Addis Ababa institute of Technology 1

STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES

(CENG4123)

PART ONE: THE BASICS

October 21, 2017

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Topic 1: Overview
Presentation Topic 2: Material Behavior
Outline Topic 3: Design to Eurocodes

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Topic 1: Overview
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Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Structural Design: Review
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What is a structure?
What does a structure do?
How do you assess the safe performance of a structure?

The spider’s web is a good example of a tension structure.

The weight of the spider and its prey is supported by
tensile strength of the web.

The human skeleton is a structure which maintains the

shape of the body, keeps the various organs and muscles
in the right place and transmits loads down to the ground.

The Burj Khalifa stands at 829.8m – it’s the world’s tallest

manmade structure. It was built using 31,400 metric tones
of steel rebar.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017
 Structural Design: Review
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Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and science combining the intuitive feeling for the behavior of a
structure with rational principles of mechanics (statics, solid mechanics, dynamics, etc.) and structural analysis to
produce a safe and economical structure to serve its intended purposes.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures: Why Steel Structures ?
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Steel is one of the most important building materials in the modern era. It is used solely or in combination with
other materials such as concrete, timber, composites etc for a variety of purposes.
Advantages of Steel:
► Economy
► Durability
► Design flexibility
► Simplicity
► Recyclable -100% any number of times
► Reliable Charchtersics
► All weather construction
► Easy repair
Unique Aspects of Steel Construction:
► Steel is fabricated off-site
(top right) Adversities of Steel:
► On-site erection is a rapid process ► Maintenance cost of a steel
(below right) ► Highly sensitive to
► This gives use of structural steel temperature rise (fire)
some scheduling advantages.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017
 Steel Structures : Why Steel Structures ?
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Steel is not just for structures!

Chicago's Millennium Park Cloud Gate,

(the Bean)

Angel of the North, Newcastle (UK) 20meter tall and 54

meter wing span width. Made out of weathering steel The Gridshell part of the Future of Us Exhibition
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 Steel Structures : Just couldn’t resist!
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Man and Lady of Steel!
Steel is not just for structures!

It makes cartoon people too! ☺

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 Steel Structures : Early History
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Early History: Early History: Early History: Early History:

► Wootz is a steel developed ► Damascus steel is a hot- ► Japanese sword making ► Ancient Use: Beginning 5th Cent. B.C.,
in India around 300 BC.. forged steel used in from special steel forging Weaponry, Ornamentals and Bridge
► The iron pillar is fabricated Middle Eastern sword is special steel forging is construction in India (small suspension
in 310 A.D. making from about 1100 legendary. bridges), Middle East and China.
► It never rusted. to 1700 AD. ► It is still practiced with ► Early Use:1777-79 First Cast iron
► 7.21 m (incl. buried), 41 cm ► The foundation for very labor intensive bridge in England.
in diam.,6 tons Damascus Steel is Wootz process ► 1780-1820 Several bridges all over
► Made by forge welding! Steel. Europe, preliminary rolled shapes
manufactured

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Recent History and Modern Strucures
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Recent History: Modern Structures:

► Bessemer Process invented in ► 1930s Golden Gate bridge,
1855. ► Empire State Building etc 1960s Sears
► Bessemer converter introduced Tower
in 1870. ► Extensive use of steel for medium to
STEEL INTRODUCED high rise buildings and long span
► 1890 Steel replaces all other bridges.
forms ► Equally extensive use of steel in
► Early Structures: industrial structures, airports, etc.
► 1870s Brooklyn Bridge
► 1880s Eiffel Tower (330 m), steel
bridges in Pittsburgh, several
steel buildings in Chicago (rebuilt
Taipei 101 (Taiwan) : 508m
after the great fire)
► 1890s Several steel buildings in Petronas Tower (Malaysia) : 458-462m
NY and Europe
► 1907 Quebec Bridge followed by Sears Tower (USA) : 442m
several bridges in North America
Jin Mao Tower (China) : 421m

Int. Finance Center (China) : 416m

Empire State Building (USA) : 381m

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 Steel Structures : Current Amazing steel structures around the world
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Sydney Harbour Bridge:

