Croatian language

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"Hrvatski" redirects here. For other uses, see Hrvatski (disambiguation).
Croatian
hrvatski
Pronunciation [xř̩ʋaːtskiː]
Native to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia (Vojvodina), Montenegro (Bay of
Kotor), Romania (Caraș-Severin County)
Ethnicity Croats
Native speakers (5.6 million, including other dialects spoken by Croats cited
1991–2006)[1]
Language family
Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
Slavic
South Slavic
Western[1]
Serbo-Croatian[2][3]
Croatian
Writing system Latin (Gaj's alphabet)
Yugoslav Braille
Official status
Official language in Croatia
Bosnia and Herzegovina (co-official)
Serbia (in Vojvodina)
Austria (in Burgenland)
European Union
Recognised minority
language in
Montenegro (co-official on municipal level)[4]
Slovakia[5]
Czech Republic[6]
Hungary (in Baranya County)[7]
Italy[8]
Regulated by Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics
Language codes
ISO 639-1 hr
ISO 639-2 hrv
ISO 639-3 hrv
Glottolog croa1245
Linguasphere part of 53-AAA-g
Croatian dialects in RH and BiH.PNG
Traditional extent of Serbo-Croatian dialects in Croatia and in Bosnia and
Herzegovina
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you
may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For
an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
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South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
vte
Croatian (/kroʊˈeɪʃən/ (listen); hrvatski [xř̩ʋaːtskiː]) is the standardized variety
of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language[9][10][11][12] used by Croats,[13]
principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina,
and other neighboring countries. It is the official and literary standard of
Croatia and one of the official languages of the European Union. Croatian is also
one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a recognized minority
language in Serbia and neighboring countries.

Standard Croatian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian,

Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of
Standard Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. In the mid-18th century, the first
attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-
Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca pushing back
regional Chakavian, Kajkavian, and Shtokavian vernaculars.[14] The decisive role
was played by Croatian Vukovians, who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-
Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th
century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography.[15] Croatian is
written in Gaj's Latin alphabet.[16]

Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two
other main dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, Chakavian and Kajkavian.
These dialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the
term "Serbo-Croatian" in English, though this term is controversial for native
speakers,[17] and paraphrases such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" are
therefore sometimes used instead, especially in diplomatic circles.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Modern language and standardization
1.2 Illyrian period
2 Distinguishing features and differences between standards
3 Sociopolitical standpoints
4 Official status
5 Sample text
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
9 Further reading
10 External links
10.1 Language history
History
See also: Early development of Serbo-Croatian
Further information: Bunjevac dialect
Modern language and standardization
In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous
Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (banovi), the Zrinski and
the Frankopan, which were linked by inter-marriage.[18] Toward the 17th century,
both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing
in a mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian),
and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian".[19] Historically, several
other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and
Slavonian, and these were Illyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski).[20] It is
still used now in parts of Istria, which became a crossroads of various mixtures of
Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses.[21]

The most standardized form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became the cultivated language of

administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian
coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the
Mura. The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions
of "Adrianskoga mora sirena" ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and
"Putni tovaruš" ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska.[22][23]

However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political
execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold I in Vienna in 1671.[24] Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th
century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard.[25]

Illyrian period
Main article: Illyrian movement
The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan-South Slavic political and cultural
movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardize the regionally differentiated
and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge
them into a common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups
of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary
languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj
standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a
standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb, Gaj
supported using the more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that
eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian
literary language from the 19th century on.[26] Supported by various South Slavic
proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna
Literary Agreement of 1850,[25] laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-
Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in the
Croatian elite.[25]

In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life,
drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the
Illyrian movement.[27] While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological
School and Zadar Philological Schools, its influence waned with the rise of the
Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century).[28]

Distinguishing features and differences between standards

Main article: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
See also: Serbo-Croatian phonology and Serbo-Croatian grammar
Croatian is commonly characterized by the Ijekavian pronunciation (see an
explanation of yat reflexes), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number of
lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian.[29]
Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in the frequency of use.
[29] However, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS
is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system."[30]

