I Explore

Teacher’s Manual
Book 7

Shobhita Johari
Pankaj Tyagi
Parminder Chopra

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 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi 110002

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 Contents

Introduction 4

Overview 6

Answer key 14

Sample papers 107

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 Introduction

Science is a system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world

and its phenomena. It involves unbiased observations and systematic
experimentation. Science should be taught as a living body of knowledge in
which the students are encouraged and guided to make exploratory forays of
their own, as stated in the National Curriculum Framework (2005) guidelines.
The humanistic perspective in science teaching has been a global movement
since the 1970s. It represents one of the powerful ways that science educators
have attempted to provide an alternative to the traditional science curriculum
by involving students in various ways. These include science-technology-
society projects, environmental action projects, scientific and moral reasoning,
and lastly citizen involvement.
The I Explore series comprises of eight textbooks for Classes 1 to 8. The
content of every book is divided into thematic units and draws from the NCERT
syllabus. Every effort is made to extend the learning beyond the classroom in a
holistic manner. The series adopts a hands-on way of teaching science in which
every new concept is supported by everyday examples and numerous activities.
Each chapter starts with a discussion that draws on prior knowledge related to
the topics covered in it. Scientific definitions are explained clearly and simply
in the books to build a foundation for further scientific study. The Activities
in all the chapters are designed to develop students’ skill of experimentation.
Each chapter contains Do You Know? which gives snippets of interesting
information to take the learning beyond the scope of the syllabus. A short
biography of a famous scientist is given in every chapter elaborating his or her
greatest achievements. In-text exercises Formative Assessment will ensure a
revision and reinforcement of the concepts learnt before moving on to the next
section. Important Definitions and Points to Remember are listed at the end
of the chapters to recapitulate the concepts learnt. Summative Assessment
at the end of the chapter will stimulate the students to apply their skill rather
than just revise what they have learnt. Tasks for Formative Assessment Like In
the Laboratory, In the Library, Field Trip, Class Discussion, Search the Web
and Project Idea at the end of each chapter will make the learning of science
interesting and foster the students’ skills of investigation and experimentation.

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 A science teacher should have a large role in determining not only how the
science course is organised, but also how learning is best facilitated. In the
classroom, the teacher-as-leader focuses on working with the students to
collectively achieve an end, or a set of goals. This implies that all students of
the class should know and share a level of agreement with the goals that teacher
has in mind. Selecting unifying concepts and themes leads students to new
ways of thinking. They learn how to connect ideas and how to think holistically.
Therefore, the science teacher should always teach facts and concepts in the
context of an issue. In this way, students get involved in exploring major ideas
not for their own sake, but to solve relevant social and global problems.
The Teacher’s Manual will help teachers find out the answers to all textbook
questions. Each sample paper given in the Teacher’s Manual covers the entire
syllabus and can be used by teachers for assessment work throughout the year.
The papers will widen the scope of learning for students, making it meaningful
as they incorporate events and phenomena connected to the students’ daily
life. The Manual also provides a lesson plan to organise teaching programme
for an academic year. These elements can be shared with the students as part
of a course syllabus and distributed to them at the beginning of the course.
The authors hope that the teachers will be able to provide insight into their
students’ understanding and reasoning using this book.
Shobhita Johari
Pankaj Tyagi
Parminder Chopra

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 animals yield the yarn? How
is the yarn extracted? What
kinds of clothes help us to

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keep warm? Wool, silk −
animal fibres, process of
extraction of silk, associated
health problems, heat flow,
temperature
4 Heat What is heat? What is the Help students Learning how to measure the
meaning of ‘cool’/’cold’ understand temperature of a person using
and ‘warm’/’hot’? the concept of a thermometer; studying the
Understanding heat flow heat flow and temperature of water; studying
and temperature temperature convection in a liquid; studying
radiation using an electric
heater; listing up insulators and

7
conductors; experiment to show
that ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ are relative;
comparing radiation in a black and
a white object
5 Acids, Bases Why does turmeric stain Help students Studying colour change of litmus
and Salt become red on applying understand paper in lemon juice and other
soap? Classification of the elementary liquids; using red cabbage juice
substances into acidic, basic properties of as an indicator to test acidic and
and neutral, indicators acids, bases, basic solutions; testing for acids
neutral solutions and bases; observing neutralisation
and indicators reaction between hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide; finding
acidic and basic solutions from
natural surroundings

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 6 Chemicals What gets deposited on Help students Studying displacement reaction
and Chemical an object made of iron understand how between copper sulphate and
Change if left in a moist state? a new substance zinc; preparing carbon dioxide in

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Chemical substances; is formed in laboratory; experiment to show
in a chemical reaction a a chemical rusting in presence of moisture,
new substance is formed, reaction making crystals of easily available
separation of substances by substance like copper sulphate
crystallisation, Why does the using supersaturated solution and
cut brinjal become black? evaporation
Why is seawater salty? Is
it possible to separate salt
from seawater?
Unit 3: The World of the Living
7 The Living Why are nights cooler? How Help students Looking up the weather report of a

8
World does having winters and understand newspaper; collecting information
and its summers affect soil? Are all the concept on the clothes used in different
surroundings soils similar? What happens of climate, climatic regions; studying the
to water when it falls on the adaptation moisture content in different soil
bare ground? Can we make of animals to samples; studying different types
a pond with sand? Is soil different climatic of soil; texture of various soils by
similar when you dig into conditions, and wetting and rolling; absorption/
the ground? What happens different soil percolation of water in different
to water when it falls on types and their soils; which soil can hold more
the cemented/bare ground? composition water; preparing a table for sunrise
Climate, soil types, soil and sunset timings
profile, absorption of water
in soil, suitability for crops,
adaptations of animals to
different climates

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 8 Respiration Why do animals breathe? Help students Studying respiration of germinating
in Plants and Do plants also breathe? understand theseeds; experiment to show that
Animals Do they also respire? How importance carbon dioxide is given out

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do plants/animals live in of breathing during breathing; what do plants
water? Respiration in plants in plants and ‘breathe’ out? Heat release due to
and animals animals respiration; anaerobic respiration;
proving that water vapour is
also given out during breathing;
recording breathing rate under
different conditions
9 Movement of How does water move Help students Translocation of water in stems;
Substances in plants? How is food learn about the observing vascular bundle
transported in plants? Why transportation of under microscope; studying the
do animals drink water? water and food transpiration process in plants;
Why do we sweat? Why and in plants and learning how to feel the heartbeat;

9
how is there blood in all the importance discussion on dialysis and
parts of the body? of circulatory experiment on dialysis using egg
Why is blood red? and excretory membrane
systems in
Do all animals have blood?
animals
What is there in urine?
Herbs, shrubs, trees;
transport of food and water
in plants; circulatory and
excretory system in animals,
sweating

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 10 Multiplication Why some plant parts like Help students Studying budding of yeast under
in Plants potato, onion are swollen? learn about microscope; observing the
Are they of any use to the reproduction in growth of potato; observing the

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plants? What is the function plants growth of Bryophyllum plant;
of flowers? How are fruits studying vegetative reproduction
nd seeds formed? of different plants; observing
How are they dispersed? pollen tubes coming out from
Vegetative, asexual and pollen grains under microscope;
a sexual reproduction examining seeds within a fruit;
in plants, pollination − collection and discussion of fruits/
cross- and self-pollination, seeds dispersed by different means
pollinators, fertilisation,
fruit, seed
Unit 4: Moving Things, People and Ideas

10
11 Moving Why do people feel the Help students Observing and analysing motion
Objects: need to measure time? understand the (slow or fast) of common objects;
How do we know how need to measure measuring the time taken by
Time and
fast something is moving? time and the moving objects to cover a given
Motion Appreciation of idea of time concept of slow distance and calculating their
and need to measure it, and fast speeds; constancy of time period of
measurement of time using a pendulum; plotting distance vs.
periodic events, idea of time graphs for uniform motion;
speed of moving objects − learning the use of a stop- watch,
slow and fast motion along metre scale, wrist watch, etc.
a straight line

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 Unit 5: How Things Work
12 Electric How can we conveniently Encourage Drawing circuit diagrams;

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Current and represent an electric circuit? students to observing the deflection of
Circuits Why does a bulb get hot? understand an a compass needle; making a
How does a fuse work? electric circuit; simple electromagnet; identifying
How does the current in a help them situations in daily life where
wire affect the direction of understand the electromagnets are used;
a compass needle? Electric heating effect demonstration of working of an
circuit symbol for different of current, electric bell
elements of circuit, heating magnetic
effect of current, principle property of a
of fuse, a current-carrying current-carrying
wire having an effect on a wire and
magnet, a current-carrying working of an

11
coil behaving like a magnet, electric bell
working of an electric bell
Unit 6: Natural Phenomena
13 Winds, Storms What causes storms? What Help students Making wind speed and wind
and Cyclones are the effects of storms? understand direction indicators; activity to
Why are roofs blown off? the causes and show ‘lift’ due to moving air;
High-speed winds and heavy effects of storms Observing the swirling of water in
rainfall having disastrous a bathtub; preparing a list of safety
consequences for human measures taken in an area
and other life

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 Overview
Lesson Topic Syllabus Objectives Activities

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Unit 1: Food
1 Nutrition in How do plants get their Help students Studying the importance of
Plants food? Autotrophic and understand how sunlight in photosynthesis;
heterotrophic nutrition, plants get their proving that plants cannot make
parasites, saprophytes, food their food without sunlight;
photosynthesis proving that starch is produced
during photosynthesis; knowing
the importance of stomata
in photosynthesis; studying
saprophytic nutrition

6
2 Nutrition How do plants and animals Help students Studying different feeding habits of
in Animals utilise their food? Types understand how animals; knowing why bread tastes
of nutrition, nutrition in animals utilise sweet after continuous chewing;
Amoeba and human beings, their food studying the functions of taste
digestive system in human buds; tabulating shedding time of
beings and ruminants, milk teeth
different types of teeth,
link between transport and
respiration
Unit 2: Materials
3 Fibres from Do some of our clothes Help students Collecting different samples of
Animals come from animal sources? learn about the woollen and silk clothes; studying
Which are these animals? different animal the life cycle of silk moth; activity
Who rears them? Which sources of our to differentiate natural and
parts of the clothes artificial fibres

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 14 Light: Can we see a source Encourage Observing the source of light
Reflection, of light through a bent students to through a straight tube and a bent
Mirrors and tube? How can we throw observe and tube; observing reflection of light

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Lenses sunlight on a wall? What learn about on a mirror; discussing real and
things give images that are the rectilinear virtual images; observing reflection
magnified or diminished in propagation of on wall or white paper; observing
size? How can we make a light and the breaking up of white light; focused
coloured disc appear white? concept of image discussions on real and virtual
Rectilinear propagation of formation images; making the Newton’s disc
light, reflection, reflecting and rotating it
surfaces, real and virtual
images, composition of
white light
Unit 7: Natural Resources

12
15 Scarcity of Where and how do you get Help students Drawing the picture of water
Water water for your domestic recognise the cycle; knowing about the major
needs? Is it enough? Is importance of rivers of India; detecting water
there enough water for water in our pollutants; case study of people
agricultural needs? What lives living in scarcity of water; knowing
happens to plants when about variation in rainfall in
there is not enough water different parts of India; exploring
for plants? Where does various kinds of water resources
a plant go when it dies? that exist in nature in different
Occurrence of water in parts of India; variations of water
various forms in nature, availability in different regions
scarcity of water and its
effect on life

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 16 Forest What are the products Help students Knowing about different types
Products we get from forests? Do understand the of forest products; studying food
other animals also benefit importance of chains in different ecosystems;

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from forests? What will forests and role studying trees in an area
happen if forests disappear? of forests in
Interdependence of plants purification of
and animals in forests, air and water
forests contributing to
purification of air and water
17 Waste Where does dirty water Encourage Survey of the neighbourhood;
Management from your house go? Have students to take identifying locations with open
you seen a drain? Does the responsibility drains, stagnant water, and
water stand in it sometimes? of the garbage possible contamination of ground
Does this have any harmful they produce water by sewage; tracing the route
effect? Sewage, need for and think about of sewage in a building and trying

13
drainage / sewer systems the ways in to understand whether there are
that are closed which they can any problems in sewage disposal
be disposed and
reused

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER 1: NUTRITION IN PLANTS

Formative Assessment (Page 5)

1. 1. State if the following sentences are True or False.
a. False b. False c. True
d. True e. False
2. Choose the correct answer.
a. Stomata b. Leaves c. nutrient
d. Photosynthesis
3. Nutrition is essential for us as this process helps in breaking down of
various inorganic and organic raw materials which are required for
building the structure and maintaining the body functions.
4. Nutrition refers to the mean by which an organism obtains its food and
also the process by which nutrients in food are broken down to simpler
molecules for utilization by the body.
5. The characteristic features of autotrophic nutrition are:
a. In autotrophic nutrition, autotrophs make their own food with the
help of light energy of the Sun, carbon dioxide from the air and water
from the soil.
b. All green plants and cyanobacteria are called autotrophs.
6. The raw materials required for autotrophic nutrition are:
a. Light energy of the Sun
b. Carbon dioxide from the air
c. Water from the soil
7. The by products of photosynthesis are glucose and Oxygen.

Formative Assessment (Page 9)

1. Choose the correct answer.
a. Lichen b. Guard cells c. Cuscuta
d. parasitic
2. Match the correct answer.
a. iii b. iv c. i d. ii

14

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 3. Lichen is a symbiotic plant. The body of lichen consists of algae and
fungi. They live in close contact with each other. Algae being green
provide food material to the fungal component in the lichen. In return,
the fungi provide shelter, water and minerals to the algae.
4. During rainy season, the bread becomes moist and hence gives birth to
moulds. The bread moulds suck the food material from the rotting bread.
The growth of the bread moulds turns the loaf of the bread to blue,
brown or greenish colour.
5. The pitcher plant feeds on insects though it is green. They do so to fulfill
their requirements of nutrients, especially nitrogen as the soil where they
grow does not have enough nitrogen.
6. Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association between the roots of some plants
and fungi. The hyphae (root like organs) of certain fungi form specialized
sheaths around the roots of certain plants. This fungal root- coating
is called mycorrhiza. The plant provides its food to the fungi and the
fungi help the plant by providing it with the necessary nutrients and by
improving the plant’s ability to store carbohydrates. Mycorrhiza is seen in
some mushrooms and orchids.

Summative Assessment (Page 11)

Exercise A
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b
Exercise B
1. heterotroph 2. chlorophyll 3. phloem
4. Haustoria 5. Symbiosis
C. Short answer questions. (Page 11)
1. Animals eat either plants or other animals, which eat plants. So,
indirectly, all animals depend upon plants for food.
2. Photosynthesis is the process by which a plant uses the energy from the
light of the Sun to make its own food.
3. Sunlight is the major source of energy for synthesis and with the help of
chlorophyll plants absorb energy from sunlight.
4. Saprophytic plants get their nutrition from dead and decaying organic
matter. They are usually white in colour, although they can have bright
colourful flowers. There are certain plants that grow on other plants

15

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 and share their food material. None of the plants is harmed from this
association. Such plants are called symbiotic plants.
5. The end products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.
6. The body of lichen consists of algae and fungi. They live in close physical
contact with each other. Algae being green provide food material to the
fungal component in the lichen. In return, the fungi provide shelter,
water and minerals to the algae.
7. Parasitic plants get their food from another green plant known as
host. Parasitic plants suck the sap from the stems of the host using
their special parasitic roots. Haustoria penetrate into the host tissue
and make connections with the conducting elements of host and draw
nourishment. One example of parasitic plant is Cuscuta.
8. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny pores called stomata, found
in the underside of leaves. Water is absorbed from the soil by small root
hairs in the ground. There are special conducting tubes called xylem
which carry water to the food-making cells in the leaves.
9. Symbiotic relationship between organisms is such that both the
organisms depend on each other and none of them is harmed from this
association. A good example of symbiotic relationship is mycorrhiza.
10. There are some plants that feed on the insects trapped within their
leaves. The soil where they grow does not have enough nutrients,
especially nitrogen. Therefore, they obtain their nutrients from insect’s
bodies. Such plants are called insectivorous plants or carnivorous plants.
Venus flytrap is a insectivorous plant.
11. Pitcher plant cannot make its own food using sunlight.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 12)
1. Non- green plants exhibit heterotrophic nutrition because of their
inability to make their own food in the absence of chlorophyll. They
depend upon on the food prepared by other green plants.
According to the mode of nutrition, heterotrophic plants can be classified
into the following types:
a. Parasitic plants- These plants get their food from the host plants.
Example: Cuscuta
A Cuscuta attaches itself to an adjacent plant and wraps itself
around it. If the host contains food beneficial to Cuscuta, the later
produces a special parasitic root called as haustoria that penetrates

16

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 the vascular system of the host. The original root of the Cuscuta in
the soil then dies and it gets all the nourishment from the host plant.
b. Saprophytic plants- These plants get their nutrition from dead and
decaying organic matter.
Example: Rhizopus
A cotton – like black coloured growth on bread is seen when a moist
bread is left for a few days. These are saprophytic plants called as
Rhizopus which suck their food materials from the rotting bread.
c. Symbiotic plants- Such plants grow on other plants and share their
food material.
Example: Lichen
Lichen is a symbiotic plant. The body of lichens consists of algae and
fungi. The body of lichen consists of algae and fungi. They live in
close contact with each other. Algae being green provide food material
to the fungal component in the lichen. In return, the fungi provide
shelter, water and minerals to the algae.
d. Insectivorous plants- These plants feed on the insects trapped within
their leaves.
Example: Pitcher plant
Leaves of the Pitcher plant are modified to form pitchers or cup-like
structures. These pitchers are hollow tubes which open at the top and
are completely or partially covered by a specialized flap or hood. The
brightly coloured hood often secretes nectar and attracts insects or
other preys. The inside of the pitcher is lined with downward pointing
hair. Once an insect is trapped by the pitcher, the hood closes down
and the hair prevent the trapped insect from escaping out. The insect
drowns at a small pool of water situated at the bottom of the pitcher,
where its body is decomposed by digestive acids secreted into water by
plant. The result is a nitrogen- rich liquid food available to the plant.
2. Photosynthesis is the process by which a plant uses the energy from the
light of the Sun to make its own food.
The process of photosynthesis is explained below:
Photosynthesis is a complex process. A series of chemical reactions
change the raw materials like carbon dioxide and water to the food
product glucose. Carbon dioxide combines with water using the stored
energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to produce the
food, i.e. glucose.
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 The following reaction takes place during the process of photosynthesis:
Sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water Glucose + Oxygen
Chlorophyll
3. The conditions required for photosynthesis are:
Water from the soil
Water is absorbed from the soil by small root hair in the ground.
There are special conducting tubes called xylem which carry water to
the food-making cells in the leaves.
Sunlight
Sunlight is the major source of energy for photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide in the air
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny pores called stomata. They
are found in the leaves. Gases move in and out through stomata.
A green pigment called chlorophyll
Leaves are the site where photosynthesis takes place. Leaves have
some special organelles called chloroplast which contains the green
pigment chlorophyll. Some plants do not have any leaves. They
perform photosynthesis using their green stem.
4. The differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of
nutrition are shown below:
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

Autotrophs prepare their own food. Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs

for food.
They depend on solar energy directly. They depend on solar energy
indirectly.
In this process carbon dioxide is taken In this process food is taken into
and oxygen is released. body and undigested food is released
outside of the body.
E.g. Plants and cyanobacteria E.g. Bacteria and other animals

5. Autotrophs make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. The

by-products formed during the process of photosynthesis are oxygen and
glucose. The gaseous exchange takes place through stomata. Glucose is
transported to different parts of the plant. Some of the glucose is used

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 immediately by plants for energy; some is stored as starch. The vegetables
which we eat contain this stored food. Therefore autotrophs lack digestive
system.
On the other hand, herbivores and carnivores have digestive system as the
food they eat need to be digested. After digestion, the waste is removed
from the body.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 12)

1. Dodder and Mistletoe are considered parasites because they do not have
chlorophyll in their body and get all their food from the host plants.
2. Plants prepare their own food during photosynthesis using the energy
from the sunlight. Animals eat either plants or other animals, which eat
plants. So, animals are indirectly dependent on the Sun.
3. Carnivorous plants can perform photosynthesis. They grow on soil which
does not have enough nutrients, specially nitrogen. Therefore they obtain
their nutrients from insect’s bodies.

