Chapter 3

Canal Irrigation Networks

 Irrigation Canal Networks

Points of discussion:

Layout and Alignment of Canal Networks

Design of Alluvial and Non-Alluvial Canals

Canal Lining and Economics of Lining

 Irrigation Canal Networks

 Any type of irrigation scheme whether direct or storage irrigation

scheme require a network of irrigation canals of different sizes
and capacities.
 Irrigation Canal Networks

 A canal - an artificial channel constructed on the ground to carry

water from a river or another canal or a reservoir to the fields.

 The entire network of the irrigation channels is called the canal

system.

 A canal system consists of :

 Primary distribution system/ main canals
 Secondary distribution system/ secondary canals/Branches
 Tertiary distribution system/ tertiary canals
 Field channels
 Distribution system for canal irrigation

I. Primary distribution system (main canal):

 conveyance of water from the source to the branch canals
 feeding two or more branch canals
 runs through the irrigation season with varying supply.
II. Secondary distribution system (Branch canals):
 consists of large number of distributaries with varying discharge
 they are fed by the main canals.
II. Tertiary distribution system (distributaries):
 water from an outlet of distributaries is allocated to various field
channels by this system.
 tertiary distribution system is mostly controlled by farmers.
IV. Field channels (water courses):
 taken off from the outlets of the tertiary channels.
 totally managed by the cultivators to supply water to their own
lands.
A complete canal system in large scale schemes
A complete canal system in large scale schemes
Distribution system for canal irrigation
 Layout of Canal Networks
 A canal system shall convey water from the head work to
command areas through the best route.
 Layout of canal network includes alignment of distribution
systems (main, secondary, tertiary) and water courses
 Desirable locations for irrigation canals are governed mainly by
topographic and geologic conditions along different routes of
the cultivable lands.
 Detail topo-map is required to do the layout
 Main canals must convey water to the higher elevations of the
cultivable area.
 Branch canals and distributaries convey water to different parts
of the irrigable areas..
 Distribution system for canal irrigation

Fig. Layout of Irrigation Canal Network

 Layout of Canal Networks

General Canal Layout criteria:

 Canals should be laid in such a way that there is minimum loss of
command area.

 As much as possible, canals are aligned on ridges and drains are

aligned in depressions. Why?

 The alignment which require heavy filling should be avoided.

 As much as possible the canal should run through the heart of the
command area to keep the cost of the distribution system to minimum.

 Canal structures has to be simple and manageable.

 Layout of Canal Networks

…. criteria:
 The canal alignment should avoid inhabited areas, religious
places, valuable property, and other important monuments.
 As much as possible curves in the canal should be avoided. If
not possible, the curve must be with large radii.
 The permissible minimum radius of curvature for a channel
curve depends on the type of channel, dimensions of cross-
section, velocities during full-capacity operations, earth formation
along channel, and dangers of erosion along the paths of curved
channel.
 The canal should be aligned in such a way that its crossings with
the road, and drainage line should be at straight line.
 Layout of Canal Networks

General Layout criteria for field canals:

Field canals are the smallest and the last canals of the distribution
system, they supply water directly to the crop. The following points
must be considered while aligning field canals.
 The canals should be aligned along the boundaries of the
agricultural field.
 The canals should be aligned across contours so that furrows
or basins will be aligned along the general contour lines.
 Field canals must be capable of supplying enough water to the
tail end of the field with sufficient head.
 Field canals must be as few as possible to minimize the losses
of water, field size and cost of the project.
 Layout of Canal Networks

Types of Alignment of canals:

