a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa

a daadsas a da a d
a a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai .P.P
wevery
w ww .P.P w=.P.P
w ww.
ww w1.APPLICATIONS
w w
OFwMATRICES
w w AND DETERMINANTS
w w
w w w w
w w THEOREM 1:
w w
For
w w square matrix w ww A
w of order n, 𝑨(𝒂𝒅𝒋 w ww
𝑨)w (𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨)𝑨 = w ww w
 If |𝐴| etet ≠ 0, then the square etetmatrix A is called a non-singular
etet matrix. etet
|𝑨|𝑰 𝒏 etet etet etet etet

l alia.IfN
i . N
|𝐴| = 0, then the l a i
square
l a.Ni . N matrix A is called l alia
a.Ni .N
singular matrix. l alia.Ni . N Proof: l alia.Ni . N l a lia.Ni . N l a l i
a .Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaassimplicity,
a asa saasa adsaasa
a daadsas ADJOINT OFPA a daSQUARE MATRIX: Let a d
a
A be the square matrix a daof order n, then a d
aFor we a
proved
a adsathe theorem for n=3a d
a aonly.
d a d
a
P ww . .P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
w w
w w w w
w w
the adjoint matrix of A is defined as the transpose of the matrix of cofactors w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w𝑎11 𝑎 12 𝑎 13 w ww w 𝐴 11 𝐴 w
12 ww w
𝐴13 w ww w
t
eA.etIt is denoted by adj t
eA.et𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨 = [𝑨𝒊𝒋 ] i= 𝑻 t 𝑻 t Consider 𝐴 t = [𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ] t𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 𝐴 𝐴t 𝐴23 ] etet
i .of
Ni . N i . N
i . N . N
i .[N et 𝒊+𝒋 𝑴𝒊𝒋 ]
e(−𝟏) i . N
i . e et
N i . N
i . e et
N
21 22
i
23
. N
i . e et
N 21 e e22
i . N
i . N t
i . N
i . N
laala
saas saaslaal=a saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala 𝑎31 𝑎32salaa𝑎la33
s saas𝐴laa31la 𝐴32 𝐴33 dadsaaslaala
aad ad 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = aad a
(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴d |𝐴|𝐼 aad ad aad ad aad ad 𝑎11 .P.𝑎P d
aa 𝑎ad a a𝐴d a
a13d aa
ww 12 13 𝐴11 w𝐴w |𝐴| 0 .P.0P
𝑛
P w w.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
wIfw ww.P.P .P.P
w12w ww ww.
 INVERSE ww w wMATRIX: Let A be a
ww w
square
w matrix of order ww w
n.w there exists a www w 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = w w w
[𝑎w21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] [𝐴21ww𝐴22 𝐴23 ] = [ 0 w|𝐴| ww w 0] ww ww

.
square
N e
N
tet matrix B of order
. N e
N e t that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
nt such
. N
=t 𝐼t𝑛 , then the matrix B ist t
ee
N . N ee
N . N etet 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33i.N.N
N et31
𝐴 et 𝐴32 𝐴33 i.N etet 0 |𝐴|
0N . N etet
N
a
alala i i .
called an inverse of A.
a
alala i i . a i i . a i i . a i i . a i a i . a i i .
daadsas 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1P𝐴ada=adsa𝐼𝑛s d ad saaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala1 0 0 d ad saaslala d ad saaslala d adsaaslala
a
P . .P .P.Paa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa= |𝐴| [0 1 0w ]w a a 3 → (1)
.=P.P|𝐴|𝐼 .P.Paa a
.P.Pa .
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
 A singular w w matrix has no inverse. w w w w w w 0 0 w1 w w w w w ww
 IfNA
i . . eteist non-singular, then
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet 𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13i.N.N
N e𝑎te11t 𝑎12 𝑎13 i.N |𝐴|
. etet 0
N
0
i . N . etet
N
l
a ala a i 1 l a a i
l 𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)(𝜆𝐴) l a a i
l −1 = 𝐴−1 sasal 1 l a a i (𝑎𝑑𝑗 l al a i 𝐴 𝐴 sas𝐴a23 l a a i 𝑎
l ] [ 21 22 23s]as= 𝑎 𝑎 l a l a i |𝐴| 0 ] sasal l a a i
a daadsas (𝑖)|𝐴 | = P
−1
a
|𝐴|
saasa(𝐴
daad(𝑖𝑖) a d
a adsaasa 𝜆 a daada a d
a adsaasa𝐴)𝐴 = [ 21 ad22 a ada 𝑎 𝑎 a d
𝑎
a ada a [ 0 adaada
P w .w.P w .P .P w . P. P w . P. P 𝐴31 w . P.𝐴P 32 𝐴33 31 w32.P .P 33 0 0 w .P|𝐴|
.P ww.
ww −1ww
w 1 w
wawnon-zero www w w w w w w w w w w w
 If A iswnon-singular,
w then (λA) ww = A−1 , where 𝛌 w isw scalar. ww 1 0 0 w w w w w w w w
λ
i.(AB) etet = B A
−1 −1 −1 etet etet etet = |𝐴| [0 ete1t 0] = |𝐴|𝐼3 → (2)etet etet etet
l a a Ni . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.Ni . N l a ia.Ni . N l a i
a .Ni . N l a ia.Ni . N
aa l l l l l 0 0 1 l l l
adsaasthen adsaasa aasA adsaasa(1) saasa ad=saa|A|I adsaasa
−1
a A is also non-singular −1 −1 a
daadsas If A is non-singular, d d and (A ) dads= d d adA(adj d sa d
a
P .P.Pa a a a
P.Porder n, then
.of .P.P a a .P.P a aFrom & (2), we
.P.P a a
get A) = (adj A)A
.P.P a a .P.Pa a .