CHAPTER 2: NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

Formative Assessment (Page 17)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Ingestion b. Absorption c. Food vacuole
d. Egestion e. Saprozoic
2. The mode of nutrition in which the organism takes chunk of food or the
whole food is called holozoic nutrition.
3. The five steps involved in the holozoic nutrition are:
1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption
4. Assimilation and 5. Egestion
4. When an Amoeba comes in contact with a food particle, it expands its
cup-shaped pseudopodia around the food. Gradually the pseudopodia
cover the food and engulf it into its cytoplasm. The food particle now
present inside the body of an Amoeba is called food vacuole.
5. The other plants and animals from which the animals derive nutrients are
called host in the parasitic nutrition.

19

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 Formative Assessment (Page 20)
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Stomach and Small Intestine b. anus
c. digestive d. villi e. Digestive system
2. Match the correct answer.
a. ii b. iii c. v d. i e. iv
3. Stomach
4. The alimentary canal along with the associated glands is called the
digestive system.
5. The functions of the salivary glands are:

food.

smaller molecules.

Formative Assessment (Page 24)

1. State whether the following sentences are True or False.
a. True b. False c. True
d. False e. False
2. Cow, goat and buffalo.
3. The total number of teeth present in an organism is termed as dentition.
4. Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum
5. Premolars facilitate grinding and mastication of food.
Molars are used to chew food.
6. This process of chewing the cud is called rumination.

Summative Assessment (Page 25)

Exercise A
1. b 2. b 3. b 4. a
Exercise B
1. Cellulose 2. Pseudopodia
3. Large intestine 4. Liver
5. Small intestine
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 C. Short answer questions. (Page 26)
1. Glucose is absorbed directly into bloodstream during the process of
digestion. Hence it provides us with instant energy.
2. Similarity: Amoeba takes in whole solid food just like human beings.
Difference: it does not have specialized organ like mouth for taking in
food like human beings.
3. No, we cannot survive solely on green leafy vegetables or grass. This is
because green leafy vegetable are a source of vitamins and minerals, but
our body needs proteins as well as fat for its proper functioning. We get
protein from pulses, meat etc. we get adequate quantity of fats from oils
and butter. The combination of all the nutrients makes up a balanced diet
for our survival. Hence, we cannot survive only on green leafy vegetables.
4. Taking up the soluble forms of food into the tissues is called absorption.
Utilization of the nutrients for various body functions is known as
assimilation.
5. The animals quickly eat the fodder and store it in the part of stomach
known as rumen. Here, the food is partially digested and stored as cud.
The animals have the ability to bring the cud back to their mouth for
complete chewing. This process is known as rumination.
6. Mouth and oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum are the organs of digestive system.
7. When an amoeba comes in contact with a food particle, it expands its
cup-shapes pseudopodia around the food. Gradually the pseudopodia
cover the food and engulfs it into its cytoplasm. This is the process of
ingestion in amoeba.
8. Taking in of big or small particles of food is termed as ingestion.
Breaking down food into simper forms is called digestion. Removal of
undigested or waste matter from body is called egestion.
9. Incisors have chisel-like ends and are meant for cutting and biting.
Canines have pointed ends and are meant for tearing food.
10. Babies are fed with semi-solid food and milk because they are not able to
digest the heavy foods.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 26)
1. Different modes of nutrition in animals are as follows:
Holozoic nutrition
Holozoic nutrition is the nutrition in which the organisms take whole
solid food or liquid food. This food is used to release energy by a series
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 of chemical reactions inside the body. This type of nutrition is seen
in humans and other commonly found animals. Holozoic animals are
herbivores, carnivores or omnivores.
Parasitic nutrition
In this mode of nutrition, animals derive nutrients from other animals or
plants called host. This kind of relationship between the parasite and the
host is called parasitism. Mosquito is an example of human parasite that
feeds on human blood. Louse is another human parasite.
Saprozoic nutrition
In this mode of nutrition, organisms derive nutrition from dead organic
matter. Millipedes, woodlice and dung flies accomplish their nutrient
requirements by this method. They are called detritivores.
Mutualistic nutrition
In this mode of nutrition, two animals live close to each other and they
interact in such a manner that either both are benefited or one of them is
benefited. But none of them is harmed from this association. A very good
example of mutualistic association is the association between remora and
shark. The remora is a marine fish that is usually found in the warmer
part of the oceans. They cling onto the body surface of sharks and get
their nutrients from the places where the sharks move around.
2. Different types of teeth in an adult are:
Incisors
There are two pairs of incisors. They have chisel-like ends and are meant
for cutting and biting.
Canines
There is a pair of canines in each jaw. They have pointed ends and are
meant for tearing the food. Canine teeth are well-developed in carnivores.
Premolars
There are two pairs of premolars in each jaw. They are bigger than incisors
and canines and are flattened on top. There are four premolars each on
upper and lower jaws, two on either side. The surface of a premolar has
small humps which facilitate grinding and mastication of food.
Molars
There are three pairs of molars in each jaw. They are used to chew food.
Molars are also flattened on top.

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 Diagrammatic representation of different types of teeth is shown below:

3.

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 Cows are ruminants i.e. they are the animals that chew the cud.
Following are the different organs of the digestive system of a cow:
Oesophagus
Food reaches the stomach from mouth through a narrow passage called
oesophagus.
Stomach
The stomach of the cow has four chambers- rumen, reticulum, omasum
and abomasum. Such a four chambered stomach of the cow is called a
compound stomach.
Rumen: The food swallowed by the cow enters the first big chamber, i.e.
Rumen. Here the food is grinded.
Reticulum: The grinded food from the Rumen enters the Reticulum,
where it is returned into the mouth to be broken into smaller pieces and
convered into soft pulp called cud. It is now chewed thoroughly. This
process of chewing the cud is called rumination. During rumination, the
cud mixes with saliva and becomes a semi-liquid paste.
Omasum: After rumination, the food is pushed directly into third
chamber Omasum from where it is again pushed to the fourth chamber.
Abomasum: In this chamber, the digestive juices mix with the semi-liquid
cud. These juices break down the food into simpler form.
Small intestine and large intestine
The semi-digested food now enters the small intestine and then into the
large intestine from where the remaining digestion process continuous as
it does in human beings.
4. Whenever you get rid of carbohydrates and eat mainly protein, your body,
will start using carbohydrates as fuel. This is because of the reason that
proteins take longer time to digest and metabolise. For all these activities,
stored carbohydrates in your body will be burnt. This way it results in
weight loss.
5. When we eat a carbohydrate, the food gets converted into glucose, a type
of sugar whose main purpose and benefit when working out is to supply
energy to our muscles and brain. Extra glucose is stored by the body which
is also used as fuel during exercise. Insufficient blood glucose levels during
workouts can lead to fatigue. It takes a few hours for the body to digest food
and get energy from it. Therefore, taking glucose water gives instant energy
to the athletes. Therefore, athletes carry glucose water while exercising.

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 Oral cavity

Oesophagus

Liver
Stomach
Pancreas

Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum

Anus

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 26)

1. Carnivores have highly developed canines to tear off flesh easily. Their
sharp incisors help to grab the prey and the powerful molars and
premolars slice through flesh and bones.
2. Herbivores have different type of teeth as they are used to plant based
diet. They have incisors only in lower jaw. Their molars are broad and flat
with ridges for grinding. They have long chisel-like incisors for gnawing
grass and twigs.
3. Omnivores have all the four types of teeth developed. They fit together to
give the neat bite at the front side of the mouth and an efficient chewing
system at the back.
4. Whenever we see tasty food, our brain prepares the body for eating the
food, for which it sends the signal to the salivary glands so that it starts
secreting the saliva. Hence, tasty food makes our mouth waters.
5. Lactobacillus in curd is the bacteria that form lactic acid in stomach.
This lactic acid further helps in digestion of food. In fact, curd helps in
neutralizing the acidic conditions in stomach.

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 CHAPTER 3: FIBRES FROM ANIMALS

Formative Assessment (Page 31)

1. a. fleece b. shearing c. Merino
d. mohair e. natural
2. The wool obtained from the bellies of cashmere goat which is found in
Tibet and China is called the cashmere wool. This wool is one of the most
expensive, extremely soft, and easy to dye wool.
3. The fibre from angora goat is called mohair. Mohair is famous for its light
weight, warmth and durability.
4. Angora wool is extremely soft, warm and fluffy. This wool is especially
used to prepare ladies sweaters and soft coverings for furniture.
5. The quality of wool is determined by various factors like fibre diameter,
colour, fibre strength, etc. Fibre diameter is the most important wool
characteristic which determines quality and price.

Formative Assessment (Page 34)

1. a. head b. Bombyx mori c. mulberry
d. silk moth e. once

Summative Assessment (Page 35)

Exercise A
1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. d
Exercise B
1. Anthrax 2. Fibroin and sericin
3. The thick covering of wool on a sheep is called fleece.
4. Merino wool 5. Larva
C. Short answer questions. (Page 36)
1. a. Brown fleece: Rampur bushair
b. Wool for woollen shawl: Bakharwal
c. Wool for hosiery: Patanwadi
d. Coarse wool: Marwari
2. Silk is resistant to moths and other insects. Therefore, it can be kept
intact for many years.
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 3. Fleece is of two types: one is soft under hair part which is close to skin
and another is the hard upper hair part.
4. Fabric refers to a cloth made by weaving, knitting, or felting fibres.
5. Silk is one of the highly priced fibres because of its shining lustre. It is a
good fabric for both winters and summers.
6. The process of cutting wool off a sheep is called shearing. Shearing of a
sheep is done annually. Very sharp blades are run close to the sheep skin
for removing the coat of wool. Sometimes the sheep are washed before
shearing to pull out some of the natural lanolin and to remove large
pieces of debris.
7. The steps for extracting wool are given below:

Shearing of a sheep is done annually. Very sharp blades are run close
to the sheep skin for removing the coat of wool. Sometimes the
sheep are washed before shearing to pull out some of the natural
lanolin and to remove large pieces of debris.

with soap water to remove all unwanted and greasy material. This
wool is then dried and passed through rollers.

Wools of the same quality is processed together to obtain different

types of textiles.

the wool is combed to pull the fibres into alignment and to remove
chunks of material which may be caught in it. Combed wool is then
run through very fine wire brushes to line the fibres up, pull out
short segments, and give the fibres their final shape and direction.

weaving, crocheting, or knitting.

8. The names of two plant fibres are: cotton and jute
The names of two animal fibres are: wool and silk
9. Angora wool is obtained from angora goats or rabbits found in hilly
regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Angora wool is extremely soft, warm
and fluffy. The fibre from angora goat is called mohair. Mohair is famous
for its light weight, warmth and durability. This wool is especially used
to prepare ladies sweaters and soft coverings for furniture.

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 10. The female silk moth lays eggs in groups. The eggs develop into
silkworms called larva or caterpillars. The silkworm eats large amounts
of leaves for 20-30 days and moulds itself and changes their skin. Before
moving to the next stage, it spins a solid cocoon around its body and
changes to the next stage i.e pupa inside the cocoon. The cocoon takes
about three days to be fully complete. The cocoon is made of a fibre
which changes to silk on exposure to air. The pupa emerges from the
cocoon as a silk moth.
11. The female silk moth lays eggs in groups. The eggs develop into
silkworms called larva or caterpillars. The larva or caterpillars feed on
the mulberry leaves for 3 to 4 weeks.
12. In the process of producing silk, the silkworm completes its cocoon
which is about 4 cm long, in about five days by producing 600-1200
metres of silk filament. The cocoons are then put in hot water which
kills the worms as well as loosens the filaments. One cocoon contains
approximately 1000 yards of silk filament. The silk at this stage is known
as raw silk.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 36)
1. Some of the serious health problems faced by the workers of silk and
wool industry are given below:

a bacterium called anthrax, which causes a fatal blood disease called

sorter’s disease.

water for long hours, as a result of this their skin becomes raw and
blistered.

boiling water. Also, during reeling, lot of fibre and other things are
inhaled by them. This result in health problems like asthma, bronchial
allergies and related ailments.

infections and illnesses.

spinning and winding machines and looms. This results in hearing

deficiencies.

problems.
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 2. The exclusive properties of silk fibre are:

take on a bright sparkle.

break down its fibres.

worn both in summers and winters.

intact for years.

other fibres like wool to prepare beautiful garments.

3. a. Scouring: This process involves washing the sheared wool thoroughly
with soap water to remove all unwanted and greasy material. This
wool is then dried and passed through rollers.
b. Combing: The sorting process is followed by combining, in which
the wool is combed to pull the fibres into alignment and to remove
chunks of material which may be caught in it. Combed wool is then
run through very fine wire brushes to line the fibres up, pull out short
segments, and give the fibres their final shape and direction.
c. Shearing: The process of cutting wool off a sheep is called shearing.
Shearing of a sheep is done annually. Very sharp blades are run close
to the sheep skin for removing the coat of wool. Sometimes the sheep
are washed before shearing to pull out some of the natural lanolin and
to remove large pieces of debris.
d. Sorting: The wool is divided into sections and graded by quality.
Wools of the same quality is processed together to obtain different
types of textiles.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 36)

1. India has different types of climate in different regions. All types of
climate do not suit all breeds of sheep. Hence, different breeds exist in
different regions. For example, Lohi breed of sheep exists in Rajasthan
and Punjab. Thus, the people of that area will use the wool obtained from
that sheep as it would be more readily available.

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 2. Yes, the large scale production of silk from silkworms is making them
extinct. Therefore, large scale breeding of silkworms is being done so that
they can be saved from extinction and good quality silk can be produced
from them.
3. The silk and wool fibres can be preserved by hand cleaning them to
preserve their quality. Silk and wool fibres should be kept carefully away
from direct sunlight so that their colours can be preserved.

CHAPTER 4: HEAT

Formative Assessment (Page 41)

1. a. Temperature b. 98.4° F c. 37°C.
d. Mercury thermometer e. Gabriel Fahrenheit
2. Generally temperature is measured by a unit called ‘degree Celsius’ which
is shown as ‘°C’. Kelvin (K) and Fahrenheit (F) are the other two units of
temperature.
3. The thermometers that doctors use to measure our body temperature are
called clinical thermometer. It is generally a mercury thermometer and
uses the Fahrenheit scale. There is a little arrow at 98.4° F on the glass
tube of a clinical thermometer. This marks the normal body temperature.
4. The Fahrenheit scale of a clinical thermometer starts from 32° F and is
divided into 180 equal divisions. In Celsius scale each division measures
a temperature difference of 1°C whereas each division in Fahrenheit scale
measures 1°F.

Formative Assessment (Page 44)

1. a. Joule b. heat c. vacuum.
d. radiation e. fluids
2. Vacuum refers to the absence of any medium such as air, water etc.
3. The materials that allow heat to pass through them easily are called
conductors. For example, stainless steel, copper aluminium etc.
4. The materials that do not allow heat to pass through them easily are
called insulators. For example, plastic, wood, water etc.

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 Summative Assessment (Page 45)
Exercise A
1. c 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b
Exercise B
1. Clinical thermometer 2. The unit of heat is Joule (J)
3. Insulators 4. Insulator
5. Temperature
C. Short answer questions. (Page 46)
1. The materials that allow heat to pass through them easily are called
conductors. For example, stainless steel, cooper aluminium etc.
2. In summer, light-coloured clothes are preferred because they absorb less
amount of heat than dark clothes. Thus, they keep us relatively cooler.
3. The umbrella partly reflects and partly absorbs the heat. Therefore,
we feel cool while walking under an umbrella as only a part of heat is
transmitted.
4. All light rays contain some amount of heat energy. When a light beam
falls on a solid or fluid surface, a part of its heat energy is reflected, a
part is absorbed and a part may be transmitted. The absorbed heat raises
the temperature of the body.
5. There are three modes of heat transfer, namely, conduction, convection
and radiation.
6. In winters, dark-coloured clothes are preferred because dark-coloured
clothes absorb more heat and keep us warm. Also, wool is a poor
conductor of heat. Also, air is trapped in between wool fibres. Hence,
woollen clothes prevent body heat from escaping into the surroundings
and we feel warm in winter.
7. Mercury is the ideal element for using in a thermometer because of the
following reasons:

range of temperature.

8. Our normal body temperature in Fahrenheit scale is 98.4 °F.

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 9. When we hold a metal rod over a flame, the end of the rod away from
the flame also gets hot because metals are good conductors of heat and
the rod conducts heat from one end to the other.
10. Conduction is the spontaneous transfer of heat energy from a region
of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Therefore,
conduction acts to equalise temperature differences. In case of fluids,
the molecules themselves carry energy from a hotter region to a colder
region. This process of heat transfer is called convection.
11. The steps that need to be taken to read a thermometer are:

the ‘normal’ mark.

person whose temperature is to be taken. Wait for two minutes.

mercury ends.
12. Heat is transferred in the absence of any medium in case of radiation
mode.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 46)
1. a. Conduction: This is the spontaneous mode of heat transfer therefore,
we just need a region from where heat has to be transferred and the
other region where heat is transferred.
b. Convection: The condition for heat transfer through convection is the
presence of liquid or gas i.e. a fluid.
2. When a fluid such as water comes in contact with an object whose
temperature is higher than that of the fluid, convection occurs. The
temperature of the part of the fluid which is in contact with a hot object
increases. The fluid expands and thus it becomes less dense i.e. its density
decreases.
3. Conduction is the spontaneous transfer of heat energy from a region
of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Therefore,
conduction acts to equalise temperature differences. However, in case of
fluids, the molecules themselves carry energy from a hotter region to a
colder region. This process of heat transfer is called convection.
4. Convection plays an important role in maintaining a moderate
temperature in coastal areas. Land masses (coastal city or beach) heat

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 up much faster than water bodies (sea, ocean) during daytime, and cool
down much faster during night. This temperature gradient sets up a
wind pattern.
5. The thermometers that doctors use to measure our body temperature are
called clinical thermometer. It is generally a mercury thermometer and
uses the Fahrenheit scale. The Fahrenheit scale of a clinical thermometer
starts from 32° F and is divided into 180 equal divisions. In Celsius scale
each division measures a temperature difference of 1°C whereas each
division in Fahrenheit scale measures 1°F. There is a little arrow at 98.4°
F on the glass tube of a clinical thermometer. This marks the normal
body temperature. The tube has a constriction near the bulb. It is made
to ensure that mercury cannot go back to the bulb till temperature is
read.
6. The steps that need to be taken to read a clinical thermometer are:

‘normal’ mark.

person whose temperature is to be taken. Wait for two minutes.

mercury ends.
7. During the day, the land gets heated faster than water. The air over the
land becomes hotter and rises up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in
towards the land to take its place. The warm air from the land moves
towards the sea to complete the cycle. The air moving from the sea
towards the land is called sea breeze. At night, it is exactly the opposite.
The land cools down faster than the water. So, the cool air from the land
moves towards the sea. This is called the land breeze.
8. Conduction is the spontaneous transfer of heat energy from a region
of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Therefore,
conduction acts to equalise temperature differences. However, in case of
fluids, the molecules themselves carry energy from a hotter region to a
colder region. This process of heat transfer is called convection.
9. The energy from the Sun reaches us by the process of radiation.
All hot bodies radiate heat. Our body too, gives off heat to the
atmosphere and receives heat from the atmosphere by the process of
radiation.

