume in this form, Although every care has been taken to keep the book free from errors and misprints, still we look forward to receive any suggestions and corrections ‘which might have escaped our scrutiny for further improvement of the book. - AuthorsSYLLABUS MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE PAPER : B.C.A. - 108 Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak External Marks : 80 Time Allowed : 8 Hours Internal Assessment : 20 Note: Examiner will be required to set nine questions in all. Question No. 1 will consist of total 8 parts (short-answer type questions) covering the entire syllabus and will carry 16 marks. In addition to the compullsory question, there will be four units, i.e. Unit-I to Unit-1V. Examiner will set two questions from each unit ofthe syllabus and each question will carry 16 marks, Student will be required to attempt five questions in all. Question No. 1 will be compulsory, In addition to compulsory question, student will have to attempt four more questions selecting one question from each unit, Unit -1 Basic Statistios : Measure of Central Tendency, Proparing frequency distribution table, Mean, Mode, Median, Measure of Dispersion: Range, Variance and Standard Deviations, Correlation and Regression, Unit - 1 Algorithm : Algorithms, merits and demerits, Exponentiation, How to compute fast exponentiation. Linear Search, Binary Search, “Big Oh” notation, Worst case, Advantage of logarithmic algorithms over linear algorithms, Complexity. Graph Theory + Graphs, Types of graphs, degree of vertex, sub graph, isomorphic and homeomorphie graphs, Adjacent and incidence matrices, Path Circuit : Bulerian, Hamiltonian path circuit, Unit - Trees: Trees, Minimum distance trees, Minimum weight and Minimum distance spanning trees, Recursion : Recursively defined function, Merge sort, Insertion sort, Bubble sort and Decimal to Binary. Unit - IV Recurrence Relations : LHRR, LHRRWCCs, DCRR. Recursive procedures, Number Theory : Principle of Mathematical Induction, GCD, Euclidean algorithm, Fibonacci numbers, Congruences and equivalence relations, Public key encryption schemes.CONTENTS Chapter Pages Frequency Distribution * ~~ se 1 Measure of Central Tendency * se 23 Measure of Dispersion Correlation and Regression Algorithms and Complexity of Algorithm Graph Theory * Trees 202 Conversion of Binary to Decimal ~~ and Decimal to Binary es 237 Sorting ~~ ve 244 Recursion and Recurrence Relations on 253 Number Theory a 27 * Question Papers we. Gi) ~ (xiv)Frequency Distribution 1.4. INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS ‘The word statistics has been derived from the Latin word ‘status’ or the Italian word ‘statista’ both meaning the same ‘a political state’. In olden times, the rulers were interested in the welfare of their states and kept records of persons who paid taxes, record of the strength of army etc, Thus arose the need of collecting the various data known as statistical data, In India, we find such records of statistical data being kept since the times of Emperor Akbar in ‘Abul Fazal’s ‘Ain-i- Akbari’. Ronald A. Fisher (1890-1962), an English mathematician, has been called the real giantin the develépment of the theory of statistics. Due to his vast contribution to statistics, Prof, Fisher is known as the ‘Vather of Statistics’, We find now-a-days that statistics has its applicatioa in many branches of knowledge such as Economics, Business, Industry, Mathematics, Biology, Astronomy, Psychology, Education and Medical Sciences. Like many other sciences, statistics too has its limitations, some of which are listed below : (a) It can be applied only to quantitative data and not to qualitative data or toan_ individual. (b) Statistical laws are not exact like that of mathematics. It is simply an average. (c) It deals with the groups or aggregate of objects, and not individuals. (a) It must be used by experts and trained statistians and not by layman. 1.2. POPULATION In statistics, by the word population we mean, collection of individuals. The term group, aggregate or totality of objects are its synonyms. This collection can be finite or infinite, Universe is the older term for the word population. Mlustrations. 1. The population of the age of all the students of your class in the-school is a population consisting of finite number of individuals. 2, Ifyou throw a dice 100 times and count the score every time and record it, then the data recorded is a population of finite individuals ‘There are some populations which consists of large number of individuals. Such populations for all practical purposes are regarded as infinite population2 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 3. The set of rational numbers lying between 2and 3 isa population of infinite individuals. 4, The example of leaves on a tree, the number of hair on our body, etc, are also examples of infinite population, An individual is one member of the population,” 1.3, SAMPLE «Sample is that part of the population which is selected for investigation. From sample we try to investigate the properties of the population from which the sample has been selected. Sample can also be defined as follows 4 . Any finite set of items drawn from a population for investigation is a sample. tis an established fa’t that practically itis impossible to determine a single characteristic of each and every member of the population since 100% inspection is not possible (neither necessary). It may be due to multiplicity of causes namely administrative, financial or time factor ete, For example, if we want to know whether the rice boiling in a kettle have boiled or not, then only a sample ofa few rice taken out by spoon is sufficient to serve our purpose, Checking of each grain of rice is neither practical nor necossary. : It should be noted that the information collected about the population by moans of a sample somotimes are not accurate, This might be due to defective sampling or some other reasons. The sampling errors can be reduced by increasing the size (the number of individuals) in the sample. The sample is considered small ifn <30 where n is the number of observations, and large if'n > 30. 13.1 Sanipling Sampling is simply the process of learning about the population on tHe basis of a sample drawn from it, Thus in sampling technique, instead of every individual of the population, only & part ée., sample is studied and the conclusions are drawn. ‘The process of sampling involves three steps, viz, ‘ 1, Selecting the sample. 2, Collecting the information about the sample. 8. Making an inference about the population. 1.3.2 Purpose of Sampling ‘sample is not studied for its own sake, The basic objective ofits study is to got knowledge abdut the population from which the sample has been taken, 1.8.8, Methods of Sampling (a) Simple or Random Sampling Random sampling refers to the sampling technique in which every individual of the Population is given an equal chance of being selected in a sample, This selection is free from personal bias or prejudice, Lottery method is a popular, example of simple or random sampling.FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ao) (6) Non-Random Sampling A sampling which is not random is called non-random sampling. Judgement sampling is the best example of non-random sampling, In this type of sampling, the taste of judges is one of the criteria. 4.4, VARIABLE OR VARIATE ‘A quantity which can vary from one individual to another is called a variable or variate or in other words any character capable of taking different values is called a variate. For example, height of students in a class, marks obtained by the students in an examination etc. are variables or variates. ‘The variables can be classified into the following two types : (@ Discrete Variable. A discrete variable is that which has a discrete value and can vary only within a certain range and cannot attain every conceivable fractional value. For example, the number of rooms in a house can only take certain integral values such as 1, 2, 3, 4 ete. Similarly, in a family if there are five children and one more child takes birth, then the total can be six and not 4, 85 G 58 ote, An example of discrete variable is given below : ‘No. of Children No, of Families 6 30 40 80 60 / 65 oanenroe 50 (i) Continuous Variable. A continuous variable, also known as continuous random variable, is capable of attaining every conceivable fractional value within the range of possibilities. For example, height of the boys in a college can be 6'.3", 5'.4"", 5'.5" and so on, The values of continuous variable may take any fractional value between the two complete numbers. An example of continuous variable is given below : L | Weight (Kg) No, of Students 60=52 35: 52-54 40 54-56 | 45 56-68 50 58-60 30 Total 200 |4 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 Remark, The quantities which are measurable in nature like’ height, weight, marks, income etc. are called quantitative variables and quantities which are non-measurable in nature like beauty, honesty ete: are called qualitative variables. 1.5. PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND RAW DATA ‘The word data means information or a set of given facts, ‘The data collected by the investigator himself with a specific objective or purpose is known as primary data. Such data are original in nature. If the investigator, due to lack of time and other resources, uses the data collected by some other agency, then such a data is known as secondary data, In other words, when the data collected by some, is put to use by another or data collected for one purpose-is applied to another, then such data is called secondary data, ‘The values of a variate collected in an arbitrary order in which they occur (.e., original form) are called raw data. For example, marks of 35 students (out of total marks 50) according to their roli numbers are ; 45 30 i ope Gee 2 7 18 2740 % Bk 7 8 4 7 3 4 1B () ew (a 5 aT 45 wm oa 5 ‘This is an example of raw data. 1.6. ARRAY ‘The arrangement of data in ascending or descending order is called an array. Let us arrange the data given in Art. 1.5 in ascending order. The arrangement thus becomes 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 7 a 7 7 12 12 12 15 15 18 18 21 21 2 OL 21 24 27 Teena) 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 45 which is an array. 