 Irrigation canals can be aligned in any of the following three
ways:
i. Watershed canal
ii. Contour canal
iii. Side-slope canal.
 Layout of Canal Networks
i. Watershed canal
 It is more suitable where land slopes are relatively flat and uniform,
 The dividing ridge line between the catchment areas of the two
streams (drains) is called the water divide ,or the ridge.
 The canal which is aligned along any natural watershed divide
(ridgeline) is called a watershed canal, or a ridge canal.
 Aligning a canal (main canal or branch canal or distributaries) on the
ridge, ensures gravity irrigation on both sides of the canal.
 In doing so, attempts should be made so that the main canal mounts
the ridge in as small length as possible from the point of off take
(sometimes impossible).
 A canal aligned on the watershed saves the cost of construction of
cross-drainage structures.
 Layout of Canal Networks

E.g. Level at head work =1420m

Required canal slope =1/3000,
Distance to bring water from A to B = 15km
Layout of Canal Networks
Exercise:
• Ground slope = 1m per km
• Required canal bed 25cm per km
What is the length of QN and PQ?

Ans:
QN = 15km;
PQ = 20km

• The canal may cross some small streams

and, some cross-drainage structures
may be required.
• If passing an important structure or
village, the canal may leave the
watershed for some distance
 Layout of Canal Networks

ii. Contour canal:

 In cases where virtually impossible to take the canal on the top of
such a higher ridge line (or, river flows in the valley well below the
ridge), contour canals are usually constructed.

 Contour channels follow the general contour line, except for giving
the required longitudinal slope to the canal.

 Always maximum distance needs to be placed between the river

and the canal so as to increase the command of the canal.

 As the drainage flow is always at right angles to the ground

contours, such a channel would definitely have to cross natural
drains and streams, necessitating construction of cross-drainage
structures.
Layout of Canal Networks

Fig. Alignment main canals in hills

Layout of Canal Networks
Layout of Canal Networks
 Layout of Canal Networks

iii. Side slope canal:

 A side slope canal is that which is aligned at right angles to
the contours.

 Due to nature of the ground, canals may be aligned at right

angles to the contours. i.e. parallel to the drains or rivers.

 Since such canal runs parallel to the natural drainage

channels, thus, avoiding the construction of cross-drainage
structures.

 But it entertains series of drop structures.

Layout of Canal Networks
Layout of Canal Networks
 Final take away on layout

 In order to finalize the channel network for a canal irrigation project,

trial alignments of channels are marked on the map prepared during
the detailed survey.
 A large-scale map is required to work out the details of individual
channels.
 A small-scale map depicting the entire command of the irrigation
project is also desirable.
 The alignments marked on the map are transferred on the field and
adjusted wherever necessary. These adjustments are transferred on
the map as well.
 Because of economic and other considerations, the canal alignment
does not remain straight all through the length of the canal, and curves
or bends have to be provided.
 Design of Canals

 The entire system of canals must be designed properly for

realistic value of peak discharge that must passes through them,
so as to provide sufficient irrigation water to the command areas.

 Inputs required for Design:

 Land suitability map
 Topographic map of the area
 Irrigation water duty
 Hydro-meteorological data
 Soil characteristics of the area
 Design of Canals

Additional Factors Affecting Canal Design:

 Construction cost
 Safety in constructions
 Hydraulic operational characteristics
 Water management needs
 Maintenance requirements
 Environmental conservation
 Secondary uses (clothes washing, swimming, others)
 Aesthetics, etc.
 Types of Canals

Generally, two types of canals according to surface of canals

Mobile Boundary canals
 Alluvial canals
 Design method: Empirical methods (Lacey’s and
Kennedy’s Theories); Tractive force Approach.

Rigid Boundary canals

 Non-Alluvial canals/stable canals
 Lined canals
 Design method: Uniform flow equation (Manning’s,
Chezy’s equations)
 Types of Canals

Alluvial canals:
 The soil which is formed by transportation of silt through the
agency of water, over a course of time, is called alluvial soil.
 The canals when excavated through such soils, are called
alluvial canals.

