VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

"Jnana Sangama", Belagavi - 590 018

A Technical Seminar Report on

“IoT Based Digital Toll Collection System”

A Technical Seminar work submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Information Science and Engineering

Submitted by

Ashika.H.M 1AY18IS019

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Arshiya Mubeen
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AFFILIATED TO VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI. ACCREDITED BY NACC, RECOGNISED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI)
Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru - 560107

2021-2022
 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Accredited by NAAC,
Recognized by AICTE, New Delhi)
Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru - 560107
2021-2022

Certificate
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar entitled “IoT Based Digital Toll
Collection System” carried out by Ashika.H.M (1AY18IS019), is bonafide student
of Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru in partial fulfillment for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science and
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
year 2021-22. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental
library. The Technical Seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of Technical Seminar prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

(Prof. Arshiya Mubeen ) (Prof. Chayapathi A R)

Name of the Seminar Coordinators: Signature with Date

1. Prof. Lokanna Kadakolmath
2. Prof. Subhash Kamble
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of Technical Seminar Report would
be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible through constant guidance
and encouragement.

I would take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Sri. B. Premnath Reddy,

Founder Chairman, Acharya Institutes, Dr. Rajath Hegade, Principal, and Prof. C K
Marigowda, Vice Principal, Acharya Institute of Technology for providing the necessary
infrastructure to complete this Technical Seminar Report.

I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Chayapathi A R, Head of the Department,

Information Science and Engineering and also would like to thank Technical Seminar
coordinators Prof. Lokanna Kadakolmath and Prof. Subhash Kamble for their constant
support.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to my guide Prof. Arshiya Mubeen, Assistant

Professor, Department of Information Science and Engineering for helping me throughout and
guiding me from time to time.

A warm thanks to the faculty of Department of Information Science and Engineering,

who have helped me with their views and encouraging ideas.

Ashika H M (1AY18IS019)

i
 Abstract

In India, the implementation of an electronic toll collecting (ETC) system known as

FASTag intends to reduce service time, delay, and vehicular pollution. FASTag is a technology
that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to allow drivers to pay tolls while
on the road. FASTag (RFID Tag) is fitted to the vehicle's windscreen and allows customers to
make toll payments directly from their FASTag-linked account. Radio frequency identification
(RFID) technology is an automatic identification method using radio frequencies between RFID
reader and tags. The data table available in the proposed model will typically record the
registration information of both the vehicle and driver. The result of this approach in the Bridge
that will help the government to collect toll money properly from every transport driver or
owner.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Survey 2
3. Literature Survey Table 4
4. Problem Statement and Objectives 6
5. Methodology 7
5.1 RFID Technology 7
5.2 FASTag 8
5.3 Components of RFID 9
5.4 Types of RFID Tags 10
5.5 Working of RFID Reader in Toll Collection 11
5.6 Vehicular Classification 13
5.7 Experimental result of the proposed method 14
Conclusion & Future Enhancements 15
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 5.1: RFID Tag 7

Fig 5.2: FASTag 8
Fig 5.3: Components of RFID 10
Fig 5.4: Working of RFID in the Toll Plaza 11
Fig 5.5: Flow Chart of Proposed System 12
Fig 5.6: Experiment result 14

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Literature Survey 4

Table 5.1 Vehicular classification 13
IoT Based Digital Toll Collection System

Chapter - 1
Introduction

As we all know that transportation is the backbone of any country’s economy.

Improvement in transportation systems result into the good lifestyle in which we achieve
extraordinary freedom for movement, immense trade in manufactured goods and services, as
well as higher rate of employment levels and social mobility. In fact, the economic condition of a
nation has been closely related to efficient ways of transportation.