 If A is non-singular
wwww square matrix wwww wwww wwww w www w ww
w
n
w ww
w w ww
w
ww −1 −1 )
w w
1 w w
−1
w w w w
THEOREM 2: If a square matrix has an inverse, then it is unique. w w w w w w
(𝑖)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)
t = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴 =
t 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴
t t
i . N . e et
N i . N . e et |𝐴|
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N Proof: NN
i . . etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i i i i i
saaslaala(𝑖𝑖)|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴| saaslaala saaslaala = |𝐴| a𝐴saslaala saasAlaabe
la a square matrixsof aslaaorder
la n such that ansasinverse laala of A exists. If spossible, aslaala let
𝑛−1 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) 𝑛−2
d a d a d a d a dLet
a d a a d a a d a a
aa
P d .P.Pa= d
a 𝜆𝑛−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) .P.P a d
a(𝑣)|𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| .P.P a d
a(𝑛−1) 2
.P.P d
a athere be two inverse .P.P d
aBa and C of A. .P.P aa d .P.Paa d .
(𝑖𝑣)𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝜆𝐴) w ww w ww w=w|𝐴|
w w ww w ww w ww w ww wwww
w w w 𝑇 𝑇 w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
(𝑣𝑖)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴 ) (𝑣𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) By definition, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛
e te t 2 e t
e t e t
e t e t
e t e te𝐶(𝐴𝐵)
t (𝐶𝐴)𝐵ai.=N e𝐼𝑛te𝐵t = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = 𝐶 i.N.N etet etet
 a i . N|𝑎𝑑𝑗
i . N 𝐴| = |𝐴| ⟹ |𝐴|
a i . N
i =
. N ±√|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N 𝐶 = 𝐶𝐼
a i .𝑛N
i . =
N = i . N a i a i . N
i . N
alala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslalait is proved. dadsaaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsas A−1 = ± P1adaad adjA a d ad a d ad a d a
Hence
d a a d ad a d ad
P w√w . .P
|adjA| ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
wAw w w.P.Pa −𝟏 ww .P.Pa ww.
ww ww 1 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w THEOREM 3:
w w
Let
w w be a square matrixw ww wof order n. Then 𝑨 w wwexists
w if and only if w Awww
 A=± adj(adjA) is non-singular.
N e te t √|adjA|
N etet N etet N etet N etet N etet N etet N etet
l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N Proof: l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a i
a . i . N l a ia. i . N
a al If A and B are any asal non-singular square
adsatwo
l
adsaasamatrices of order an, asal
sathen l
adsaasa(i) : Suppose that
l
aasaexists, then 𝐴𝐴−1 saasa−1l adsaasa
l
a daadsas a da a d
a a da d a d
aCase a d
a aA
d s−1
a d
a a=
d 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼 . a d
a
P 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵)w=w .P(𝑎𝑑𝑗
P 𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) ww .PP .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P 𝑛 w.P.P .
w ww .
w w ww .
w 𝑇 𝑇ww wwww
w ww
w
ww
w w
w www
By the product rule for determinants, w ww ww
w w ww w w w ww ww
w
 A square matrix A is called orthogonal if 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼
−1 )t
i.AN eteorthogonal
is
N t if and ionly. N eteift A is non-singulari.N
N and eteA
N t −1 = 𝐴𝑇 . N etet
N 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴𝐴N
. e e=
N t 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴−1 )𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) .N e=tet𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐼𝑛 ) = 1 ⟹ i|𝐴|
N .N e≠
N
tet0.
.N Netet
aal al a i . l al a i . l al a i . l alia i . l alia i . l a lia i . l a l a i . l alia i .
a daadsas ApplicationPofadmatrices a adsaasa is in computer a d
a
saasa and cryptography.
adgraphic a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa A is non-singular.
Hence
a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww . .P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P w.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww ww ww Page
ww 1 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P .P.P
Padasalai
ww ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
Case (ii) : Conversely,
ww ww suppose A iswnon-singular, w
w w then |𝐴| w ≠w
w0.
w w w
w w Proof: w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w
(adj |A|I −1 −1 −1
W.k.T. A(adj A) = A)A = Since A is non-singular, 𝐴 exists and 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼 .
i .N . etet
N i .N . e1 tet
N
n
i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
𝑛
i .N . etet
N
÷ a𝑏𝑦l al a i
a |𝐴| ⟹ 𝐴 (|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗a𝐴)
1
l al a i l al a i l al a i Given l al a i
AB=AC. Pre multiply by
l a l a i
𝐴 −1
on both sides, l al a i l al a i
daadsas d d saasa= (|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) 𝐴 = d adIsanasa d adsaasa d
asa
adsa−1 −1 (AC) d adsaas(𝐴
a −1 −1ad adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P .P.Pa a 1 .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a 𝐴 (AB) = 𝐴 .P.Pa a⟹ 𝐴)𝐵 = (𝐴 .P.P a
𝐴)𝐶 ⟹ 𝐼 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝐼 a a
𝑛 w.P.P = 𝐶
𝐶 ⟹ 𝐵 .
⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 w=ww𝐼w ; 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w w wwww
ww 𝑛 |𝐴| w w w w w w w w w w w w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- w w
Hencei.N the
. N
t t
e einverse of A existsi.N and
. etethe
N t inverse is 𝐴−1.N
i = . ete1 t 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
N i . N . etet
N THEOREM
i . N . ete8:t RIGHT CANCELLATION
N i . N . etet LAW
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala laala and C be squaresmatrices aslaala of order n. aIfsaAasla alanon-singular and sBA=CA aslaala then
|𝐴|
d ad d ad d ad d ad dLet
adsaasA,B d ad a d d
is
d ad a
aa
P .P.PaaPROPERTIES OF INVERSES
.P.Paa OF MATRICES aa
.P.P a aB=C
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .
w www w ww
w 𝟏 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
THEOREM 4:ww If A is non-singular, then ww |𝐀 | = −𝟏
|𝐀|
ww ww Proof:
w w w w w w w w
Proof: N e te t N e te t N e te t N e te t SinceaAi.N is.N tet
enon-singular, 𝐴−1aexists N eteand
t 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴.N= ete𝐼𝑛t . N etet
a ia. i . N a i
la . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N i i . i . N a i i . N a i . i . N
saaslA
albe saasla|𝐴| −1 as aslala saaslala saaslala saaslaby la −1 saaslala saaslala
a daadLet non-singular a d a
then
d ≠ 0 and 𝐴 a d a
exists.
d a d ad a d a
Given
d BA=CA. Post a d a
multiply
d 𝐴 on both a d a
sides,
d a d ad
P ww.P.Pa −1
−1 ww Pa
.P.−1 .P.Pa
w|w ww.P.Pa(BA)𝐴−1 = (CA)𝐴 ww .Pa⟹ 𝐵(𝐴𝐴−1 ) =w𝐶(𝐴𝐴
.P−1 ww .P.P−1a
ww.P.P𝐵a = 𝐶 ww.
By definition, ww w𝐴𝐴
w = 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 ⟹ ww ww|𝐴𝐴 | = |𝐴−1 𝐴| =w|𝐼 w
w𝑛w w w
w w w w
w w w w w ) ⟹ 𝐵𝐼 𝑛 = w 𝐶𝐼w
w w
𝑛 ⟹ ww ww
By the product tet rule for determinants, tet tet tet --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i . N . e
N i . N . e
N i . N . e
N i . N . e
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a
−1 a i
a al | = |𝐼𝑛 | ⟹ |𝐴||𝐴
|𝐴𝐴 −1 l al a i −1 1
l al a i l al a i THEOREM l a
al a i 9: REVERSAL LAW l a l a i
FOR INVERSES l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa| = 1 ⟹ |A |a=daad|Asa| asa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaAasand
If B are a d
non-singular
a adsaasamatrices of theasame d
a adsaasaorder, then theaproduct d
a adsaasa AB is
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
P ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ww.P.P ww.P.P w−𝟏.P.P
w ww.P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww w ww
w w ww
w w w w
also non-singular and (𝐀𝐁) = 𝐁 𝐀
w −𝟏 w w
−𝟏
w w w w
w w w ww w
THEOREM 5: If A is non-singular, then (𝐀𝐓 )−𝟏 = (𝐀−𝟏 )𝐓
Proof: i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
Proof: Netet
i . i.N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a l a l a i l al a i |𝐴| l al a i
asa0 , |𝐵| ≠
saasdefinition,
daadBy
a
𝐴𝐴−1 =d
asa
ad𝐴sa−1 𝐴 = 𝐼 d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasaA−1
Since and B are non-singular
d adsaasa matrices of athe d aasa order n, then
adssame d adsa≠
a
P a a
.P.P −1 𝑇 𝑛 a
.P.P 𝑇a a
.P.P a a a
.P.P 0 ⟹ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵ww .PP
−1 a a a
.P.product
P of AB and Bw a
.P.A
−1 a
−1
P can also .
Taking transpose ww ww ww ,(𝐴𝐴 ) = (𝐴−1w𝐴) ww
w
w
𝑇w
= (𝐼𝑛 ) ww wwww
wwwwww
w ww . of order n exists.
w w wThe
w
ww
w w ww
w
w
w wwwww
−1 )T 𝑇 found.
By the reversal e te t law of transpose, e te(A
t 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 (A−1e)tTet= |𝐼𝑛 | e te t etet ≠ 0 ⟹ 𝐴𝐵 is ialso etenon-singular
t ete−1t exists. etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N |𝐴𝐵| = i . N
i|𝐴||𝐵|
. N . N
i . N and i(AB)
. N
i . N i . N
i . N
saaslaala(A ) = (A da ) saslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaalaB−1 A−1 ) = 𝐴(𝐵𝐵 ala−1 aa saaslaala
T −1 −1 T
a Hence
a a a a
(AB)( a asla)𝐴
sa−1 = 𝐴(𝐼 )𝐴 −1 asa
= a slal−1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝐼 a
d d d d d
a a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aa aa aad d d d
a a −1 −1 d
a−1 d
a −1 𝑛 aad d 𝑛 aad d
P ww.P.P ww .P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P ( B A )(AB) w
= .P.BP
w (𝐴 𝐴)𝐵 = B w
−1 w P.P
.(𝐼 )𝐵 = 𝐵 −1
𝐵 = 𝐼 w .P.P
w ww.