► Construction started in 1924, built by 1,400 men in eight years time.
► Is the world's largest steel arch bridge with the top of arch standing 134 meters
above mean sea level.
► Is comprised of 53,000 tonnes of steel as well as six million hand-driven rivets,
which include 395-millimetre-long varieties each weighing roughly 3.5 kilograms.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Current Amazing steel structures around the world
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Golden Gate Bridge:

► The bridge is 2737.4 meter long and contains about 88,000 tons of steel.
► The total weight of the bridge is 887,000 tons.
► The towers stand 221.2 meter above the water and 152.4 meter above street level making them the worlds tallest bridge
towers. They weigh 44,000 tons each and are 1280.16 meter apart from each other.
► The bridge is 27.4 meter wide. There are six driving lanes and two sidewalks. The width of the driving lanes is 18.9 meter
between curbs and the sidewalks are 3.1 meter each. Street level is about 67.1 meter above the water

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Current Amazing steel structures around the world
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Beijing National Stadium:

► It took five years to complete
► it was built with 36 kilometers of unwrapped steel, with a combined weight of
49,600 tons, making it the largest steel structure still standing in the world.
► Occupying 258,000 square meters and seating 91,000 people including 80,000
permanent seats and 11,000 temporary seats with the international standard.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Current Amazing steel structures around the world
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Sears Tower (now Willis Tower):
► The tower was built by 2,000 workers over a period of 3 years and commissioned on 1973.
► The total floor space in the building is roughly equal to that of 101 American football fields.
► On a cloudless day, 4 different states, namely, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana and Illinois, are visible
from the Skydeck at the top of the Tower.
► The structural steel frame of the tower was pre-assembled section-wise. Then they were brought on
site and bolted into place.
► The Tower has been built according to the tube structural system developed by Khan, which is widely
used to construct buildings taller than 40 storeys.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Current Amazing steel structures around the world
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Taipei 101 :
► Construction on the 101-story tower started in 1999 and finished in 2004..
► Taipei 101 was designed to be flexible as well as structurally resistant to withstand gale winds of 134 miles per
hour as well as the strongest earthquakes in a 2,500-year cycle. The building is located just 182.9 meter away
from a major fault line.
► A 728-ton steel pendulum serves as a tuned mass damper to offset up to 40 percent of the building’s movements
caused by strong wind gusts. Visitors who reach the 87th to 91st floors can view the mass damper’s 5.5 meter
diameter sphere. The damper has a mascot: the Damper Baby, with its own comic book and website
► Two additional tuned mass dampers, each weighing 7 tons, are installed at the tip of the spire to help prevent
damage to the structure due to strong wind loads.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Current Amazing steel structures around the world
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Taipei 101 :
► Since the number four is considered unlucky in Chinese culture, Taipei 101 has no 44th floor.
► The main tower of Taipei 101 features a series of eight segments with eight floors in each.
► Built of high-performance steel and concrete construction, Taipei 101’s foundation is reinforced by 380 piles
driven 79.9 meter into the ground, extending 29.9 meter into the bedrock. Each pile is 1.5 meter around and can
bear a load of 1,100–1,460 tons.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Future
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Future:
► There is major drop in North America steel building activity
► Asia is booming, Africa and South America might catch-up
► Millennium Tower in Japan and other futuristic projects are possible (the tower was meant to be about
840 m high, stand alone in Tokyo Bay, isolated, a city of its own population up to 50 000), to be reached by
causeway and boats. Never made it since the late 1980s)

Qatar 2022 FIFA Stadiums

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Steel Structures : Steel | The Material Facts
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Facts: Production, Consumption, Efficiency

