1.WHAT IS SUBNETTING?

--the process of dividing a large network into smaller number of networks is called
as subnetting
--this concept was introduced by IETF(internet engineering task force)to save the
public ip addresses

2.BENEFIT OF SUBNETTING
--there are several benefits of subnetting
i)better administration
ii)improve network performance
iii)to save the public IP addresses
iv)implementing security

3.TYPES OF SUBNETTING?
--subnetting are 2 types
i)FLSM(FIXED LENGTH SUBNET MASK)
ii)VLSM(VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASK)

4.WAYS OF SUBNETTING
--we can subnet a network in two ways on the basis of
i)either total number of subnets required by the organization
ii)or total number of host addresse requirement per subnet by the organization

5.WHAT IS SUBNET?
--subnet is logical the part of a main network
--after subnetting all the small networks are called as subnets
--every subnet is an individual network
--a main network can be divided into several numbers of subnets as per the
requirements
--hosts belong to one subnet can not communicate with the hosts belong to the
different subnets

6.FLSM
EXAMPLE--AN ORGANIZATION IS USING 192.168.1.0/24 network. the organizations needs 5
subnets for its 5 departments.
how to do the subnetting.

SOLUTION:-
step 1:--
find the value of n from the given formula
2^n-1>=total number of subnets
2^n-1>=5
2^n>=5+1
2^n>=6
n=1, 2^n=2^1=2>=6(wrong)
n=2, 2^n=2^2=4>=6(wrong)
n=3, 2^n=2^3=8>=6(true)
n=3

step 2:---
i)write the host octate of given NID into binary
192.168.1.000000000(host bits)

ii)take n=3 bits from the host octate from left to right and mark it as subnet bits
192.168.1.000(subnet bits) 00000(host bits)

iii)find all possible combinations of subnet bits

network bits subnet bits host bits
192.168.1. 000 00000
192.168.1. 001 00000
192.168.1. 010 00000
192.168.1. 011 00000
192.168.1. 100 00000
192.168.1. 101 00000
192.168.1. 110 00000
192.168.1. 111 00000

extended network bits host bits

192.168.1. 000 00000
192.168.1. 001 00000
192.168.1. 010 00000
192.168.1. 011 00000
192.168.1. 100 00000
192.168.1. 101 00000
192.168.1. 110 00000
192.168.1. 111 00000

extended network bits or prefix=network bits+subnet bits(24+3=/27)

iv)convert back into decimal

192.168.1.00000000=192.168.1.0/27-----------------------1st subnet
192.168.1.00100000=192.168.1.32/27----------------------2nd subnet
192.168.1.01000000=192.168.1.64/27----------------------3rd subnet
192.168.1.01100000=192.168.1.96/27----------------------4th subnet
192.168.1.10000000=192.168.1.128/27---------------------5th subnet
192.168.1.10100000=192.168.1.160/27---------------------6th subnet
192.168.1.11000000=192.168.1.192/27---------------------7th subnet
192.168.1.11100000=192.168.1.224/27---------------------8th subnet

step 3:--find details of every subnets

SUBNET-1
NID=192.168.1.0/27
BID=192.168.1.31/27
IST VALID HOST=192.168.1.1/27
LAST VALID HOST=192.168.1.30/27
BLOCK SIZE=32
VALID HOSTS=BS-2=32-2=30
DEFAULT SM=/24=11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000=255.255.255.0
CUSTOMIZED SM=/27=11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000=255.255.255.224

SUBNET-2
NID=192.168.1.32/27
BID=192.168.1.63/27
IST VALID HOST=192.168.1.33/27
LAST VALID HOST=192.168.1.62/27
BLOCK SIZE=32
VALID HOSTS=BS-2=32-2=30
DEFAULT SM=/24=11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000=255.255.255.0
CUSTOMIZED SM=/27=11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000=255.255.255.224

SUBNET-3
NID=192.168.1.64/27
BID=192.168.1.95/27
ST VALID HOST=192.168.1.65/27
LAST VALID HOST=192.168.1.94/27
BLOCK SIZE=32
VALID HOSTS=BS-2=32-2=30
DEFAULT SM=/24=11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000=255.255.255.0
CUSTOMIZED SM=/27=11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000=255.255.255.224

7.WHAT IS BLOCK SIZE

--the length of a subnet or the increment of a subnet is called as block size

8.what is CSM(customized subnet mask)

--after subnetting the newly generated subnet mask is calLed as CSM

9.WHAT IS FLSM?
--FLSM is the way of subnetting a network where we get all the subnets having the
same customized subnet mask or the length of every subnet is equal

10.disadvantages of flsm
--cant fullfill the host address requirement as per the demand

11.VLSM(VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASK)

scnerio:--
an organization is using a NID=192.168.1.0/24.the company requires
HR=60 hosts
AC=55 hosts
IT=25 hosts
SALES=10 hosts
MKT=4 hosts

how to do the subnetting so that you can fulfill the requirement?

