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Solutions Tut-1

This document provides a tutorial on solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It contains examples of determining the order and degree of ODEs and classifying them as linear or nonlinear. It also contains examples of eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations satisfied by given functions, and determining if pairs of equations are exact to obtain their general solutions.

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Jimmy Werner
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46 views10 pages

Solutions Tut-1

This document provides a tutorial on solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It contains examples of determining the order and degree of ODEs and classifying them as linear or nonlinear. It also contains examples of eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations satisfied by given functions, and determining if pairs of equations are exact to obtain their general solutions.

Uploaded by

Jimmy Werner
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

IIT Guwahati
Tutorial Sheet No. 1 Semester: March-June 2022

Basics of ODEs, Picard’s Theorem.

(1) Determine the order and degree of the following differential equations. Also, classify these
ODEs as linear or nonlinear.

d2 y
(i) + x sin y = 0
dx2
d2 y
(ii) + y sin x = 0
dx2 1
d2 y

dy 2
(iii) 1 + =x 2
dx   dx3 
d6 y d4 y

dy
(iv) 6
+ 4
+y =x
dx  dx dx3
d3 y

(v) sin = x + y.
dx3
d3 y
(vi) = sin(x + y).
dx3  2 3
 2 2 d y
dy dx2 d4 y
(vii) + 4  4 2 + = 0.
dx2 d y dx4
dx4
Solution: (i) Order=2, Degree=1, nonlinear; (ii) Order=2, Degree=1, linear; (iii) Or-
der=2, Degree=2, nonlinear; (iv) Order=6, Degree=1, nonlinear; (v) Order=3, D=undefined,
nonlinear; (vi) Order=3, Degree=1, nonlinear; (vii) Order=4, Degree=3, nonlinear.

(2) Eliminating the arbitrary constants c1 , c2 , obtain the differential equation satisfied by the
following functions.
(a) y = c1 e−x + c2 e2x ; (b) x2 + c1 y 2 = 1; (c) y = c1 x − c31 .

Solution: (a) Differentiate given equation two times and eliminate the constants from
the given equation and the resultant equation to get the ODE y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0;
(b) Differentiate given equation and eliminate the constants from the given equation and
the resultant equation to get the ODE y 0 = (xy)/(x2 − 1);
(c) Differentiate given equation and eliminate the constants from the given equation and
the resultant equation to get the ODE y = xy 0 + (y 0 )3 .

(3) Are the following equations exact? If exact, obtain the general solution.
(i) (2xy − sec2 x)dx + (x2 + 2y)dy = 0
(ii) (x − 2xy + ey )dx + (y − x2 + xey )dy = 0
Solution: (i) Since My (x, y) = 2x = Nx (x, y), the equation is exact. Then, there exists
f (x, y) such that fx = M and fy = N . Integrate fx = M w.r.t. x to have
Z
f (x, y) = (2xy − sec2 x)dx + g(y) = x2 y − tan x + g(y).

Now, x2 + 2y = fy (x, y) = N (x, y) = x2 + 2y =⇒ g 0 (y) = 2y. Thus, g(y) = y 2 . Hence, the


solution to the equation is given implicitly by f (x, y) = c i.e., x2 y − tan x + y 2 = c.
2

(ii) In this case, My = −2x + ey = Nx . Arguing as in (i), we obtain


x2
Z
y
f (x, y) = (x − 2xy + e )dx + g(y) = − x2 y + xey + g(y).
2
2
and g(y) = y /2.
2
The general solution is thus given by f (x, y) = c i.e., x2 − x2 y + xey + y 2 /2 = c.

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