► Modern steel was first produced in 1738 in Sheffield England know as “crucible steel” it was
very pure, but difficult and expensive to produce. Today steel is produced in over 50 countries
all across the world.
► British Inventor Henry Bessemer produced the first economical steel in 1856.
► In 2003, China was the first country to produce more than 200 million tons of crude steel in a
year (more than 20% of the world’s steel is produced in China).
► China is the world’s largest consumer of steel (cars general industry construction )
► To every ton of Portland Cement produced, 3 tons of wood and 10 tons of steel are produced.
► China is the world s largest consumer of steel (cars, general industry, construction…)
► Japan is the largest exporter of steel.
► The United States and China are the largest importers of steel.
► Steel is the world’s most recycled material. Steel is recycled mostly from junk cars (3,400,000
cars per year per steel mill; 27 cars / minute in North America )
► More than 60% of the steel produced annually is from recycled steel.
► Per pound of material, steel is the most efficient of all building materials.
► A small amount of steel can do load-carrying tasks with a fraction of the material needed from
other materials such as concrete or wood.
► Steel is the densest of structural materials and therefore handles longer spans, and produces
Addis Ababa institute of Technology lighter structures with the greatest economy. October 21, 2017
 Course Structure: Content and Expectations
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Content Expectation
Part One: The Basics ► The students taking this course must make use of the
► Topic-1: Overview knowledge from previous courses in structural analysis and
► Topic-2: Material Behavior design. At the end of this course, the students are expected to
► Topic-3: Design to Eurocodes clearly demonstrate a basic understanding of the underlying
principles of structural steel element design, basic code based
Part Two: Design of Structural Steel Members procedures, and their application to specific problems in
► Topic-1: Compression Members. element design. They must be ready to design common
► Topic-2: Tension Members member types and joints in practical steel structures.
► Topic-3: Flexural Members ► Students are expected to submit assignments and home take
► Topic-4: Beam-Column Members exercise on the standard assignment submission sheet and
use the standard assignment submission cover page.
Part Three: Design of Connections and Introduction ► Only exam sheets with clear handwriting and rational and
to Timber Structures stepwise calculations will be considered for corrections.
► Topic-1: Structural Connections ► Cheating of any form according to AAU’s rules and regulation
► Topic-2: Plate Girders will result in an automatic “F” grade for the course and
► Topic-3: Timbers Structures subsequent corrective measures from the school.
► And yours ???

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Course Structure: Reference
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Text Books:
1. The Behavior and Design of Steel Structures to EC3,
by N.S. Trahair, M.A. Bradford, D.A. Nethercot, and L. Gardner
2. Structural Steel Design to Eurocode 3 and AISC Specifications,
by Claudio Bernuzzi and Benedetto Cordova
3. Designer’s Guide to Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Buildings EN 1993-1-1, -1-3 and -1-8
by Leroy Gardner and David A. Nethercot
4. Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5,
by Jack Porteous, Abdy Kermani
5. Structural Steelwork: Design to Limit State Theory,
by Dennis Lam, Thien-Cheong Ang, and Sing-Ping Chiew
Code of Standard:
Eurocode

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Course Structure: Assessment & Consultaion Hours
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Continuous Assessment 60%

Test 30% And One more thing!:
Assignment 10%
Extra effort and active participation
Semester Project 20% during the course is highly encouraged
Final Examination 40% and can profit you up to a maximum of
10 bonus marks to your total evaluation.
100%
Reminder: Students are always encouraged and welcomed to raise questions during
and outside class sessions!
Consultation hours: Every Monday
09:00am – 12:00pm
Office: Samsung Building N229
Email: [email protected]

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017

 Course Structure: Course Delivery First Assignment ☺
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Lecture Hours: Every Monday 10:30am-12:00pm and Friday 08:30am-10:20am.

Consultation Hours: Every Tuesday 09:00am-12:00pm.
Seminar: One seminar at the End of October.
You are encouraged to prepare a seminar paper and presentation with the
title “ The History and Development of Steel Making in Ethiopia”.
Due in two weeks.
Site Visit: One visit to steel making plant will be arranged.
Lab Sessions: Tensile test, Flexural test of Beams and Compression test of stections.

Expected: To write an Essay of a maximum of 400 words.

About: Why are you studying Civil Engineering and your expectations from this
course.
Submission date: Next class.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017
23 End of Class One! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!

Addis Ababa institute of Technology October 21, 2017