SOLUTION:
I)START WITH THE HIGHEST HOST REQUIREMENT
HR DEPARTMENT=60 HOSTS
step1:-
find the value of "h" from the given formula
2^h-1>=rquired number of hosts
2^h-1>=60
2^h>=60+1
2^h>=61
if h=6, 2^h=2^6=64>=61

h=6

step2:-
a)write the host octate of given NID into binay
192.168.1.00000000

b)take h=6 bits from host octate from right to left and mark it as host bits and
mark the remaining bits as subnet bits
n/w bits snb host bits
192.168.1. 00 000000

c)find all possoble combinations of subnet bits

192.168.1. 00 000000
192.168.1. 01 000000
192.168.1. 10 000000
192.168.1. 11 000000

d)convert back into decimal

192.168.1.00000000=192.168.1.0/26---------subnet A=HR DEPARTMENT
192.168.1.01000000=192.168.1.64/26--------SUBNET B=AC DEPARTMENT
192.168.1.10000000=192.168.1.128/26-------SUBNET C
192.168.1.11000000=192.168.1.192/26-------SUBNET D

SUBNET A
NID=192.168.1.0/26
BID=192.168.1.63/26
BS=64
V.HOSTS=BS-2=64-2=62
1ST V.HOST=192.168.1.1/26
LAST V.HOST=192.168.1.62/26

THIS SUBNET CAN BE ASSIGNED TO THE HR DEPARTMENT

II) GO FOR THE NEXT HIGHEST REQUIREMENT

AC=55 hosts

step1:-
find the value of "h" from the given formula
2^h-1>=rquired number of hosts
2^h-1>=55
2^h>=55+1
2^h>=56
if h=5, 2^H=2^5=32>=56(WRONG)
if h=6, 2^H=2^6=64>=56(right)
h=6

THIS SUBNET IS ASSIGNED TO THE AC DEPARTMENT

SUBNET B
NID=192.168.1.64/26
BID=192.168.1.127/26
BS=64
V.HOSTS=BS-2=64-2=62
1ST V.HOST=192.168.1.65/26
LAST V.HOST=192.168.1.126/26

III) GO FOR THE NEXT HIGHEST REQUIREMENT

IT=25 hosts
GIVEN NID=192.168.1.128/26

step1:-
find the value of "h" from the given formula
2^h-1>=rquired number of hosts
2^h-1>=25
2^h>=25+1
2^h>=26
if h=5, 2^h=2^5=32>=26

step2:-
a)write the host octate of given NID into binay
192.168.1.10000000

b)take h=5 bits from the host octate and mark it as host bits
n/w bits snb host bits
192.168.1. 100 00000

c)find all possible combinations of subnet bits

192.168.1. 10 0 00000(already 2 bits are in network as we started subnetting with
/26=24+2)

192.168.1. 10 0 00000
192.168.1. 10 1 00000

d)convert back into decimal

192.168.1.10000000=192.168.1.128/27-------SUBNET C.1--IT DEPT
192.168.1.10100000/27=192.168.1.160/27----SUBNET C.2

SUBNET C.1
NID=192.168.1.128/27
BID=192.168.1.159/27
BS=32
V.HOSTS=BS-2=32-2=30
1ST V.HOST=192.168.1.129/27
LAST V.HOST=192.168.1.158/27

IV) GO FOR THE NEXT HIGHEST REQUIREMENT

SALES=10
NID=192.168.1.160/27

step1:
--find the value of h from the given formula
2^h-1>=required number of hosts
2^h-1>=10
2^h>=11
h=4

step2:--
a)write the host octate into binary of the given nid
192.168.1.10100000

b)take h=4 bits from the host octate from right to left

192.168.1.101 0 0000

c)find all possible combinations of subnet bits

192.168.1.101 0 0000
192.168.1.101 1 0000

d)convert back into decimal

192.168.1.10100000=192.168.1.160/28
192.168.1.10110000=192.168.1.176/28

12.WHAT IS VLSM?
--the process of subnetting through we get the subnets of different subnet mask as
per the requirements of the organization is called as VLSM

SOLVING SUBNETTING QUESTIONS