1.7. FREQUENCY The number of times a variate is repeated is called its frequency. For example, if the variate x take the values 2; 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, then the variate 2 is repeated 2 times, 3 is repeated 2 times, 5 is repeated 3 times. We say that frequency of 2 is ‘2’, frequency of 3 is ‘2’, and frequency of 5 is ‘3’, The sum of frequencies is called the total frequency and is generally denoted by N.FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 5 1.8, FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement of data showing the frequency of each variate. ‘To prepare a frequency distribution, we have to count ‘and write the number of times a particular value is repeated which is called the frequency of that value. 1.8.1. Formation of a Ungrouped Frequency Distribution or Discrete Frequency Distribution Let us write the data given in Art. 1.5 in the form of a table (see table 1) : This table can be obtained from the raw data by tally method. The marks obtained by each candidate are marked by a vertical line‘ |’ against the variate to which it belongs. The fifth observation is not shown by a vertical line but it is represented by an oblique line crossing the first four. Sixth observation is again marked by a vertical line leaving some space after first five and so on. After marking all the observations, we can quickly write the frequency of each variate. Table1 mee) Tally Marks a 2 i 3 3 H 2 5 Ml 3 7 my 4 : 7 Ul 3 15 Il 2 18 ll 2 21 Hh 5 24 | 1 ar Ul 3 30 | 1 35, Il - 40 ll 2 45 Hl 3 ‘Total Frequency (N) = 35 ‘The representation of data as in table 1 is called frequency distribution of an ungrouped data or discrete frequency distribution.6 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A, - 108 1.8.2, Formation of a Grouped Frequency Distribution (a) Discrete Grouped Frequency Distribution ‘The data given in table 1 can be made simpler or comprehensible by grouping the data as. given in the following table. Table 2 Marks No. of Students ‘Tally Marks (Class-interval) ined (Frequency) 1-5 MUI 6-10 till 11-15 HL 16-20 Il 21-25 WI 26-30 Hil 31-35 ] 36-40 il 41-45 lil 46-50 = ewe ek ona aa N=35 J In this table, we have condensed the data into classes. Class 1 ~ 5 means marks obtained between 1 and 5. Here 1 is the lower limit of the class and 5 is the upper limit of the class. Similarly in class 6 — 10; 6 is the lower limit and 10 is the upper limit. The width of each interval is 5, ‘The number of observations falling in a particular class is called the frequency of that class. (b) Continuous Grouped Frequency Distribution Ifwe want to prepare a data of heights of students in a class of your school then we can not prepare a table as we have done in table 2. We cannot say that there will be no student between certain interval, as we have assumed in table 2 that no student has secured marks between 5 ‘and 6, 10 and 11 ete, In such a ease we divide the marks in groups 0 ~ 5, 5 = 10, 10-15 and so on. Note that the boundary values are put in higher group ic., 10 is to be put in the group 10 - 15 and not in 5 ~ 10, The frequency distribution thus becomes :FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION: 7 Tables Marks ‘Tally Marks No. of Students” (Class-interval) | (requeney) | 0-5 Ui 4 5-10 Ml 10-15 {ll 15-20 mn 20-25 WI 25-80 ill 30-35 | 35-40 I 40-45 ll 45-50 Hil eww Hw eae ra N 35 ‘The grouped frequency distribution as shown in table 3 is known as continuous grouped frequency distribution. 1.9, SOMEIMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND TERMS. 1, Class Intervals and Class-limits. Class intervals are the groups into which the raw data is condensed. The class-limits are the lowest and highest values that can be included in the class, In one class, two limits are included, one is known as lower limit (L,) and the other is known as upper limit (L,). For example, in the class 10 — 20; 10 is the lower limit and 20 is the upper limit. The estimation of the number of class-intervals can be made with the help of following formula : Maximum Value — Number of class-intervals ~ ° ae Size of Into 2, Magnitude of the Class-Interval or Size of Interval. ‘The difference between the upper-limit-and lower limit ofa class is called magnitude of class interval or size of interval or width of interval. For example, in the class 15 — 25, the magnitude of class-interval is (25 — 15) ie., 10. Thus, we have the following formula i=Ly-L, where i = Magnitude of class-interval Upper Limit and L, = Lower Limit.8 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 8. Class Mark or Mid-Point or Mid-Value of Class. The centre of the limits of a class is called class mark or mid-point or mid-value of a class. It is the value lying half-way between the lower and upper class limits of a class-interval. Class mark or mid-point of a class is ascertained as follows Lower limit + upper limit Class mark of a class Bosna ope 2 2 4, Class Frequency, The number of observations corresponding to a particular class is called the frequency of that class. Consider the following table : For example, if the class interval is 15 — 25, then its class mark + Marks Obtained No, of Students ——e-10Ot—<“CS~*SSti‘i~Ct*s 22 7 10-20 14 20-30 19 30-40 382 40 50 | 13 Total oid Im the above table, the frequency of class interval 10 — 20 is 14 which implies that there are 14 students who have obtained marks between 10 and 20. Ifwe add together the frequencies ofall the individual classes, we obtain the total frequency, which is 100 in this case. ‘The type of series given in above table is called Simple Frequency Series or Ordinary Frequency Series. 5, Individual Series. An individual s listéd individually. For example, if the marks obtained by six studenfs are as follows : 30, 35, 33, 35, 45) 40 then the ahove series is called individual series. * sries is a series in which items or observations are 6, Exclusive and Inclusive Series (i) Exclusive Series. When the class-intervals are so fixed that the upper limit of one ciass-interval is the lower limit of the next class-interval then the series is called an exelusive series. Following are few examples of exclusive series : @ Class-interval Frequency 8 2 20 | 16FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 9 @ "Value Frequency Exceeding 5 but not exceeding 10 16 Exceeding 10 but not exceeding 15 20 Exceeding 15 but not exceeding 20 30 Exceeding 20 but not exceeding 25 oy Exceeding 25 but not exceeding 30 18 @ [- Value Frequency 5 and under 10 11 10 and under 15 20 15 and under 20 81 20 and under 25 23 25 and under 30 22, Table (3) can also be written as follows : Frequency EF i 10 ~ 14-999... 20 15 ~ 19-999... 31 20 — 24-999. 28 25 — 29-995 22 It is clear that the exclusive series ensures continuity of data in much as the upper limit of one class is the lower limit of the next class. (ii) Inclusive Series. In inclusive series, both the lower limit and the upper limit of a itself. In other words, the upper limit of one class- class-interval are included in that clas interval is not equal to the lower limit of the next class-interval. Following is the example of an inclusive series10 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 ‘Marks obtained No. of Students 50-59 SHS | 2 4405] cae te 80-69 16 70-19 18 80-89 30 | 90-99 17 Total Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series ‘To convert an inclusive series into an exclusive series, we employ the following two steps: (2) First, we find the difference between the upper limit of a class interval and the lower limit of the next class interval, (i) Half of this difference is added to the upper limit of each class interval and remaining half is deducted from the lower limit of the each class interval. Using these two steps, the inclusive series can be converted into an exclusive series, In the example given in the inclusive series in the above table, we observe that difference between upper limit of a class interval and lower limit of next class interval is 1, ‘The half of this difference i.e., 0-5 is added to upper limit of each class interval and other half’ ie., 0-5 is deducted from lower limit of each class interval. Thus the inclusive series is converted into exclusive series, which is as given below __ Marks obtained No. of Students _| l "49.5595 a ae 15, | 695-795 18 79-5 ~89-5 30 895-995, 7 [tot 00 Remark. Magnitude of class-interval in both the cases will be equal. ‘7, Cumulative Frequeney. The cumulative frequency corresponding to a class is the sum of all frequencies upto and including that class, In @ cumulative frequency series, the frequencies are progressively totalled and aggregates are shown, If the data is arranged in ascending order, the cumulative frequencies are called less than cumulative frequencies and if the data is arranged in descending order, the cumulative frequencies are called more than cumulative frequencies,FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION n Conversion of Simple Frequency Series into Cumulative Frequency Series Asimple frequency series can be converted into cumulative frequency series in the following manner : Consider a Simple Frequency Series given below Class-interval Frequency-Simple 0-5 10 | 5-10 15 10-15 25 15-20 30 20-25 20 ‘Then the corresponding cumulative frequency series is as follows : Class-interval | Frequency-Simple| Cumulative Frequency 0-5 10 10 5-10 6! 10 +15 = 25 10-15 | 25 25 +25 = 50 15-20 30 50 +30 =80 20-25 20 80 +20 = 100 ‘The above given simple frequency series can be converted to less than or more than cumulative frequency series in following ways : (1) Less than Cumulative Frequency Table : Value _| ~~ Frequency-Cumulative Less than 5. a =10 Less than 10° 10415 = 25 Less than 15 10+ 15+ 25 =50 Less than 20 10 +15 + 25 + 30 =80 Less than 25 10 + 15 + 25+ 304 20 = 10012 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 (2) More than Cumulative Frequency Table: Value Frequency-Cumulative More than 0 10+15+25+30+20 =100 More than 5 | 15+25+80+20 =90 More than 10: “25 +30 + 20 =75 More than 15 30 +20 =50 | More than 20 = 20 Conversion of Cumulative Frequency Series into Simple Frequency Series A cumulative frequency sefies can be converted into simple frequency series in the following manner a) - Value _[Frequency-cumulative| _ | Class-interval |Frequency-simple Below 10 16 0-10 =16 | Below 20 20 ‘| 10-20 20-15 35 Below 30 60 | 20-30 60-20 =40 Below 40 8% 30-40 | 85-60 =25 Below 50 100 40-50 100-85 = 15 @ ————__- — ; Value _| Frequency-cumulative| _|Class-interval | Frequency-simple More than 0 100 0-5 100-90 =10 ‘More than 5 90 5-10 90-75 More than 10 15 leo} 10-15 75-50 | More than 15 50 15-20 50-20 | More than 20 20 | 20-25 i} SOLVED EXAMPLES Viixample 1. Construct a diserete frequency distribution from the following data : Marks 6286435644938 7 9 269% 5% 8:5, 4 3, 6 8FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 1B Solution. Construction of Discrete Frequency distribution : Marks Tally bars Frequency (f) 3 I 2 4 ul 4 5 tl 3 6 mM 4 1 i 3 8 an 5 9 i 4 Total i 25 Example 2. Form a discrete frequency distribution from the following data arranging in (i) Ascending order (i) Descending order. 