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 HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 46)
1. Yes, other elements like gallium, indium and tin can replace mercury in
thermometers but the colour of the bulb will not be silver. It may be red,
blue, purple, green or any other colour.
2. Wool is a poor conductor of heat. Also, air is trapped in between wool
fibres. Hence, woollen clothes prevent body heat from escaping into the
surroundings and we feel warm in winter.
3. Earth is covered by a blanket of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
They help maintain the Earth’s temperature by greenhouse effect. The
radiations from the Sun are absorbed by the greenhouse gases and re-
radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards
the surface and lower atmosphere, it helps in maintaining Earth’s
temperature.

CHAPTER 5: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Formative Assessment (Page 51)

1. a. strong b. weak c. dilute
d. concentrated and dilute e. colourless
2. Acids cannot be stored in a metal container because acids corrode metals.
For example, iron and aluminium containers can get corroded when an
acid is stored in them. Therefore, glass or plastic containers are used to
store acids.
3. Aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and
concentrated nitric acid. It contains three parts of concentrated
hydrochloric acid and one part of concentrated nitric acid.
4. Acids should be handled carefully because all mineral acids are dangerous
for the skin. When they come in contact with the skin, they cause burns.
5. When acids come in contact with active metals, they react with them. The
hydrogen atoms present in acids get replaced by the metals thus leading
to the formation of salt and hydrogen gas.

Formative Assessment (Page 55)

1. a. Sodium bicarbonate b. sodium hydroxide.
c. alkalis d. red e. lichens

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 2. Calcium hydroxide is commonly used in white washing of houses and in
preparing bleaching powder.
3. Yes, bases conduct electricity.
4. Indicators are weak organic acids or bases that change their colour with
a change in the nature of the medium. Therefore, indicators can be acidic
or basic in nature.
5. Phenolphthalein and methyl orange are two synthetic indicators that are
used in our laboratories.
6. a. Turmeric juice: It changes colour from orange to red in basic solution.
b. Juice of China rose: It turns acidic solutions to dark pink (magenta)
and basic solutions to green.
c. Juice of red cabbage: It turns red in acidic solution and green in basic
solution.

Formative Assessment (Page 58)

1. a. neutral solution b. baking soda c. neutralisation
d. high e. Sodium carbonate
2. The two products that are always formed in a neutralisation reaction are
salt and water.
3. The chemical name if baking soda is sodium bicarbonate.
4. The mixing of an acid with a base or vice-versa is called neutralisation
and such reaction is called neutralisation reactions. For example,
Acid + Base Salt + Water
Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate + Water
5. Soaps are sodium salts of vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide. They are
prepared by heating vegetable oil with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
and then adding common salt solution to separate soap from the solution.

Summative Assessment (Page 59)

Exercise A
1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. d
Exercise B
1. Sodium chloride and water formation takes place.
2. Hydrogen gas 3. Tannic acid

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 4. Research Department Explosive 5. Potassium hydroxide
6. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 7. Sodium hydroxide
8. Indicators 9. Neutralisation reaction
10. Alkalis
C. Short answer questions. (Page 59)
1. The bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. For example,
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), barium
hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 etc. are alkalis.
2. The word caustic means corrosive. Bases are called caustic because they
are corrosive to skin.
3. The examples of mineral acids are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and
nitric acid. These are also called inorganic acids.
4. The acids obtained from living beings are called organic acids. These
acids are present in the bodies of human beings, animals and plants. For
example, citric acid, acetic acid and lactic acid.
5. Salt is a compound formed by the neutralisation of an acid with a base.
A salt contains a positively charged ion (an atom which has an electric
charge) called cation and a negatively charged ion called anion. The
anion is contributed by the acid and the cation is contributed by the
base. The most common salt used by us in our daily lives is sodium
chloride.
6. Sodium hydroxide or caustic soda is the base used to prepare soaps.
7. Nitric acid is used to prepare fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate and
explosives like TNT (trinitrotoluene) and RDX (Research Department
Explosive).
8. Magnesium hydroxide or milk of magnesia is an important antacid used
to neutralise acidity caused due to excessive secretion of hydrochloric
acid in our stomach.
9. Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove stains.
10. Litmus is obtained from lichens which is a symbiotic association
between an alga and a fungus.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 60)
1. China rose petals when kept soaked in warm water for some time
makes water coloured. This coloured water may be used as an indicator.
This indicator turns acidic solutions to dark pink (magenta) and basic

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 solutions to green. This is how china rose petals can be used as an
indicator.
2. All bases have some unique features. They are bitter in taste and are
soapy to touch. They turn red litmus blue. They turn phenolphthalein
solution pink and become yellow with methyl orange solution. Bases are
corrosive to skin. They are good conductors of electricity. Also, bases
react with acids to form salt and water. For example,
Potassium Hydrochloric
+ Potassium chloride + Water
hydroxide acid
3. The mixing of an acid with a base or vice versa is called neutralisation
and such reactions are called neutralisation reactions. When an acid is
mixed with a base, both the solutions neutralise the effect of each other.
When acid solution and base solution are mixed in optimum amounts,
both the acidic nature of the acid and basic nature of the base are
destroyed. The resulting solution is neither acidic nor basic and such a
solution is called a neutral solution. In a neutralisation reaction, heat is
always evolved. Also, in a neutralisation reaction, a substance called salt
is formed along with water. For example, in the reaction given below,
magnesium nitrate is the salt formed.
Nitric acid + Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium nitrate + Water
The salt formed may be acidic or basic depending upon the type of acid or
base used.
4. Properties of acids: Acids have a sour taste and they turn blue litmus
paper red. If we put phenolphthalein solution in an acid, it will turn
colourless. All acids conduct electricity. They are corrosive in nature.
Strong acids destroy organic matter and also corrode metals such as iron
and aluminium. All acids can cause burns on the skin. Acids are soluble
in water. Acids can react with active metals leading to the formation of
salt and hydrogen gas. Acids react with bases to form salt and water.
Properties of bases: All bases have some unique features. They are bitter
in taste and are soapy to touch. They turn red litmus blue. They turn
phenolphthalein solution pink and become yellow with methyl orange
solution. Bases are corrosive to skin. They are good conductors of
electricity. Also, bases react with acids to form salt and water.
5. Salts are coloured or colourless solids. They, generally, have high melting
and boiling points. They are soluble in water. In molten state as well as in
aqueous state, salts conduct electricity.

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 6. Salts can be prepared by the following reactions:
a. By the reaction between an acid and a base: For example, common
salt is prepared by the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid.
b. By the reaction between an acid and a metal: In this reaction, the
metal displaces hydrogen from the acid to form a salt. Thus, salts may
be defined as a compound formed by replacing the hydrogen of an
acid by a metal.
7. a. When zinc is treated with sulphuric acid, we get zinc sulphate and
hydrogen gas.
b. When aluminium is treated with hydrochloric acid, we get aluminium
chloride and hydrogen gas.
c. When sodium is treated with sulphuric acid, we get sodium sulphate
and hydrogen gas.
8. Indicators are used to test whether a given substance is an acid or a base.
Since they indicate the nature of the substance, they are called indicators.
Chemically, indicators are weak organic acids or bases that change their
colour with the change in the nature of the medium. There are many
natural indicators like turmeric, litmus and China rose petals.
9. a. Litmus: When in acidic solution, it turns red and when added in basic
solution, it turns blue.
b. Methyl orange: When in acidic solution, it turns orange and when
added in basic solution, it turns yellow.
c. Phenolphthalein: When in acidic solution, it turns colourless and
when added in basic solution, it turns pink.
10. Examples of strong acid: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid
Examples of weak acid: acetic acid, oxalic acid
Examples of strong base: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
Examples of weak base: calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide,
ammonium hydroxide.
11. a. Sodium hydroxide:
(i) It is used in manufacturing soaps and detergents
(ii) It is used in manufacturing paper, rayon, textiles, medicines etc.

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 b. Ammonium hydroxide:
(i) It is used as ink or stain remover, and to clean general household
articles
(ii) It is used in manufacturing fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate.
c. Calcium hydroxide:
(i) It is extensively used in white washing of houses.
(ii) It is also used as cheap quality cement.
d. Magnesium hydroxide:
(i) It is used as an antacid used to neutralise acidity caused by
hydrochloric acid in the Stomach
(ii) It is also used as a laxative in medicines.
12. a. Hydrochloric acid:
(i) It is used to clean boilers in industries (this process is called
descaling)
(ii) It is also used in purification of salts and in manufacturing other
chemicals like ferric chloride etc.
b. Sulphuric acid:
(i) It is used in preparing drugs, plastics etc.
(ii) It is also used in preparing fertilisers like ammonium sulphate and
many chemicals like copper sulphate etc.
c. Nitric acid:
(i) It is used in manufacturing fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate.
(ii) It is also essential for production of explosives like TNT(
trinitrotoluene) and RDX (research developed explosive).

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 60)

1. When you add a few drops of water to concentrated sulphuric acid, the
acid can boil, split and splash. This explosive reaction can cause serious
burns on the skin. If you want to dilute the acid, it is preferable to add
small quantities of concentrated acid to water.
2. Antacids generally contain Magnesium Hydroxide or milk of magnesia
which neutralises the acidity caused due to excessive secretion of
hydrochloric acid in our stomach during digestion.

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 3. Hydrochloric acid is an important component that helps in the process
of digestion. It provides optimum pH for normal functioning of enzymes.
However, the stomach protects itself from the strong acid by secreting
a thick protective layer of mucus which prevents acid from harming the
cells of the stomach. In case the level of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
exceeds the normal level, it causes acidity in the stomach.

CHAPTER 6: CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

Formative Assessment (Page 64)

1. a. Mud b. Atom c. elements and compounds
d. compound e. H2O.
2. The scientists have discovered about 118 elements so far. Out of these, 98
elements are found on the Earth’s surface and the rest can be synthesised
in a laboratory.
3. A substance that is formed by the combination of two or more elements
is called a compound. Though there are about 118 elements only, millions
of compounds can be formed from these elements.
4. Chemical formulae are used to describe the types of atoms and their
numbers in an element or a compound. For example, ‘H’ represents one
atom of hydrogen and ‘O’ represents one atom of oxygen. If we want to
represent two atoms of hydrogen, instead of writing HH, we write H2.
The subscript ‘2’ means that two atoms of the element hydrogen have
joined together to form a molecule.
5. The chemical formula of table salt: NaCl
The chemical formula of vinegar: CH3COOH

Formative Assessment (Page 69)

1. a. Precipitate b. exothermic c. endothermic
d. boiling point e. crystallisation
2. The chemical reaction in which an element replaces another element in a
compound is called displacement reaction. For example, on reacting zinc
with copper sulphate we get copper and zinc sulphate. Here, zinc being
more reactive than copper, replaces copper from copper sulphate.
Zinc + Copper sulphate Zinc sulphate + Copper

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 3. The changes in which new substances with different properties are
formed are called chemical changes. In a chemical change or reaction, the
interacting substances are called reactants. The new substances that are
formed as a result of a chemical change are called products.
4. The chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances
(reactants) combine to form a complex compound is called combination
reaction. For example, burning of magnesium ribbons in the presence of
oxygen (of air) is an example of combination reaction. Magnesium oxide
is the product of this reaction.
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
5. Galvanisation is a process in which a layer of metals like chromium or
zinc are deposited on the iron surface to protect iron from rusting. The
body of water coolers used in our house is made of galvanised iron.
Summative Assessment (Page 70)
Exercise A
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. b
Exercise B
1. Hydrogen and chlorine
2. Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen
3. Pb 4. Carbon dioxide 5. Chemical substance
6. Molecule 7. Endothermic 8. Atom
9. Crystallisation
C. Short answer questions. (Page 71)
1. Any material with a specific chemical composition is called substance.
There are two types of substances, namely pure substances and mixtures.
2. Chemical formulae are used to describe the types of atoms and their
numbers in an element or a compound. For example, ‘H’ represents one
atom of hydrogen and ‘O’ represents one atom of oxygen. If we want to
represent two atoms of hydrogen, instead of writing HH, we write H2.
The subscript ‘2’ means that two atoms of the element hydrogen have
joined together to form a molecule. A subscript is only used when more
than one atom is being represented. Two atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of oxygen combine to form water molecule. Therefore, H2O is the
chemical formula for water.

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 3. The chemical name of rust is iron oxide which is formed from the
reaction of air and water on iron. Oxygen and water are the two essential
conditions for rusting. This is a chemical change because rusting is
permanent
Iron + Oxygen (air) + Water Iron oxide (rust)
4. The chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances
(reactants) combine to form a complex compound is called combination
reaction. For example, burning of magnesium ribbons in the presence
of oxygen (of air) is an example of combination reaction. Magnesium
oxide is the product of this reaction. However, a reaction in which a
compound breaks down into two or more simple substances is called
decomposition reaction. These reactions require energy which is given in
the form of heat and electricity. For example, when you heat up lime to a
certain temperature, it produces calcium oxide or quick lime and carbon
dioxide.
5. The reactions in which energy is released are called exothermic reactions.
For example, formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is an
exothermic reaction. The reactions in which energy is absorbed are
called endothermic reactions. For example, the dissolution of ammonium
chloride in water is an endothermic reaction.
6. An example of decomposition reaction is as the process of electrolysis.
When current is passed through water, it gives off its constituent elements
i.e. hydrogen and oxygen in their gaseous states. This process is called
electrolysis.
Water Hydrogen + Oxygen
7. An example of displacement reaction is the reaction between aluminium
and iron sulphate. Aluminium being more reactive than iron, replaces
iron from iron sulphate solution and forms aluminium sulphate.
Iron sulphate + Aluminium Aluminium sulphate + Iron
8. Iron surface can be coated with the layers of oil or grease or paint which
prevents exposure of iron to air and water which prevents iron from
rusting. This kind of protection is called barrier protection.
9. Crystals of copper sulphate can be obtained by preparing its solution in
which no more copper sulphate can be dissolved. Heat the solution and
leave it overnight. Next morning, you will find beautiful blue crystals of
copper sulphate separated out at the bottom of the solution.

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 10. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through zinc chloride solution,
hydrochloric acid is formed and black coloured zinc sulphide
precipitates out. If we filter out the precipitate, we can obtain
hydrochloric acid from the product solution.
Hydrogen Hydrochloric
+ Zinc chloride Zinc sulphide +
sulphide acid
11. The changes in which new substances with different properties are
formed are called chemical changes. In a chemical change or reaction,
the interacting substances are called reactants. The new substances that
are formed as a result of a chemical change are called products.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 71)
1. There are some chemical reactions that lead to the formation of an
insoluble substance that settles down at the bottom of the test tube. This
insoluble substance is called precipitate and such reactions are called
precipitation reactions. A precipitate is represented by a downward arrow
( ). For example when hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through zinc
chloride solution, hydrochloric acid is formed and black coloured zinc
sulphide precipitates out.
Hydrogen Hydrochloric
+ Zinc chloride Zinc sulphide +
sulphide acid
2. a. Vinegar: CH3COOH
b. Sugar: C6H12O6
c. Table salt: NaCl
d. Carbon dioxide: CO2
3. The basic unit of a compound is a molecule which contains atoms of its
constituent elements. Chemical formulae are used to describe the types
of atoms and their numbers in an element or a compound. For example,
‘H’ represents one atom of hydrogen and ‘O’ represents one atom of
oxygen. If we want to represent two atoms of hydrogen, instead of
writing HH, we write H2. The subscript ‘2’ means that two atoms of the
element hydrogen have joined together to form a molecule. A subscript
is only used when more than one atom is being represented. Two atoms
of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen combine to form water molecule.
Therefore, H2O is the chemical formula for water.
4. a. Water electrolysis Hydrogen + Oxygen
b. Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
c. Iron + Water + Air Iron oxide (rust)
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 5. The reactions in which energy is released are called exothermic reactions.
For example, formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is an
exothermic reaction. The reactions in which energy is absorbed are
called endothermic reactions. For example, the dissolution of ammonium
chloride in water is an endothermic reaction.
6. All reactions have the following characteristics:
a. Change in energy: All reactions are accompanied by energy changes.
Energy, usually in the form of heat is either given out and /or absorbed
in a reaction i.e. a reaction can be exothermic or endothermic.
b. Change in state: In many chemical reactions, physical state of the
substance gets changed. For example, when calcium carbonate is
heated, it gives off carbon dioxide which is a gas.
c. Change in colour: When a reactant changes to a product, the latter
may have a different colour. For example, when zinc powder is added
to copper sulphate solution, the blue colour of copper sulphate solution
fades away due to the formation of zinc sulphate which is colourless.
d. Release of gas: In a chemical reaction, the products formed may be
in the gaseous state. If the reactants are in liquid state (solution), the
gaseous product is released in the form of bubbles.
e. Formation of precipitates: Some chemical reactions lead to the
formation of an insoluble substance that settles down at the bottom of
the test tube. This insoluble substance is known as a precipitate.
7. The process of forming crystals of a solid substance from its solution is
known as crystallisation. In order to obtain the crystals of table salt, you
can dissolve some salt in boiling water. The more you heat the water,
more the salt dissolves. Dissolve the maximum amount of salt that is
possible in the given amount of water. Now filter the solution to remove
impurities that are not dissolved in water. Now keep the solution in a
cold place and leave it undisturbed for a few hours. You will observe that
crystals of salt are formed at the bottom of the solution.
8. The reddish-brown layer formed on the iron bolt or iron screw left in
open air or in rain is called rust and the process of its formation is called
rusting. The chemical name of rust is iron oxide which is formed from the
reaction of air and water on iron. Oxygen and water are the two essential
conditions for rusting.
Iron + Oxygen (air) + Water Iron oxide (rust)
The process of rusting becomes faster in humid atmosphere and in saline
water.
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 9. A substance which is made up of a particular set of atoms is called an
element. For example, iron s an element. The scientists have discovered
118 elements so far. An element cannot be broken down into simpler
substances. However, a substance that is formed by the combination of
two or more elements is called a compound. Millions of compounds can
be formed by the combination of different elements. If you break down a
molecule of a compound, you will get atoms of its constituent elements.
For example, hydrochloric acid is made up of hydrogen and chlorine and
can be broken down into its constituents.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 71)

1. The body of water coolers are protected by depositing a layer of metals
like chromium or zinc on the surface of iron. This process is known as
galvanisation and the body of water coolers is made out of this galvanised
iron. Depositing a layer of these metals on iron protects iron from rusting.
2. Salt is extracted from seawater by the process of evaporation and
crystallisation. Shallow, water-proof ponds are dug out and connected to
the sea by means of small canals. Then these ponds are flooded and the
canals are then closed. The water gets evaporated by sunlight and leaves
behind a layer of sea salt crystals that can be harvested.
3. The salt solution is filtered before crystallisation in order to remove the
impurities that may be dissolved in the water. If these impurities are not
removed, then we may not be able to get pure form of crystals.

CHAPTER 7: THE LIVING WORLD AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

Formative Assessment (Page 76)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Wind and Mountain Range b. Latitude
c. Barometer d. Rain Gauge e. Meteorological
2.
WINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDE

The side facing towards the moist The side facing away from the
wind. wind.

