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    Human Rights by Irfan Ali

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    Shaista Parveen
    This document provides an overview of international human rights law and key concepts. It discusses how human rights are inherent to all people regardless of attributes. The UN has established mechanisms to promote and protect human rights, including creating a comprehensive body of international law. Key documents that form the basis of international human rights law are the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and International Covenants on civil/political and economic/social/cultural rights. The document also outlines principles such as universality, inalienability, indivisibility, interdependence, equality, non-discrimination, participation, and accountability.

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    Human Rights by Irfan Ali

    Uploaded by

    Shaista Parveen
    50 views5 pages
    This document provides an overview of international human rights law and key concepts. It discusses how human rights are inherent to all people regardless of attributes. The UN has established mechanisms to promote and protect human rights, including creating a comprehensive body of international law. Key documents that form the basis of international human rights law are the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and International Covenants on civil/political and economic/social/cultural rights. The document also outlines principles such as universality, inalienability, indivisibility, interdependence, equality, non-discrimination, participation, and accountability.

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    HUMAN RIGHTS BY IRFAN ALI

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    This document provides an overview of international human rights law and key concepts. It discusses how human rights are inherent to all people regardless of attributes. The UN has established mechanisms to promote and protect human rights, including creating a comprehensive body of international law. Key documents that form the basis of international human rights law are the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and International Covenants on civil/political and economic/social/cultural rights. The document also outlines principles such as universality, inalienability, indivisibility, interdependence, equality, non-discrimination, participation, and accountability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    50 views5 pages

    Human Rights by Irfan Ali

    Uploaded by

    Shaista Parveen
    This document provides an overview of international human rights law and key concepts. It discusses how human rights are inherent to all people regardless of attributes. The UN has established mechanisms to promote and protect human rights, including creating a comprehensive body of international law. Key documents that form the basis of international human rights law are the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and International Covenants on civil/political and economic/social/cultural rights. The document also outlines principles such as universality, inalienability, indivisibility, interdependence, equality, non-discrimination, participation, and accountability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    PRESENTED BY : IRFAN ALI

    PRESENTED TO : DR. SYED NOUMAN ALI SHAH


    ROLL NO : MR-53
    SUBJECT : INTERNATIONAL LAW
    TOPIC : HUMAN RIGHTS
    DEPARTMENT : BS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
    HUMAN RIGHTS
    INTRODUCTION
    Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity,
    language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from
    slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many
    more.  Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.

    INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW


    International human rights law lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to
    refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of
    individuals or groups.

    One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of human
    rights law—a universal and internationally protected code to which all nations can subscribe and all
    people aspire. The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including
    civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It has also established mechanisms to promote and
    protect these rights and to assist states in carrying out their responsibilities.

    The foundations of this body of law are the Charter of the United Nations and the  UDHR adopted by the
    General Assembly in 1945 and 1948, respectively.  Since then, the United Nations has gradually
    expanded human rights law to encompass specific standards for women, children, persons with
    disabilities, minorities and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect them from
    discrimination that had long been common in many societies.

    UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN


    RIGHTS
    The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human
    rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the
    world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December
    1948 by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples
    and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally
    protected. Since its adoption in 1948, the UDHR has been translated into more than  500 languages - the
    most translated document in the world - and has inspired the constitutions of many newly independent
    States and many new democracies. The UDHR, together with the International Covenant on Civil and
    Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols (on the complaints procedure and on the death penalty)
    and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and its Optional Protocol, form
    the so-called International Bill of Human Rights
    ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
     The International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights entered into force in 1976. The
    human rights that the Covenant seeks to promote and protect include the right to work in just and
    favourable conditions the right to social protection, to an adequate standard of living and to the highest
    attainable standards of physical and mental well-being the right to education and the enjoyment of
    benefits of cultural freedom and scientific progress.

    CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS


    The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights  and its First Optional Protocol entered into
    force in 1976. The Second Optional Protocol was adopted in 1989.

    The Covenant deals with such rights as freedom of movement; equality before the law; the right to a fair
    trial and presumption of innocence; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of opinion
    and expression; peaceful assembly; freedom of association; participation in public affairs and elections;
    and protection of minority rights. It prohibits arbitrary deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading
    treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labour; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary interference
    with privacy; war propaganda; discrimination; and advocacy of racial or religious hatred.

    HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTIONS


    A series of international human rights treaties and other instruments adopted since 1945 have
    expanded the body of international human rights law. They include the Convention on the Prevention
    and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948), the International Convention on the Elimination of
    All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
    Discrimination against Women (1979), the Convention on the Rights of the
    Child (1989) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), among others.

    HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL


    The Human Rights Council, established on 15 March 2006 by the General Assembly and reporting
    directly to it, replaced the 60-year-old UN Commission on Human Rights as the key UN
    intergovernmental body responsible for human rights. The Council is made up of 47 State
    representatives and is tasked with strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around
    the globe by addressing situations of human rights violations and making recommendations on them,
    including responding to human rights emergencies.

    The most innovative feature of the Human Rights Council is the Universal Periodic Review. This unique
    mechanism involves a review of the human rights records of all 193 UN member states once every four
    years. The Review is a cooperative, state-driven process, under the auspices of the Council, which
    provides the opportunity for each state to present measures taken and challenges to be met to improve
    the human rights situation in their country and to meet their international obligations. The Review is
    designed to ensure universality and equality of treatment for every country. Human rights law obliges
    governments to do some things, and prevents them from doing others. Individuals also have
    responsibilities: in using their human rights, they must respect the rights of others. No government,
    group or individual person has the right to do anything that violates another’s rights. 

    UNIVERSALITY AND INALIENABILITY


    Human rights are universal and inalienable. All people everywhere in the world are entitled to them. No
    one can voluntarily give them up. Nor can others take them away from him or her. 

    INDIVISIBILITY
    Human rights are indivisible. Whether civil, political, economic, social or cultural in nature, they are all
    inherent to the dignity of every human person. Consequently, they all have equal status as rights. There
    is no such thing as a 'small' right. There is no hierarchy of human rights. 

    INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTER-


    RELATEDNESS
    The realization of one right often depends, wholly or in part, upon the realization of others. For instance,
    the realization of the right to health may depend on the realization of the right to education or of the
    right to information. 

    EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION


    All individuals are equal as human beings and by virtue of the inherent dignity of each human person. All
    human beings are entitled to their human rights without discrimination of any kind, such as race, color,
    sex, ethnicity, age, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, disability,
    property, birth or other status as explained by the human rights treaty bodies.

    PARTICIPATION AND INCLUSION


    Every person and all peoples are entitled to active, free and meaningful participation in, contribution to,
    and enjoyment of civil, political, economic, social and cultural development, through which human
    rights and fundamental freedoms can be realized. 

    ACCOUNTABILITY AND RULE OF LAW


    States and other duty-bearers must comply with the legal norms and standards enshrined in human
    rights instruments. Where they fail to do so, aggrieved rights-holders are entitled to institute
    proceedings for appropriate redress before a competent court or other adjudicator, in accordance with
    the rules and procedures provided by law. 

    THE END

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