ww w w w w
ww (𝛌𝐀)−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 ww w w wwww w w
w w w w
w w 𝑛 w w
𝑛
w w w www
THEOREM 6: If A is non-singular, then = 𝐀 , where 𝛌 is a non-zero Hence (AB) −1
= B −1 A−1
t t 𝛌 t t t
scalar. i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i i i i
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a a a a i
saaslala
daadProof: d ad saaslala d ad saaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala
a
P a
.PPa −1 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa THEOREM 10: LAW OF
a
.P.Pa DOUBLE INVERSE a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .
w www−1. wwww wwww wwww w ww
w −𝟏 w ww
w −𝟏w www
−𝟏 wwww
By definition, ww 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 ww ww ww If A is non-singular, w w then 𝐀 is alsow w non-singular and (𝐀 w )
w =𝐀 ww
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
Muliply &e t t
divide
e by 𝛌, (𝜆𝐴) ( 𝐴 e te t) = ( 𝐴 ) (𝜆𝐴) = e t𝐼
e t ⟹ (λA) −1
= A etet Proof: etet etet etet etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.𝜆N
i . N 𝜆 l a ia. N
i . N 𝑛
l λ ia
a . N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N −1 l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.Ni . N
saasal adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
daad--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d d d adsaasa
l
d
Since l
adsaasaA is non-singular,then d
l
adsaasa|𝐴| ≠ 0 and 𝐴adaadexists. saasal d adsaasa
l
a
P THEOREM 7: LEFT .Pa a
.PCANCELLATION .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a a
.P.P Now |A−1 | = w 1
≠w
a
.0P.P a −1
⟹ A is also non-singular .P.P and 𝐴𝐴 = −1
𝐴w a
.P.P
−1 a
𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 . .
ww ww ww ww ww w ww
ww ww wLAW
ww
w ww ww wwww w ww
|A|
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
Let A,B and t C be square matricest tof order n. If A is non-singular t and AB=AC then t Now 𝐴𝐴−1t = 𝐼𝑛 ⟹ (𝐴𝐴−1 )−1 = t𝐼 ⟹ (𝐴−1 )−1 𝐴−1 = 𝐼 t
i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e
Ne i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e et
N i .N . e et −1 −1
N i .N . e et
N i .N .Netet
B=Caal al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i Post- l al a i
multiply by A on both l asides,
l a i (𝐴 ) = 𝐴 la la i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P w.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww ww ww Page
ww 2 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a da a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P wAw.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ( −𝟏 ww.P.P
Padasalai w⟹w.P.P ww.P−1
.P 𝑛 1 −1 ww .P.P −1
w ww.
THEOREM 11: ww wIfw is non-singular w w
square
w w matrix of order w w
n,
w then
w 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀 ) = w w
w w Replace A by w w
λA
w w 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (λA) = w w
|λA|(λA)
w w = 𝜆 | 𝐴 | 𝐴 w=w 𝜆w𝑛−1
| 𝐴 | 𝐴 = w ww w
𝟏 𝜆
𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀−𝟏 )e= t 𝐀 etet etet etet 𝑛−1
etet etet etet etet
l alia.Ni . Net|𝐀| l alia.Ni . N l a lia.Ni .N l alia.Ni . N 𝜆 adj(A)
l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
saasa
daadProof: d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa
THEOREM adsaasa
15: If A is non-singular
d square matrix d adsaasofa order n, then |𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀)|
d adsaasa =
a
P 𝐴−1 = 1 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 w𝐴) .wP.⟹a a
P 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1ww .P.Pa a .P.Pa a . P. a
P a (𝐧−𝟏) 𝟐 . P. a
P a . P. a
P a . P. a
P a .
w ww ww ww wwww |𝐀| ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
|𝐴| www ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
Proof:
⟹ (𝑎𝑑𝑗 N 𝐴)
e tet−1 = (|𝐴|𝐴−1 )−1 N = e tet−1 )−1 |𝐴|−1 = 1 N
(𝐴 A e→tet (1) N e tet N ete(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)
t n−2 i.N etet N etet N etet
i . i . N i . i . N |A|i . i . N i . i . N W.K.T, i .adj
i . N = |A| 𝐴 i . N i . i . N i . i . N
a aslaala 1
sa−1 a saaslaala |𝐴|𝐴−1 a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala𝑛2−2𝑛+1 a saas2laala
aad d 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) ⟹aad d
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = aad d aad d d d
a a⟹ |adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| =.P.||A| d d
n−2
a a 𝐴| = (|A| ).P.|𝐴| n−2 𝑛 d d
a a = |𝐴| = .|A| aad d
(n−1)
P |𝐴| ww .P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w P w w P w wP.P ww.