7 )JeT71)9/[e|@ [27] ] 9 [27] 9) i |u| | i | 1 | 19 | 1 | 19 | Solution. (i) Formation of Discrete Frequency Distribution (Ascending order) — Variable (X) Tally bars Frequency (f) | 5 I 2 | 7 ll 2 - 9 MW 8 n tl 2 13 n 2 15 i 4 yw ll 2 | 19 MW 3 [ 7 TotalI4 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A, ~ 108 (i) Formation of Discrete Frequency Distribution (Descending order) | Variable(X) | Tallybars | Frequeney (7) “| 19 il 3 | wv | 1 2 15 Ul 4 13 U Zi | cy I 2 MH 8 ll 2 | 5 te 2 | ‘Total 20 Example 3. Marks of 50 students in a monthly test out of 100 according to their roll numbers are: 19 78 5 15 0 23. 59 5628789. 91 22 21. 22 50 89 56 70 56 8g 75 65 85 22 3 2 41 Big Oop 72) 50 22 7 50 89 28 89 50 40 36 40 30 8B 87 81 90° 22. i 30 15 (a) Prepare a grouped discrete frequency distribution having lower limits as 0, 11, 2... Also prepare the cumulative frequency distribution table. (b) Prepare a continuous frequency distribution for the above data having classes as 0-10, 10 ~ 20..... (c) Indicate upper limit, lower limit and width of class interval in both cases. Solution, (a) _Table 1. (Grouped Discrete Frequency Distribution) | "Marks No. of students Frequency Cumulative | (Variate) p frequency (c.f!) PaO 10 amen i ~ 2 | 2 11-20 nt 5 7 21-3000 | THOU 12 19 | 31-40 Il 3 22 41-50 HM 5 | 27 | 51~60 mm | 4 31 61-70 Il 2 33 | 71-80 Wl 4 37 81-90 THUTAL IT 12 49 91-100 | 1 50FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 15 (b) ‘fable 2. (Continuous Frequency Distribution) I Marks | No. of students Frequency Cumulative : pO Frequency (c.f) | i 2 2 | HM 5 1 WH 10 WW 30-40 Mm 3 20 40-50 iN 3 23 | 50-60 wll 8 | 31 60-70 | 1 | 32 70-80 WW 5 37 | 80-90 OAL Bry | 48 | 90-100 i 2 50 (c) Lower limits in table 1 are 0, 11, 21, Lower limits in table 2 are 0, 10, 20,... Upper limits in table 1 and table 2 are 10, 20, 80, .... « Width of class interval in both the cases is 10. Example 4. Put the following data relating to marks obtained by 40 students in the form of frequency distribution with a difference of 10 in: (i) Exclusive Series, (ii) Inclusive Series. Marks Obtained (Out of 100) 53 16 48 40 a2 46 6 oA 96 86 73 38 27 20 66 97 19 55 58 7 78 62 7 79 93 90 88 06 23 07 04 54 60 52 67 65 78 73 78 36 Solution. Here the smallest value is four and largest value is 97. The class-intervals should be formed in such a way so that all the values may be included. The magnitude of class interval is to be 10. In case of exclusive form, the class-intervals would be 0-10, 10-20 and so on and in case of inclusive form, the class-intervals would be 0 ~ 9, 10 - 19 and 60 on.16 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 (i) Formation of Frequency Distribution (Exclusive Series) 1 Marks obtained Tally Bars No. of students ( f) 0-10 lil 3 10-20 I 2 20-30 II! 3 30-40 il 2 40-50 HHI 4 50-60 tH 5 60-70 THU 6 70-80 Mull 9 ‘80-90 1 2 90-100 Hil 4 L Total 40 (ii) Formation of Frequency Distribution (Inclusive Series) Marks obtained Tally Bars No. of students (f) 0-9 Ul 8 10-19 il 2 20-29 {ll 3 30-39 il 2 40-49 tt 4 50-59 TH 5 60-69 a) 6 | 70-79 WLI 9 . 80-89 lI 2 90-99 tll 4 | __ Total 40 Example 5. Make a frequency table in ascending order in inelusive form from the following data, selecting a class-interval of 3 units each : 5 8 BW WwW 6 9 7 0 nun 2 9 8 W 7 6 WT 2 6 19 21 20 1% 2 18 6 F 7 13 iF 6FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 7 Solution. Formation of frequency distribution in inclusive form (ascending order) Class-intervals Tally bars Frequency 5-7 WI 7 8-10 MU 6 11-18 wu 6 14-16 HW 4 17-19 Mm 4 20-22 tll 13 Total 30 Example 6. Form an ordinary frequency table from the following table : Height (in ft) No. of trees Height (in ft) No. of trees Below 7 26 Below 35 216 Below 14 57 Below 42 287 Below 21 92 Below 49 341 Below 28 134 Below 56 360 taken as 7. The number of students having height 57 — 26 = 21 and so on. Hence the required ordinary frequency distribution table is : Solution. Here we are given less than series. The width of the class interval is to be t between 0 —7 ft are 26, between 7—14 ftare Height (in ft) No. of trees Height (in ft) No. of trees 0-7 26 28-35 216-134 = 82 7-4 , 57 -26=31 35-42 287-216 =71 14-21 92-87=35 42-49 341-287 = 54 21-28 ~ 184-92 = 42 49-56 360-341 =19 Example 7. Given below is « grouped frequency distribution of marks. Convert this frequency table into (i) less than form (ii) more than form. Marks; | of students: | 5 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 & 7 6 418 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A, ~ 108 Solution. (i) Here the number of students securing marks less than 10 = 5, less than 20=54 = 18, less than 80 = 5 + 8 +7 = 20 and so on. ‘Thus less than form of frequency distribution is Less than 10 Less than 20 Less than 30 Less than 40 Less than 50 No, of students Remark, The advantage of such a table is that we at once know that the number of students getting marks less than 20 are 13, less than 30 are 20 ete. (ii) The total number of students = 30. ‘The number of students securing marks more than 0 is 30, more than 10 is 30 - 5 = 25, more than 20 is 25. 8 = 17 and so on. ‘Thus more than form of frequency distribution is Marks _No. of students — MorethanO More than 10 More than 20 More than 30 lore than 40 30 a 25 7 10 4 Remark, From this table we at once know that number of students getting 30 or more marks are 17 and number of students getting 20 or more marks are 25 ete. Example 8, Compute a less than and more than frequency table for the following data : [ No. of child 50 Solution, Less than frequency table h No. of families _| Less than 1 71, Less than 2 253 Less than 3 303 Less than 4 328 Less than 5 341 Less than 6 348 [Less than 7 350 More than frequency table [No. of children] No. of families | 0 or more 350 lor more | 179 2or more 97 3 or more 47 4 or more 22 5 or more 9 | 6 or moreFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 19 EXERCISE 1.1 L/Following data gives the number of children in 40 families. Represent it in the form of frequency distribution. 4 3 1 4 4 4 6 5 2 4 a0 2 3 0 3 6 2 2 2 0 6 2 2 1 2 0 2 1 1 Cree 1 8 8 2 2 aA 2 5 | oe a discrete frequency distribution from the data given below : Marks obtained by 30 students in a class-test (out of 15 marks) 14 8 7 12 il 12 18 12 un 2 7 a 8 7 12 10 12° 9 . 10 13 u 7 8 7 Q 1 u 7 qo 7 Pyt the following information in the form of a discrete frequency distribution arranging in cening and descending order. Marks obtained (out of 100) 55 65) | 70,60 5070 60 60 7% 50 7 60 55 65 70) 60 60 = 70 6 60 7% 70 5560 A Pi 16 years old boys were tested to find their pulse rate, The following figures were obtained for the number of beats per minute. 5, 72,10, 66 74, 70,74, 8, 87, 62, 71, pe OB yeaeaa 0) 7, (7% 88, 63, BB, 54, 51, 61, 66, (78 73, 68, (8%, 6, 60, 12 56. Using the class-intervals 1 ~ 55, 66 — 60, etc. of equal width, prepare a frequency table. cea’ continuous frequency table of wages with class size of rupees 2 each, from the following data of daily wages received by 30 labourers in a certain factory. Daily wages in rupees are : M4, 16 16, 14, 22, 13, 15, 24, 12, 23, i4, 20/17, Oli ony toy ie, 19, 20, 17, 16, 15, ui, 12, 21, 20, 17, 18, 19, 23.{ 20 a MATHEMATICS Fok B.C.A,- 108 6,“‘The weights (in grams) of 50 oranges picked at random from a consignment are as / follows: 181, 118, 82, 75; 204) 81, 84, 118, 104, 110, (80, 107, 111, 441, (138) 128, (90, 78, 115, 110, 98) 106, 99, 107, 84, 76, 186, 82, £00, 109; 128, 115, 407) 115, 119, 98, 187, 189, 129, 130, 68, 196)<128,""125, ii, 92, 86, 70, 126 a (Prepare a grouped continuous frequency distribution having class size 20 and the class mark of first class as 70. (ii),,Also prepare the cumulative frequency distribution table. Je“Marks obtained by 40 students are as follows : Coe vo - ‘ a 358 4k) 89 41) ot 88 a5 40 (45 50, B49 (SP 44” 59 89 B88 (47 49 38 88) 48 48S Arrange the above data in classes with class-interval of 5 marks (exelusive method). 8. Make a frequency table in descending ordér in inclusive form from the data given below, selecting a class-interval of 4 units each : 122 16 617 (44 615 Ot gtk G3) 8 ce ee a a a) a a) wo a mw 7 8 8 8 ® 9. ‘The folloding are the marks scored by 100 examinees in statistics out of a maximum of 100, Prepare a continuous frequency table with an interval of 10, 57 44 8 wy oO 18 0 4 (64 2 61 69 (34 4 8 58 Bo 70, Gr Be @ 45 51 iy 8S (6p ” 66 \g2 6 630 8078 a4 16/66 a a? ee 32 10 ge gis S5i ese conte 0 35 98 54 38 83 NB 84 50. 94 90 Bh 88808 99 “42 de Olea SSuun 58 a 1G0) sae O1UnHE OO, 2 80 10.form an ordinary frequency table from the following table : c [Marks obtained No, of students : Below 10 3 Below 20 8 Below 30 17 Below 40 20 , Below 50 2211. Form an ordinary frequency table from the following table : FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 21 a Marks obtained No. of students Above 0 30 | Above 10 26 Above 20 21 Above 30 4 Above 40 10 Above 50 5 12. Convert the following frequency table into (i) less than form (ii) more than form Marks PS 10-20 [ 20-30 | 80-40 | 40-50 [50-60 ANSWERS 1, [Neotchilrens | OTT [Ts [aT s Te * [No.of families: | 6|is[4[e| 5 | 2 | ‘Marks obtained: | No. of students : joofstudents:| 3 |. 