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Operator Overloading & Dunder Methods - Python Tutorials For Absolute Beginners in Hindi #67

Operator overloading in Python allows operators like + and - to be used with custom classes by defining special methods like __add__ and __sub__, while dunder methods with double underscores like __init__ and __repr__ are used to customize default behaviors for classes. The document discusses operator overloading and dunder methods, providing examples of overloading operators for addition and division between Employee objects and using __str__ and __repr__ to customize string representations.

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79 views

Operator Overloading & Dunder Methods - Python Tutorials For Absolute Beginners in Hindi #67

Operator overloading in Python allows operators like + and - to be used with custom classes by defining special methods like __add__ and __sub__, while dunder methods with double underscores like __init__ and __repr__ are used to customize default behaviors for classes. The document discusses operator overloading and dunder methods, providing examples of overloading operators for addition and division between Employee objects and using __str__ and __repr__ to customize string representations.

Uploaded by

Anonymous AZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operator Overloading & Dunder Methods | Python Tutorials For Absolute

Beginners In Hindi #67

Operator overloading and Dunder Methods may be new concepts for


some of you. However, we have already seen similar concepts in which
different methods act differently on different occasions and places. Let
us understand the Operator overloading first.

Operator Overloading In Python

Operator overloading means to give new meanings to an operator. In


simple words, it means to assign new functionality to an operator beyond
its normal functioning. We will go with the most common and easiest that
we could find related to the concept i.e., the + sign. For numbers, it is
used for addition between them, but in case of a string, it is used to join
or combine two strings, working differently in two different scenarios. The
operators are methods defined in respective classes. Defining methods
for operators is known as operator overloading.

Python Dunder Methods Or Special Functions

Dunder methods in Python are special methods. In Python, we


sometimes see method names with double undescore (__), such as
__init__ method that every Class has. These methods are
called “dunder” methods. In Python, Dunder methods are used for
operator overloading and for customizing the behaviour of some other
function.

Python usually calls dunder methods under the hood. Suppose we want
to join a string with a number using the + sign. Now joining between two
different data types is not possible in Python, and the resultant in such a
case will be an error. So for this purpose, we can use a function provided
to us by Python, named as dunder function. We will write such code in it
so that it may first convert the number to a string and then join them or
any other logic will be fine too until it does what we require. We can even
return 85, regardless of what string or number is given to us, it is all up to
us. 

Methods starting with a double underscore ( __ ) and ending with a


double underscore ( __ ) represents dunder methods.

Check https://docs.python.org/2/library/operator.html to explore more


about operator overloading.
__str__ and __repr__ functions

Both of these built-in methods are used to return a presentable


description about any object rather than the default one. The difference
in them is the way of writing them. The __str__ method is mainly written
for the end-user, while __repr__ is written for a developer. It is
overridden to return a printable string representation of any user-defined
class. An interesting thing to note here is that the priority of __str__ is
greater than __repr__. This means that if we pass an object into a print
statement, it will return us the __str__ string even if __repr__ is also
present there. In such cases, if we want to print __repr__, we have to
call it exclusively with the object name in the print statement.

Difference between __str__ and __repr__ functions

1. If the implementation of __str__ is missing, then __repr__ function


is used as a fallback. If the implementation of __repr__ is missing,
then there will be no fallback.
2. If __repr__ function is returning the String representation of the
object, we can skip the implementation of __str__ function. 
3. The priority of __str__ is higher than __repr__.
class Employee:

no_of_leaves = 8

def __init__(self, aname, asalary, arole):

self.name = aname

self.salary = asalary

self.role = arole

def printdetails(self):

return f"The Name is {self.name}. Salary is {self.salary} and role is {self.role}"

@classmethod

def change_leaves(cls, newleaves):

cls.no_of_leaves = newleaves

def __add__(self, other):

return self.salary + other.salary

def __truediv__(self, other):

return self.salary / other.salary

def __repr__(self):

return f"Employee('{self.name}', {self.salary}, '{self.role}')"

def __str__(self):

return f"The Name is {self.name}. Salary is {self.salary} and role is {self.role}"

emp1 =Employee("Harry", 345, "Programmer")

# emp2 =Employee("Rohan", 55, "Cleaner")

print(str(emp1))

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