Sociopolitical standpoints

States and/or regions in which Croatian is an official language (dark red) and
states in which Croatian is a minority language (light red)
Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian, is sometimes considered a
distinct language by itself.[17] Purely linguistic considerations of languages
based on mutual intelligibility (abstand languages) are frequently incompatible
with political conceptions of language so that varieties that are mutually
intelligible can not be considered separate languages. "There is no doubt of the
near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as
is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others’ films, TV and
sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc."[30] Differences between various
standard forms of Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons.[31]
Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as a separate language that is considered
key to national identity.[32] The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a
separate language being the most important characteristic of a nation is widely
accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe.[33] The 1967
Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language, in which a
group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is
viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general
milestone in national politics.[34] At the 50th anniversary of the Declaration, at
the beginning of 2017, a two-day meeting of experts from Croatia, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of
the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins
was drafted.[35] The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand
signatures. It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro a
common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard
varieties, similar to the existing varieties of German, English or Spanish.[36] The
aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the
nationalistic baggage[37] and to counter nationalistic divisions.[38]

The terms "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbo-Croat" are still used as a cover term for all
these forms by foreign scholars, even though the speakers themselves largely do not
use it.[29] Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnic
terms Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.[39]

The use of the name "Croatian" for a language names has been historically attested
to, though not always distinctively; the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement, for example,
designated "Croatian" as one of its official languages,[40] and Croatian became an
official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the EU on 1 July 2013.[41][42] In
2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official
gazette.[43]

Official status

Areas with an ethnic Croatian majority (as of 2006)

Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia[44] and,
along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian, one of three official languages
of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[45] It is also official in the regions of Burgenland
(Austria),[46] Molise (Italy)[47] and Vojvodina (Serbia).[48] Additionally, it has
co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova[49] and Lupac,
[50][51] Romania. In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of
the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the
justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian.

Croatian is officially used and taught at all the universities in Croatia, and at
the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

There is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. The
current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and
dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the
Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at
the four main universities.[citation needed][needs update] In 2013, a Hrvatski
pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official
sole seal of approval from the Ministry of Education.

Attempts are being made to revive Croatian literature in Italy.[52][failed

verification]
The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:

Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, available

online
Hrvatski jezični portal by University Computing Centre (Srce) and Znanje, available
online.
Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Anić
Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Šonje et al.
Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik, by a group of authors
Hrvatska gramatika by Barić et al.
Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska, the national publisher and
promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Lexicographical institute Miroslav Krleža,
as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since the

independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of
contemporary Croatian.

Sample text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian:

Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su

obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu
bratstva.[53]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed
with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.[54]
See also
flag Croatia portal
icon Languages portal
Bunjevac dialect
Croatian Language Corpus
Croatian Language Days
Declaration on the Common Language 2017
Dialects of Serbo-Croatian
Gaj's Latin alphabet
Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian
Mutual intelligibility
Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
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[page needed]
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Further reading
Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled
povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica
Banac, Ivo: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question, YUP 1984
Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in
der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991) [Language and
Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the
Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in
German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-89913-253-3. OCLC 51961066. (CROLIB).
Franolić, Branko: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian, Nouvelles Editions
Latines, 1984
—— (1985). A Bibliography of Croatian Dictionaries. Paris: Nouvelles Editions
Latines. p. 139.
—— (1988). Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian. Paris:
Nouvelles Editions Latines.
——; Žagar, Mateo (2008). A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic
Heritage of Croatian Culture. London & Zagreb: Erasmus & CSYPN. ISBN 978-953-6132-
80-5.
Greenberg, Robert David (2004). Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-
Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925815-4.
(reprinted in 2008 as ISBN 978-0-19-920875-3)
Gröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit
einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between
Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language
Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom
Europa. p. 451. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL
15295665W. (Inhaltsverzeichnis).
Kačić, Miro: Croatian and Serbian: Delusions and Distortions, Novi Most, Zagreb
1997
Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF).
Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430.
doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512.
OL 15270636W. CROSBI 475567. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2012.
Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Moguš, Milan: A History of the Croatian Language, NZ Globus, 1995
Težak, Stjepko: "Hrvatski naš (ne)zaboravljeni" [Croatian, our (un)forgotten
language], 301 p., knjižnica Hrvatski naš svagdašnji (knj. 1), Tipex, Zagreb, 1999,
ISBN 953-6022-35-4 (Croatian)
Zanelli, Aldo (2018). Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen
Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997 [Analysis of Metaphors in
Croatian Linguistic Journal Language from 1991 to 1997]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41
(in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. p. 142. ISBN 978-3-8300-9773-0. OCLC 1023608613.
(NSK). (FFZG).
External links
Croatian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatian language.
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Croatian.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Croatian
For a list of words relating to Croatian language, see the Croatian language
category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Croatian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (Wiktionary)
Croatian Language Corpus
Croatian Old Dictionary Portal
Most similar languages to Croatian (similarity measure)