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 Receives a great deal of rainfall. Receives a very little amount of
rainfall.
Has wet climate. Has dry climate.
3. Weather
4. The elevation of Shimla is more than that of Delhi. Therefore, air is less
dense in Shimla. The less dense air contains fewer gas molecules and
they are spread farther apart. Less dense air cannot hold as much heat
as contained by denser air. So, as the elevation of Shimla is more than
that of Delhi, the temperature of Shimla is lesser than that of Delhi.
Therefore, Delhi is hotter than Shimla.

Formative Assessment (Page 79)

1. Match the correct answer.
a. d b. e c. a d. b e. c
2. The plants and animals found in a region depend upon its climate. It
is the adaptations that help the plants and animals to survive in the
condition in which they live. Animals and plants living in a very cold or
very hot climate show special features to protect themselves from extreme
cold or hot.
3. The adaptive features of camels are:
a. Camels store water in their blood for future use. The hump of a camel
stores fat which is a source of food. A camel can go a week or more
without even a drop of water. It can also survive for several months
without food.
b. Sweat glands are less in a camel’s body to prevent water loss.
c. Camels excrete concentrated urine to conserve body water.
d. Camels have wide feet with thick soles which help them to walk
effectively on sand.
e. Eyelids of camels are transparent and cover the eyes to protect them
from sand and storm.
f. Unlike most mammals, a camel can withstand body temperature
fluctuations throughout the day from 34 degree Celcius to about 42
degree Celcius.

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 4. Two adaptations found in a tropical rainforest are:
1. Red-eyed frogs have sticky pads in their feet to climb up trees on
which they live.
2. Monkeys have long tails that help them to hold tree branches.

Formative Assessment (Page 83)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Topsoil b. C c. Top
d. soil profile e. acid rain
2. State whether the following sentences are True or False.
a. False b. True c. True
d. False e. True
3. The top layer of the Earth where plants grow is called soil.
4. Importance of water in soil:

photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, germination etc.

present in it.
Importance of air in soil:

5. Different types of soil are sandy soil, loamy soil and clayey soil.

Summative Assessment (Page 85)

Exercise A
1. a 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b
Exercise B
1. leeward 2. winward 3. Climate
4. Latitude 5. Regolith/C-Horizon

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 C. Very short answer questions. (Page 85)
1. Soil is a thin layer of material on the Earth’s surface.
2. The amount of water absorbed by a particular type of soil is called its
water absorption tendency.
3. Climate is the weather condition in an area over a long period of time.
4. Rain gauge is a type of instrument used to measure the amount of liquid
precipitation over a period of time.
5. Weather means the day-to-day change in temperature, air pressure,
moisture, wind, cloudiness, rainfall and sunshine.
6. A. polar region b. polar region c. desert d. tropical rainforests e. tropical
rainforests
7. Temperature and rainfall are the two factors on which climate of a place
depend.
D. Short answer questions. (Page 85)
1. Humus provides nutrient to the soil. It is composed of various minerals
and hence helps in the germination and growth of plants.
2. Clayey soil is capable of retaining moisture and becomes sticky when wet.
Hence it is ideal for growth of crops. Dry clayey soil is hard and is not
suitable for agriculture.
3. Various insects and microorganisms living in soil allow rainwater and
gases to seep into deeper layers. Dead plants and dropped leaves and
stems decompose on the soil, where organisms feed on them and mix
them with the upper soil layer. This helps in soil formation and ultimately
helps in shaping the type of soil formed.
4. Sun’s rays are more concentrated near the equator. Hence it is
characterized by plenty of rainfall.
5. Camels store water in their blood for future use. The hump of a camel
stores fat, which is a source of food. Sweat glands are less in camel’s body
to prevent water loss. Camels excrete concentrated urine to conserve
body water. They have wide feet with thick soles which help them to walk
effectively on sand.
6. Animals living in polar regions have thick fur on their body like polar
bear. Polar bears have large paws to help them walk on snow. Fur is white
so that they cannot be seen easily in snow and helps them from predators.
They can also close their nostrils when swimming. They also have strong
sense of smell.

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 Penguins have feathery coat on their body and there is a layer of fat under
this feathery coat. They also have webbed feet like ducks.
7. Fishes have slimy body. They have gills to breathe oxygen from water.
They also have fins so that they swim easily in water.
8. Climate of a region depends on rainfall and temperature.
9. Answers same as - Long answer questions – q5. (Labelling given below.)
E. Long answer questions. (Page 86)
1. Mention the adaptive features of the animals found in the following:
a. Polar region
Polar bear and penguins are the animals that are found in Polar
Regions. Some of their adaptive features are mentioned below:
Adaptations in polar bear
(i). Polar bears have wide and large paws that help them walk on
snow. Paws also help them in swimming.
(ii). There is a layer of fat under their skin. This acts as an insulator
preventing heat loss from the body.
(iii). The body is covered with two layers of thick fur that keeps the
body warm in extreme cold conditions.
(iv). Fur is white so that the animal cannot be easily seen in the snowy
white background by the predators from a distance.
(v). Polar bears can close their nostrils while swimming, and can
remain under water for a long time.
(vi). Polar bears have a strong sense of smell. This adaptation helps
them locate their prey from a distance.
Adaptations in penguin
(i). The front part of the body of penguins is white. This merges
well with the white background of snow and helps the penguins
protect themselves from their predators.
(ii). Being birds, penguins have a feathery coat on their body. Also,
there is a layer of fat under this feathery coat. Both these layers
help them keep their body warm.
(iii). The structure of their body is streamlined and they have
webbed feet like ducks. These adaptive features help them in
swimming.

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 b. Tropical rainforest
The adaptive features of the animals living in the tropical rainforest are:
(i). Red-eyed frogs have sticky pads in their feet to climb up trees on
which they live.
(ii). Monkeys have long tails that help them to hold tree branches.
(iii). Toucan birds have a large, long beak. This helps the birds reach
the fruits on such branches where they cannot sit.
(iv). Many large carnivorous animals like tigers and hyenas have good
sense of hearing and sharp eyesight to locate their prey.
(v). Elephants have big trunk which is used for picking up food.
Their tusks are modified teeth which can tear the branches of
trees which they eat. They can hear even very feeble sounds
because of the large ears.
c. Desert region
Adaptation in desert animal- camel
(i). Camels store water in their blood for future use. The hump of
a camel stores fat which is a source of food. A camel can go a
week or more without even a drop of water. It can also survive
for several months without food.
(ii). Sweat glands are less in a camel’s body to prevent water loss.
(iii). Camels excrete concentrated urine to conserve body water.
(iv). Camels have wide feet with thick soles which help them to walk
effectively on sand.
(v). Eyelids of camels are transparent and cover the eyes to protect
them from sand and storm.
(vi). Unlike most mammals, a camel can withstand body temperature
fluctuations throughout the day from 34 degree Celsius to about
42 degree Celsius.
2. Climate has a profound effect on all the living organisms. The animals are
adapted to survive in the conditions in which they live. Animals living in a
very cold or very hot climate show special features to protect themselves
from extreme cold or hot.
Examples:
• Polar bears and penguins are adapted to live in Polar Regions.
• Animals like Red-eyed frog, Toucan birds, monkeys, elephants etc. are
well adapted to the climatic conditions of tropical rainforests.
• Camels are always seen in desert areas.

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 3. The characteristics features of different soil layers are described below:
Sandy soil
• More than two-third of the sandy soil is sand.
• Only about one-tenth of the sandy soil is clay.
• This soil holds very little water due to very low organic content.
• The sandy soil is suitable for fruit and vegetable cultivation.
• Sandy soil is very common near the foothills of mountains, along
rivers and streams and certain coastal areas.
Loamy soil
• Loamy soil is comprised of approximately 25- 50 percent of sand, 25
to 50 percent silt and 10 to 30 % clay by volume.
• It is found in the valleys and flat areas surrounding rivers and streams.
• Loamy soil is somewhat heavier than sandy soil due to low amount of
organic content.
• This soil is best suitable for cultivation.
Clayey soil
• Clayey soil is comprised of approximately 0-45% sand, 0-45 % silt
and 50-100 percent clay by volume.
• This soil retains moisture and becomes very sticky when wet.
• Dry clayey soil is hard and not suitable for agriculture.
4. Soil erosion occurs when the soil shifts from its original place to another
by means of water or wind. Various human activities result in soil
erosion. Factors which bring up soil erosion are:
Nature of the soil: If the soil is very loose, then even the slightest rainfall
would cause soil erosion.
Nature of land: Erosion is more often on the sloping land. The steeper the
slope the more erosion there will be.
Lack of plant cover: In a clear land rain falls directly on to the soil and
causes it to get washed away.
Heavy Rainfall: If the speed of rain is fast, soil erosion may occur.
Strong wind: Strong wind blows away the soil and thus results in soil
erosion.
Human activities: Human activities such as cutting down trees, clearing
forests and building on mountain slopes etc. will accelerate soil erosion

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 4.

O Horizon (humus)

A Horizon (top soil)

E Horizon (cluviation layer)

B Horizon (subsoil)

C Horizon (regolith)

A Horizon (bedrock)

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 86)

1. This is because Earth’s axis is tilted.
2. During rainy season, there is already lot of moisture present in the
atmosphere. This moisture does not let clothes to dry easily in winter season.
3. Penguins cannot survive near equator because their body is adapted to
live in Polar Regions whereas climate near equator is very hot and humid.
Penguins have feathery coat on their body and there is a layer of fat
under this feathery coat. They also have webbed feet like ducks. All these
conditions cannot let penguins to survive near equator.

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 CHAPTER 8: RESPIRATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Formative Assessment (Page 92)

1. State whether the following sentences re True or False.
a. False b. True c. False
d. False e. True
2. The two stages of respiration are:
External and internal respiration
3.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

It takes place in the presence of It takes place in the absence of

oxygen. oxygen.
Food is completely broken down into Food is partially broken down into
carbon dioxide and water, releasing ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and
energy. energy.
More energy is released. Less energy is released.

4. Guard cells are the bean shaped cells that surround the stomata. The
opening and closing of stomata is carried out by expansion and shrinking
of the guard cells. Guard cells expand and shrink due to the flow of water
in and out of the cells.
5. Lenticels are the small pores or openings on the outer skin of plants. Gas
exchange between the atmosphere and the cells takes place through these
lenticels. Lenticels are also found in the fruit skins.
6. Pneumatophores are the specialized roots that are developed in the plants
growing in salty water. These roots grow out of the water surface and
have numerous pores on their surface. Gas exchange in these plants takes
place through these pores.

Formative Assessment (Page 94)

1. State whether true or false.
a. False b. True c. False
d. False e. True
2. External respiration and internal respiration

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 3. The process of respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen is
called anaerobic respiration. The process of respiration that takes place in
the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
4. Guard cells causes expansion and shrinking of cell so that it helps in
opening and closing of stomata.
5. Lenticels are the small pores or openings on the outer skin of plants. Gas
exchange between the atmosphere and the cells takes place through these
lenticels.
6. Pneumatophores are specialised roots. These roots have numerous pores
on it which helps in gaseous exchange in plants. Some of these roots also
have lenticels which helps the plant in respiration.

Formative Assessment (Page 96)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. haemoglobin b. Inhalation c. alveoli
d. breathing rate e. 21
2. The respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen is called
anaerobic respiration.
The difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is shown
below:
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

It takes place in the presence of It takes place in the absence of

oxygen. oxygen.
Food is completely broken down into Food is partially broken down into
carbon dioxide and water, releasing ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and
energy. energy.
More energy is released. Less energy is released.
3. The number of times a person breathes in a minute is called breathing
rate.
4. When we breathe, the air we inhale passes through a system of organs
called the respiratory system.
5. Mucus moistens the air as it passes through the respiratory tract and also
traps any fine particles of dust or bacteria that have escaped the hair of
the nasal cavity.

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 6. The equation for aerobic respiration is:
Sugar Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (less)
C8H12O6 2C2H5OH CO2
7. The difference between inspiration and expiration is shown below:
INSPIRATION EXPIRATION

The act of breathing in is called The act of breathing out is called

inspiration. expiration.
On average, it takes about 2 seconds On average, it takes about 3 seconds
for inspiration. for expiration.
Oxygen rich air is taken in the body. Carbon dioxide rich air is taken out
of the body.
8. The path of respiration is as follows:
Nostrils Nasal cavity Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs Alveoli
9. The sizes of two lungs are different because left lung is slightly smaller
as it has only two lobes and the right lung is bigger with three lobes.
10. The main function of fine hair present in the nasal cavity is filter the air
that we breathe.

Summative Assessment (Page 98)

Exercise A
1. c 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. b
Exercise B
1. tracheae 2. Stomata 3. Lungs 4. Nostrils 5. cockroach
C. Short answer questions. (Page 99)
1. Breathing is the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. On the
other hand, the process of taking oxygen into the cells, using it to release
energy and then eliminating the waste products is known as respiration.
2. The process of taking oxygen into the cells, using it to release energy and
then eliminating the waste products is known as respiration. Respiration
is of two types—external respiration and internal respiration.

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 3. Aerobic respiration takes place in almost all living organisms. More
energy is released during this respiration process. Hence, aerobic
respiration is more effective than anaerobic respiration.
4. Frogs are amphibians. They can live both in water as well as in water.
When in water, frogs breathe through their moist skin and when they are
on land, they breathe through their nostrils and lungs.
5. In lower plants, gas exchange takes place through the general body
surface. In higher plants, gas exchange occurs by the diffusion of oxygen
and carbon dioxide. Stomata, lenticels and root surface are the three parts
of the plants which help in this process.
6. The number of times a person breathes in a minute is called the breathing
rate. One inhalation and one exhalation constitute one breath.
7. Anaerobic respiration
Sugar ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy (less)
Aerobic respiration
Sugar + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy (more)
8. Stomata are the tiny openings on the lower surface of the leaves. Oxygen,
carbon dioxide and water vapour diffuse in and out through stomata.
The oxygen diffuses in through stomata and then enters the leaf cells.
Similarly, carbon dioxide diffuses out through the stomata.
9. The series of chemical reactions that result in the release of energy in our
body are known as cellular or internal respiration.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 99)
1. Respiration in human beings consists of two stages- gas exchange or
breathing and cellular respiration.
Breathing
The physical movement associated with the gaseous exchange is called
breathing. When we breathe, the air we inhale passes through a system of
organs called the respiratory system.
The path of respiration is as follows:
Nostrils Nasal cavity Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs Alveoli
The oxygen – rich air is taken in by the nostrils.
In the nasal cavity, the air is filtered by the fine air. The cavity also has a
rich supply of blood vessels that keep the air warm.
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 The air then enters the pharynx, then the larynx and then the tracheae.
The tracheae and the bronchi are lined with special secretory cells that
secrete mucus. Mucus moistens the air as it passes through the respiratory
tract and also traps any fine particles of dust or bacteria that have escaped
the hair of the nasal cavity.
The air from the bronchus then enters the bronchioles and then the lungs.
Lungs are the spongy and elastic organs that are broad at the bottom and
taper at the top. They consist of numerous air sacs called alveoli. The
lungs also have blood vessels that carry oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood. We have a pair of lungs- the left lung and the right lung in our
chest cavity. The left lung is slightly smaller as it has only two lobes and
the right lung is bigger with three lobes. Lungs are protected by the rib
cage that helps the lungs to pump air in and out when we breathe.
The act of breathing in is called inspiration and the act of breathing out is
called expiration.
2. Mechanism of breathing in fish
Fishes have specialized structures called the gills to carry out exchange of
gases. The gills are made up of a large number of thread-like structures
called filaments. These filaments are richly supplied with small blood
vessels called capillaries. Gills are supported by soft bony structures called
the gill arch, Water flows over the gill filaments during which exchange
of gases between the capillary and water takes place. The blood in the
capillaries absorbs oxygen from water, and gives out carbon dioxide. The
oxygen is transported by blood. Therefore, in fish, taking in water and
thereby oxygen is called inspiration and exit of water is called expiration.
Mechanism of breathing in frog
Frogs are amphibians. They live both in water and on land. When in water,
frogs breathe through their nostrils and lungs when they live on land.
The skin of frog is moistened by secretions of mucus, and it is used for
respiration at times. There are a number of blood vessels near the skin.
When a frog is under water, oxygen is transmitted through the skin
directly into the bloodstream.
3. The food in the plant’s body is broken down by the process of respiration
to release energy. Most of the plants can perform aerobic respiration.
In lower plants, gas exchange takes place through the general body
surface. In higher plants, gas exchange occurs by the diffusion of oxygen

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 and carbon dioxide. Stomata, lenticels and root surface are the three parts
of the plants that help the plant in the process of respiration.
Stomata
Stomata are the tiny openings present on the lower surface of the leaves.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour diffuse in and out through
stomata. The oxygen diffuses in through the stomata and then enters the
leaf cells. Similarly, the carbon dioxide produced in aerobic respiration
diffuses out through stomata.
Lenticels
Lenticels are the small pores or openings on the outer skin of plants. Gas
exchange between the atmosphere and the cells takes place through these
lenticels. Lenticels are also found in the fruit skins.
Root surface
Plants growing in salty water possess specialized roots called the
pneumatophores. These roots grow out of the water surface and have
numerous pores on their surface. Gas exchange in these plants takes place
through these pores.
4. Similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration are:
• Both the processes release energy.
• Both the processes start with the breakdown of glucose.
• Both the processes yield byproducts.
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration are:
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

It takes place in the presence of It takes place in the absence of

oxygen. oxygen.
Food is completely broken down into Food is partially broken down into
carbon dioxide and water, releasing ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and
energy. energy.
More energy is released. Less energy is released.
5. The difference between breathing and cellular respiration is as follows:
BREATHING CELLULAR REPIRATION

This process takes place outside the This process takes place inside the
cells. cells.

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 It is a physical process in which It is a chemical process in which food
exchange of gases takes place. molecules are oxidized to carbon
dioxide and water.
No energy is released during this Energy is released during this process.
process.
6. The frog will survive in water if its nostrils are blocked. This is because
the frog breathes through its moist skin in water.
7. Discuss the similarity in breathing process of
a. Earthworm and bacteria
In both earthworms and bacteria, the gaseous exchange takes place
by the process of diffusion. In bacteria, the gases diffuse through the
cell membranes. On the other hand, the gases diffuse through skin in
earthworm.
b. Frog in water and fishes
In both the cases, the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries
and water takes place.
8.

Nasal cavity

Oesophagus
Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus
Position of
the heart Bronchioles
Rib
Alveoli Lung

Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
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 HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 100)
1. This is because the gaseous exchange in some insects takes place through
tracheal system. In this system, the body of insects contains pairs of
spiracles located on the body surface. These spiracles open into a number
of air tubes called the trachea. Oxygen is absorbed directly from the
atmosphere through these spiracles. Hence, if we add wax or water on
their body surface, they will not be able to breathe.
2. No, aquatic animals in cold region do not have higher breathing rate,
instead, it is lower. Because the aquatic animals in cold region do not
have a mechanism to regulate its body temperature. Therefore, when they
lower their breathing rate, it helps them in conserving the energy and
maintains the body heat.
3. During running or after exercise, breathing rate increases because there is
increase in the inspiration and expiration.

CHAPTER 9: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES

Formative assessment (Page 103)

1. Match the correct answer.
a. ii b. iv c. i d. v e. iii
2. Fill in the blanks.
a. xylem and phloem b. transpiration c. translocation.
d. upward e. ascent of sap.

Formative Assessment (Page 107)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. haemoglobin b. oxygen rich c. pulse rate
d. oxygen e. four
2. The differences between pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are as
follows:
PULMONARY ARTERY PULMONARY VEIN
Carry blood from heart to the lungs. Carry blood to the heart from the
lungs.
Has de-oxygenated blood. Has oxygenated blood.