w ww w −1 −1 w w
w w
−1 −1 −1 1 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
w w w www
Replacing A by 𝐴 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴 ) = |𝐴 |(𝐴 ) = |A| A → (2)
N e tet N e tet N e tet N e tet THEOREM N e te16:
t If A is non-singular N e tesquare
t matrix of order N e tetn, then(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀)𝐓 = N etet
From a i . i . N ( ) −1 a i . i . N( −1 )
1
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
alala(1) and (2), adjAasaasla=laadj A = |A| A asaaslala saaslala saaslala)
𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀 𝐓
saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsas a d d a d d a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad
ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
P -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ww.P.Pa ww.P.PaProof: ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
w ww w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w1w w w
w w w w
w w w www
THEOREM 12: If A is non-singular square matrix of order n, then |𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀| = W.K.T, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
𝐧−𝟏
|𝐀| ai.N eet t N eet t N eet t N eet t N etet N e1tet N etet N etet
l a i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
saasal l l l l l l l
𝑇 𝑇 −1 𝑇
a daadProof: a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa A by 𝐴 ⟹ a(𝐴
Replace
d
a ads)aasa= |𝐴𝑇 | (𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴a)da)adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P A(adj A) = (adjww .P.P = |A|I ⟹ 𝑑𝑒𝑡[A(adj .P.P A)] = det(𝐴)det(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) .P.P = det[|A|I ] ww .PP .𝑇P.|(𝐴
P 𝑇 )−1 = (|𝐴|𝐴−1w .P.P (adjA)T .P.P .
ww ww A)A n w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w ww . ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝑇 )w=
nw ww
w
w
|𝐴w w ww)𝑇w=
w w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
⟹ |𝐴||𝑎𝑑𝑗 t 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛 ⟹ |adjA|t= |A|n−1 tet tet --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i N
. i.N e e t
i N
. i.N e e t
i N
. i.N e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i N
. i.N e THEOREM i .N . ete17:
N t
If A and B are i .N
any . ete
N t
two non-singular i .N .
matrices
etet of order n, then
N i .N . etet
N
l al a l al a l a l a l al a l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
saasa
daadTHEOREM d adsaasa d adsaasaof order n, thena𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀) d adsaasa d adsaasa = (𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐁)(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀) d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P 13: If A is
.P.Pa non-singular
a square .P.Pmatrix
a a .P.P a = .P.P a a𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀𝐁) .P.P a a .P.P a a .P.P a a .
|𝐀|𝐧−𝟐 𝐀 ww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww Proof: ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
Proof: etet
N N e tet N e tet N e tet W.K.T, 𝑎𝑑𝑗
N e te𝐴t = |𝐴|𝐴−1 N etet N ete−1
t N etet
i . i . N
ala non-singular matrix i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
saaslaalBa of order n, B(adj a a (adj B)B = |B|Isnalaala saaslaala A by AB ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 aslaala = |𝐴𝐵|(𝐴𝐵) a= laala saaslaala
−1 −1
d ad saaslaany
For
d ad d ad slal=
saaB) d ad a s d
Replace
ad d adsa(𝐴𝐵) d dsaas|𝐴||𝐵|𝐴 𝐵
d ad
a a Put 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 ⟹.P.𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴(adj aa aa aa a a= (|𝐵|𝐵 )(|𝐴|𝐴.P.P−1 −1 aa aa aa
P
w www P (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)) w
w
=w
w
.P|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|I
.P n w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w www ) = (adjB)(adjA)ww ww.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.
ww(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) n−1 w w w w w w w w w w
EXERCISE 1.1 w w w w
⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴(adj ) = |A| In
Pre-multiply N t t
e e by A on both sides, N eet t N eet t N eet t 1.Findi.the N t t
e adjoint
e of the following N t t
e ematrices. N etet N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
ala
saasl[𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)] alala a
saaslal(adj l la
adsaasan−1 In
lala 4
sa[as−3 saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daad⟹ (adjP(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)
a daadsas ) = 𝐴|A|n−1 InP⟹ a daad|A|I (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴))P= a da𝐴|A| a d ad
(i) ] a d ad a d ad a d ad
P w . .P ww. .P n
ww. .P ww.P.Pa 6 2 ww ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
⟹ adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) ww ww =w|A|n−2 𝐴 wwww wwww ww ww −3 w4w w
2 w−4 w w w w
w w ww ww
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Let 𝐴 = [ ] ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ]
N e te t N e te t N e te t N e te t N e6te t 2 N −6
e te t −3 N etet N etet
l
THEOREM a ia. i . N 14: If A is non-singular l a ia. i . N square matrix l a ia. i . N
ofl order n, then 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝛌𝐀) l a ia
l =. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l a ia. i . N
asal adsaasa
l
adsaasa adsaasa
l
adsaas2a 3 1 adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daad𝛌sa𝐧−𝟏 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀) ww a da a da a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
Proof: w ww w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w (ii) [3 4 w
1 ]w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w
W.K.T,(adjA) etet −1 = 1 A ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 e𝐴tet= |𝐴|𝐴−1 etet etet 3 7ete2t etet etet etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.Ni . N l a ia.Ni . N l a i
a .Ni . N l a ia.Ni .N
aa l |A| l l l l l l l
a daadsas a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w.
ww ww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
ww ww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww wwww Page
ww 3 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a da a da
P 2 w3 ww.1P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P 5 1 1 5 ww
Padasalai
ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww w w ww w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
25 − 1w 1 − 5 w w
1 − 5 w 24 −4 −4 w w w ww w
Let 𝐴 = [3 4 1] 1 5 1 1
.N e3tet 7 2
N .N etet
N .N Netet .N etet
N .N etet 1 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = i[.N1
N e−
N
tet5 25 − 1 1 −N5ete]t= [−4 24 −4N]etet
a laalia i . a l
a alia i . a laalia i . a laalia i . 1 a 1l
a alia 5
i . a laal a i1
.