India is a country with second largest road network in the world. Out of the total
stretch of 5.4 million km of the road network, almost 97,991 km is covered by national
highways. The national highways authority of India (NHAI), a nodal agency of the Ministry of
Road Transport and highways is responsible for the maintenance and the expansion of the
highways. Travelling on these State/national highways also known as toll roads require a tax to
be paid called the Toll Tax. The government spends the tax collected by means of toll road
usage on the maintenance of these roads so that the drivers and the riders can travel comfortably.

Automatic toll collection is a technology allows the automated electronic collection of

toll costs. Automatic Toll Plaza is capable of determining whether the vehicle is registered or
not, and then informing the management center about to process violations, debits, and
participating accounts. The most excellent advantage of this Automatic Toll Plaza system is that
it is capable of eliminate congestion in toll plaza, especially during those seasons when traffic
seems to be higher than normal.

FASTag is a device that employs Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for
making toll payments directly while the vehicle is in motion. FASTag (RFID Tag) is affixed on
the windscreen of the vehicle and enables a customer to make the toll payments directly from the
account which is linked to FASTag. FASTag offers the convenience of cashless payment along
with benefits like saving on fuel as the customer does not has to stop the vehicle at the toll plaza.

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Chapter - 2
Literature Survey

1. [2020] Weight-In-Motion Sensor Based Electronic Toll Collection System, K. B. Srikanth

and G. Poornima
This study present a technique for calculating vehicle toll prices based on their weight at the
time of toll collection. The suggestion is based on research that shows that a fully loaded car
causes much more road damage than an empty laden vehicle. The use of Weigh in Motion
(WIM) sensors to dynamically calculate the weight of the vehicle is explored in this
technique. In addition, this model extracts the registration number from a camera-captured
image of the vehicle using computer vision techniques and Optical Character Recognition
(OCR). Using Structured Query Language, this registration number is used to query the cars
database for vehicle registration and insurance information (SQL). These details are used to
make the toll decision and determine the toll price for the vehicle.

2. [2018] Automated Toll Tax Collection System using Cloud Database, Etqad Khan,
Dipesh Garg, Rajeev Tiwari and Shuchi Upadhyay
In this proposed methodology, every car is equipped with an RFID tag that contains the
vehicle's registration number and can be read by an RFID reader at the tollbooth. This
information will be sent to the IoT controller (Arduino) via RFID reader. Sensed registration
number can looked in to cloud database for getting wallet balance and if sufficient balance is
there, and then toll charges can be deducted automatically. The rider will be informed about
his trip deduction charges and will be able to enjoy a pause-free ride. A mobile app will be
developed for customer engagement, through which the client may track all payment logs
and deposit money to their wallet.

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IoT Based Digital Toll Collection System

3. [2016] Automated Toll Collection System using GPS and GPRS, Sudheer Kumar
Nagothu
Long queue lines, escape from toll plazas, and other issues plague the toll collection system,
particularly in India. These systems can only service 300 vehicles each hour, therefore if
more than that arrive at the plaza, there may be significant traffic delays. To address this,
proposed system employs GPS to build geofences based on the latitude and longitude of the
toll plaza's corner. Each vehicle is identified uniquely by SIM of the GPRS, and the amount
is debited from the respective account of the vehicle’s owner, which is acknowledged by the
SMS/ Email to owner of the vehicle. The owner of the car can be debited from the account
by comparing the position of the vehicle and the toll plaza.

4. [2019] Automated Toll Collection System Based on RFID Sensor, Sabbir Ahmed, Tamkin
Mahmud Tan, Anna Mary Mondol, Zawad Alam, Noshin Nawal, Jia Uddin
In this work, an RFID-based Automated Toll Collection System is presented as a solution to
traffic difficulties and to maintain toll collection system transparency. The proposed system
attempts to create a computerised toll collection system that can decrease traffic congestion
on toll highways, bridges, and tunnels without forcing cars to stop. The focus of this study is
on an electronic toll collection system that employs radio frequency identification (RFID)
technology to identify a vehicle that is only used to collect tolls. The suggested RFID system
employs tags that are mounted on the vehicle's digital number plate, with RFID scanners
reading the information stored on the tags.