Non-alluvial canals:
 Mountainous regions may go on disintegrating over a period of
time, resulting in the formation of rocky plain area, called non-
alluvial area.
 Rivers passing through such areas, have no tendency to shift
their course.
 Canals passing through such areas are called non-alluvial
canals.
 Design of Alluvial Canals/earthen canals

 The problem in the design of alluvial canals is scouring during

high velocity of flow and silting and eventual breaching of
canals during low velocity of flow.

 Alluvial canals are fairly accurately designed by

 The Kennedy’s Theory or
 Lacey’s Theory.
 Design of Alluvial Canals

Kennedy Theory:
 This is based on the concept of Non-silting and Non-scouring
channel.

 The basis for designing of non-silting, non-scouring canal is

that, whatever silt has entered the channel at its head is kept in
suspension, so that it does not settle down and deposit at any
point of the channel and thus, no scouring of channels.

 He defined the critical velocity(Vo) in a channel as the mean

velocity (across the section) which will just keep the channel
free from silting or scouring, and related it to the depth of flow
by the equation.
 Design of Alluvial Canals

Vo = 0.55*m*y^0.64 ………………………(1)

Where:
Vo=critical velocity in the channel
y = water depth in the channel in m
m = critical velocity ratio (introduced to account the soil type)

Table 1. Recommended value of m

 Design of Alluvial Canals

Design Procedure:
 Determine the critical velocity Vo by equation (1) assuming a trial
depth.
 And then, determine area by dividing discharge by velocity.
 Determine channel dimensions.
 Compute the actual mean velocity (V) that will prevail in the canal of
this cross-section, by using Kutters’s , Manning’s or Chez’s formula.
 1  0.00155 
 n   23   
 S   RS
V  Kutters’s Formula
1   23  0.00155 n 
  S

 R 

 Finally if the two velocities Vo and V work out to be the same, then the
assumed depth is all right, otherwise change it and repeat the
procedure, till V and Vo are equal.
 Design of Alluvial Canals

Recommended Canal Section:

 The canal section shall be trapezoidal, having the following internal
side slopes .

Recommended side slopes for unlined canals

 Design of Alluvial Canals

Recommended Canal Section:

 Free board above the water surface up to the top of the bank shall be
provided as follows
Recommended Free board in irrigation channels
 Design of Alluvial Canals

Recommended value of n for unlined channels

 Design of Alluvial Canals

Radii of curvature:
The recommended radii of curvature for canals in its curved reaches shall
usually have the minimum values given in Table below.

Table: Canal Discharge and Minimum Radii of Curvature Parameters

Discharge [m3 / s] Radius, Min. [m]
80 and above 1,500
Less than 80 1000
Less than 30 600
Less than 15 300
Less than 3 150
Less than 0.3 90
 Design of Alluvial Canals

Example:
Design an irrigation main channel to carry 50 cumecs of discharge. The
channel is to be laid at a slope of I in 4000. The critical velocity ratio for the
soil is 1.1. Use Kutter’s rugosity coefficient as 0.023.

Given:
Q = 50 cumecs, S=1/4000; m = 1.1 n=0.023

Solution:
 using equation (1), Vo = 0.55*m*y0.64
 Assuming a depth equal to 2m,
Vo = 0.55*1.1*(2)0.64 = 0.605*1.558 = 0.942m/s
A=Q/Vo=50/0.942=53.1m2
 Design of Alluvial Canals

 Assuming side slopes as 0.5:1(0.5H:1V)

A=y(b + y*0.5)
53.1 = 2(b+1)
 Therefore,
b = 25.55 m
P = b+2*{1+0.25}0.5*y
P = b + 2(50.5)/2*y = 25.55+(50.5)*2 = 30.03
R = A/P = 53.1/30.03 = 1.77m
 But, from equation (2),
 Design of Alluvial Canals

1.016 m/s >0.942 or V>Vo Scouring prevails

 In order to increase the critical velocity (Vo), we have to increase the

depth. So increase the depth.