− 5 1 − 5 a laalia.−
25 i.N1 −4 −4 a lia. i.N
laa24
a s 4s 7 3 4 a s s a s s a s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
adada
P .P.Padada 8 − 7 .P.P a7dad−a6 3 − 4 adada1 −1
.P.1P ada5da 1 1 5 .P.P
.P.P adada 24 −4 .P.P
dada
a−4 6 −1
dada
a−1
.P.P .
1 2 1 ww 1ww w w
w6w 4 − 3 3 − 2w]w w w
w=w[−3 1 www w www w www w www w wwww
ww3 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 3w−w 1 ] ww −1 1
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = w w −1 1 w w
[−4 24 −4] = 28 [−1 6 −1]
1 ww w w
3 3 2 21 − 12 9 − 14 8 − 9 9 −5 −1 112
4 i.7N e t
3e t 4 N e t
e t N e t
e t N e te t N e t
e t N etet −4 24
−4 N etet −1 6
−1 N etet
i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saaslaala d dsaaslaala d d saaslaala
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a a d adsaaslaala d dsaaslaala d dsaaslaala d dsaaslaala
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a a a d adsaaslaala
aa
P 2 2 ww .P.P
1 aa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P 2 3 1 www .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
1 w w w ww
w w ww
w w w
w w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
(iii) [−2 1 2] w w w w w w
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) 𝑛−1 w w (iii) [3 4 1] w w w w ww w w
3
1N t t
e e−2 2 N eet t N eet t N eet t 3i.N etet2
7N N etet N etet N etet
1alala a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
daads2as 2 1
−2 2 1
d adsaaslala 3−1 2a+d ad
l la
4saasa−2 − 4 4 − a 1dadsaasa
l la
d adsaaslala 2 3 1 dadsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala
a
P a
.2P.P⟹a 1 .[P.2P+ a .P a a
.P.PaLet 𝐴 = [3 4 w1w a
].Pa
.P a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
w w www 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = ( )ww
w
ww 4 4 − 1 ww−2 ww
w −.P4] w w ww
w w w w w w ww
w w w ww
w ww wwww.
−2 1 2 w −2 3 w
4−1 2+4
w
2+4
w 3 7 w 2 w w
1 −2 ete2t 1 e t
e t e t
e t e tet 2ete3t 1 etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N 6 −6 3 a i . N
i . N 2 −2 1 a i . N
i . N |𝐴| = a i . N
i . N = 2(8 − a
7)i . N
i
− . N 3(6 − 3) + 1(21 a−i . N
i .
12) N = 2 − 9 + 9 a i . N
i . N
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a 1 a sa
l
asal 1 a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a| 3 4 1 |
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saasal 0
= l 2 a ≠
d
a ad d
a ad = [6 .P 3P d d−6 ] = [ 2 1 .PP d
−2d ] d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
P
w w .P.P
w 9
w w w .a a 3
w w w .a a w w .P.P
w 4 7
3 7 2 .P.P
3 4 w w w w ww.P.P
w w .P.P
w w ww.
www ww 3w 6 6 1 ww2w 2 www www 8−7 w w w 7−6 3−4 ww w
1 1 −1 w w w
2. Find thet inverse of the following 1 2 1 1
−2 i .N . e e4t
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet 3 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [i.N
N 3N
. e−tet6 4−3 3−
i .N 2N
. e]te=
t [−3 1 1 .]NN
i . etet
l
(i) a[ aal a i ] l al a i l al a i l al a i 3 3l al a i
2 l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daadsas 1 −3 a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a4adsaas7a 3 4 a d
a adsaasa 21 − 12 9 −ad14 aadsaas8a − 9 9 −5
a daadsaas−1
a
P −2 ww .P.P
w4w −2 w 4w.P.P ww.P.P −3 −4 ww w.P.P ww .P.P 1 1wwww.P.P
−1 ww.P.P ww.
Let 𝐴 = [ ww ] ; |𝐴| = | www|w= 6 − 4 = 2 ≠ 0ww w; w𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ w]w w 1 w w
w w 1 w w www w w ww w
1 −3 1 −3 −1 −2 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴−1 = [−3 1 1]
t t t t t 2 t
𝐴−1 = i . N 1
. e
N e
𝑎𝑑𝑗
t
𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 −1
=
1
i .