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Chapter - 3
Literature Survey Table

SL.NO Title of the Paper Problem Authors Approach / Results

Addressed Method
1 Weight-In-Motion To design a Weight in motion The toll price is
Sensor Based device that sensor to calculate justified based on
Electronic Toll calculate the Toll the weight of the the weight of the
Collection System fare based on the vehicle and extracts vehicle at the time
vehicle weight. the registration of toll collection
number using and the toll price for
computer vision empty loaded
techniques and vehicles will be
Optical Character significantly lesser
Recognition than that of a fully
(OCR). loaded vehicle.
2 Automated Toll Tax To design a Each car is User is provided
Collection System device that equipped with an with an android app
using Cloud Database calculate the Toll RFID tag and can for registering for
fare by validating be read by an RFID his vehicle
the wallet balance reader at the registration number.
in the cloud tollbooth. Sensed A wallet is linked
database. registration number with vehicles
can looked in to registration number.
cloud database for Driver can add
getting wallet money in advance
balance. in wallet.

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3 Automated Toll To design a Proposed Each vehicle is

Collection System device that system employs GPS identified uniquely
using GPS and GPRS calculate the Toll Each vehicle is by SIM of the
fare using GPS identified uniquely GPRS, and the
and GPRS by SIM of the GPRS amount is debited
from the respective
account of the
vehicle’s owner,
which is
acknowledged by
the SMS/ Email to
owner of the
vehicle
4 Automated Toll To design a The suggested RFID The Toll amount
Collection System device that system employs tags can be deducted
Based on RFID calculate the Toll that are mounted on from the bank
Sensor fare using RFID the vehicle's digital account which is
Sensor number plate, with linked with the
RFID scanners RFID tag.
reading the
information stored
on the tags.

Table 3.1 Literature Survey

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Chapter – 4
Problem Statement and Objectives

4.1 Problem Statement

To design a smart device for Toll fare collection using RFID Technology.

4.2 Objective
1. Tracking and managing inventory: An RFID tag can be affixed to an object and
used to track and manage inventories (goods), assets, etc. For example, it can be
affixed to cars, clothes, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

2. Security against theft: RFID offers advantages over manual systems or the use of
bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the
object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other
containers.

3. Faster billing systems: Not only does the RFID reader pick up tags good once and
from a considerable distance, but RFID tags can also be read hundreds at a time,
unlike Bar codes that can only be read one at a time.

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Chapter - 5
Methodology
5.1. RFID Technology
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a generic term for technologies that use radio
waves to automatically identify people or objects from a distance of several inches to
hundred feet. This is an Automatic Identification (Auto-ID) technology by which any
object can be identified automatically. Barcode, Magnetic Strip, IC card, Optic Character
Recognition (OCR), Voice Recognition, Fingerprint and Optical strips etc are also
identification technologies. Figure 4 shows the RFID tag. RFID technology uses an
automatic data capture system which helps in increasing system efficiency. A combination
of tag and reader is used for the identification of the object. A code is stored in an RFID
tag and this tag is attached to a physical object. Now object becomes unique and
identifiable. Then object transmit the code from the tag. In this way, the reader gets
information about the object. RFID has a high reading speed and this can work in presence
of a barrier. This technology is more effective when longer read range. fast scanning
and flexible data carrying capability are required. The RFID system has received more and
more attention in many areas like manufacturing companies, agriculture, transportation
and industries. Several frequencies are used in RFID applications 125Khz, 13.56Mhz,
and 860930Mhz for passive RFID. 433Mhz and 2.45Ghz for active RFID

Figure 5.1 RFID Tag

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IoT Based Digital Toll Collection System