9 | 16 30 18 6B | 3. Ascending order : [Maks@>: | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 7% No.of students(f):| 3 3 7 3 6 2 Descending order : / Marks (X) : | 7% | 7% | 6 | 6o | 55 | 50 No.ofstudents(f):| 2 | 6 3 7 3 3 n iG 66-70 | 71-75 | 76-80 | * [No.of boys: | 5_ | 7 7 [2 4 A "Wages: 11~18 [13-15 17-19 | 19-21 | 21-28 | 23-25 | Total * [No.of labourers: | 3 4 6 5 4 3 30 Frequency 6 | 17 10 T 0 3 i ‘umulative Freq. | 18 Ey 6 46 6 vy 50. Weights [60780 | 80~T0o [T0020 | 190-140 [a40—160 [160-78 | 18200 | 200-290 cMATHEMATICS FOR B.C, 7. |"Marksobtained: | 30-35 No.of students: | 40-45 | 45-60 | 50-65 | 55-60 | [7 5 7 | * Ee 10. ['No.ofstudents:| 8 a) 3 2 40-50 | 50-60 TN 5 5 1. @ LM a 7 | 80 | a 40 | 50 ) |" Noof students: [80 | 7 | 68 | 53) 93 | 6 ‘Measure of Central Tendency 2.1, INTRODUCTION A single value of the variable representing the entire data, which describes the characteristics of the data is called an average of the data, Since the average tends to lie centrally with the values of the variable, arranged according to magnitude, it is also called ‘measure of central tendency or measure of location. A measure of central tendency or average helps us in knowing the average character of the data under investigation, by a single quantity. This is the quantity around which the whole data tends to cluster. Under different types of situations, data tends to cluster on different individuals having nature of different type. Thus a single type of average is not suitable under all types of situations. Consequently, there are five measures of central tendency which are commonly used which are as follows : (i) Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) (ii) Geometric Mean (G.M.) (iii) Harmonic Mean (H.M.) (iv) Median (v) Mode Inthe present scope of syllabus, we shall restrict our study to A.M.,| G.M., Median and Mode. 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS FOR AN IDEAL MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (It should be rigidly defined i.e, it must have one and only one interpretation. (ii) Tt should be based on all observations. (ii) Tt should be easy to understand and simple in calculation. (iv) Extreme values should not have much effect. (v) Itshould be least affected by sample fluctuations, 2.3. ARITHMETIC MEAN (A.M.) “Arithmetic Mean is the number which is obtained by adding the values of all the variables ofa series and dividing the total by the number of items.” Arithmetic Mean is the most important and widely used measure of central tendency. It is generally referred to as “mean” alone. The arithmetic mean of n quantities 2, xy, ..%, is denoted by % and is given by »a4 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 For an individual series, briefly written as = n If the variate x takes the values ty, 2, gy. %, with frequencies f,, ;, respectively (é.e., frequency of x; is f,), then the arithmetic mean X is given by Ax Aids + foe +o fan y fit hptonth, yh briefly written as Eh - : Shy where N=) fi a im 2.3.1. Arithmetic Mean of Grouped Frequency Distribution In a grouped frequency distribution, we consider the mid-value of class interval asjthe variate x, ‘Thus for a grouped frequeney distribution, iff is the frequency of x; (1 Incorrect Bx, = 40 x 100 = 4000. Now, Correct 2; (ie., correct total marks) = incorrect Bx; incorrect « + correct x = 4000 - 83 + 53 = 3970 Correct 2, _ 3970 _g9.7. n 100 2.5. SHORT CUT METHOD FOR FINDING THE MEAN (Shift of origin) Correct mean = We observe that’ in cases where the values of the variable (x,) and their respective frequencies ( f;) are large, the calcula... of the arithmetic mean by the usual formulae becomes very cumbersome. To reduce the calculation work the following method is used which is known as assumed mean method or short cut method. | Let A be any assumed number (usually taken in the middle of the series) and d; be the deviation about A i.e., d; = 2,— A. Then arithmetic mean x is given by HEA ed) (exj=A+d) (-j=M or x Here A is called assumed mean and d; is called deviation about A. Example 9. Compute the mean of the following data by short cut method. Heights inem(x): | 219 | 216 | 213 | 210 201 | 198 | 196 No.of men(f;): | 2 4 6 | wo | | 7 5 | 4 1 oo Pe ti28 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A, ~ 108 Solution. Let the assumed mean ie., A = 207 We may now prepare the following table Height in cm fd @) it 219 24 216 | 4 9 36 ee) 6 6 36 210 10 | 3 30 zor fa 0 0 204 7 ~21 201 5 6 80 198 4 9 36 195 1 -12 - N=50 _ Dfid; = 27 = Zhi Me: =A4 Zhi ean, Fa A+ = Example 10. Calculate the mean of the following distribution : = 207 +0-54 = 207-54. Class interval: | 0-10 | 10-20 [ 20-30 50-60 Frequency; | 12 18 27 E 6 | Solution. Let the assumed mean be A= 25 Calculation of Mean : Class “Frequency Mid-point | hid, interval QD @) | 0-10 2 5 ~20 240 10-20 18 15 10 ~180 20-30 27 5 | 0 | 0 30-40 20 35 10 200 40-50 7 45 20 340 50-60 6 56 30 180 [ 2f,= 100 Zfd, = 300 Here "f,= 100 and Zf,d,=300 Mean, = = A+2A% .MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 29 2.6. STEP DEVIATION METHOD FOR FINDING THE MEAN | Let A be any assumed number (usually taken in the middle of the series), and d; =; — A are the deviations of the values of x from A. In ease of continuous distributions having clase intervals of equal width, say h, the values of step deviations are taken as | w= 2A asism a Fikes x, = A+ hu (2) | where A and A are both arbitrary constants. = 2 TAX g = Sag (ashy) = GPh are Ef; hu, epee or aoa be Note. The step deviation method is applicable only when the size of each class of the distribution is the sume, Example 11. Calculate the A.M. from the following data by using step deviation method. [Marks : 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 [No.of students: | 12 18 27 20 7 6 Solution. Let the assumed mean i.e, A = 25. Here h = width of class interval = 10 Calculation of A.M.: Marks No. of students Mid values fu _ 7) () | 0-10 12 6 - 4 10~ 20 18 16 -18 20 - 30 27 25 oO 30-40 20 35 20 40 ~ 50 17 45, 34 50 ~ 60 6 18 N = 100 | Zfiu, = 3030 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 z)= (Zhu) AMC) = Ash | 3M) = 25410 = |= 28, 100)“ ) Example 12. Weights of trainees in a wrestling coaching camp are given in the table below. Calculate the average weight : Weight (in kag): “e [# 46 | 45-60 | 50-55 | 65-60 | 60-65 [65-70 | 70~76| 76-80 [ No. of trainees 3 5 6 wo | wo | @ 4 2 Solution. Here we note that the first class (i.., ‘below 40°) is an open class. In the absence of other information, we assume the first class as 85 ~ 40. (Since the width of intervals in all other classes is 6). Let the assumed mean i.e, A=57-5. Here h = width of class interval = 5. Womay now prepare the following table : Weight No. of trainees Mid values fin, + in kg) f) @) [35-40 3 376 -4 -12 40-45 5 42:5 -38 -15 45-50 6 475 -2 -12 50-55 10 525 -1 -10 55 - 60 12 515 0 oO 60 ~ 65 10 62-5 1 10 65-70 8 675 2 16 70-75 4 | 725 | 3 12 75-80 2 116 4 8 | : Ef=N=60 _ fu, =-8 Now, AMO) =a +n (224) 2575+ 5X9) 2 575.\0.95-57.25, 60 Hence the average weight is 57-25 kg.MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY. 31 | Example 13. Find the mean age in years from the frequency distribution given below : [ Age Cin years) 15~19 | 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-34 | 35-39 | 40-44 | 45-49 | Total L_ Frequency 3 13 21 16 6 4 2 63 Solution. The given data is in inclusive form. Converting it into an exclusive form by subtracting 0-5 from lower limit and adding 0-5 to upper limit, we have the class intervals as 14:5 ~ 19-5, 19-5 - 24-5 etc, Let the assumed mean be A = 32. Here h = 5. We may now prepare the following table : Age Frequency Mid-value ra (in years) f () aaa | 145-195 3 Wy -9 195-245 18 22 -26 245-295 21 27 -1 -21 | 295-345 15 32 0 0 34:5-39-5 5 37 1 5 395-445 4 42 2 8 445-495 2 aT 3 6° Bf, 63 : Bf, = 63 and Df,u,=-37 Efiui AM, arn) 0 a = 32— 2-94 = 29-06 (nearly) Mean age = 29-06 years (nearly). Example 14.-Find the average marks of the students from the following data : | Marks (more than): | 0 fia “20 | 30 | 40 “50 | 60 | 70upto80 | [ No. of students 10 97 | 87 [73 “50 | 25) 6 2 Solution. The given distribution is to be first converted into grouped frequency distribution. The width of the class interval is to be taken as 10, Frequencies of each class32 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 are found by subtracting the succeeding cumulative frequency from the previous cumulative frequency. Let the assumed mean be A = 36. Here h = 0. We may now prepare the following table : Marks No. of students Mid-values i fru, fh) &) (A = 35; h = 10) 0-10 100-97 =3 5 -3 3 10-20 97-87-10 16 ~2 ~20 20-30 87-73 =14 | 25 -1 -M4 80-40 73-50-23 | 35 0 0 40-50 50 = 25 = 25 46 1 25 50-60 25-6=19 55 2 38 60-70 6-224 65 3 12 70-80 2-022 4 8 N= 100 Zfiu,= 40 AM(3)= A 4h =f N = 35+ 10%40 3544239, Hence the average marks of students are 89. Example 15. From the following data compute the mean marks of all the students of 50 schools in a cit Marks obtained: | Morethan 36 | 30-35 | 25-90 | 20-25 | 15-20 | Lessthan 16 No.of schools: 7 10 5 9 5 4 ‘Average Ne : ~~ canoe 200 250 | 300 | 200 | 150 100 studentsin a school Solution, Let us rewrite the given data in ascending order and then calculate the mean marks, Here total no. of students are not given, so firstly we shall find the total no. of students by multiplying the no. of schools with average no, of students. Also we assume the first class as. 10~15 and last class as 35 - 45. Let the assumed mean be A = 27-5, Here h = 5.MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY We may now prepare the following table : 33 Marks |Mid values) No. of Average no. of Total no. fu; () | schools | students in school] of students (f) 10-15 126 4 100 400 -3 - 1200 15 - 20 175 5 160 750 -2 - 1500 20 - 25 22:5 9 200 1800 -1 - 1800 25 - 30 275 15 300 4500 0 0 80-35 82-5 10 260 2500 7 2500 35 - 40 875 7 200 1400 2 2800 N= 11360 E fi; = 800 Now, AM.()= Ath (2) | = 27-5+5x cud = 27-5 + 0-35 = 27-85. 1350 Hence the mean marks is 27-85. Example 16. Find the missing frequencies in the following frequency distribution table, it | being given that the mean of this distribution is 60. Class interval 0-20 20-40 40-60 60 - 80 80-100 | Total Frequency 17 e 32 ? 19 120 Solution, Let f, and f, be the frequencies of the class intervals 20 - 40 and 60 ~ 80 respectively. Then 17 +f, +82+fp+19=120 => 58+f,+f,=120 > fp=82-f, ) Ff Ciassinterval | Frequency (f) | Mid-values (x) Fi 0-20 17 10 170 20-40 f 30 30f, 40-60 32 50 1600 60-80 70 3640-70 f, 90 1710 80-100 af, = N= 120 fix, = (7120-40 f,) (7120-40 fr) 120 Mean = 50 (given))34 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 > 7120-40 f,=6000 => 40f,=1120 => f,=28 f= 52-f, = 52-28 = 24 Hence, the missing frequencies are 28 and 24 respectively. 2.7. A.M. OF COMBINED GROUP If X, and X, are the A.M.’s of two groups having n, and ng items, then the A.M. (X) of the combined group is given by mXy +0 my +g Note, This formula can be extended ton number of groups, 2.8. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC MEAN 1, The algebraic sum of the deviations from arithmetic mean is always zero x fey Ea, E)=0 or fora frequency distribution” f(x; -¥) a 2, The sum of squares of the deviations of items from A.M. is least ie, > fm, - 2)? is st least. 