[
−3
N . e
N e t −4
] i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
i . 9
N . e
N et−5 −1 i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i i i i i
d ad saaslaala |𝐴| d adsaaslaa2la−1 −2 d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐 Findd adsaaslaainverse
the
la
of[
𝑎 𝑏 dadsaaslaala
] d adsaaslaala
a a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa 𝑐w
aa
.P.𝑑
P aa
.P.P .
w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www w ww
w wwww
5 1 w 1w ww ww ww ww ww 2 −1 3 ww ww
(ii) [1 N5etet1] N etet N etet N etet 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 N etet𝟏. 𝟑 Find the inverse N etet of [−5 3 1i.]N.N etet N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i a i . i . N
ala1la 1 5 saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala −3 a2saasla3la saaslala
a daadsas a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad cos a d ad a d d a d ad
P 5 1 .1P.Pa
ww ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.𝛼Pa 0 sin 𝛼 ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
Let 𝐴 = [1 w5 w w
w 1] w ww w w w
w w w w
w w 3. 𝐼𝑓 𝐹(𝛼) =w w w
[w 0 1 0 ] w ,
w ww
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 [𝐹(𝛼)] −1 ww
=
ww 𝐹(−𝛼) ww ww

i . N . e1tet 1 5
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i. N . etet − sin 𝛼 0 cos
N i . N . e𝛼tet
N i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l a a i5 1 1 l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i cos(−𝛼) 0 l a a i
sin(−𝛼) cos 𝛼l a a i
0 − sin 𝛼 l a a i
saasa=l
daad|𝐴| = d adsaas−
5(25
al
1) − 1(5 − 1) d
+
saasa−
ad1(1
l
5) d adsaasa
l
d
l
adsaasa = [ d
l
adsa1asa 0 ] =a[daad0saasa 1
l
d dsaasal
a(1)
a
P | 1 5 1 |.P.Pa a .P.P a a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a𝐹(−𝛼) 0 .P.Pa a .P.P 0 ] a
.P.P→ a .
1 1ww w5www wwww ww ww wwww wwww
−wsin(−𝛼) 0 cos(−𝛼) wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww w ww sin 𝛼 0 cos ww 𝛼 ww
= 120 − 4 − 4t t cos(−𝛼)
i . N . e
N
tet
i . N . ee
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N (∵ i.N . etet = cos 𝛼 )
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
aal al a i = 112 ≠l al0a i l al a i l al a i l a
sin(−𝛼)
l a i = − sin 𝛼 l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a daadsaasa
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww wwww Page
ww 4 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a da
P w𝛼w .P.P 0 sin 𝛼 ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
Padasalai
ww ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
wcos
w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥 [
4 w3 w
w w
]=[
4𝑥 3𝑥
] ; 𝑦𝐼2w= 𝑦 [ w w w 1 0
]=[
𝑦 0
w ]w
w w w ww w
| 𝐹(𝛼)| = | 0 1 0 | = cos 𝛼 (cos 𝛼) − 0 + sin 𝛼 (sin 𝛼) 2 5 2𝑥 5𝑥 0 1 0 𝑦
i .N . ete−
N t
sin 𝛼 0 cos i .𝛼N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N 22 i .N .
27etet 4𝑥 3𝑥
N 𝑦i .N . e0tet 0 0
N i .N . etet
N
aal al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i 2 l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a daadsaasa = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 +ada adsa2as𝛼a = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 a daadsaasa a d
a
𝐴adsaas+a𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02a⟹ d
a adsa[a18
sa 31] + [2𝑥 5𝑥
a d
a
asa[
ad]sa+ 0 𝑦
]=[
0 a0d
] asaasa
ad
P 1 0 ww ww .P
0.P 1 w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w 22 + 4𝑥w+ w
𝑦 .
w P. P 27 + 3𝑥 w .
w P. P w .
w P. P ww.
ww ww ww wwww wwww ww
w w ww0w 0 w ww
w w www
0 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 0⟹ ⟹[ ]=[ ]
t t t t 18 + t 2𝑥 31 + 5𝑥 + 𝑦 t 0 0
0 laia− . N . e et𝛼 cos 𝛼
sin
N 0i.N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i i 27 + 3𝑥 i = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 = −27 ⟹ i 𝑥 = −9 i
d ad saasal 0
1 d 0
adsaaslaa1la d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d⟹adsaas{laala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P cos a−a 0
.P𝛼.P 0 − 0 ww .P.Pa a0 − sin 𝛼 cos .P a a0 − sin 𝛼
𝛼.P aa
.P.P 22 + 4𝑥 + w 𝑦w.=
P.P a0a⟹ 22 + 4(−9) +.P𝑦.P a=a 0 ⟹ 22 − 36 +.𝑦P.P a=a0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 14 .
w ww
w w w w w
w w w w
w w w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐹(𝛼) =w[w 0 − 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 +w𝑠𝑖𝑛 w 2𝛼 0 − 0 ] =w[w 0 1 0 ] ww 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼 ww= 0 ⟹ 𝐴2 − 9𝐴 +w14𝐼
2 2
w =0
2 2
ww ww
N e te t 0 + sin 𝛼 N 0
e te−t 0 cos 𝛼 − N0 e te t sin 𝛼 0 cos N 𝛼e te t pre-multiply N e te t −1
by 𝐴 on both isides, N e te twe get N etet N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
saaslala−1
daad[𝐹(𝛼)] 1 d adsaaslala d1ad
aslal𝛼a 0 − sin 𝛼 asaaslala
sacos d d d𝐴adsa−asla9𝐼la + 14𝐴−1 = 0dad⟹ saasla14𝐴 la −1
= 9𝐼 − 𝐴d a⟹
d saasl𝐴
al−1a
=
1
[9𝐼 − 𝐴]
d adsaaslala
a = |𝐹(𝛼)| a
.Pa𝐹(𝛼) ⟹ [𝐹(𝛼)]
𝑎𝑑𝑗 −1
.P.=a
Pa1 [ 0 1 a
.P.P]a a
.P.Pa .P.Paa .P.Paa 14 w.P.Pa a
w0w
2 2 2 2
P ww .P ww ww w0w ww ww.