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 3. Bloods consists of a liquid part called plasma and the cells or corpuscles.
4. The major function of white blood cells is to destroy the disease-causing
germs and hence protect our body against various infections.
5. Capillaries are very fine branching blood vessels that form a network
between the arteries and the veins.
6. The average heart beat per minute is called the pulse rate.

Summative Assessment (Page 111)

Exercise A
1. c 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. c
Exercise B
1. Transpiration 2. Phloem 3. Osmosis
4. Ascent of sap 5. Dialysis
C. Short answer questions. (Page 112)
1. Plant needs to conduct water so that it can carry water and mineral salts
from roots to the leaves.
2. The loss of excess water in plants, in the form of vapour is known as
transpiration.
3. In the xylem, movement is upward (from roots to leaves). In phloem,
movement is downward, from leaves to other body parts.
4. Xylem and phloem are together known as vascular bundle.
5. Arteries carry oxygen rich blood from our heart to different organs of
our body. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood from different organs of our
body to the heart.
6. Every part of the body of amoeba gets the food material by the process
of diffusion. Hence, it lacks specialised transport system.
7. Heart helps in transport of food and oxygen to each cell of or body. It
also helps remove waste product from each cell and carries them to
other specialized organs called kidneys. Arteries carry oxygen rich blood
from our heart to different organs of our body. Veins carry oxygen-poor
blood from different organs of our body to the heart.
8. Haemoglobin is a red-coloured pigment present in our blood. It binds
with oxygen and helps in transporting oxygen to all parts of the body.

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 9. If no WBCs are present in our blood, then our body will not be able to
fight with the disease causing germs.
10. Blood is needed so that each and every cell of our body can get oxygen
to survive. Oxygen is carried to the different organs with the help of
blood.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 112)
1. The Human Circulatory system
Circulatory system is a transport system which helps move substances
throughout our body. Body is the medium of transport in our circulatory
system.
The system consists of heart, blood vessels and blood.
Heart
Refer Fig. 9.7 on Pg 104
Heart is a four chambered muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts
of the body. Our heart is located in the chest cavity towards the left. Two-
third of the heart is located to the left of the midline of the body and one-
third is to the right.
The four chambers of the heart are:
1. Right auricle 2. Left auricle
3 right ventricle 4. left ventricle
The right auricle is connected with the right ventricle and the left auricle
is connected with the left ventricle. Each of the chambers has a sort of
one-way valve at its exit. This prevents blood from flowing backwards.
When each chamber contracts, the valve at its exit opens and allows
blood to come into the next chamber. The valves close at the end of each
contraction, so that blood cannot flow backward.
The two veins from various parts of the body empty blood into the right
auricle. From here, the blood enters the right ventricle and is pumped into
the pulmonary artery. Through this artery, blood is carried to the lungs.
The oxygen- poor blood becomes oxygen-rich in the lungs. The oxygen-
rich blood now returns to the heart from the lungs by the pulmonary
vein, and enters the left auricle. When the left auricle contracts, blood
is pumped into the left ventricle from where it is pumped into the main
artery of the body. The main artery distributes this oxygen- rich blood to
all parts of the body.

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 Blood vessels
Blood flows in our body through a network of tubes called blood
vessels. In our body, there are three types of tubes- arteries, veins and
capillaries.
Arteries carry oxygen rich blood from our heart to different organs of
our body and veins carry oxygen-poor blood from different organs of our
body to the heart. A network of capillaries forms connection between the
arteries and the veins.
Refer Fig. 9.6 on Pg 104.
Blood
Blood is a red-coloured fluid flowing inside the blood vessels. It is the
medium through which various nutrients, important gases and waste
products are transported inside our body.
2. The excretory system in human beings is composed of one pair of
kidneys, a pair of ureters that carry urine, a urinary bladder that stores
urine and a urethra which throws out urine.
There are two kidneys in our body. Each kidney consists of a large
number of coiled tubes called nephrones. Nephrons filter waste products
from the blood. Nephrons looks like a small cup or a funnel with a long
tube attached to it. There is a mesh of capillaries in each of these cups.
Water and wastes such as urea and salt filter into the cups from the blood
in the capillaries. The clean blood leaves the kidneys, while the wastes
flow into the small tubes of the nephrons. The small tubes join up to form
bigger tubes, which in turn join the ureters. The waste materials collected
in the kidneys form the liquid urine.
3. The difference between an artery and a vein is shown below:
ARTERIES VEINS

Arteries carry blood away from the Veins carry blood to the heart.
heart.
They carry oxygenated blood, except They carry deoxygenated blood,
the pulmonary artery. except the pulmonary vein.
They are deeply placed under the skin. They lie closer to the skin surface.
There are no valves inside the There are a series of valves in the
arteries. veins.

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 4. There are three types of blood cells—Red Blood cells or RBC’s, White
Blood Cells or WBC’s and Platelets.
Each type of blood cells performs a different function.
a. Red Blood cells contain a red-coloured pigment called haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin binds with oxygen and transports it to all parts of the body.
b. The major function of white blood cells is to destroy the disease-
causing germs and hence protect our body against various infections.
c. Platelets help in clotting of blood.
5. Functions of the circulatory system are:
a. This system helps in the transportation of food and oxygen to each cell
of the body.
b. This system removes the waste products from each cell and carries
them to specialized organs like kidneys.
c. This system protects the body against infection by destroying harmful
germs.
d. This system prevents blood loss during an injury by clotting.
e. This system also helps in the maintenance of a constant body
temperature.
6. The body has several mechanisms for maintaining body temperature.
Whenever there is rise in body temperature, sweat glands control it by
evaporation and cools the skin.
A decrease in the flow of blood by narrowing or constricting the blood
vessels near the surface of the skin reduces the amount of heat that
is dissipated from the skin, and helps the body to conserve heat. This
narrowing and constricting of the blood vessels happens due to the
movement of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary
arteries and pulmonary veins. This is how the body temperature is
maintained.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 112)

1. Arteries are thicker as compared to veins. Also, the veins have thin wall
and arteries have more blood pressure, so it needs to be more protected.
Hence arteries are not visible but veins are.
2. Oxygenated blood is required by all the organs and cells of our body for
its proper functioning. Similarly, it is important to remove deoxygenated
blood from our body because it may harm the organs. Also, accumulation
of this blood may cause serious toxin formation.

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 3. If dialysis is not conducted, it might be possible that the person will die
because of accumulation of waste products in the body. Some of the
common side effects of dialysis are risk of infection, bloating, weight gain,
low blood pressure and muscle cramps.

CHAPTER 10: MULTIPLICATION IN PLANTS

Formative Assessment (Page 119)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. stock b. tuber c. Rhizome
d. bud
2. The formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent is
known as asexual reproduction.
3. Micropropagation is a technique in which a tissue is taken from any part
of a plant and is then kept in a suitable laboratory conditions in a suitable
medium. Then plant tissue then rapidly grows in the medium. The
growing saplings are then planted in moist soil.
4. Scion forms the stem portion of the plant and scion forms the root
portion of the plant. Therefore, both of them are important for grafting.
5. Some plants like Bryophyllum reproduce by their leaves. They develop
from the margins of their leaves. These buds develop into independent
plants when the leaf falls off from the parent plant.
6. Cutting, Layering, Grafting and Tissue Culture

Formative Assessment (Page 125)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. dispersal b. Seed c. zygote
d. fertilization e. pollination
2.
SELF-POLLINATION CROSS-POLLINATION

Transfer of pollen grains from anther Transfer of pollen grains from anther
to stigma of the same flower is called of one flower to stigma of another
self-pollination. flower of the same kind is called
cross-pollination.
The flower itself sheds pollen directly Agents of dispersal are required for
on its stigma. transfer of pollens.

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 3. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilisation.
4. When the wind blows, pollen grains are transferred from the anthers of
one flower to the stigma of another flower.
5. Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower.
Pistil or Carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower.

Summative Assessment (Page 126)

Exercise A
1. d 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. B
Exercise B
1. Bisexual 2. Layering 3. Gametes
4. Micropropagation 5. Zygote
C. Short answer questions. (Page 126)
1. In plant kingdom, only flowering plants can reproduce sexually. Flowers
are the reproductive organs of a plant. In sexual reproduction, one
male gamete enters one female gamete and forms the initial stage of a
baby plant. The baby plant inside the seed gives rise to a sapling under
favourable conditions for germination and growth.
2. Diagrammatic question.
3. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of the same flower
is known as self-pollination. The transfer of pollen grains from anther
of one flower to stigma of another flower of the same kind is known as
cross-pollination.
4. The pollen grains germinate on the stigma. It forms pollen tubes that
move downwards through the style to ovary. One pollen tube carries the
male gamete. The male gamete finally enters the ovary where the female
gamete is present. Finally, the male gamete enters the female gamete
and fuses with it to form the zygote. This zygote soon develops into an
embryo.
5. Each seed requires space, mineral, sunlight and water for growth and
development. If the seeds produced from a plant grow around it, they
would compete with each other for the resources and would eventually
die. Hence, seed dispersal is beneficial.

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 6. Plans reproduce by sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
The different forms of asexual reproduction are budding, fission,
fragmentation and spore formation.
7. Unisexual flowers are those which reproduce through its vegetative parts.
Such flowers possess either carpel or stamen but never both. Bisexual
flowers are those, which possess both male and female gametes.
8. Pollen grains are transferred from the anthers of one flower to the stigma
of another flower when wind blows away. On the other, many insects visit
flower for nectar. During this process some of the nectar gets stick to
their bodies. When insects visit another flower of same kind, the pollen
grains fall on stigma and sexual reproduction takes place.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 126)
1. The formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent is
known as asexual reproduction. This process of reproduction does not
involve gametes. The new individuals produced by asexual reproduction
are completely identical to their parents,
Various methods of asexual reproduction are:

Budding
This kind of asexual reproduction is observed in microscopic organisms,
like yeast. In this process, a small projection arises from the parent’s body.
This projection is called bud. The bud gradually increases in size and
develops all its body organelles. Finally, it detaches from the parent and
forms completely grown yeast.

Binary fission
In some unicellular organisms, like bacteria, the parent cell divides into
two daughter cells. These daughter cells divide again to produce more
cells. This kind of division is called binary fission.

Fragmentation
Fragmentation is a very common form of asexual reproduction in lower
plants. In this process, the parent body breaks into several pieces, each
of which can produce an offspring. Fragmentation is usually observed in
pond silk (Spirogyra) and is also common in mosses.

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 Spore formation
Lower plants, like ferns or mosses, multiply asexually by forming
spores. The spores are very small asexual reproductive bodies. Each of
them is covered by a hard protective shell to survive in unfavourable
conditions such as high temperature, scarcity of water and lack of food.
A single parent cell can give rise to numerous spores. Under favourable
conditions, the spores give rise to new individuals.
2. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is known as
pollination. The two types of pollination are:
Self-pollination- The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of
the same flower is known as self-pollination.
Cross-pollination- The transfer of pollen grains from anther of one flower
to stigma of another flower of the same kind is called cross-pollination.
Features of wind pollinated flowers are:
a. They have small petals, often brown or dull green in colour.
b. They are not scented.
c. They do not have nectar.
d. They produce large amount of pollens.
e. Their pollens are very light and smooth so it can easily be blown by
wind.
f. Their stigma hangs outside the flower to catch the flying pollen grains.
Flowers of wheat, rice, maize etc. are pollinated by wind.
Features of insect pollinated flowers:
a. They generally have large, brightly coloured petals.
b. They are often sweetly scented.
c. Pollens are sticky or spiky to stick to insects.
d. Stigma has sticky coating so that pollens stick to it.
Flowers of sweet pea, ochids, buttercup, etc., are pollinated by insects.
3. Some of the methods of artificial propagation are:
Cutting: In this method, a part of the stem is cut and placed in moist
soil. After some days a new plant develops from the cut off part. Coleus,
rose, bougainvillea, sugarcane and cactus are easily propagated by cutting
method.
Layering: In layering, a lower branch of the stem is bent and buried
under the soil. The growing tip remains above the soil surface. After some

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 days, roots grow from the part buried in the soil. This part is cut from the
parent plant and planted as a new independent plant. This method is used
in propagating plants like jasmine, strawberry and bougainvillea.
Grafting: In grafting, a part of the stem is cut and placed over the cut
stem of another plant. The desired plant is derived from two different
individuals. The root portion taken from one plant is called the stock
while the stem portion from the other plant is called the scion. The
grafting ends of the stock and scion are obliquely cut and placed face
to face. Then the two ends are tied tightly. Scion is the plant which one
wants to propagate and so it is grafted on to the stock. Grafting is usually
done in ornamental plants and fruit plants.
Tissue culture
It is a technique in which a tissue is taken from any part of a plant and
is then kept in a suitable laboratory conditions in a suitable medium.
The plant tissue then rapidly grows in the medium. The growing saplings
are then planted in moist soil. Since, in a very short time, unlimited
number of plants can be produced. This technique is being used for the
propagation of diseases-free plants.
4.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Only single parent is involved. One or two parents are involved.

Fusion of gametes in not involved. Fusion of gametes is involved.
The new individuals produced are The new individuals produced are not
exactly similar to their parents. exactly similar to their parents.

5. The formation of the new plant from the vegetative parts of a parent
plant is called vegetative reproduction. This is an asexual method of
reproduction. Vegetative parts of plants like stem, root or leaves are
involved in this type of reproduction.
The advantages of vegetative propagation method are:
a. Vegetative reproduction is an easier, rapid and less expensive method
of propagation. Plants can be grown in much less time.
b. Seedless plants can be produced by this method.
c. Plants produced by this method are identical copies of the parent plant
and show no variation.

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 6. Seeds are dispersed by various methods or agents. Some of them are:
By wind
Certain seeds have developed several adaptive modifications which help
them to be dispersed by wind easily. A few examples are given below:
a. Madar seeds are small and dry. A fine tuft of fine hair is present on the
tip of each seed. These fine hairs help the seeds to be carried to far-off
places by wind.
b. Seeds of cotton and dandelion have hairs around them for dispersal by
wind.
c. Some seeds like grass are light in weight so that they can be carried by
wind easily.
By water
Some seeds are dispersed by water. They too have some special features
to be dispersed by water. For example, coconut fruits fall in water, and
being fibrous thay float in water and are carried away by water currents.
By animals
Certain seeds are carried to far off places by animals. Animals eat seeds
along with the fruits. These seeds remain undigested and pass out with
their faeces at some other place. For example, African olive fruits are
dispersed to far-off places by foxes.
Fruit Explosion
Fruits are adapted in different ways to perform dispersal. Sometimes
the seeds are automatically set free by opening of the fruit. An explosion
bursts the fruit open to release the seeds. Such fruits are called dehiscent
fruits. For example- the pea seeds.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 127)

1. Unisexual flowers reproduce through any of its vegetative parts. Such
flowers possess either carpel or stamen but never both.
2. Seeds are covered with hard covering so that they do not get damaged by
the things present in the water.
3. Genetically engineered fruits and vegetables are the fruits and vegetable
grown in a laboratory artificially. They are tested in the laboratory for
safety. Once they are approved by a government body for its safety, they
can be eaten safely.

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 CHAPTER 11: MOVING OBJECTS: TIME AND MOTION

Formative Assessment (Page 132)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. one day b. repetitive c. Indian Standard Time
d. state e. second
2. Match the correct answer.
a. One day i. 1/24th part of a day (d.)
b. One month ii. Earth’s rotation around its axis (a.)
c. One year iii. 1/60th part of a minute (e.)
d. One hour iv. Earth’s revolution around the Sun (c.)
e. One second v. Moon’s revolution around the Earth (b.)

Formative Assessment (Page 136)

1. State whether the following sentences are True or False.
a. FALSE b. FALSE c. TRUE
d. TRUE e. FALSE
2. Fill in the blanks.
a. metallic bob. b. does not depend c. length
d. second e. 168

Formative Assessment (Page 139)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. position from one place to another
b. distance and time
c. speed (time taken to cover a given distance)
2. Match the correct answer.
a. Speedometer i. Slow speed. (e.)
b. Uniform motion ii. Changing speed (d.)
c. Fast motion iii. Measuring speed (a.)
d. Non-uniform motion iv. Constant speed (b.)
e. Slow motion v. High speed (c.)

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 3. speedometer
4. A body that moves with a constant speed along a straight line throughout
its journey is said to have uniform motion.
A body that moves with changing speed along a straight line throughout
its journey is said to have non-uniform motion.
5. 3 x 108 m/s

Formative Assessment (Page 142)

1. Choose the correct answer.
a. (i) Line graph b. (iii) rest state c. (ii) Time
2. Two
3. A graph has two axis namely X-axis and Y-axis. In case of the distance-
time graph, the X-axis represents the time taken and the Y-axis represents
the distance covered by the object.
4. The point of intersection of X-axis and Y-axis represents the origin point
O of the graph. O is the starting point of the graph as it represents the
starting values of two parameters.
5. Refer Figure 11.10 on Pg 142.

Summative Assessment (Page 144)

Exercise A
1. c 2. c 3. d 4. c
Exercise B
1. metre/second 2. An oscillation 3. Uniform motion
4. Clock 5. Non-uniform motion
C. Short answer questions. (Page 144)
1. For a long time, human beings used various indirect methods to measure
time. We need the information of time for every task that is performed
in the day. It takes time to travel some distance. For example, how much
time do you take to reach your school? At what time does the Sun rises or
sets? How much time will it take to reach USA from Delhi?
Every object takes a certain time to change its position. Thus, motion and
time are related to each other.

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 2. Five
3. A pendulum is the simplest device that can be used to measure time
based on periodic motion. An ideal simple pendulum consists of a point
mass ‘m’ suspended from a string or rod of negligible mass and length ‘L’
fixed at a point
4. Time period the time taken by an oscillating body to complete one
oscillation
5. The speed of a body is the distance that the moving body covers in a unit
time. The actual distance covered, divided by the time taken gives us the
speed of the body.
Depending upon the time taken to cover a given distance we can classify
the motions of different bodies as fast or slow. A body, which covers a
given distance in less time, is said to move faster and the one, which takes
a longer time, is said to move slower. A body that covers more distance in
a given interval of time is said to move faster than the one that covers less
distance in the same interval of time.
6.