3. Ifevery value of the variate x is increased (or decreased) and multiplied (or divided) by @ constant value, the arithmetic mean of the observations so obtained also increases (ur decreases) and multiplied (or divided) by the same constant, Example 17. The mean wage of 1000 workers in w paper mill running two shifts of 600 and 400 workers is Rs, 1000. The mean wage of 600 workers in the Ist shift is Rs, 900. Find the mean wage of workers working in the Hind shift. Solution, Number of workers in Ist shift (n,) = 600 Number of workers in IInd shift (n,) = 400 Mean wage of workers in Ist shift (X, ) = Rs. 900 Mean wage of workers in IInd shift (X,) Mean wage of all workers (X ) = Rs. 1000 mXy + Now, X= (Refer Art, 2.7) my try 600 (900) + 400 (X,) 1000 BT 600 + 400 or 1000000 = 540000 +400 X, or 400X, = 460000 =. 460000 400MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 35, Example 18. The average weight of 150 students in aclass is 80 kg. The average weight of boys in the class is 85 kg and that of girls is 70 kg. Find the numbers of boys and girls in the class separately. Solution. Let number of boys in a class (n,) =x Number of girls in a class (v9) = 160-x Average weight of boys (X,) = 85 kg Average weight of girls (X,) = 70 kg Combined average weight of whole class (X ) = 80 kg Now, using formula we get mtg x (85) + (150-2) 70 x+150-x or 80 x 150 = 85x + 10500 - 70x or 15x = 12000-10500 or 15x = 1500 x =100 Number of boys in a class = 100 and number of girls in a class = 150 - 100 = 50 4 Example 19. From the following results of two colleges A and B given below : State which of them is better and why ? ‘Name of Exam. College A College B - ‘Appeared Passed ‘Appeared | Passed BBA [180 108 240 200 BCA. 240 192 200 150 B.Com. 300 250 260 176 MCA. 80 56 100 80 Total 800 606 800 606 Solution. : College A ~ College B ~ ‘Appeared | Passed | Pass ‘Appeared Passed | Pass | X;W5 Wa % age Ws % age Xs Xp iso | 108 | 60 | 10800 | 240 | 200 | 83933 | 20000 240 192 80 19200 200 160 75 15000 300 250 83-333 } 25000 260 176 67-69 17600 80 se | 70 | 5600 | 100 | 80 | 80 | 8000 800 606 {29588 | 60600 | 800 | 606 | 30602 | 6060036 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 EX, _ 293-33 Now, Average pass % of college A = Average pass % of college B = Since average‘pass % of college B is greater than average pass % of college A, therefore we can conclude that college B is better than college A. However the conclusion is not valid as the average pass % is affected by the number of students appearing in the examination in different courses, Thus, appropriate average would be weighted average to decide which college is better. Now, weighted average of college A = SANA ZW, x. ~ 80600 RO = 75-76 a = B00 and weighted average of college B = >XBWa. =Wy 60600 $0600 = 15:75 B 300 4 By comparing the weighted means, we conclude that both colleges A and B are equally goo 2.9, MERITS AND DEMERITS OF ARITHMETIC MEAN Merits : 1. _Itis simple and easy to calculate. 2 Itis well defined. 8. _Itis based on all observations and thus is a better representative of the data. 4, Itis a good standard for comparison. 5. Itis not much affected by fluctuations of sampling. 6. Further algebraic treatment of arithmetic mean is possible. Demerits : 1. Itis unduly affected by extreme values. 2. It cannot be determined accurately unless all the items are known 3. It cannot be used in the study of ratios, rates ete, 4, Its value may not be present in the given data. 5. It cannot be determined by inspection nor can it be located graphically. EXERCISE 2.1 1, @ Calculate the arithmetic mean of marks obtained by 10 students in mathematics test given below : 13, 17, 11, 5, 18, 16, 11, 14, 13, 12, (i) If the mean of 7, 9, 11, x and 16 is 12, find the value of x. (M.D.U. 2018]2. (i) Find the mean of first n natural numbers, (ii) Find the mean of squares of first n natural numbers, (iii) Find the mean of the cubes of first n natural numbers. 8. (i) The mean of 10 observations is 25. If each observation is increased by 4, what is the mean of the new set ? ! (ii) The mean of 20 observations is 12-75. If 2 marks are deducted to each observation, show that the mean marks are also reduced by 2. 4. Find the average marks obtained by the students of a class from the following data | | MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 37 Marksobiained: | 36 | 42 | 46 | 55 | 63 | 72 | INovet srudlento | alee eto ae Osea 10 eae ae 5. The average weight of 18 boys was calculated to be 40 kg. It was later discovered that one weight was misread as 35 in place of correct weight 53. Calculate the correct mean. 6. The following table shows the marks secured by 100 students in an examination : "Marks: 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-60 Number of students: | 15 20 35 20 10 Find the mean marks obtained by a student. (M.D.U. May 2015] 7. Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following data : Glass interval : | 10-20 | 20~ 0 | 80-40 40-50 [50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 renny [2 [7 {|= fs] e pe fet 8. The marks (out. of 75) obtained by 60 students in a certain examination are given below. Calculate the arithmetic mean. Marks: [15-20] 20-26 | 25-30 | 30-35 | 35-40 | 40-45 45 —60 | 50-55 | 5: No.of students: | 4 5 | i 6 6 8 9 6 60 | 60-65 2 9. Ina study on patients the following data were obtained. Find the arithmetic mean. ‘Agein years: | 10-19 ] 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | 70-79 | 80-89 1 0 1 10 17 38 9 3 No. of cases: QO Following is the distribution of marks obtained by 60 students in a mathematics test. Find the average marks of the students. [Marka(morethan): [0 [10 [ 20 | 30 | 40 | 50upto6o [No.of students: 60 | 56 | 40 | 20 | 10 3 @) Find the average marks of the students from the following data : Marksbelow: | 10 | 20] 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | No.ofstudents; | 15 | 38 | 60 | 64 | 96 | 127 | 198 | 250 | 43.» In the following frequency distribution, the frequency of the class interval 40 ~ 50 is miss- ing. It is known that the mean of the distribution is 52. Find Une missing frequency. [Giass interval: | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 60 60 | 60-70 | 70-80 7 - 2 6 13 Frequency: 5 | 338. MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 18. From the following information : FactoryA | FactoryB | No. of wage earners 250 200 Average daily wages Rs.2 Rs, 2-50 find out @ which factory pays larger amount as daily wages ? (ii) what is the average daily wage of the workers of two factories taken together ? 14. Fifty students took up a test. The result of those who passed the test is as given below ‘Marks : 4 5 6 7 8 9 | No. of students 8 10 9 6 | 4 3 If the average of all the 50 students was 5-16 marks, find the average of those who failed. 15, The average monthly wage of a group of 10 persons is Rs. 1500. One member of the group, whose monthly wage is Rs. 1300, left the group and is replaced by a new member whose monthly wage is Rs. 1200. Find the new average monthly wage. 16. The mean weight of 150 students in a certain class is 60 kg. The mean weight of boys in the class is 70 kg and that of girls is 5 kg, Find the number of boys and girls, 17, The mean of 200 items was 50, Later on, it was discovered that the two items were misread as 92 and 8 instead of 192 and 88. Find the correct mean. (M.D.U. May 2019] Wint. Here ¥=50, n=200 = 2x,=50x200= 10000 => Incorrect value of Zx,= 10000 Now, correct value of Ex, = 10000 ~ Incorrect values + Correct values = 10000 ~ (92 + 8) + (192 + 88) = 10180 Correct mean = 42482 50.9) 18. The following information relates to the wages of workers in a factory, their total working hours and the average working hours for workers, calculate the mean wage per head. Wages (in Rs.) : ]100~200 | 200-300] 300 400] 400-500] 500 600 ] Goo 700 Total hrs worked : | — 100 150 180 90 70 60 | Average no. of hr 10 15 6 | 5 7 5 worked per worker 19. Comment on the performance of the students of two universiti given below Name of | University A University B Examination] No. of students appeared | Passed | No. of students appeared | Passed BA. 600 7 500 ~ 2000 ~ “7 1600 B.Tech. } 1000 900 2400 1900 BBA. | 4000 3000 2000 1500 B.C.A, 2400 1400 1600 1000 Total | 3000 5800 8000 | 6000MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 39 ANSWERS 1. @ 13 Gi) 18 2@ Ce) w aes! Wii) oe 3. (@ 29 4, 52.75 5. 41 kg 6. 24 1. 484 8. 88-41 9. 60:7 10. 265 11, 50-4 12.7 18, i) Equal (ii) Rs. 292 14. 24 18. Rs. 1490 16, No. of boys = 50; No, of girls = 100. 17. 509 18. Rs, 384 19. Performance of the students of University B is better. 2.10, GEOMETRIC MEAN (G.M.) The geometric mean of any statistical data is defined as the nth root of the product of all then values of the variable. (i For an individual series of n values of variables x,, x5 GM. is denoted by G and defined as G= ym « ‘Taking logarithms on both sides, we have x,, the geometric mean Jun log G= + flog x, + log 2, + .... + log x,] n S ioe = log G = (ii) Geometric Mean for Frequency Distribution : If the variate x has values Hy Nyy vos Hq With frequencies f;, fy» .--» fy, then the G.M. (G) is given by Ga (xpi. x2. ...4,0), where N= Df af x i fi Taking logarithms on both sides, we have log G = xh log x, + fy log xy +... + f, log x,]40 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. 3108 D flog x; G = Antilog |#*}_ 2.11, WEIGHTED GEOMETRIC MEAN If in any data, the values of the variable are not of equal importance or are of varying significance, then the weighted'G.M. is given as > w log x; a Fu, where 0), wo, .., w, are the weights of the corresponding values x,, x» under consideration Weighted G.M. = Antilog J x, of the variable SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 1. Calculate the geometric mean of the series 10, 110, 120, 50, 52, 80, 37, 60. Solution. Calculation of G.M. S.No. 7 1 1.0 2 110 20414 3 120 2.0792 4 50 1.6990 5 52 1-7160 6 80 1-9031 7 387 1.5682 8 60 1-7782 n=8 jE log x; = 13-7851 Now GM. = Antilog (ee % n G=Antilog (@ Bet) - = Antilog 1-723 = 52-861MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY A Example 2. Find the G.M, from the following : | ‘Marks obtained (below): | 10 20 30 50, No.of students: 2 27 72 100 | Solution. Calculation of G.M.: Marks | No. of students (f,) | Mid value @) [log x, fi. log x; 0-10 2 5 06990 8.988 10-20 2712516 15 1.1761 17-6416 20-30 72-27 = 45 25 13979 62-9055 30-40 | 92-72 = 20 35 15441 30-882 40-50 100-928 45 1.6532 19.2256 N= 100 2 flog x; = 183-0426 Now, GM. = Antilog PA) GM. = Antilog x) = Antilog (1.3804) = 21-40, Example 3. The weighted geometric mean of the four items 8, 25, 17 and 30 is 15-3. If the weights of the first three items are 5, 3 and 4 respectively, find the weight of the fourth item. Solution. Let the weigh‘ of the fourth item be w, Calculation of Geometric Mean : w; Tog x; w; - log x, 5 0.9031 ‘45165 25 3 1.3979 4-1937 17 4 12304, ) 4.9216 30 w, 14771 14771 wy Ew,=l+wy, = Ew; log x; _ _ = 13-6308 + 14771 w Now, GM. = Antilog (Fee +) Here GM. =153 (Given) ~ Ang \ 12+ wya MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A, ~ 108 Taking log on both sides, we have 13-6308 log 153 = >= 1.1847 (12 +w,) = 18-6808 + 147710, = 14-2164 + 11847 w, = 13-6808 + 147710, > 11847 w,~14771w, = 136308 - 14.2164 = -0-2924 w, =-0-5856 > = 0:5856 _ 2.003 or 2 (approx.) 