5.2. FASTag
FASTag is a RFID passive tag used for making toll payments directly from the customer’s
linked prepaid or saving/current account. Figure 1 shows the FASTag which is affixed on
the windscreen of the vehicle and enables the customer to drive through toll plazas,
without stopping for any toll payments. The toll fare is directly deducted from the linked
account of the customer. FASTag is also vehicle-specific and once it is affixed to the
vehicle, it cannot be transferred to another vehicle. FASTag can be purchased from any of
the NETC Member Banks. If a FASTag is linked to the prepaid account, then it needs to be
recharged/topped up as per the usage of the customer. If the adequate balance is not
maintained by the customer, the FASTag gets blacklisted at the toll plaza. In such a
scenario if the customer travels through a toll plaza without recharging, then the person
won’t be able to avail of the NETC services and would be required to pay the toll fare
through cash.

Figure 5.2 FASTag

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5.3. Components of RFID

RFID systems consist of the following components
 Tag/Transponder: An RFID tag is a small electronic device that is also referred to
as a transponder. The tag consists of a simple silicon microchip and antenna. They
can be attached to an object, typically an item, or box. Information is collected by
chip and can be transmitted wirelessly. The RFID tag can be active(with batteries),
passive(without batteries) and semi-passive (hybrid). The tag has an identification
code that can be transmitted to the reader.

 RFID Antenna: RFID antennas are used to collect information about any item.
There are many types of RFID antennas like patch antennas, linear polarized
antennas, stick antennas, adaptive antennas, gate antenna, and Omnidirectional
antennas. RFID antenna should be a smaller size, should have omnidirectional or
hemispherical coverage, and must provide a maximum possible signal to the
microchip.

 RFID Reader: The reader sometimes called an interrogator or scanner sends and
receives RF data to and from the tag via antennas. Figure 5 shows the basic RFID
system. A reader may have multiple antennas that are responsible for sending and
receiving radio waves. A reader informs the data processing system about the
presence of a tagged item. It consists of three main parts: control section, high-
frequency interface, and antenna. The read range of the reader is affected by a
number of factors, antenna gain, the frequency used, the orientation of the antenna
will affect read range.

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IoT Based Digital Toll Collection System

Figure 5.3 Components of RFID

5.4. Types of RFID Tags

 Passive Tag: Passive RFID tags only have two main components the tag antenna
and the microchip or integrated circuits. Passive tags wait for a signal from an RFID
reader. The reader sends energy to an antenna which converts that energy into an RF
wave that is sent into the red zone. Once the tag is read within the red zone the RFID
tag’s internal antenna draws in energy from the RF waves. The energy moves from
the tag antenna to the IC and powers the chip which generates a signal back to the
RF system.

 Active Tag: Active RFID systems have three essential parts a reader or
interrogator, an antenna, and a tag. Active RFID tags possess their own power source
an internal battery that enables them to have extremely long read ranges as well as
large memory banks. Typically, active RFID tags are powered by a battery that will
last between 3-5 years, but when the battery fails, the active tag will need to be
replaced. As the active tag matures, replaceable batteries will be a cost-saving
option. The system functionality depends entirely on the types of tags chosen for the
application.

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 Semi-passive Tag: A semi-passive tag uses a battery to maintain memory in

the tag. And the communication process is done the same as the passive tags.

5.5. Working of RFID Reader in Toll Collection

A reader uses its own antenna to communicate with the tag. The reader can process
multiple items at once allowing for increased read processing times. The reader puts radio
frequency signals in a relatively short range for activation of the tag and reads and writes
data into it. When this tag comes into the electromagnetic zone it detects the activation
signal from the reader. Then the tag transmits information to the reader and then it is sent
to the microcontroller which is then interfaced with net beans for toll reduction from the
customer. Figure 6 shows the RFID tag reader known as FASTag is affixed on the
windshield of the vehicle for making toll payments directly from the bank or prepaid
account linked to it.

Figure 5.4 Working of RFID in the Toll Plaza

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Figure 5.5 Flow Chart of Proposed System.