Let us calculate the speed for the region A to D. From D drop a straight
line onto the time-axis and one more line onto the distance axis.
The value of X-axis= 30 minutes
The value of the Y-axis = 3 km
Thus,

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 Speed = 3 km/ 30 minutes = 0.1 km/minute.
Or Speed = 3000 metre / 1800 seconds = 1.666 m/s
7. A graph is a simple line diagram showing the dependence between any
two variables, each measured along one of the pair of axes at right angles.
We can have a better idea about the motion of a body if we show the data
graphically. A graph has two axes—one horizontal axis, called the X-axis
and one perpendicular axis, called the Y-axis.
Scale of the graph is marked on the axes of the graph. It gives the
measure of the number of units of the variables plotted on the graph.
8. Vehicles, like cars, have a speed-indicating device called a speedometer. It
shows the speed of vehicle in km/hr unit. Inside the speedometer, there is
a meter called odometer. The odometer measures the distance travelled by
the vehicle in kilometres.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 144)
1. In course of time, human beings defined days, weeks, months and years to
record time during and beyond a lifetime. These are called time periods.
Keeping a record of time during a day helps us to perform various
activities at well defined times. A few examples are given below.
1. We need a record of time to perform various activities on time, like
getting up on time in the morning, going to work, etc.
2. In school, you have a timetable and classes are held at fixed times
according to this timetable.
3. TV programmes are broadcast at a predefined scheduled time.
4. Records of different months and years helps in keeping a track of
seasons, planetary activities etc.
2. A simple pendulum is just a metallic spherical P

ball suspended from a thread. The metallic ball

is also called the bob of the pendulum. The
distance between the point of suspension ‘P’ and
the centre of the bob is called the length (L) of L

the pendulum.
3. Periodic motion is a motion that repeats itself
m
after certain intervals of time. In clocks, periodic
motion is used to measure time. An event that

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 occurs at regular intervals of time is called periodic. In wristwatches,
circular metallic plates are made to move repeatedly to produce periodic
motion by mechanical winding.
4. a. Mean Position : The initial position at rest P
of the pendulum is known as its mean
position. If the pendulum is displaced
by a small angle θ and then released, the θ θ

pendulum swings back and forth with

C R
periodic motion about its mean position.
The oscillatory motion of a simple
pendulum about the mean position ‘A’ A
Mean position
b. One complete oscillation: A simple
pendulum displaced from its mean position
oscillates about its mean position. It’s one
to and fro complete movement about its mean position via path A to
B, B to A, A to C and C to A is called one complete oscillation.
c. Amplitude : Amplitude of oscillation is the maximum displacement
of a pendulum on either side of its mean position. In the above-
mentioned oscillating pendulum, distance AB or AC denotes the
amplitude of the simple pendulum.
5. Distance between Riju’s house and Abdul’s house = 1.5 km
Distance between Riju’s house and Neha’s house =0.8 km
Distance between Abdul’s house and Neha’s house = 2.3 km
Time taken by Riju to reach Abdul’s house = 15 minutes
Time taken by Abdul to reach Neha’s house = 10 minutes
Speed with which Riju is travelling = 1.5 km/ 15 minutes = 0.1 km/minute
Speed with which Abdul is travelling = 2.3 km / 10 minutes = 0.23 km/
minute
So Abdul is travelling faster.
6. The distance-time graph of an object executing uniform motion is
a straight line passing through the origin. On the other hand, if the
distance-time graph is a curved line it means that the motion of a body is
non-uniform.

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 (Refer Figs. 11.8 and 11.9 on Pg 141.)

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions (Page 145)

1. Periodic motion is a motion that repeats itself after certain intervals of
time. In clocks, periodic motion is used to measure time. An event that
occurs at regular intervals of time is called periodic. In wristwatches,
circular metallic plates are made to move repeatedly to produce periodic
motion by mechanical winding.
2. The motion of a body with respect to another body depends upon these
two things:
a. the distance covered by the bodies
b. the time taken to cover the distance
A body, which covers a given distance in less time, is said to move faster
and the one, which takes a longer time, is said to move slower. A body
that covers more distance in a given interval of time is said to move faster
than the one that covers less distance in the same interval of time
3. Quartz crystals maintain a precise standard time period frequency
oscillations), which helps to regulate the movement of a watch or clock,
thus making the timepieces very accurate. 

CHAPTER 12: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CIRCUITS

Formative Assessment (Page 149)

1. Match the correct answer.
a. III. b. V. c. IV. d. I. e. II.
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 2. The combination of cells or battery, connecting wires, a switch and the
device to be operated (like a bulb) is called an electric circuit.
3.

Switch off Switch on

Formative Assessment (Page 152)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. light and heat b. a high resistance c. Fuse
d. tin e. short circuit
2. The more is the length of the current carrying wire, more will be the
resistance offered by it and hence more heat will be generated.
3.

4. Miniature Circuit Breaker

5. Geyser, bulb and hairdryer

Formative Assessment (Page 156)

1. State whether the following sentences are True or False.
a. False b. True c. True d. True e. False
2. a. Heating effects of current
b. Magnetic effects of current
3. Yes, a compass has an in-build magnet which is used to find the direction
on the basis of directional properties of a magnet.
4. Two uses of an electromagnet are described below.
a. Electromagnets are used in loudspeakers, television sets, fans,
telephones and electric motors.
b. Electromagnetic cranes are used to lift magnetic materials from
garbage.

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 5. An electric doorbell fixed at your doorstep makes use of an
electromagnet. When you press on the switch, current flows through
the electromagnetic coil. It generates a magnetic field around the coil.
The soft iron armature is attracted by this magnetic field. Thus, the
armature hanging from the pivot moves towards the coil. Because of this
movement, the hammer strikes the gong making a sound.
6. The main parts of an electric doorbell are described below.
• Horseshoe electromagnet: It is a U-shaped electromagnet consisting of
a soft iron core with insulated copper wire wrapped around it.
• Armature: An armature is a soft iron bar. It is attached to the contact
spring suspended from a pivot.
• Contact spring: It is a slightly bent metallic strip attached to the
armature and hangs through the pivot.
• Contact screw: It is an adjustable brass screw passing through a brass
holder. A contact screw’s length can be adjusted to make proper
contact with the contact spring.
• Switch: A push button type electric switch is used to operate the
electric bell.
• Battery: A D.C. battery or an adapter is used to provide electric
current.
• Hammer and gong: A hammer made of steel is attached to the
armature. The gong made of metal (brass or iron) is fixed on a
wooden or plastic board.
7. Current passing through a wire produces a magnetic field in its
surrounding region. It is called the magnetic effect of electric current.
8. Electricity and magnetism are related to each other. The study of
electric and magnetic effects of any system together is referred to as
electromagnetism.

Summative Assessment (Page 157)

Exercise A
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. c
Exercise B
1. A battery 2. Direction of current
3. Electric fuse 4. Electromagnet 5. Bulb

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 C. Short answer questions. (Page 157)

1.

2. Current flows from the positive (+) to the negative (–) terminal of the
cell all along the path of the circuit and the bulb glows. Such a circuit is
called a closed circuit. However, in circuit B, the switch is open and the
circuit is thus not complete. Therefore, current cannot flow through the
circuit and thus the bulb does not glow. Such a circuit is called an open
circuit
3. An electrical battery consists of several identical cells connected together
one behind another. In making such a battery, the negative terminal of a
cell is placed in contact with the positive terminal of the preceding cell.
Like a cell, a battery also has two electric terminals – a positive terminal
and a negative terminal.
4. When current flows through the filament, it glows and gives light. The
filament of the bulb glows because it gets heated up and becomes red hot
on flow of current through it. Longer and thinner wires produce more
heating than shorter and thick wires. This is the reason why the filament
wire of a bulb is made very thin and given a helical shape to increase its
length.
5. The connecting wires used in electric circuits do not produce any heating
effect because they are made up of materials that have low resistance
values.
6. A large amount of current flows in a circuit due to two reasons.
a. Short circuit: Short circuit happens when two wires touch each
other. This may happen if the insulation covering over the wire gets
damaged by heating effect. Some time jumbled up wiring also leads to
a short circuit.
b. Overloading: Overloading of a circuit happens when a large number
of devices are connected to the same power supplying point.
These things should be avoided as it leads to electric fires in the houses.
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 7. Electromagnets are temporary magnets, i.e. they lose their magnetism
the moment current stops flowing through the wire.
8. RCD stands for Residual-Current Device or Residual-Current Circuit
Breaker (RCCB). It is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a
circuit whenever it detects that the electric current is not balanced. 
9. A compass needle contains a bar magnet. We now know that a current
carrying wire also behaves like a magnet. So it interacts with the magnet
inside the compass and deflects it.
10. When the current flows through the wires wound around the magnet, it
gets magnetized and rings the bell. To stop the bell from ringing we cut
off the current supply so that the electromagnet loses its magnetism.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 158)
1. Figure 12.2 pg-147
2. The amount of heat produced by flow of electric current through a wire
depends upon the following factors.
a. Material of the wire b. Length of the wire
c. Thickness of wire d. Amount of the current flow
Higher resistance produces more heat. The heating elements of the geyser,
iron, etc., are made of alloys of materials which have high resistance, so
that more heat is produced as the current flows through it.
The resistance of the wire depends directly on the length of the wire.
Longer and thinner wires have more resistance. Thus, they produce
more heating than shorter and thicker wires. This is the reason why the
filament wire of a bulb is made very thin and given a helical shape to
increase its length.
The heat produced in a wire also depends upon the magnitude of current
flowing through it. A wire carrying 5A current will produce more heat
than a wire carrying 1 A current.
3. A safety device, called electric fuse, is used in an electric circuit to
prevent excess heating due to flow of electric current in the circuit. This
device itself is based on the heating effect of the electric current. The fuse
wire is usually made up of an alloy of tin and lead.
The maximum current, which can pass through a fuse without damaging
it, is usually marked on its outer case. When current flowing through the
fuse wire exceeds the marked current rating, the fuse wire melts and the
fuse blows up.

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 4. Each electric fuse consists of a metal wire fixed between two clamps. The
fuse wire melts quickly when current more than a specified value passes
through it. Fuses are commonly found inside the electric plugs.

5. A magnet produced by the flow of electric current in a wire is called an

electromagnet.
Making an electromagnet:
Take a large iron nail and wrap thin insulated
copper wire around the nail. The wrapped
copper wire looks like a coil. Connect a
battery between two free ends of the copper
wire by removing some part of the insulated
coating. Use plastic tapes to tightly connect
wires to the battery.
On connecting the battery, current will flow through the coil and a
magnetic field will be produced by it. The magnetic field produced by the
current will pass through the nail kept within the copper coil.
Next, move the nail over some iron paper clips. The nail attracts the
iron paper clips and they stick to it. It shows that the nail has turned
into a magnet. When the magnetic field produced by the current flowing
through the coil passes through the nail, it turns the nail into a magnet.
Some uses of electromagnet:
• Large electromagnets are used to lift heavy cargo iron containers. It
is also easy to put these containers at the desired place by putting the
electric current through the electromagnet off.
• Horseshoe shaped electromagnets are used to make electric doorbells.
6.

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 Let us see how the doorbell works.
Step 1 – When you press on the switch, current flows through the
electromagnet coil. It generates a magnetic field around the coil.
Step 2 – The soft iron armature is attracted by this magnetic field. Thus,
the armature hanging from the pivot moves towards the coil.
Step 3 – Because of this movement, the hammer strikes the gong making
a sound.
Step 4 – Once the hammer strikes the gong, contact between the screw
and armature breaks. This breaks the circuit leaving it an open circuit.
Thus, current flow stops and the coil no longer attracts the soft iron
armature. The process repeats again if current flows through the circuit.
7.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) (Page 158)

1. The heat produced in a bulb is not desirable but is a waste of electric
energy. There is no such wastage in tube lights. The latest light sources
called Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) are low energy bulbs and
consume less electricity. The longevity of a CFL is about 8 to 10 times
more than an ordinary bulb.
2. The electricity we get from power stations to our houses is an alternating
current. This type of current reverses its direction periodically and is
known as alternating current (A.C.). The supply voltage also reverses its
direction periodically. The supply is known as an A.C. power supply. The
frequency at which it is supplied in India is 50 hertz which means that the
current (or voltage) reverses its direction 50 times in one second in the
circuit.
On the other hand, the current that always flows in one direction is
known as direct current (D.C.). Direct current is unidirectional in nature
and always flows from higher potential to lower potential. This type of
voltage is known as D.C. voltage and is supplied by a D.C. power supply
like cells and batteries.

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 3. A short circuit occurs when the live wire touches the neutral wire,
providing an alternate path for the current to flow through. The large
amount of current flowing through the wire can cause overheating and
may cause fire. A short circuit can also damage an appliance.

CHAPTER 13: WINDS, STORMS AND CYCLONES

Formative Assessment (Page 164)

1. State whether the following sentences are True or False.
a. False b. True c. False d. False e. True
2. Match the correct answer.
a. ii. b. iv. c. v. d. iii. e. i.

Formative Assessment (Page 169)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. thunder and lightning b. high speed
c. rotational; the Earth d. 150-300
e. Anemometer
2. Some of the disastrous consequences of a cyclone are described below.
a. It can kill hundreds of people living in the coastal areas.
b. It can affect the fertility of the soil in that area.
c. It can uproot the buildings, trees and street lamps because of its high
speed winds.
3. Tornado is an extremely strong and dangerous wind that blows in a circle.
4. Some of the safety measures to be taken during storms and cyclones are
described below.
a. Do not touch electric switches and broken electric wires.
b. Keep a battery operated torch or candles and matchsticks with you.
c. Keep lifesaving equipment like floating tubes, boats, etc., ready for
use.
5. Indian Meteorological Department.
6. India has a long coastline both on its east and west coast. This makes
most of the states along these coastlines vulnerable to thunderstorms and
cyclones.
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 Summative Assessment (Page 170)
Exercise A
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. d
Exercise B
1. Wind 2. Cool sea breeze 3. Tornado
4. Meteorological department 5. Radar
C. Short answer questions. (Page 170)
1. Wind is the motion of air along the surface of the Earth. Winds are
caused by the heat of the Sun. When a place gets heated by the Sun,
the air above it also becomes hot. This hot air being lighter than the
surrounding cold air moves up. To fill in this space, cooler and denser air
blows in from the neighbouring areas. This movement of air is also called
wind flow. The characteristics of wind are listed below.
a. It is the moving air which exerts pressure on everything on its way.
b. It moves with a particular speed and has a direction of propagation.
2. A wind vane consists of a pointed arrow with a large rear. It rests
over a small flat surface on a pole and is free to rotate. Moving air
exerts pressure on the arrows and the pointed arrows show the
direction of wind flow. The wind vanes fixed over a building also have
a fixed North, East, West and South direction markers. This helps
us to identify from which direction the wind is coming and to which
direction it is going.
3.When high-speed wind flows, roofs get blown off. The high-speed wind
reduces air pressure on the upper surface of these roofs. However, the air
pressure on the lower surface remains the same. This creates an imbalance
in pressure and the roof is blown up. (Refer to the figure 13.8 on page 163.)
4. Air becomes hot by the energy received from the Sun. Warm air being
lighter than cold air always moves up and it reduces air pressure in that
region. This creates the regions of low-pressure on the Earth’s surface.
The warm air regions are also called low-pressure regions.
5. A storm that has both thunder and lightning is known as a thunderstorm.
A thunderstorm is the violent weather condition of heavy rainfall and
high speed winds.

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 Thunderstorms are different from normal winds as they cause severe
destruction. The strong winds during a thunderstorm can lift trees, roofs,
antennas, electric poles and even small buildings. Heavy rainfall leads to
floods which damages properties. Lightening can kill people and animals.
6. Cyclones develop over warm, moist waters. India has a long coastline
both on its east and west coasts. This makes most of the states along
these coastlines vulnerable to thunderstorms and cyclones. It has been
observed that the east coast of India is more vulnerable to cyclones than
its western coast. High intensity cyclones frequently hit the eastern coast
of the country.
7. Towns and villages on coastal areas are flooded after a cyclone. Alkaline
flood waters of the sea enter the farmlands and affect the fertility of the
soil. Thus, crop production of a region is severely reduced after a cyclone.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 170)
1. The moving air exerts pressure on everything along its way. Some of the
examples are given below.
a. The leaves and branches of trees always bend in the direction of wind.
b. The freely suspended dust particles in air always move in the direction
of wind.
c. The smoke coming out of chimneys moves in the direction of wind.
d. The kites fly only in the direction of wind.
e. The clothes placed on clothesline to dry up are pushed by the wind.
f. The pressure exerted by air makes it easier to sail the boats and ships
along its direction of motion.
2. Hang two blown up balloons on a stick at a distance of about 10 cm from
each other. Now forcefully blow out air from your mouth between the
two balloons. You would observe that the two balloons appear to move
towards each other. This happens because the air blown at fast speed
between the balloons reduces the air pressure between them. Thus, the
pressure exerted on other sides of the balloons becomes more and it
pushes the balloons towards each other.
3. The pressure difference at two points on the Earth’s surface forces air to
move from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. Higher
the pressure difference between the two points, higher will be the speed
of the wind current. Pressure difference between any two points occurs
because of the difference in temperature. The regions around the Equator

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 are hotter as they receive maximum heat from the Sun. These regions are
called high temperature zones. High temperature zones always have low
air pressure. However, the regions around poles are cooler as they receive
minimum heat from the Sun. These regions are called low temperature
zones. These are the high-pressure regions. Thus, it is the uneven heating
of the Earth’s surface which causes temperature difference and creates air
pressure differences. (Refer to the figure 13.9 on page 163.)
4. Some of the safety measures taken to prevent the effects of cyclone are
described below.
a. Always stay inside your house during storms.
b. Do not touch electric switches and broken electric wires.
c. Keep a battery operated torch or candles and matchsticks with you.
d. Do not drink contaminated water. Drink only safe drinking water.
e. If you go outside during a storm, stay inside the car and never stand
under a tree.
f. Store enough food for emergency.
5. A cyclone developing in the ocean pushes the ocean water upwards and
generates waves measuring up to 2-3 metres. These high waves hit the
coastal area and wash away everything in its way. Hundreds of people
living in coastal areas often get killed and injured in a cyclone. The rains
accompanying cyclones lead to floods and cause an enormous damage to
people’s belongings and farmlands. Towns and villages on coastal areas
get flooded due to a cyclone. Alkaline flood waters of the sea enter the
farmlands and affect the fertility of the soil. Thus, crop production of a
region is severely reduced after a cyclone hits the area. During cyclone,
the wind speed reaches up to 300 km/hr and trees and lamp posts often
get uprooted. The transport system is also badly affected as flood waters
cover railway tracks and roads.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) (Page 170)

1. Nowadays, satellites and radars are being used to keep track of the
formation and movement of cyclones and thunderstorms. Each country
has its own meteorological department to look after and analyse local
weather conditions. Warnings for thunderstorms, dust storms, rainfalls
and cyclones are issued well in advance so that people can take preventive
measures. The meteorology departments of many countries work together
to make weather forecasts affecting them.
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 2. A cyclone develops over the warm, moist waters of the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans near the Equator. These areas are located along the coastlines of
India, Japan, China and Philippines. Several small thunderstorms merge
to form one devastating storm or cyclone. Cyclones are prevalent in
humid, tropical and warm or hot regions. They require a minimum sea
temperature of 26oC to form. They do not occur in regions north of Tropic
of Cancer or south of Tropic of Capricorn as the sea temperature there is
not high enough to support the formation of these cyclones.
3. The wind flowing from the sea towards the land bringing heavy rain with
it, is called the monsoon wind. In India, agriculture depends mainly on
monsoon showers. However, sometimes heavy rainfalls during monsoon
lead to natural calamities like floods.

CHAPTER 14: LIGHT: REFLECTION, MIRRORS AND LENSES

Formative Assessment (Page 174)

1. Match the correct answer.
a. light travels in a straight line i. reflection (b.)
b. bouncing back of light ii. light (d.)
c. smooth, shiny surface iii. rectilinear propagation (a.)
d. energy that makes things visible iv. mirrors (c.)
2. No, light travels in straight line
3. three examples of rectilinear propagation of light are :
a. Look at a light beam entering a dark room through a small opening of
the window. You will see the straight line path that light takes.
b. Light cannot travel through a bent plastic pipe, the source of light will
not be seen.
c. Reflection of light is a consequence of rectilinear propagation of light.
4. mirrors, polished surfaces like stainless steel, standing water in a lake etc.

Formattive Assessment (Page 176)

1. State whether the following sentences are True or False.
a. False b. False c. False d. True

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 2. Fill in the blanks.
a. object b. horizontally c. Virtual d. erect
3. The size of the image is same as the size of the object placed in front of
the mirror.
4. Since all the letters are symmetric, they will not be laterally inverted by a
plane mirror and will appear the same.