2924 Hence, the weight of the fourth item is 2. Example 4. The G.M. of 20 items was found to be 10. Later on it was found that one item 18 was misread as 8. Find the correct value of the G.M. Solution. In the given problem, Number of items = 20 Incorrect G.M. = 10 Correct item = 18 Incorrect item Now, GM. = Antilog (= *) a) 10= Antilog Incorrect = log x; 20 Incorreet & log x; 20 Incorrect © log x; = 20 log 10 = 20 (1-000) = 20 correct © log x; or log 10 = ncorrect © log x; ~ incorrect log x; + correct log x; 10 ~ log 8 + log 18 0-0-9081 + 1-2558 = 20.3522 20-3522) 20) Example 5. [arithmetic mean and geometric mean of two values are 10 and 8 respectively, find the values. Solution. Let the two values be a and 6. Then Correct G.M. Antiog = Antilog (1-0176) = 10-41. £22 = 10 => a+b=20 (1) and vab=8 => ab=64 wf) Now, (a-bP =(a +b) —4abMEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 43 or a-b=# (a+b)? -4ab or = (20)? -4 «64 =+ 400-256 = +12 [Using (1) and (2)) a-b=12 w(3) (s @—b =— 12 is rejected] Solving (1) and (3), we get a@=16 and b=4. 2.12, GEOMETRIC MEAN OF COMBINED GROUP If G, and G, are the G.M. of two groups having n, and ng items, then the G.M. of the combined group is given by Ge Antilog (Bei etal” ny +g Example 6. The G.M. of 10 items was found to be 20 and that of 20 items was found to be 15, Find the combined G.M. Solution, Here ny=10, n,=20 and G,=20, G,=15 - Combined G.M. = Antilog [siteSsm tea | ny +p = Antilog | 20198 20+ 20 log 15 10 +20 - Antilog| 220-2020 nd 30 4, [18-01 + 23-52 36-5: = Antilog| = | = cel 2212282) pang 283 = Antilog [1-217] = 16-51 EXERCISE 2.2 1. Find the Geometrie mean of the following series : [= | 8 10 | 2 | 14 16 18 eee : [6 Eee 8 5 1 2. Find the Geometric mean (G.M.) of the following distribution : [0-10 | 10-20 [ 20-30] 80-40] 40-50 4 8 104 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A, - 108 A firm declared bonus according to respective salary groups as given below : 76-90 | 90-105 | 105-120 135-160 | Rate of Bonus: 60 70 80 90 | 110 5 5 7 6 [No ofemployees: [8 4 Calculate the A.M. of salaries and G.M. of the bonus payable to the employees. 4, Find the weighted geometric mean from the following data : | Group Index Number Weights Food | 260 46 Fuel & Lighting 180 10 Clothing 220 8 House Rent 230 20 Education 120 12 Miscellaneous 200 4 5. ind the numbers whose arithmetic mean is 126 and geometric mean is 10. 6. ‘The G.M. of wages of 200 workers working in a factory is Rs. 700. The G.M. of wages of 300 workers working in another factory is Rs. 1000. Find the combined G.M. of wages of all the workers taken together, ‘The G.M. of 15 observations is found to be 12. Later on it was found that one item 21 was misread as 14. Find the correct value of G.M. ANSWERS 1 1-71 2. 22.06 8. Rs, 111; Rs, 87-44 4. 2176 5. 20,5 6. Rs. 867 7. 1238 2.13, MEDIAN Median is that value of the variate which divides the total frequency into two equal parts, when the variates are arranged in ascending or descending order of their magnitude. 2.14. CALCULATION OF MEDIAN (a) For an individual series. First arrange the data in ascending or descending order of magnitudes, Let n be the number of items. Case I, When n is odd. In this case the value of ( 2) th item is the median. Case I. When nis even. In this case the mean of the values of (2) and & + 1) th items is the median,MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 45 () For a frequency dis (i) When the series is discrete : Here first we arrange the data in ascending or descending order of magnitudes and then prepare the cumulative frequency table. Let N be the total frequency, ) ‘Then if N is odd, median is the value of Ges item and if'N is even, median is the average of (a and 3 a) thitems. (ii) When the series is continuous Incase of continuous frequency distribution, first of all we find the median class (the class in which Xn item lies is called median class). The median is given by the formula Median = i+4(3-c) f\2 where 1 = lower limit of median class A = width of the median class (i.e., upper limit - lower limit) f = frequency of the median class. C = cumulative frequency of the class preceeding the median class. Note. To find the median in case of distribution of inclusive form, first convert it to an exelusive form. SOLVED EXAMPLES ee Example 1. Find the median for the following data : 4 6 7 & 12 10, 13 14, 3. Solution. Let us first arrange the values in ascending order which is Seay T aS 1 One 2 eta, 14 Here n, the number of items is 9 i.e, odd (1) Median = (34) th item = (224) item = 5th item 2) (2 Now, 5th item (in ascending order) is 8 Median = 8. Example 2. Find the median for the seri 10, 12, 8 9 70, 60, 40, 80. Solution. Let us first arrange the values in ascending order which is 8, 9, 10, 12, 40, 60, 70, 80 Here n=8 ie. an even number46 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 " n n . . Median = Average of (3) thand (& + 1) thitems / = Average of & thand (gx th items 2 2 = Average of 4th and 5th items. _ 12440 _ ‘ a) Example 8. The median of the following observations, arranged in ascending order is 42; find x: 26. 22, 24, 98, 97, x41, w43, 44, 47, 51, 68. Solution. Here the number of items is 10 ie, even ) Median = Average of (2 ) thane (2 + 1) items = Average of 5th and 6th items = @+D+G49 gerd oy 2 2 Now the median is given to be 42. Thereforex+2=42 => x=40. Example 4. The following is the distribution of wages of 200 employees in a factory. Caleulate the median wage : Daily wages (in Rs. 210 | 160 | 200 | 150 | 170 | 180 | 230 | 220 [ 140 | 190 No. of employees : 15 L 20 | 18 | 85 | 27 | 23 | 13 | 12 | 18 | 19 Solution. First we arange the data in ascending order and prepare the cumulative frequency table : | Daily wages (x) No. of employees (f) Cumulative frequency (c.f:) 140 | 18 18 150 35 53 160 20 73 170 27 100 180 23 123 190 19 | 142 | 200 18 160 210 15 176 220 12 187 230 13, | 200 = }MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 7 | Here N = 200, which is even \ Median = Average of (7) th and ea + | th items = Average of (100)th and (101)th items Now, from above table, we observe that 100th item has value 170 and 101th item has value 180 Median wee 380 175 2 ; Median = Rs. 175. Example 6. The following table gives the daily expenditure of 100 families. Find the median of daily expenditure, Daily expenditure (in Rs. 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40. | 40-50 No. of families : 14 23 t 27 21 15 Solution. Let us first prepare a table which gives the frequency and cumulative frequency. Daily expenditure No. of families | Cumulative | (in Rs.) (frequency) frequency 0-10 14 14 10-20 23, 37 20-30 27 64 80-40 21 86 40 - 60 16 100 N= 100 Here N= 100, «. xe 60. Thus median = size of 50th item. ‘Now the cumulative frequency 50 belongs to the class 20 ~ 30 :. Median class is 20 - 30 Here 1=20, A=10, f=27, C=37 ., A(N 10 Median = / +-=/ —-C |= 20+=- (60- ledian +F 2 ) a7 37) = 20+ 180 20 +4-81=24-81 27 Example 6, The following table gives the marks obtained by 50 students in mathematics. Find the median. ‘Mark 0-14 | 16-19 | 20-24 | 26 -29| 30-34 | 36 - 39 | 40-44 | 45-49 al ae 3 ‘No.of students: | 5 8 6 7 6 3 948 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A, - 108 Solution. Let us first prépare an exclusive table which gives the frequencies and cumulative frequencies. (Here the gap between upper limit of a class and lower limit of next class is 1. Hence subtract ; = 05 from lower limit and add 0-5 to upper limit of each class to convert the inclusive class interval into exclusive class interval) We thus have the following table : [ Marks | _No. of students (f) Cumulative frequency (cf) 95-145 | 5 6 | | 145 - 195 8 1s 195 245 6 19 24.5 - 295 7 26 | 295 ~ 34:5 6 32 345 ~ 395 3 35 395 - 44.5 9 44 145 ~ 495 8 50 _ N= 60 ___| Here N= 50 Median = Size of Ben item = Size of 2 th = 26th item Now, the cumulative frequency 25 belongs to the class 24-5 — 29-5, Median class is 24.5 - 29:5 Here =245+ 2 (5-19) 4-5 + a = 24-50 + 4-28 = 28-78, Example 7. From the following wage distribution, find out the value of median. [ Monthly wages [50-80 | 80-160 | 00-170 | 110-120 | 120190 [130-160 | 160-180 | Ta0~ 300] | 140 | 240 176 136, 20MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Solution. Calculation of Median : 49 ‘Monthly wages No, of workers (f) Cumulative frequency (cf) 50 - 80 30 30 80 - 100 127 187 100 - 110 140 297 110 - 120 240 537 120 - 130 176 713 | 130 - 150 135 848 150 - 180 20 868 180 ~ 200 3 871 N= 871 Here N = 871 Median = Size of Xen item = Size of at = 435:5th item Median class is 110-120 Here 1=110, h=10, f= 240, 0= 297 Median = 14 4 es - ¢) 10 = 110 + —— (435-5 - 297) * 340 ) 10 110 + —— (138-5) + 0 © ) 13 = 110+ _ = 110+ 6-772 = 116-772. Example 8. Find the missing frequencies in the following distribution if N = 74 and median of the distribution is 36, Marks : 0-10 | 10-20 | 20 - 30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 [70-80 No. of students : 2 6 | ? 20 12 ? 4 | 3 Solution. Here Median=36 and N=2f=74 Let a be the frequency of class 20 - 30 and b be the frequency of class 50 — 60.50 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 We thus have the following table : Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (c,f.) -10 2 2 10-20 8 10 20-30 a 10+a 30-40 20 3040 40-50 12 42+a 50 ~ 60 5 A2+a4 60-70 4 46 +048 70-80 3 49404 Here N= 74; Now, the cumulative frequency 37 belongs to the class 80 ~ 40. Median class is 30 - 40 1=30, h=10, f=20, C=10+0 ; a(N Median = 742 (Ng i(G-9) = 36 = 304 a (@7-10-a) (++ Median =36 (Given)] > 6= der -a) = Waa > a= 27-12=16 Also, 494a4b =74 Le = a+b=25 > b= 25-15-10 Hence, frequency for class 20 ~ 30 is 15 and frequency for class 50 — 60 is 10, 2.18, MERITS AND DEMERITS OF MEDIAN Merits + 1. Itis rigidly defined. 2, It is easy to understand and calculate, 3. It is not affected by the extreme values, 4, It can be located graphically. 