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5.6. Vehicular Classification

NPIC Vehicle Class Description FASTag Color

4 Car/jeep/Tata Ace and violet

similar mini light
commercial vehicle
5 Light commercial Orange
vehicle 2axel

6 Bus /Truck 3-axel Yellow

7 Bus 2-axel/mini bus, Truck Green

2axel
12 Tractor/tractor with trailer, Pink
Truck 4, 5, 6-axel

Table 5.1 Vehicular classification

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5.7. Experimental result of the proposed method.

When a vehicle enters the toll plaza and the driver punches the card in RFID it read data and
transfers the data Excel sheet with a WIFI module, it can be able to collect information like
which date the driver punches the card, when payment clear record this exact time, driver
original name which they use in registration in the bank, record vehicle registration plate
number, and also record User Id.

Figure 5.6 Experiment result.

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IoT Based Digital Toll Collection System

Conclusions
FASTag is nontransferable in nature and one can be used for one vehicle only. The scheme
of one nation, one FASTag will help in using cashless transactions and promoting
digitalization. FASTag is being positioned as a “Aadhaar” for a vehicle. Its data can be used
for tracking vehicles on the National vehicle across the country by various enforcement
agencies. Expanding the use of FASTag to reduce human intervention and vehicle congestion
during the toll collection is a step in the right direction as it helps to increase mobility and
reduces time, which is significant while transporting perishables. This will not only help the
government to reduce time consumption but also ensure transparency and enhance data
collection.

Future Enhancement:
 Integration with the e-way bill system will result in a more efficient track and trace
system. it will help revenue authorities to check whether good vehicles are actually
headed to the specified destination.
 Highway sathi- an initiative of Metro, can be implemented for the effective and
smooth FASTag system implementation. It brings various recharging platforms
together for FASTag and local lanes.
 An ambulance service can be connected to the same , it will encourage people for
online transactions. It will make it easy for the ambulance to locate the user on the
highway with the help of GPS.
 Petroleum Ministry and private Oil Marketing Companies that FASTags could be
utilized by consumers for buying petrol at petrol pumps and even in the parking
facilities.

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References

[1]. K. B. Srikanth and G. Poornima, "Weigh-In-Motion Sensor Based Electronic Toll Collection
System," 2020 Fourth World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and
Sustainability (WorldS4), 2020, pp. 262-267.

[2]. E. Khan, D. Garg, R. Tiwari and S. Upadhyay, "Automated Toll Tax Collection System
using Cloud Database," 2018 3rd International Conference On Internet of Things: Smart
Innovation and Usages (IoT-SIU), 2018, pp. 1-5.

[3]. S. K. Nagothu, "Automated toll collection system using GPS and GPRS," 2016 International
Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2016, pp. 0651-0653.

[4]. S. Ahmed, T. M. Tan, A. M. Mondol, Z. Alam, N. Nawal and J. Uddin, "Automated Toll
Collection System Based on RFID Sensor," 2019 International Carnahan Conference on
Security Technology (ICCST), 2019, pp. 1-3.

[5]. S. S. Al-Ghawi, S. A. Hussain, M. A. Al Rahbi and S. Z. Hussain, "Automatic toll e-

ticketing system for transportation systems," 2016 3rd MEC International Conference on Big
Data and Smart City (ICBDSC), 2016, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICBDSC.2016.7460382.

[6]. M. Tajabadi and S. V. Azhari, "A Hybrid Privacy-Preserving Mutual Authentication

Protocol for RFID Traffic Management," 2019 27th Iranian Conference on Electrical
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[7]. D. Chowdhury, S. Mandal, D. Das, S. Banerjee, S. Shome and D. Choudhary, "An Adaptive
Technique for Computer Vision Based Vehicles License Plate Detection System," 2019
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[8]. D. Jadhav and M. Sabnis, "Open road tolling in India by pattern recognition," 2015
International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD), 2015, pp. 1-5.

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