Formative Assessment (Page 179)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. convex and a concave b. two (convex and concave)
c. virtual d. concave e. concave
2. Convex
3. Convex
4. Concave and convex

Formative Assessment (Page 181)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. none b. thinner thicker c. convex
d. converging e. short
2. Concave lens
3. Concave lens also has a wide range of applications in our life.
1. Concave lens is used to correct short-sightedness, an eye vision defect.
2. They are also used in projectors to diverge the incident rays.
Uses of Convex lens :-
1. Convex lenses are used in various instruments like cameras,
telescopes, binoculars, microscopes, etc.
2. Convex lenses are also used in watches to show the digits in a
magnified manner.
4. Concave and convex lens

Formative Assessment (Pg- 182)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. light and heat b. seven c. prism
d. seven e. green

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 2. The Sunlight comprises of seven colours : Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green,
Yellow, Orange, and Red.
3. Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red.
4. VIBGYOR

Summative Assessment (Page 183)

Exercise A
1. d 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. d
Exercise B
1. Virtual image 2. Real image 3. Spectrum
4. Diverging lens 5. Newton’s Disc
C. Short answer questions. (Page 184)
1. Light is a form of energy which causes the sensation of sight and makes
things visible to us. It does not require any medium to travel.
Light rays travel in straight line through a transparent homogeneous
medium. This property of light is called rectilinear propagation.
2. When light rays fall on an object, some part of it bounces off and the rest
either passes through or is absorbed by it. The phenomenon of bouncing
back of light is called reflection of light. For example, smooth and
polished surfaces like glass, mirror, water, polished metallic plates, shiny
plastic sheets, polished shoes, etc., reflect more light.
3. The three types of the mirrors are: PLANE, CONCAVE, CONVEX.
Figure 14.7, page 174 – Plane mirror.
Figure 14.13, page 177, Concave and Convex lens
4. The image formed by a plane mirror has these properties.
1. A plane mirror forms a virtual image of the object.
2. The size of an image is always the same as that of an object and does
not depend upon the size of the plane mirror.
3. An image is always upright like the object. An upright image is also
called an erect image.
4. An image is always as far inside the mirror as the object lying in front
of it.
5. Whatever is on the left of the object appears on the right of the image
and vice versa.

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 5. Since all the alphabets are symmetric and the word is a palindrome, the
word will appear the same in the mirror.
6. The image formed by a plane mirror cannot be taken on a screen and it is
thus called a virtual image. However, an image that can be taken or made
to appear on a screen is called a real image. A convex mirror always
forms virtual image, whereas the image formed by concave mirror can be
real or virtual depending on the positioning of the object.
7. A concave lens acts as a diverging lens. This type of lens is thinner at
the centre and thicker near its two ends. A concave lens diverges (bends
outward) the entire parallel light rays falling on it. It is, therefore, called a
diverging lens. All rays incident on a concave lens appear to emerge from
a point. The bending of the light by lens is due to the phenomenon of
refraction.
8. Some of the uses of convex lens are:
a. You might have seen a magnifying reading glass. It is used to read
books, newspapers or maps. Actually, a magnifying glass is a convex
lens. To see the magnified image, the object (reading material) must be
kept very near the lens. It forms a virtual, erect and enlarged image of
the object.
b. Convex lenses are used in various instruments like cameras,
telescopes, binoculars, microscopes, etc.
c. Convex lenses are also used in watches to show the digits in a
magnified manner.
d. Convex lenses are used to treat long-sightedness.
9. A concave lens always forms a diminished, erect and virtual image of the
object regardless of the distance between the object and the lens.
10. Prism is a transparent triangular shaped glass with two clear plane
surfaces inclined to each other. White light after falling on one surface
of the prism splits into its constituent colours as it comes out from
the other surface. The constituent colours of white light form a band
of coloured strips or lines called a spectrum. There are lines of seven
colours in white light spectrum. They are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green,
Yellow, Orange and Red. So the prism produces dispersion of light.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 184)
1. Keep a mirror in standing position on a table. Direct the light from a
torch towards the mirror from one corner of the room. What do you

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 observe? You will see that the light rays travelling in straight line from
the torch are reflected back by the mirror. Now look into the mirror along
the direction from which light is coming after reflection from the mirror.
It appears that reflected light is coming from a torch present inside the
mirror
2. In a mirror, the right hand side of an object appears as the left hand side
of the image. This phenomenon is called lateral inversion of the object.
You might have noticed that the word ‘ AMBULANCE ’ is written as ‘on
the vehicles used to carry patients. In the rear view mirror of a preceding
vehicle, the word ‘appears as ‘AMBULANCE’. It helps the driver to read
the word correctly and easily so that he can give way to the ambulance
coming from behind. It is the duty of every one of us to allow an
ambulance to pass without blocking its way.
3. A light ray falling on a lens surface can easily pass through the lens. A
convex lens converges (bends inward) the entire parallel light rays falling
on it towards a point. It is therefore called a converging lens.
Fig. 14.23
A concave lens diverges (bends outward) the entire parallel light rays
falling on it.
It is therefore called a diverging lens. All rays incident on a concave lens
appear to emerge from a point. Figure : 14.25
4. The image formed by a convex lens can be real or virtual, erect or inverted
and diminished or enlarged. If you hold a convex lens under direct
sunlight on a white paper, the sunrays will be converged by the lens to
make a real image of the Sun on paper. The nature of the image formed by
a convex lens varies as we change the distance of the object from the lens.
For the object kept within the focal length, the image obtained will be
virtual. The object placed at focus or at distance greater than the focal
length, the image formed will be real.
5. The light coming from the Sun is also referred to as white light. White
light after falling on one surface of the prism splits into its constituent
colours as it comes out from the other surface. The constituent colours
of white light form a band of coloured strips or lines called a spectrum.
There are lines of seven colours in white light spectrum. They are Violet,
Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. These colours appear
in the spectrum in this order and can be remembered by the word
VIBGYOR.

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 HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) (Page 185)
1. The convex lens are used in telescopes, when the object is at infinity the
image is formed at the focus of the convex lens.
2. The dentist use concave mirrors. When the object is placed between the
focus and the pole of the mirror an enlarged, virtual and erect image is
formed in the mirror. This property of concave mirror is used in dentist’s
mirror.
3. The dentist’s chair is equipped with mirrors.

CHAPTER 15: SCARCITY OF WATER

Formative Assessment (Page 189)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. melting point of ice b. freezing point of water.
c. 100° C. d. domestic water e. water table
2.
EVAPORATION CONDENSATION

Liquid water changes into vapour Water vapour change into liquid
form. water.
Happens when temperature is raised. Happens when temperature is
reduced.

3. The temperature at which liquid water changes or freezes into ice is

called freezing point of water.
4.
PUBLIC-SUPPLIED WATER SELF-SUPPLIED WATER

Water delivered to homes. Water that people supply themselves.

In cities, people get their water In rural areas, people use wells or
delivered from a public-supply hand pumps to meet their water
system. requirements.

5. In nature, water can exist in free as well as in combined form. In free

state, water occurs as solid, liquid or gaseous forms. The solid form of
water, i.e. snow and ice, is present as ice caps at the poles of the Earth,

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 snow-covered mountains and glaciers. Liquid form of water is present in
oceans, lakes, rivers and as underground water. The gaseous form, water
vapour, is present in the air around us.

Formative Assessment (Page 195)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. vapour b. drip irrigation c. surface water
d. seasonal migration e. turn off
2. Match the correct answer.
a. iv b. iii c. ii d. i e. v
3. Underground water and surface water
4. The underground reservoir of fresh water is called as aquifer.
5. The process of using rain water to recharge ground water is called
as rain water harvesting. In this method, rainwater falling on roofs is
allowed to flow into a deep trench in soil. Thus, instead of going into the
rivers, rain water penetrates in the soil and increases the level of ground
water.
6. The good habits to conserve water are as follows:
a. Turn off the taps while brushing.
b. Do not use showers for bathing.
c. Mop the floor instead of washing.
d. Plant trees in your locality.
e. Check the tap and get them repaired if they are leaking.

Summative Assessment (Page 196)

Exercise A
1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. b
Exercise B
1. water table 2. Melting point 3. Freezing point of water
4. Water cycle 5. Surface water
C. Short answer questions. (Page 196)
1. Renewable resources are those natural resources which can never get
exhausted or replaced within a reasonable period of time. Non-renewable

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 natural resources are those that are exhaustible or can be used only once
and cannot be replaced within a reasonable period of time.
2. Building dams on rivers helps store flood water for use during dry period.
3. The three forms of water interchange through table cycle. The Sun
heats up the water in the ocean. Therefore, the ocean water evaporates
as vapour into air. Rising air currents take these vapours up into the
atmosphere where cooler temperature cause it to condense into clouds.
Cloud particles fall out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation
falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can
store frozen water for thousands of years.
4. There are two major sources of water present on surface of Earth,
underground water and surface water.
5. While passing through the soil layers, underground water gets filtered by
several layers of sand and rock.
6. Rainwater harvesting is a technique of collecting rainwater. It helps to
conserve the precious natural water.
7. Seawater or ocean water is highly salty; hence it is unfit for drinking.
8. This is because only 0.01 per cent of water is considered fit for drinking.
Hence it gets exhausted quickly.
9. The temperature at which it melts is known as melting point of ice. The
temperature at which liquid water freezes into ice is called freezing point
of water.
10. The level of underground water is known as water table.
11. This is because we get the underground water.
D. Long answer questions. (Page 196)
1. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above,
and below the Earth’s surface.
The Sun heats up water in the oceans. Therefore, the ocean water
evaporates as vapour into the air.
Rising air currents take this vapour up into the atmosphere where cooler
temperatures cause it to condense into clouds.
Air currents move clouds everywhere. The cloud particles collide, grow,
and fall out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow
and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen
water for thousands of years. Ice caps and glaciers give rise to rivers. .

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 Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or on to the land, where the
precipitation flows over the land as runoff water.
A portion of the runoff water enters rivers and flows towards the oceans.
Runoff and groundwater are also stored as freshwater in lakes. Not
all runoff water flows into rivers. Much of it soaks into the ground by
infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground. Some infiltration
stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface water
bodies as ground water discharge.
Over time, water returns to the ocean, where the water cycle started.
Since the water ‘cycle’ is truly a cycle there is no beginning or end in it.
Refer Fig. 15.9 on Pg 189
2. Water conservation means careful and economical use of water. The
purpose of water conservation is to increase the amount of fresh water
available for a longer period of time. Some of the methods of water
conservation are as follows:
a. We should start recycling of water at home. For example: water
is used in cleaning utensils can be used to water plants in garden,
instead of being poured down the drain.
b. Building dams on rivers helps store flood water for use during dry periods.
c. We can prevent water pollution water pollution by not allowing
domestic sewage and industrial wastes to pass into rivers or ponds.
3. Different uses of water are as follows:
a. Agricultural use
In India, the major portion of water is used in agriculture. Monsoon
in India is predictable. Therefore, irrigation channels have been set
up to bring water to farm lands. Groundwater and surface water are
used for irrigating fields. Failure of enough rains in a year can lead to
drought condition in India.
b. Industrial use
Water is used for different purposes in all types of industries. Most of the
industries take out underground and surface water. The demand for water
has increased in recent years because of the rapid growth of industries.
c. Domestic use
Some of the most important uses of water are at our homes. All
the things you do at home, e.g., drinking, preparing food, bathing,

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 washing clothes and dishes, brushing your teeth, watering the yard
and garden, and even washing the dog, need domestic water.
4. Natural distribution of water in India:
Various climatic and geographical factors provide India with enough fresh
water for its agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors. However, the
actual distribution of water resources limits access to certain geographic
regions and is confined to only certain months of the year. For example,
rainfall in the Thar Desert and some areas of Rajasthan is as low as
200 mm per year, whereas in the Shillong plateau in the Northeast,
average rainfall exceeds 10,000 mm per year.
Regional distribution in rainfall arises due to the location and influence
of the oceans. A large portion of water obtained by precipitation in India
returns to the oceans through the majore large rivers. A portion of this
water is absorbed by the soil and is stored in underground aquifers.
A much smaller percentage is stored in lakes, pond, and man-made
reservoirs. 12 major rivers drain the Indian subcontinent along with
a number of small rivers and streams. Among them, the Ganges, the
Brahmaputra and the Indus are the most important rivers. Together they
carry more than 40 per cent of the fresh water from their source in the
Himalayas to the ocean. Over 70 percent of India’s rivers drain in the Bay
of Bengal, mostly as part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra system. The Arabic
sea on the western side of the country, receives about 20 per cent of the
total drainage from the Indus system and the other smaller rivers.
5. Some causes of scarcity of water are as follows:
Increasing population
Increase in population increases the demand for more water. Construction
of houses, shops, offices, road, etc., decreases open areas like parks,
gardens and play grounds. This, in turn, decreases the seepage of rain
water into the ground. Moreover, a huge amount of water is needed for
construction of buildings. Often ground water is used for this purpose.
Increasing industries
Water is required for all kinds of industries. The number of industries is
increasing day-by-day. Therefore, there is an increasing need for water.
Increasing agricultural activities
Due to population pressure, agricultural activities are also increased. So,
for irrigating crops, farmers need more water.

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 Uneven rainfalls
In India, there are some places that have excessive rainfall every year and
some areas have very low rainfall. This uneven rainfall causes floods in
some areas and droughts in some other areas.
Water rainfalls
Water is polluted by domestic sewage and industrial wastes. Some
factories and industries are located near rivers. They pour their harmful,
industrial wastes into river water. This further reduces the availability of
fresh water.
No effective measures for water conservation
Very little has been done to conserve our water resources and utilise it in
a proper way.
6. Rainfall provides fresh water to our planet. Most of the rain water runs
off the Earth’s surface forming rivers and streams and flows to the
oceans. Some of the rain water passes through the soil into the non-
porous rock beneath. This stored water is called underground water.
Underground water is also called ground water or aquifer. The level of
underground water is called water table. The underground water may
run along the surface of the non-porous rock and come out of the surface
to form natural springs. Natural springs flow into a lake, stream or an
ocean.
While passing through the soil layers, underground water gets filtered
by several layers of sand and rock. Therefore, this water is almost free of
suspended particles. However, it may contain dissolved salts, gases and
germs.
We get underground water from wells and tube wells. This water is
usually safe for drinking.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 197)

1. In rainwater harvesting, rainwater falling on roofs is allowed to flow
into a deep trench in soil. Thus, instead of going into the rivers,
rainwater penetrates in the soil and increases the level of underground
water.
2. If all the freshwater is exhausted, we will not be able to get the water for
drinking and other purposes. Life will not be able to sustain without fresh
water.

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 3. Fog is prevalent in plains than in hills because cold air is denser than
warm air, hence this fog tends to settle down at the lower areas rather
than in the higher areas such as hills.

CHAPTER 16: FOREST PRODUCTS

Formative Assessment (Page 200)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. fibres b. 21 c. forest
d. Trees e. Quinine
2. Trees purify the air by absorbing carbon dioxide releasing oxygen while
making food. Therefore, a large patch of forest maintains the climatic
balance of a large area.
3. Some plants that have medicinal value are:
Neem, Tulsi, Eucalyptus, and Aloe vera.
4. A forest acts as a natural absorber of rain water and allows it to seep down
in the soil. Therefore, forests also help in maintaining the water table.

Formative Assessment (Page 202)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. food web b. decomposers. c. secondary
d. tertiary e. scavengers
2. Food web is a complex network of interrelated food chains in an
ecological community.
3. Decomposers play a very important role in the ecosystem. They speed up
the decaying process and make the nutrients for plants. When they have
finished feeding, the bodies of plants and animals become reduced to the
substances from which they were made.
4. The consumers in an ecosystem are the animals as they cannot make their
own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals for food.

Formative Assessment (Page 206)

1. Carbon dioxide
2. Van Mahotsav is an Indian tree planting festival that is celebrated for a
week in the month of July. During this festival, millions of trees are planted.
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 3. Alpine forests are found all along the Himalayan and on the higher hills
near the Myanmar border.
4. Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest on a land that is not a
forest by planting trees or their seeds.
5. Most harmful effect of deforestation is that the forests have diverse
wildlife communities. Their destruction will lead to extinction of various
forms of life.
Summative Assessment (Page 207)
Exercise A
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b
Exercise B
1. forest 2. Food chain 3. Energy flow
4. Scavengers/Decomposers 5. Afforestation
C. Answer these questions. (Page 207)
1. Organisms that feed on dead plants and animals are known as
decomposers. Bacteria and fungi.
2. Diagrammatic question.
3. Some seeds get stick to the fur of animals and gets transported to distant
places. Animals also eat fruits and the seeds being undigested pass out in
their faeces in another place.
4. Wood, rubber, cotton, medicinal plants and fruits.
5. Carnivores that eat bodies of dead animals are known as scavengers. They
help in cleaning the environment.
6. Trees bind the soil particles by their strong network of root system and
present them from being washed or blown away.
7. Moist tropical forests, dry tropical forests, montane sub-tropical forests,
montane temperate forests, sub-alpine forests and alpine forests.
8. a. To increase the production of fruits.
b. To provide fodder leaves for cattle in the forest.
c. To plant ornamental trees to beautify the forest.
d. To increase soil fertility and help in soil conversation.
D. Answer these questions in detail. (Page 208)
1. Following are the harmful effects of deforestation:
a. The demand for timber, pulp wood and hardwood is rising globally.
Long term supplies are threatened.
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 b. Deforestation increases global carbon dioxide level which may have
long-term effects on the global climate.
c. Destruction of forests will lead to soil erosion. They can remove the
top soil and leave ground unsuitable for growing crops.
d. Forests have wildlife communities. Their destruction will lead to
extinction of various forms of life.
2. Forests are important for us for the following reasons:
a. Trees purify the air by absorbing carbon dioxide releasing oxygen
while making food. Therefore, a large patch of forest maintains the
climatic balance of a large area.
b. Forests also regulate Earth’s temperature and the water cycle.
c. A forest conserves and protects the biodiversity. It provides home and
protection to wildlife.
d. Forests prevent soil erosion and floods.
e. Some of the industries like those of plywood, sawmills, pulp, etc., are
totally dependent on forests for raw materials.
f. We get fruits like apple, orange, mango etc. from forests.
g. Trees help to purify water in the soil.
h. Firewood and wood charcoal which are used as fuel by rural areas are
also obtained from forests.
i. The plants having medicinal values are also found in forests.
j. Forest attracts a lot of visitors for recreation and spending holidays,
thus help in increasing tourism activities.
k. Several materials of our daily use such as bamboo, latex, resins, fibres
etc. are obtained from forests.
3. A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food. Plants are called
producers because they are able to use light energy from the Sun to
produce their food from carbon dioxide and water. Animals cannot make
their own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals for food.
They are called consumers. There are three groups of consumers.
a. Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores or primary consumers.
b. Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores. Carnivores that
eat herbivores are called secondary consumers.
c. Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers.
Consumers that eat dead animal bodies are called scavengers.

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 d. Bacteria and fungi that feed on dead plants and animals are called
decomposers. The decomposers speed up the decaying process and
make the nutrients for plants. When they have finished feeding, the
bodies of plants and animals become reduced to the substances from
which they are made.
For example:
In a tropical rainforest, a tree is a producer and the beetle that feeds
on its leaves is a primary consumer. A tree frog feeds on the beetle and
therefore it is a secondary consumer. A tree snake feeds on the frog and is
a tertiary consumer.
4. Following steps can be taken to conserve our forests:
a. By emphasizing on afforestation that is establishing a forest on a land
that is not a forest by planting trees or their seeds.
b. Unplanned and indiscriminate deforestation must be stopped.
c. Necessary actions should be taken to prevent forest fires.
d. Forests should be protected from overgrazing.
5. Plants and animals are part of the ecosystem that interact with each other
as well as the environment in which they are located. The process of how
plants and animals are interdependent on each other is survival as each
depends on the other for different requirements.
Animals depend on plants for the following reasons:
a. Animals fulfill their requirements of food from plants.
b. Animals get shelter from plants.
c. The habitats of animals are generally determined by the type of forests
they live in.
d. Plants give our oxygen which is needed by animals to breathe.
Plants depend on animals for the following reasons:
a. Flowering plants in forest ecosystem depend on animals for the
formation of fruits.
b. Animals in forests also help in dispersal of seeds.
c. Animals give out carbon dioxide which is necessary for the plants to
photosynthesize.
d. When animals die, they body become reduced to the substances from
which they are made and mix with soil forming the nutrients for plants.