 Let y = 3m depth:
Vo = 0.605*(3)0.64 = 0.605*2.02 =1.22m/sec
A = 50/1.22 = 40.8 m2
40.8 = 3*(b+0.5*3)
b =13.6 -1.5 = 12.1m

P = 12.1 + 2*(5^0.5)/2*3 = 12.1 + 6.72 = 18.82

R = A/P =40.8/18.82 =2.17m
 Design of Alluvial Canals

 Using Critical velocity equation, Vo = 1.22m/s

 Using Kutter’s equation, V= 1.16m/s

 Since, 1.16 m/s <1.22 or V<Vo Silting prevails

 In order to decrease the critical velocity (Vo), we have to decrease the

depth. So decrease the depth.

 If we use 2.7m, V (= 1.148 m/s) ≈Vo (= 1.147m/s).

 Design of Alluvial Canals

Lacey’s Theory:
 He stated that alluvial channel can be designed under an assumed
state of true regime.

 An alluvial channel is in a state of true regime if the following

conditions are satisfied.
 Discharge is constant
 Flow is uniform
 Silt charge is constant
 Silt grade is constant

 Under such assumption, he developed empirical equations that will

enable one to design alluvial channels.
 Design of Alluvial Canals

Design Procedures:
1. Calculate the velocity from
V=[Q*f2/140]1/6 m/sec
Where, f is silt factor, given by f=1.76√d in which d is the average
particle size in mm
2. Compute Hydraulic mean depth (R)
R=2.5(V2/f) or R = 0.48 (Q/f)1/3
Where, V is in m/sec and R is in m
3. Compute the area of the canal section, A=Q/V
4. Compute wetted perimeter,
P=4.75√Q
Where, Q is in m3/sec and P is in m
5. Finally , the bed slope S is determined by
S=[f5/3/3340Q1/6]
 Design of Alluvial Canals

Exercise 1:
Design a stable channel for carrying a discharge of 30 m3/s using Lacey’s
method assuming silt factor equal to 1.0.

Answer: Depth = 1.68m; width = 22.23m

Exercise 2:
An irrigation channel is to be designed for a discharge of 50m3/s adopting
the available ground slope of 1.5 × 10–4. The river bed material has a
median size of 2.00 mm. Design the channel and recommend the size of
coarser material to be excluded or ejected from the channel for its efficient
functioning.

Answer: Depth = 1.99m; width = 29.13m

 Design of Alluvial Canals

• Unlined canals may also be designed using uniform flow

equations upon the following criteria:

 the design discharge should flow at non-erosive velocity. i.e.

the velocity should not exceed the maximum permissible
value.

 side slopes should be flat enough not to be cave in when

saturated

 longitudinal slope should not be excess

Design of Unlined Canals
 Design of Unlined Canals

Table 2. Maximum permissible velocity for earthen canals

Table 3. Recommended Bed width – depth ratio for

trapezoidal channel
 Design of Unlined Canals

 Example: Compute a trapezoidal channel with the following

information:
 Type of channel: earthen channel
 Carrying Capacity, Q = 400ft3/sec
 Longitudinal slope, S = 0.0016
 Manning’s n = 0.025
 Side slope, z:1 = 2:1
 Maximum permissible velocity, V = 4.5 ft/sec
1.486 2 / 3 1/ 2
Use : V R S
n
 Design of Unlined Canals

Solution:
 Steps:
1) From V = (1.486/n )(R2/3S1/2), R = 2.60ft

2) From Q = AV, A = 88.8ft2

3) From R = A/P, P = 34.2ft

4) From relation A= (b+zd)d and P = B+2d (1+z2),

b= 18.7ft

5) Therefore, d= 3.46 ft
 Design of Rigid Boundary Canals

 Rigid boundary canals include unlined canals in non-alluvial

soils and lined canals.
 Design involves the selection of suitable sectional dimension
such that a maximum discharge will be conveyed.
 Resistance equations like Manning’s or Chezy's can be used.