5, Itis best suited for open-end classes. Since only the position and not the values of items must be known, therefore median is also recommended if the distribution has unequal classes, since it is easier to compute than the mean. 6. Itis useful when the data cannot be measured quantitatively.MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 51 Demerits : 1. It is not based on all the items in the given data. 2. It may not be true representative of a given data in many cases. 3. Itis not suitable for further algebraic treatment. 4, For finding out the median of a data, it is nccessary to arrange the data in ascending or descending order. In case the number of items is very large, this process becomes tedious 5. The value of median is affected more by sampling fluctuations than the value of the arithmetic mean. EXERCISE 2.3 ry Find the median for the following serie: @ 5, 7,9, 11, 18, 16, 17. (ii) 26, 20, 28, 92, 40, 27, 80, 25, 20, 10, 58, 41. ‘The daily earning in rupees of 20 workers in a certain factory are 96, 88, 99, 87, 92, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 85, 100, 89, 92, 90, 88, 91, 96, 93. Find the median earning. . Find the median from the following data : xt 5 10 15 20 25 fe 2 4 6 8 10 ‘The daily wages (in Rs.) of 100 workers in a factory are given below. Find the median wage. Daily wages: | 126 | 130 | 135 | 140 | 145 | 160 | 160 | 180 ‘No.of workers: 6 20 24 28 16 4 2 1 ‘The following table gives the weekly expenditure of 100 families. Find the median : Weekly expenditure (in Rs.): | 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-380 | 30-40 | 40-50 ‘No.of families 14 23 27 at 16 Find the median for the following frequency distribution : Marks 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 60-c0 No.of students: | 16 17 19 27 19 12 Calculate the median from the following distribution : Height(in inches): | 60-63 | 63-66 | 66-69 | 69-72 | 72-75 | 75-78 No. of students: 3 28 118 66 i6 4 ‘The following table gives the weight of 60 students of a class. Find the median weight. Weight (in kg): | 37-41 | 42-46 | 47-61 | 52-56 | 57-61 | 62-66 | 67-71 No.of students: | 3 7 | uw 14 7 6 252 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 9. Find the median for the following data : [ Class intervals: [110-119 [120-120 | 180-199 | 140-140 | 160 - 160 | 160-160 [170-170 [Frequency 6 25 40 60 40 25 5 10, The following table gives the marks obtained by 80 students in a test. Find the median : Marke: Below 10 | Below 20 | Below 80 | Below 40 | Below 60 | Below 60 No.of students: | @ i2 27 87 7 80 11. Find the median wage of the workers from the following distribution table : Wages More than: | 150 ] 140 | 130 | 120 | 110 | 100 | 90 | 80 __(in Rs) No. of workers : o [10 | 29 | @0 | 104 | 134 | 161 | 160 12, Find the missing frequencies in the following distribution, whose median is 80 and N= 100. Variable: 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-80 | 80-40 | 40-60 | 60-60 Frequency + 10 ? 25 a 13, Find the missing frequencies in the following distribution, whose median is 46 and the total frequency is 229, Variable: 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-60 | 60-60 | 60-70 | 70-0 a ? _& rs is | ANSWERS 1 1 G26 2, Rs. 925 3. 20 4. Rs. 187.60 5. 2481 6. 313 7. 68.136 inches 8. 52.928 kg % 1445 10. 343 LL, Rs, 115-46 12, 15, 10 18, 34, 45 2.16. MODE The mode or modal value is that value of the variate which occurs most frequently i.e., mode is that value of variate which has maximum frequency. In other words, mode represents that value which is most frequent or typical or predominant. For example, in the series 6, 4, 3, 5, 3, 7, 6, 2, 1, 6, 8, 9, we notice that 6 occurs most frequently, therefore 6 is the mode. 2.17. METHODS TO ESTIMATE MODE OF A DISTRIBUTION 2.17.1. For Discrete Series: (2) Method of Inspection : In this method, we first arrange the data in the form of an array and see which variate has the maximum frequency.MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 53 For example in the following distribution : wi 2 4 6 8 10 12 f: 3 2 1 9 5 4 the maximum frequency is 9, corresponding to which the value of variate x is 8. Therefore 8 is the mode of the given distribution. ‘Thus, we notice that in discrete series, mode is determined by inspection and therefore, an error of judgement is possible. In cases where the difference between the maximum frequency and the frequency preceeding or succeeding itis very small and the items are heavily concentrated on either side or in cases when maximum frequency is repeated, mode can not be found by inspection. Under such situations the value of mode is determined by Method of Grouping which is explained in the following example. Example 1, Find the mode of the distribution : 5 10 iw | 20 | 2% | 30 | 35 | 4 fi: | 4 15 25 20 7 26 10 3 Solution. ‘The given distribution shows that mode should be 30, corresponding to the maximum frequency 26, But concentration of values also appears near 20 or 15. Therefore, we apply the method of grouping which is being explained below : Method of Grouping Given frequency Frequency I H iin Vv v Vi 5 4 ly» 10 15 44 | hoo 16 5 60 hs 20 20 62 fon 25 7 63 bes 30 26 53 foo 35 10 39 {s 40 3 Method to obtain the above table Column I: Write the original frequencies. Column II : Sum the frequencies taken two at a time starting from 1st frequency of column I.54 MATHEMATICS FOR B.CA, - 108 Column III: Sum the frequencies taken two at a time starting from 2nd frequency of column I. Column IV: Sum the frequencies taken threé at a time starting from Ist frequency of column I. Column V : Sum the frequencies taken three at a time starting from 2nd frequency of column I. Column VI: Sum the frequencies taken three at a time starting from 3rd frequency of column I. Analysis Table x: 5 10 16 20 25 30 35 40 Column No. I I ia TL fii I 1 1V | | v I | i ee eee S Total 2 4 4 2 Method to obtain the analysis table : 1. In the topmost row write all the values of the variable and in the left most column write column numbers I to VI 2, Note the maximum frequency in the first column of the grouping table and obtain the corresponding value of the variable. Mark a bar (|) in the first row of the analysis table against. the value of the variable having maximum frequency. Again note the maximum frequency in the second column of grouping table and obtain the corresponding value of the variable. (In this there will be two values of variable). Mark bars in the second row of the analysis table against the values of the variable having maximum frequency. Similarly follow the same procedure for the remaining columns. 3. The value of the variable having maximum number of bars is the mode of the given frequency distribution, From the above analysis table, we observe that the items 15 and 20 occurs maximum number of times ie., 4 times each. ‘Sum of consecutive frequencies of 15 = 15 + 25 +20=60 Sum of consecutive frequencies of 20 i = 25 20417 =62 Now 62> 60 Hence Mode = 20MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 55 Note. From this example, itis clear that the variate having maximum frequency may not be the mode. Thus mode is effected by preceeding and succeeding frequencies of the variate. 2.17.2 Mode For Continuous Frequency Distribution Mode of a continuous frequency distribution is given by the following formula ~ Mode =1+hx where J = lower limit of modal class h = width of the modal class fp, = frequency of the modal class. f; = frequency of class preceeding the modal class. fy = frequency of class succeeding the modal class. Modal class corresponds to the maximum frequency. However, if the frequencies are irregular or maximum frequency is repeated, then the modal class is determined by the method of grouping. Example 2. Calculate the mode for the following frequency distribution : Class interval: | 5-15 | 15-25 | 25-35 | 35-45 | 45-55 | 55-65 Frequency : 4 6 10 5 3 2 Solution, From the given distribution, it is clear that the maximum frequency is 10 and it lies in the class 25 — 35. Thus the modal class is 26 - 36. Here 1=25, f,=10, fy=6, fp=5, h=10 Mode= 1+ hx file, - 2 aa or briefly ¢ = » where d, \ where /; is the frequency of x, (1 x sAthu, +» (6) > BeAth.@ © = 4-Fax-(Ath.i) > E sAthu,~(A+hi) [Using (6) > E =h(u,-i) oD) 1 eel = ; Now, of =D) A BP = FL Fh w,- we [Using (1 ah? + z flu, - 7 [+ his consiunt] sito? Equation (8) shows that S.D. is independent of change of origin but not change of scale. Note. In numerical problems h may be taken as the width of class-intervals,MEASURE OF DISPERSION a SOLVED EXAMPLES panne Example 1. Find the standard deviation and coefficient 4f variation of : 11, 14, 15, 17, 18. Solution. We may first prepare the following table : 8.No. % aE (x= 15) 1 i -4 16 2 14 -1 7 3 15 0 0 4 17 2 4 5 18 3 a) n=6 a= | E(;- FP = 90 Here z Seon Now SD. = Paine P= /6 =2-45 and S.D. 2. u z Ov. = (2) 100 -(22). 100 =16-33% Example 2. The scores of batsman A in 10 innings were 38, 70, 48, 34, 42, 56, 63, 46, 54, 4, Find the variance of the scores. Solution. Here the mean comes out to be a decimal fraction. So we shalll be using short cut method. We now prepare the following table : Let A= 48 i af 38 100 70 484 48 0 34 196 42 36 86 49 63 225 46 4 64 36 44 16 Ed? = 114668 MATHEMATICS FOR B. ~ 108 2 2 Variance (62) = ae -(4) Iv Variance =(8.D.)"] . 1146 (14)? = -|=] =114.6-1-96=112-64, 10 ( i) Example 3. Compute the standard deviation for the following data : a: | 2 2 3 4 5 6 ima . fit 6 2 18 26 16 10 3 | Solution, Calculation of standard deviation (S.D.): x | fh fee @,- #P 1 6 6 9 64 2 12 24 4 48 ! 3 18 54 HE 18 4 26 104 0 0 o 5 16 80 1 1 16 6 10 60 2 4 40 7 Se ears 3 9 72 N=96 | £f,x,= 384 Efi x, — B= 245 gz = he 384 Here ga Now, os fi 2. = fe = 1-6 (nearly), Example 4. Find the variance and standard deviation for the following data : [ a: 4 8 i 17 20 24 32 (fe 3 5 9 5 4 3 1 Solution. Calculation of variance and standard deviation ;| MEASURE OF DISPERSION : 6 | % fi 1%; d?=@,- xz) fd? 4 3 2 -10 100 300 | 8 5 40 -6 36 180 i 9 99 -3 9 81 7 5 85 3 9 45 | 20 4 80 6 36 144 4 3 2 10 100 * 300 32 1 32, 18 324 324 N=30 D fid? = 1874 | Now, (- N= 30) $ | | and Variance = (8.D.)