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 6. The sun is the ultimate source of energy because without it life on earth
would not be there.  It would be so cold that no living thing would be in a
position to survive and the earth would be completely frozen. 
The Sun provides light energy to the firsts of almost all food chains which
are the plants for photosynthesis. The plants are then able to make food
for other living beings living on this Earth. If the Sun is not there, plants
won’t ever be able to initiate the food chain and thus not even a single life
could survive on this Earth.
7. Food chains are the simple representation of energy flow. When a
herbivore eats, only a fraction of energy (that it gets from the plant food)
becomes a part of its body. The rest of the energy is lost as waste or
used by the herbivore to carry out its life processes. Therefore, when the
herbivore is eaten by a carnivore, it passes only a small amount of total
energy to the carnivore. Because the large amount of energy that is lost
at each level in a food chain, the amount of energy that is transferred
gets lesser and lesser. Therefore, energy is maximum at producers and
minimum at consumers.
8. The number of producers is always more than that of consumers because
plants undergo photosynthesis and make their own food to reproduce
and create more producers. While consumers which are not plants, don’t
undergo photosynthesis and hence they are more liable to die out.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 208)

1. South India is rich in dry tropical forests, montane sub-tropical forests
and montane temperate forests. This is because South India is rich in
black and red soil.
2. Trees purify the air by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
Hence, forests are called as lungs of the earth.
3. It will disturb the complete food web.

CHAPTER 17: WASTE MANAGEMENT

Formative Assessment (Page 212)

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. mechanical b. domestic c. primary sludge.
d. compost e. open drains
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 2. The solid part that settles at the bottom after the action of bacteria is
called secondary sludge.
3. Drainage is the system of collection of wastewater released by houses,
industries, hospitals, offices and other users.
4. Both grey water and black water are types of wastewater. The difference
is that the grey water is the result of water being used for household
purposes, like cleaning and washing clothes, while black water contains
faeces and urine and other bodily wastes. Due to this, grey water can
be easily recycled as they don’t contain that much bacteria compared to
black water.
Black water carries a deadlier bunch than grey water. Grey water and
black water are treated differently, with black water needing a more
intensive treatment to kill the disease carrying bacteria present in it.
5. After the secondary treatment of the waste water, it is discharged into
water bodies to remove some dissolved chemicals. Water hyacinth, an
aquatic plant, is used in this process.
6.
PRIMARY SLUDGE SECONDARY SLUDGE

The solid part that settles at the The solid part that settles at the
bottom. bottom after the action of bacteria.
Produced during the primary Produced during the secondary
treatment of waste water. treatment of waste water.
Cannot be used as compost in Can be used as compost in farmlands.
farmlands.

Formative Assessment (Page 214)

1. Eutrophication is the process whereby water bodies receive excess
nutrients that stimulate excessive aquatic plant growth.
2. Algal bloom is the excessive plant growth in water bodies that reduces
dissolved oxygen in the water when dead plant material decomposes.
3. Sewage processing unit uses microorganisms, normally present in the soil
and fresh water, to break down human wastes.
4. Methane is a byproduct obtained during sewage processing. It can be
used to generate electricity.

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 5. Recycling is a very important activity done to achieve the task of waste
management. Following are the benefits of recycling:
a. The energy requirement and pollution associated with recycling are
often much less than those caused by mining and ore processing
methods.
b. Recycling also beneficially reduces the total volume of waste requiring
disposal.

Summative Assessment (Page 215)

Exercise A
1. a 2. b 3. b 4. c
Exercise B
1. Sludge 2. Drainage 3. Sewage
4. Algal bloom 5. Eutrophication
C. Answer these questions. (Page 216)
1. Municipal waste water, industrial waste water and rain water.
2. Industrial waste water contain the harmful chemicals, waste from paints,
drugs and toxic vapours like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide.
3. Recycling is the process of reusing a waste thing in a modified manner.
4. Cholera and diarrhoea
5. Drinking water pipes may get leaked and contaminated.
6. During rainy season, water-logging and over flowing drains in localities
may spread various waterborne diseases.
D. Answer these questions in detail. (Page 216)
1. Wastewater can be treated to prevent water pollution. The various steps
to treat wastewater are given below:
Refer Fig. 17.4 on Pg 211
Primary treatment
Primary treatment is a mechanical process. Sewage is first carried by
sewers to a treatment plant. Here, the large solids like leaves, rags and
plastics are separated by strainers or screens. Then, the sewage is passed

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 through settlement tanks, where most of the suspended solids sink to the
bottom. The solid part that settles at the bottom is called primary sludge.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment is a chemical process. It involves the breaking down
of organic matter by bacterial treatment. This is done in open tanks called
aeration tanks. Aerobic bacteria act on the sewage in these tanks. Often
air is blown into the tanks to speed up the process. Sometimes, anaerobic
bacteria are used to break down the organic matter. This is done in
closed chambers. The solid part that settles at the bottom after the action
of bacteria is called secondary sludge. This sludge can also be used a
compost in farmlands.
Tertiary treatment
After the secondary treatment of the waste water, it is discharged into
water bodies to remove some dissolved chemicals. Water hyacinth, an
aquatic plant, is used in this process.
The treated water is released in clean water bodies like ponds and rivers.
This water can be used for supplying drinking water, growing crops, and
also for aquaculture.
2. Sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material left from the wastewater
or sewage treatment processes.
Following measures can be taken to control sewage:
a. Never throw plastic containers of medicines, vegetable oil, paints,
beauty products, etc., into the drain. These cannot be removed by
waste water treatment plants. Dispose them carefully.
b. Ask your mother to dispose off excess oil, meat, fish or butter in the
garbage can. These materials can block sewage pipes and can cause
sewage to overflow in your area.
c. Get the leaked sewage pipes repaired to stop contamination.
d. Use flushes with low capacity.
3. Eutrophication is the process whereby water bodies receive excess
nutrients that stimulate excessive aquatic plant growth. This enhanced
plant growth, known as algal bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the
water when dead plant material decomposes. This process causes other
aquatic organisms to die.

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 4. Ganga Action Plan
Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was a programme launched by the Government
of India in 1985. The main objective of the programme was to reduce
water pollution in the river and to improve the quality of its water. It has
been seen that the principal sources of pollution in this river are industrial
and domestic wastes. Approximately, 1.7 billion litres of effluents flow
into the Ganga every day, out of which 1.4 billion litres is untreated. The
programme included diversion of waste water flowing into the Gangs,
building up wastewater treatment plants and increasing awareness among
people to keep the river clean. Although the programme was launched
with much enthusiasm, it failed to decrease the pollution level in the river.
Yamuna Action Plan
The 22 km stretch of Yamuna River in Delhi gets polluted from toxic
effluents from various factories and power stations, major drains, open
defecation, cattle and human bathing etc. Yamuna Action Plan was
launched in 1993 with the objective to stop drains from dumping waste
water into the river and to intercept and divert sewage. YAP is the largest
river conservation project in India. The project received funds from
the Japan Bank of International Cooperation. The various plans of this
project includes building up sewage treatment plants and community
toilet complexes near the river, and putting across the Yamuna bridges,
prohibiting people from throwing garbage into the river.
5. No, all plastics are not harmful to the environment. Some plastics can be
recycled and reused. Such plastics if recycled or reused properly do not
harm the environment.
6. Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed. It is used in the tertiary treatment
in water treatment plants. It helps in the removal of some dissolved
chemicals in water.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions (Page 216)

1. Algal bloom reduces dissolved oxygen in water when dead plant material
decomposes. This causes other marine animals to die.
2. Industrial waste water contain the harmful chemicals, waste from paints,
drugs and toxic vapours like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide. This may cause serious diseases.
3. During rainy season, domestic rain water gets stored in localities and may
spread various water borne diseases. This clogged water is beneficial for
the disease causing organisms to breed in it.

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 Sample Paper 1
Time: 2 hr
All questions are compulsory.

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. Blood has a red pigment called _______________.
b. The number of times a person breathes in a minute is called the
_____________.
c. In grafting, the root portion taken from one plant is called the
______________.
d. Motion is a change in the _______________ of a body with time.
e. The temperature at which ice melts is called the _____________.
2. Where is bile produced? Why is it important?
3. Give reasons for the following:
a. In very cold places water pipes burst out during winter.
b. Brass vessels are coated with tin.
4. What are the components of soil?
5. What is pericardium?
6. Give features of an image formed by a convex mirror.
7. Why are ozone and chlorine used in water treatment?
8. Name the elements that represent the weather of a place.
9. What is sericulture? What is reeling of silk?
10. Explain the factors responsible for depletion of water table.
11. Name the substance used to make the following:
a. filament of a bulb b. coil of electric heater

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 12. Draw the circuit diagram of a torch having two cells.
13. The largest gland A in human body secretes a juice B which is stored in C
and has important role in digestion of D. What are A, B, C, and D?
14. A driver is trying to comb his hair with the help of a rear view mirror. Will
he be able to do it? Justify your answer with the help of a ray diagram.
15. Complete the following equations:
a. Copper + Hydrochloric acid
b. Sodium hydroxide + Nitric acid
16. Draw and label the life cycle of silkworm moth or Amoeba.
17. Draw a neat and well-labelled diagram of an electric bell.
18. Name two vascular tissues in plants and state their functions.
19. Explain the following:
a. The bar of a guitar is used to produce different sounds.
b. We can estimate whether a train is approaching by putting ear on the
railway track.
20. Give the location and function of the following:
a. rumen b. food vacuole
c. villi d. pancreas
21. What happens to the food in the following parts of our body? Explain in
detail.
a. buccal cavity b. stomach
c. small intestine d. large intestine
22. In what ways are forests important to us? Give you answer in points and
explain each point.
23. State any two differences between physical and chemical change.
24. Explain the mechanism of breathing in fish and frog.
25. What are the methods of artificial propagation? Give examples.

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 Sample Paper 2
Time: 2 hr
All questions are compulsory.

1. Fill the blanks.

a. The level of ground water is called _______________.
b. The abbreviation ‘IST’ stands for _________________.
c. The small projection in yeast’s body is called a _____________.
d. The air sacs in the lungs are called ________________.
e. The period between two consecutive sunrises is called _________.
2. What is the speed of light?
3. Write down the chemical formulae of the following:
a. magnesium sulphate b. silver chloride
4. How is A horizon different from B horizon in a soil profile?
5. Name any two water borne diseases.
6. What is the full form of VIBGYOR?
7. What is shearing? Name two breeds of sheep, that give good quality wool.
8. State one use of each of the following:
a. sulphuric acid b. nitric acid
c. sodium chloride d. sodium hydroxide
9. An object is placed 25 cm in front of a concave mirror whose focal length
is 10 cm. With the help of a ray diagram, state the characteristics of image
formed.
10. How does underground water get filtered?
11. What is soil erosion? Name any two methods by which soil erosion can be
prevented.

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 12. What is clayey soil? How can we improve the quality of clayey soil to
make it the best soil for plants?
13. How does the process of fertilisation take place in plants?
14. Define speed. How does it help us to categorise motion as slow or fast?
15. Explain the following terms:
a. sludge b. weathering
c. anaerobic bacteria
16. How are frogs peculiar in their way of breathing?
17. Draw a neat and well-labelled diagram of human respiratory system.
18. Explain the process of making a copper sulphate crystal. What kind of
reaction is it?
19. Read the following adaptations of some animals to their habitat. Name
the animal.
a. This bird has a large beak which helps it to reach the fruits on branches
that are otherwise too weak to support its weight.
b. This animal has two thick layers of fur and a layer of fat on its body. It
has strong sense of smell, and is a good swimmer.
c. This animal has large ears to hear even a faint sound.
d. This bird is a good swimmer. Its black and white body merges with the
habitat where it lives in.
20. Explain functioning of a thermos flask.
21. Distinguish between physical and chemical changes. Give one example of
each, giving equation of the same.
22. Draw a well-labelled diagram of the human digestive system. Name the
enzymes involved in digestion of carbohydrates. Where are they secreted?
How is fat digested?
23. Explain the process of fertilisation in flowers.
24. Explain the circulatory system in human beings.
25. What is an electric fuse? When does a fuse blow up?

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 Sample Paper 3
Time: 2 hr
All questions are compulsory.

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. The process by which seeds or fruits are scattered is called
_______________.
b. The act of breathing in is called ______________.
c. The main excretory organ in the human body is ____________.
d. Each kidney consists of a large number of ______________.
e. Water boils at _______________.
2. Tap water kept on a flat dish disappears after sometime. State whether the
change is physical/chemical with reason.
3. What is waste water? What is the role of bacteria in a waste water
treatment plant?
4. Name the opening through which we inhale.
5. Name an organism that has tracheal system.
6. A bimetallic strip bends on heating. Why?
7. Give one use of the following:
a. HCl
b. slaked lime
8. State the role of platelets and WBC in our body.
9. Draw a distance-time graph of a speeding truck and a car moving with a
constant speed.
10. State the differences between a parasite and a saprophyte. Give examples
of each.

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 11. How would you distinguish between ammonia and hydrogen in the
property of acidity?
12. State two uses of each of the following:
a. concave minor b. convex minor
13. Some amount of water is taken in a flask and heated over the Bunsen
burner. Explain the process by which water heats up. How do you observe
the process?
14. Match the following:
a. a spiraling storm i. light breeze
b. the name of breeze, which has a ii. wind vane
speed of 6–12km/hr
c. a storm in the Indian ocean iii. cyclone
d. the instrument to find wind direction iv. hurricane
15. Name two kinds of wool. How is wool yarn obtained?
16. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. An object is placed 4 cm in
front of it. With the help of a ray diagram, state the image characteristics.
17. Give reasons of the following:
a. Irregular meals can cause ulcers.
b. Stainless steel pans are provided with copper bottom.
c. Air is a mixture.
d. Lime water turns milky on blowing air into it.
18. Draw a complete electric circuit showing the required components.
19. Define the following:
a. rumination b. radiation
c. oscillation d. crystallisation point
20. Answer these questions.
a. What is transpiration? What are the advantages of this process?
b. Why does one get cramps after excessive exercising?
21. What is adaptation? What kinds of adaptation are seen in organisms living
in desert?

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 22. Categorise the following reactions:
a. burning of magnesium ribbon
b. putting iron nails in a copper sulphate solution
c. reaction between silver nitrate and ammonium chloride
d. baking soda with vinegar
23. Explain the following:
a. rainwater harvesting b. drip irrigation
c. aquifer d. water table
e. infiltration
24. How will you distinguish between uniform and non-uniform motion using
a distance-time line graph?
25. What is white light? Describe a method to find its constituent colours.

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 Sample Paper 4
Time: 2 hr
All questions are compulsory.

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. Water present on the surface of the Earth is called _____________.
b. _____________ image means an image that cannot be taken on a screen.
c. The process of elimination of metabolic waste products is called
______________.
d. ______________ is a safety device that works on the heating effect of
current.
e. Concave lens is used to correct _____________ sightedness eye vision
defect.
2. Define indicator with an example.
3. Define breathing rate. What is the breathing rate of an individual at rest?
4. Give an example of each of the following:
a. parasite
b. insectivorous plant
c. organism that shows fragmentation
d. instrument which forms a real image
5. What is a cocoon? Name two organisms that show this stage.
6. Give two differences between an acid and a base.
7. Why do bicycles have more tyre punctures in summer months?
8. What is underground water? Give examples of the sources of underground
water.

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 9. How will you show that mercuric oxide is not an element? Justify giving
chemical equations.
10. Which part of digestive system is involved in the following actions?
a. absorption of food
b. killing of bacteria
c. formation of faeces
d. chewing food
11. What is heating and lighting effect of electric current? Give two uses of
the same.
12. What are the secretions of liver and pancreas? What role do they play in
digestion?
13. What are the various ways of asexual reproduction? Give examples.
14. What is an electromagnet? Give two uses of it.
15. Match the correct answer.
a. yeast i. earthworm
b. diaphragm ii. gills
c. skin iii. alcohol
d. leaves iv. chest activity
e. fish v. transpiration
f. frog vi. lungs and skin
16. State two ways of reducing friction. Also state two ways of increasing
friction.
17. What are the factors responsible for the depletion of water table?
18. Define the following with examples.
a. double displacement reaction
b. combination reaction
c. exothermic reaction
d. decomposition reaction
19. Give reasons for the following:
a. Water is not a mixture.
b. Acids should not be stored in metal containers.
c. The body of the water coolers used in our house is made of galvanised
iron.

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 20. Answer these questions.
a. Which pigment in blood carries oxygen to all parts of our body?
b. Why do arteries have thick walls?
c. What is the correct order in which the following processes take place?
i. fertilisation ii. pollination
iii. germination iv. dispersal
d. Name the reproductive parts of a flower.
e. Why are the forests also called ‘green lung’ of the Earth?
21. What is rectilinear propagation of light? How will you demonstrate it?
22. Explain the circulatory system in humans.
23. Draw a circuit diagram of an electric doorbell. Explain how it works.
24. Describe the various ways by which seeds are dispersed.
25. State the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.

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 Sample Paper 5
Time: 2 hr
All questions are compulsory.

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. Fuse wire is usually made up of an alloy of _____________ and lead.
b. Concave mirror forms a ______________ image of the object.
c. We use ______________ for making clothes.
d. The malaria-preventive medicine _____________ is made from
cinchona plant.
e. A dish TV antenna has ____________ shape.
2. List two differences between sandy soil and clayey soil.
3. Name the form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold body.
4. Name the process of heat transfer through vacuum.
5. A simple pendulum takes 32 seconds to complete 20 oscillations. What is
its time period?
6. Define adaptation.
7. Name an organism producing both types of gametes.
8. What is ascent of sap?
9. What is the SI unit of measuring speed?
10. Why do birds migrate?
11. Define and give one example of each of the following:
a. decomposition reaction b. double displacement
c. crystallisation

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 12. Draw a well-labelled diagram of human digestive system.
13. What is vegetative propagation? Give examples.
14. Distinguish between conduction and radiation.
15. What is sludge? How is it treated?
16. What are the adaptive features of aerial organisms like birds?
17. Mercury is used in thermometers. Why? Draw a clinical thermometer.
18. What is photosynthesis? How do non-green plants derive nutrition?
19. Give reasons (very briefly):
a. Humans cannot digest grass.
b. Convex mirrors are used in side mirrors of vehicles.
c. An electrician wears rubber or plastic gloves while working.
d. Cactus has spines but no leaves.
e. Room heaters are always placed near the floor in a room.
20. State the similarity and difference between a laboratory and a clinical
thermometer.
21. Three liquids are given to you. One is hydrochloric acid; one is sodium
hydroxide and the third one is water. How will you distinguish the three
using phenolphthalein indicator?
22. Explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
23. Explain the process of digestion in ruminants. Also draw a well-labelled
diagram of the digestive system of a ruminant.
24. Define radiation. Find three applications of radiation. How is it different
from conduction and convection?
25. What safety measures should we take to prevent the effects of cyclone?

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