 The criteria for design of lined canals:

 Dimensions fairly accurately computed using uniform flow
formula
 Velocity of flow should not be very low to avoid siltation
 Can also be designed based on best hydraulic section
 Design of Rigid Boundary Canals

 Design Procedure….
Step 1. Estimate n and select S
Step 2. For known Q, compute the section factor. i.e.
nQ
AR 2/3

S

Step 3. Substitute the expressions for A and R and solve d. If

b and z are unknown, assume the values and solve for d by
trial and error.
 Design of Rigid Boundary Canals

 Best hydraulic section … the section which carry maximum

discharge for a given excavation. i.e. a section with max.
R or min. P.

Mathematically,
P
0
d
 Design of Rigid Boundary Canals
Example: Rectangular Channel
A
A  bd  b  d
d
b
A
P  b  2d  P   2d
d
P A
 2  2  0  A  2d 2
d d d=b/2

 A  2d 2  bd  b  2d b=2d

The best hydraulic section of a rectangular channel is when it is made

half a square.

Similarly, the best hydraulic section of a trapezoidal channel is when it

made half a regular hexagon.
 Design of Rigid Boundary Canals

Design Procedure for best Hydraulic section:

1) For known V, estimate A, A=Q/V

2) Determine the value of R from A:

 Design of Rigid Boundary Canals

3) Determine the cross sectional dimensions using expressions in

the Table for the profile selected.
 Design of Rigid Boundary Canals

Example: It is proposed to design an irrigation lined channel with

the following data.
 Type of channel: Trapezoidal
 Carrying Capacity, Q = 400ft3/sec
 Longitudinal slope, S = 0.0016
 Manning’s n = 0.025

a) Using a trial and error method (Hint: Assume b=20ft and z=2)
b) Using the concept of best hydraulic section
c) Compare the results obtained in (a) and (b)
1.486 2 / 3 1/ 2
V R S
n
 Lining of Irrigation Canals & Economics of Lining

 Canal Lining - the earthen surface of the channel is lined with a

stable lining surface such as concrete, tiles, asphalt, etc. in order to
reduce seepage losses in the canals
 Advantages of Lining

 To reduce seepage
 To stabilize channel beds and banks
 To avoid piping through and under channel banks
 To decrease hydraulic roughness
 To increase channel capacity
 To increase command area
 To promote movement, rather than deposition, of
sediments
 To avoid water logging of adjacent lands
 To control weed growth
 To decrease maintenance cost and facilitate cleaning
 To reduce excavation cost
 To reduce movement of contaminated groundwater
 Types of Lining

1. Soil 4. Plastic
 lime Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 Bentonite clay Oil resistant PVC
 Geo synthetic clay Chlorinated polyethylene (PE)
 Soil mixed with Portland Polyethylene
cement
 Compacted earth 5. Asphalt
Sprayed asphalt
2. Masonry (stone, rock, brick) Asphalt Concrete

3. Concrete 6. Synthetic rubber

 Reinforced concrete Butyl rubber
 Non reinforced concrete Concrete over geosynthetic
 precast
Factors responsible for selection of a particular type of lining

Concrete Precast slab

Brick Soil-cement
 Factors responsible for selection of a particular type of lining

 Size and importance of canal: for smaller canals which may be used
only intermittently may choose a lining. However, the construction of
which may require little equipment and machinery. Larger and
important canals may require continuous operation and hence may
need stronger lining such as concrete lining.

 Canal slope and alignment: these factors also need consideration

since frequent changes in alignment and steeper slopes may
encounter higher flow velocities leading to selection of stronger
lining.