* = 458 Example 5. Find the arithmetic mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (C.V.) from the following data : Sizeofitem: | 10 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 15 | 16 | “Frequency : 2 7 i 1 | 10 4 7] | Solution. Let A = 13, We may now prepare the following table : | Size of the item (x,) ] Frequency (f;) ~A]-a? fied; fd? 3) 10 2 -3 18, n 1 -2 ~My 28 12 : il -1 -ll i 18 16 0 0 0 | 14 | 10 | 1 “i010 6 4 2 8 16 16 fo 3 3 9 N=650 zf,d,=-10| Xd? = 92MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 Since the méan is a decimal fraction, so we shall use short cut method. Lhd? N 3-2) Now, = /1-84-0-04 = 1-80 = 1342, +} x100 = (ge x 100 = 10-482%, 12-8 Example 6. Find the standard deviation of the first n natural numbers. ‘ Solution. The S.D. is given by the formula o= [Since frequency of each variate is one] Here By, = 14243+..4n= MAD De? = 124224324. ote MOEVAn+)) n(n+Qn+1) (nin+1)) — [in+@nsd) Mr? én an) 6 4 (n+) ath) 6 4 (m+ Din-i) _ fn? Yo 12 “V1 Example 7. Find the standard deviation of the following distribution : aval 0 Marks : 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 No.of Students: | 5 2 5 20 10 4 2 Solution. Let A= 45 and h = 10MEASURE OF DISPERSION 7 We may now prepare the following table : Marks Mid-value | No.of students &) ta) (A = 45; A = 10) 10 - 20 15 5 -3 -15 45 20 - 30 25 12 -2 24 48 30-40 36 15 -1 -15 15 40-50 45 20 0 0 oO 55 10 1 10 10 60= 70 65 4 2 8 16 70 - 80 xis 2 3 6 18 N=68 Efu,=-90 | EfuP= 162 Now, 8.D. (6) = A. JE — 2 152 (-30 = 10x,J=-(—= “Ves (63 ) = 10x /2-24—0-19 = 10 x 1-43 = 14:3 (nearly). ‘Age: 25-30 30-35 35-40 | 40-45 45-50 | 50-55 No. of teachers : 30 23 20 14 10 3 Solution, Let A = 37-5 and h = . We may now prepare the following table : Example 8. Find the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation for the following data: A Age Mid-value Frequency a «) Aa) (A= 875; h =5) 25 - 80 215 30 -2 -60 120 3035 325 23" Sa p88 238 35 - 40 375 20 0 0 0 40-45 425 u 1 14 4 45-50 415; 10 2 20 40 50 — 55 52-5 3 3 9 27 N= 100 Efuz= 22472. MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 awe 0) (Mean (#)= A+h. Phat =37-5+ =87-5-2=85-5 Gi) 8.D.)= nf (ay wx ft) 100 (=) = 5x 2-24 - 0-16 = 5 x J2-08 =5 «1-442 = 7-21 ‘Gia, ov.s (52) x100= 221, 100 = 20.81% ‘ z 35-5 Example 9, Calculate standard deviation and its coefficient of variation from the following data : Wages upto (in Rs.): | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 No.of persons: | 12 | 30 | 65 | 107 | 167 | 202 | 220 | 230 Solution. Let A = 35 and A = 10. We may now prepare the following table : x -A Wages | No.of persons | Mid-value | 1, Foot; foug f) 7) (A = 35; h = 10) 0-10 12 5 -3 -36 108 10-20 18 15 -2 -36 72 20-30 36 25 -1 -35 35 30-40 42 35 0 “0 0 40-50 50 45 1 50 50 50 60 45 55 2 90 180 60-70 18 65 3 ba 162 70 - 80 10 5 4 40 160 E fu? = 767 = 108-335 -0-3047 = 10/3-0303 = 10(1-741)= 17-41 S.D. 17-41 «100= x 100 = 42-96 % 40-52 CNV. =MEASURE OF DISPERSION 2B Example 10. The measurements of the diameters (in mm) of the heads of 107 serews are as given below. Calculate the standard deviation. Diameter (in mm): 33 - 35 | 36 - 38 | 39 - 41 42-44 | 45-47 ». of screws : 7 19 23 21 27 Solution. Here the given data is in inclusive form. Converting it into an exclusive form by subtracting 0.5 from lower limits and adding 0-6 to upper limits, we have the classes as | 82-5 - 35:5, 35-5 - 38-5, | Let A=40 and h=3 ‘We may now prepare the following table : and so on. Diameter | Mid-value | Frequency fot fou | (in mm) @,) (h) 325 ~ 955 34 7 -2 ~34 68 96-5 ~ 385 37 19 -1 “19 a9 38-5 - 41.5 40 23 “ 0 0 0 | 415 - 44-5 43 a1 1 21 21 | 445-415 46 21 2 54 108 | | = 107 E fay, = 22 216 216 (22 107 (407 = 8x /2-0187 — 0-042 = 8x/1076 =3 x 141 = 4-23. Example 11. Following is the table giving weight of students of two classes. State which class is more variable ? Weight (in Kg) Class A Class B ~~ 20-30 “7 5 30-40 10 9 40 - 50 207 2T 50-60 18 15 60-70 7 Nee74 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. - 108 Solution. Calculation of C.V. for class A: Let A=45 and h=10 Weight | No. ofstudents (f;) | Mid-value (x) | u,= 2 58 (in kg.) 20-30 7 25 -2 ~i14 28 30-40 10 35, -1 -10 10 40-50 20 45 0 0 0 50-60 18 55 1 18 18 60-70 1 65 2 4 28 N= 62 Efi =8 | Efu? = 84 Now, SD. Bf, Ehiuy 184 2) -(2A4) = 10/84 (8 v (4 o 62 \62 = 10x 1-355 - 0-0167 = 11-57 Zhi Ui Ath, ob Ath 8 = 454+10.— = +10. 55 =46-29 11:57 46-29 CN, forcas A = — }x100 = 100 = 24608 z Caleidlation of C.V. for class B: Let A=45 and h=10 No. of students (f,) | Mid-value () | u,= [re fw fiue j 20-30 5 25 7 -2 ee 20 30-40 9 35 -1 -9 40-50 21 | 45 0 0 0 50-60 15 55 = 15 15 60-70 6 65 2 12 24 Now,| MEASURE OF DISPERSION 7 S.D. 2 C.V. for class B = (S2)x100 = (3 700 * 100] = 23-53% Now CV. of class A > C.V. of class B :. Class A is more variable. Example 12. The scores of two batsmen A and B for 20 innings are given below. Which of the two may be regarded as the more consistent batsman e Score: 50 | 1 | 62 | 69 | 54 | 66 | 66 | 67 ——aryapoefels)/sfela] 3 No.of Innings: p. | ; | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 Solution. Calculation of C.V. for batsman A: Let A= 68. Score No. of Innings fed; fed? ) ® 50 7 -3 -3 9 51 0 -2 0 0 52 0 -1. 0 0 33 4 ° ° ° 54 3 i 3 3 55 6 2 2 24 56 13 3 9 27 57 3 4 12 48 N=20 zfd,=33 | Efd?=11 Zhidi _ Here Mean(#) = A+ 53+ 2-54 65 N . Phat _(2hay 8p.(0) = Phe (242) a = J6- 55 —2-72 = 16815 — GN. for A = (82.) «100 = . ie «100 54-6576 Caleulation of C.V. for batsman B MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 [ Score No, of Innings | d,=x,-A fd; fod? (x) *) 58) 50 1 -3 -3 9 51 4 2 =2 -4 8 | 52 2 -1 -2 2 | 63 6 <0 o 0 | 54 3 1 8 3 55 4 2 8 16 66 2 3 6 18 57 oO 4 0 oO N=2 | Bfd,=8 Zfd? = 66 Lo Here Mean(#) = A+=4% . 63,8 59.4 20 pd= (rfha® 2 and sp. = Pde -(244 = (3) = /28-0-16 = 1.6248 VN N 20 (20 CN. for B = (2 x 100 = (2). 100 = 3-0427% ¥ 5-4 C.V. for class A > C.V. for class B Hence batsman B is more consistent. 3.7. S.D. OF COMBINED GROUP 1, Faye, Fy be their respective AM., ¥ be th Due t rt We define d,= %;-, f=1,2,:.,m aI z Let 4, Gy» Gy, be S.D. of m groups containing ny, ny,....%, items respectively. Let ‘e combined A.M. and o be the combined S.D.i | MEASURE OF DISPERSION 77 | Example 13. The following data gives the A.M. and S.D. of three subgroups. Calculate the | AM, and S.D. of the combined group. | ‘Subgroup ‘No. of men ‘Average wages (in Rs.) | S.D. (in Ra.) A 150 20 2 B 150 10 3 c 200 125 4 Solution. Hore %, =20, %=10, %=125 ny = 150, ng = 150, ng = 200 6, =2, 028, oy=4 Let ¥ be the A.M. of the combined group 5g = MELA Male + mais my +7 +My 150 x 20 + 150 x 10 + 200 x (12-5) 150 + 150 + 200 3000 +1500 + 2500 _ 7000 _ 14 500 500 Now, dy = %,-¥=20-14=6 dy = %y-#=10-14=-4 Hy -¥=12-5-14=-1.5 Let o be the S.D. of the combined group TyOy! + Ngo? +g0g? + Mydy? +gda? + Nady” ga | MU tMeGa tng tM + nada + Mads ny +n +N = [ miler? + ds?) +ng(og? +d") +n (3? +d”) ny +My +5 (T5036) + 15000 +16) + 20006 + 2-25) _ ~ 150 +150 + 200 Example 14. The A.M. and S.D. of 100 items was recorded as 40 and 5-1 respectively. Later on it was discovered that one observation 40 was wrongly copied down as 50. Find the correct S.D.78. MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 Solution. No. of items = 100 Incorrect Mean (x) = 40 », Incorrect $.D, = 6-1 Incorrect item = 50 Correct item = 40 Lay _ Incorrect Ex, Now = 40-Sae => Incorrect 2x, = 4000 Correct Bx, = 4000-50 + 40 = 3990 3990 Ce = ——=389.9 orrect Mean = “= 2 E(x, - 2) Now SD, = |=“ me PAL a? [: Basee Bat aa Incorrect Ex; a 1 ae | eorrect ey 6 = (40) Squaring both sides, we have or 26-01 = 100" Incorrect 3x? = 162601 Correct Sx;? = 162601 -(50)? + (40)® = 161701, 161701 100 Correct S.D. = - (89-9)? = /1617-01- 1592-01 =5 Example 15. The mean of 5 observations is 4 and variance is 5:2. If three of the five observations are 1, 2 and 6, find the other two, Solution. Let the missing observations be a and b. Given n=6, =4, o=52 = _ 3s, > We have Ba Tt = Be =nxB=5x4=20 Now, Yr, =14+24+6+0+b=20 (1) ? a+b =20-9=11 (2) We have eet _gy 62 = i (4)? 3 (4)MEASURE OF DISPERSION lee or, Ex? = (6-2 +16) 5 = 106 | or 12422462 +0245? = 106 {Using (0) | . a? +b? =65 Now, (a+b)? =a? +6? + 2ab ie, 121 = 65+ 2ab : ab = 28 (3) | Solving (2) and (8) for a and b, we get a=4,b=7. EXERCISE 3.2 1. Find 8.D. and C.V. for the data: 4, 6, 10, 12, 18. 2, The scores of 10 students in a test, out of maximum marks’60 were 28, 36, 34, 28, 48, 22, 86, 27, 19, 41. Find the ve ce, ~ . Calculate the standard deviation and coefficient of variation for the following data = m: | 6 | 16 | 2 | 35 | 45 | 55 fii | 12 [ie | 27 | 20 | 17 6 | | 3, ‘4. Calculate the standard deviation of the following discrete frequency distribution : s)el7 ,8 9 || Frequency (fj) 6 | 12 | 15 | 28 | 20 | 14 5 | 5. Find the mean and standard deviation for the following data using short-cut method m: | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 2 1 | 12 | 29 | 25 | 12 | 10 | 4 | & 6. Calculate the standard deviation for the following frequency distribution. [ Class interval : 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 Frequency : 4 8 2 a 7. Calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation for the following distribution + 30-40 | 40-60 | 60-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 Frequencies: 3 7 12 16 8 3 2 8. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of following distribution ‘Age (in years) 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-60 | 60-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 0-90 | ‘No. of members : 3 61 132 163 140 BL 2 |80 MATHEMATICS FOR B.C.A. ~ 108 9. Calculate the S.D. and C.V. for the following frequency distribution : Class: 4-8 | 8-12 | 12-16 | 16-20 | 20-24 | 24-28 | 28-32 [32-36 | 36-40 Frequency: | 11 18 16 “4 4 9 17 6 4 10. In a study on patients, the following data was obtained. Find the standard deviation of the data : [ Age inyears): | 10-19 | 20-29 | 80-39 [4040 [50-60 [60-69] 70-70 [60~ao ~ No.of eases: 1 0 1 10 [ 17 | 38 9 3 11, Find the mean and standard deviation of the following data : [Class interval: [81-35 | 86-40 | 4148 [46-60 ]61~65 [56-60 |ei—e8 60270 ‘Frequency: 2 3 8 12 is [ 5 2 2 12, Calculate the C.V. for the following data : Glassinterval: [60-70 [ 60-60 | 40-60 | 80-40 ] 20-80 ] 10-20 [Frequency a 6 10 12 15 6 Find which of the following batsman is more consistent in scoring : BatsmanA: | 5 | 7 | 16 | 27 | 89 | 63 | 66 | 61 ] 80 | 101 | 105 BatemanB: | 0 | 4 [ 16 | 21 | 4i | 43 | 67 | 79 | 63 | 00 | 06 14, The following are the scores made by Dhoni and Yuvraj in a serie: Dhoni: [ i@ | 16 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 19 | ts ] ae] a] ap seca EA || eI gc VO (i) Who is a better rungetter ? (i) Who is more consistent ? 15. Goals scored by two teams A and B in a football season were as follows : No. of goals scored in a match No. of Matches A B 0 27 1 1 9 5 2 8 8 8 5 9 4 1 27 Find out which team is more consistent.