 Climate of the area: higher quality linings should be used in areas

which are susceptible to sever frost and temperature changes.
Factors responsible for selection of a particular type of lining

 Availability of material: the type of lining should be such that the

required material are most easily available locally or in the vicinity of
the area from where they can be carted to the site with least cost.
 Economy/Initial expenditure: the lining with lesser initial cost may
have to be adopted even though its benefit- cost ratio justifies lining.
 Durability, Structural stability and hydraulic efficiency.
 Economics of Lining

 In certain cases, the lining of a channel may be required from purely

technical consideration.
 Apart from these special circumstances, the engineer is required to
produce a good economic justification from the capital outlay that is
likely to be invested on lining.
 In considering the economy of canal lining, it is necessary to evaluate
the tangible (which can be measured in terms of money) and
additional benefits and to compare these with the cost of lining.
 Benefit cost ratio can therefore be worked out so as to justify the
necessity of lining.
 Mathematically speaking, expenditure on project is justified if the
resultant annual benefits exceed the annual costs, i.e. benefit/cost>1
 Economics of Lining

Annual benefit: From saving of water and maintenance cost

 Suppose irrigation water is sold to cultivators at a certain rate, Rw
birr/m3 and if V m3 of water saved by lining the canal annually, then
the money saved by lining.
Amount saved= V*Rw birr
 Lining also reduce maintenance cost. This can be worked out from
previous records, let Rm birr the maintenance cost for unlined canal
and if p is the percentage fraction of the saving achieved in
maintenance cost by lining the canal.
Amount saved =p*Rm birr , p=0.4 (generally taken)
 Therefore,
Total benefits = V*Rw + p*Rm birr
 Economics of Lining

Annual Cost:
 If the capital expenditure required on lining is C birr and the lining has
a life of say n years, then the annual depreciation charges will be C/Y
birr (if not ignored).

 If i is the rate of annual interest, then the annual repayment of the

capital expenditure is:

A
i1  i    C
n

1  i  -1
n

 Therefore,
Total annual cost of lining =C/Y + A birr
 Economics of Lining

Benefit cost ratio(B/C):

B/C = annual benefit/annual cost
= (V*Rw + p*Rm birr) / (C/Y + A birr)

 For project justification, the benefit cost ratio must be greater than 1.

Additional benefits (non accounted benefits):

 Prevention of water logging
 Reduced cost of drainage for adjoining lands
 Reduced risk of breaching
 Economics of Lining

Example 1: An unlined canal with a seepage loss of 3.3m3 per million square
meters of wetted area is proposed to be lined with 10cm thick cement concrete
lining, which costs 900birr per 10m2. Given the following data, work out the
economics of lining.
– Annual revenue per cumec of water from irrigated crops = 1, 750, 000 birr
– Discharge in the canal = 84 cumecs
– Area of the canal = 40.8m2
– Wetted perimeter of the canal = 18.8m
– Wetted perimeter of the lining = 18.5m
– Annual maintenance cost of unlined channel per 10m2 = 5birr
– Maximum seepage loss expected in lined canal = 0.01m3 per million m2 of
wetted surface area.
– Life of lining 40 years and money for construction borrowed at i = 5%.
Reasonably assume any other data, if required.
 Economics of Lining

Solution:
o Let us consider 1km reach of the canal.
o Wetted surface area per km 18.8x1000 = 18, 800 m2/km (unlined canal)
o Wetted surface area per km 18.5x1000 = 18, 500 m2/km (unlined canal)
i) Annual benefits
A) Saving of water:
o Seepage loss in unlined canal = (3.3m3/106m2)x 18,800m2/km =
(62040/106) m3/km
o Seepage loss in lined canal is:
= (0.01m3/106m2)x 18,500m2/km = (185/106) m3/km
o Net saving of water,
= (62040/106) m3/km - (185/106) m3/km
= (61,852/106) m3/km
 Economics of Lining

o Annual Benefit by saving water ,

B1 = VRw = (61,852/106) cumec/km *(1.75*106)birr/cumec
= 108,241birr/km

B) Saving in Maintenance:
o Annual maintenance cost of unlined canals = 5birr/10m2
o Total wetted surface area = 18,800m2/km
o Therefore, annual maintenance cost for unlined canal
= (5birr/10m2)* 18,800m2/km
= 9,400birr/km
o Assume that 40% of this is saved in lined channel.
o Thus, Net annual saving in maintenance cost, B2
B2 = pRm = 0.40*9,400 = 3,760birr/km
 Economics of Lining

ii) Annual costs:

o Area of lining per km of channel = 18.5x1000 = 18,500m2/km
o Cost of lining per km of channel @ 900 birr/10m2
= (18,500m2/km)*(900birr/10m2) = 1,665,000 birr
o Total Annual cost, A for n=40 and i=5% is:

A
i1  i    C  0.05(1  0.05) 1,665,000  97,049.18birr
n 40

1  i  -1
n
1  0.05  1
40

B1  B2 108,241 3,760
o Benefit – Cost ratio, B  C    1.15
A 97,049.18

Conclusion: B-C ratio is more than unity and hence the lining is
economically justified.
 Economics of Lining

Example 2: Existing unlined channel having the following

dimension, it is proposed to line this channel for the same
discharge capacity. Find out the dimension of the lined channel
and work out the economics of the concrete line if the following
data are given.
 Length of irrigation season=150 days
 Saving in seepage loss by lining the canal=1.5%
 Cost of water=150 birr/ha.m
 Cost of concrete lining=16birr/m2
 Cost of reshaping and trimming canal=4birr/m2
 Life of lining =40 years
So =0.0006  Interest rate=7%
 Annual maintenance cost and operation cost/km/year
 For unlined canal in earth=1000birr
 For concrete lined canals=200 birr
 Other additional benefits=350 birr
 Economics of Lining

Solution:
 Discharge capacity of unlined channel
Using Manning’s equation, assume n=0.025
Q=1/n*A*R2/3*So1/2
A=2.62m2; P=4.8m; R=A/P=0.546
Q=1.715m3/s

 Dimension of lined canal

Assuming n = 0.014,
Q=1/n*A*R2/3*So1/2
A=1.5y2+1.52y and P=1.52+3.6y
Q=1.715=1/0.014*(1.5y2+1.52y)((1.5y2+1.52y)/(1.52+3.6y))2/3*(0.0006)1/2
Rearranging and solving, Y=0.67m
Assume free board of 0.15m,therefore perimeter of lined channel
P=1.52+3.6y = 1.52+3.6(0.67+0.15)=4.47m
 Economics of Lining

Solution:
Annual benefit:
 Seasonal flow Q (lined)=1.715m3/s
 Volume of flow for 150 days
V =1.715*150*24*3600m3
=2220 ha.m
 Saving in seasonal seepage loss per km
=1.5/100*2220 ha.m
=33.3 ha.m
 Money saved in seepage loss per km
=33.3 ha.m*150 birr/ ha.m
= 4995 birr/km/year
 Other benefit=350 birr/km/year

Total benefit=4995+350=6145birr/km/year
 Economics of Lining

Solution:
Annual Cost:
 Perimeter of lining =4470m/km
 Cost of lining(C)=16*4470birr/km=71520birr/km
 Annual depreciation charge=71520birr/40
= 1788birr/year/km
 Annual interest charge:

A
i1  i    C  0.071  0.07  71520  1.048  71520  5365.28
n 40

1  i  -1
n
1  0.07 -1
40
13.97

 Total cost= 5365.28birr/year/km+ 1788birr/year/km

=7153.28birr/year/km
 Benefit/cost=6145birr/year/km/ 7153.28birr/year/km=0.86
B/C<1 ,hence lining is not justified
THANK YOU
 Average grain Size
S.No Types of material (Silt) Av. Grain size in mm
1 Silt
Very fine
Fine 0.05-0.08
0.12
Medium
0.16
2 Sand
Medium 0.51
Coarse 0.73
4 Gravel
Medium 7.28
Heavy 26.10
5 Boulders
Small 50.10
Medium 72.50
188.8
Large
Conveyance Losses in Canals