ww ww ww ww sin 𝛼 0 wcos 𝛼 w w w w w
w w −1 1 w 1w
w w 4 3 1w ww w
9 0 4 3 w ww5w −3
1w w www
𝐴 = {9 [ ]−[ ]} = {[ ]−[ ]} = [ ]
eet t cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
eet t eet t eet t 14 t 0 1
t
e e−8 1 4 2 5 eet14 0 9
t 2 5 eet t 14 −2 4 etet
[𝐹(𝛼)]l a ia. N
−1
i . N = [ 0 1 l a i0
a. N
i . N ] → (2) l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a i
a . Ni . N l a ia. Ni . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N
a al al
adsaascos adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l l
adsaas𝐴a = 1 [ 4 al
ad],saasprove aasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daadsas sin 𝛼 a da0 𝛼 a d
a a da a d
a5.If 4 a d
a7 that 𝐴 −1
= a 𝐴
d
a
𝑇s
ad a da
P .P.P −1
w[𝐹(𝛼)]
w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P 9 .P.P
w−8
w ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
From (1) & (2), ww ww = 𝐹(−𝛼)ww ww wwww wwww 1ww ww 4 ww ww ww ww ww ww
−8 4 1
4. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = e te[ t5 3
], show that e t𝐴
e t
2
− 3𝐴 − 7𝐼 = 0 . e tet find 𝐴−1
Hence e tet 1 et t etet etet etet
l alia N
. i.N −1 −2 l alia N
. i.N 2
l alia N
. i.N
2
l alia N
. i.N 𝐴 𝑇
=l al i
a N
. [i.N 1e 4 8] → (1)lalia.N i . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
aa a ad−saas6a a adsaasa 4 7 4 adaadsaasa
9
adsaasa adsaasa
a daad𝐴sa2s= [ 5 3 5adaadsa3sa 25 − 3 a 15d
a 22 9 adaadsasa a d
a a d
a a da
P ]w[.P.P ]=[ P + 4] = [−3 1w]w
.P.−3 .PP .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P .
−1 w−2 ww
w
w −1 −2 −5w+ ww
w
w
2w wwww . wwwwww |𝐴| = ( ) [−8(16
1 3
w ww
w
ww
− 56) − 1(16 − w ww ww
7)w+ 4(7 − 16)] w ww
w
w(∵
w |𝐾𝐴| = 𝐾 𝑛 |𝐴|)ww wwww
5 3 −15 −9 9
−3𝐴 = −3 e te [
t ]=[ e te t ] e te t e te t 1 t t
e[−576
e e1tet[−729] = −1 i.N.N etet etet
i . N
i . N −1 −2 3
i . N
i . N 6 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N = i . Ni . N − 9 − 144] i=. Ni . N i i . N
i . N
d ad saaslaala= −7 [1 0] =da[d−7
−7𝐼 saaslaala 0 ] d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d4ad
laal729
saas−8 a
1 4 d adsaaslaala 729 d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P 2
0ww1w .P.Pa a 0 −7 .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 7 4 4 w w7w
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
w w 22 9 −15 w w −9 −7 0 w w0 0 w w w w ⟹ w w w w
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆 𝑛−1
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) w w
𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = [ ]+[ ]+[ ]=[ ] = 02 4 1 −8 4
e te t −3 1 e3te t 6 0 −7etet 0 0 e te t e te t etet etet etet
2 ai.N i . N a i . N
i . N −1 a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N 4 a−8i . Ni . N 1 4 a i . Ni . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
𝐴 a− lal3𝐴a − 7𝐼2 = 02 pre-multiply saaslala by 𝐴 on both saaslalsides,
a we get saaslala saaslala saaslala−32 − 4 7 − saaslala ala
saasl−9
a daadsas a d ad a d ad 1 a d ad a d ad 3−1 16ad +ad56
a d a16
d 72 −36
a d ad
P 𝐴 − 3𝐼2 − 7𝐴 w= −1
w .P.0P2a ⟹ 7𝐴 = 𝐴 −w3𝐼 −1
.P.2P⟹
w
a 𝐴 = [𝐴 − 3𝐼.2P.]Pa
−1
ww ww.P.Pa𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = ( ) w[w 1
.P7.P−a 16 −32 − 4 ww P.P+
.16 a ]= [
56
1
−9 ww .Pa
.P−36 72 ] ww.
w w
w w w w
w w 7 www
w w w
w w 9 w w
w w w ww w 81 w w
w w w www
1 5 3 1 0 1 5 3 −3 0 1 2 3 −32 − 4 1 − 64 −32 − 4 −36 −63 −36
𝐴−1 = e {[t t ] − 3[ ]}
e t =
t {[ ] + [ e t t ]} = [ e t ]t 8 e t t−4 −1 e t t e t t etet
i . 7
N
i . N e−1 −2 0 i . 1
N
i . N e 7 −1 −2 i . N
i . 0
N e −3 7 −1 i . N
i−5
. N e 1 laia . Ni . N e i . Ni . N e i . N
i . N e i .Ni .N
l
saasal a a l a a
saas[a4l 3], find x anddyadsuch l a a
saasalthat 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 +d𝑦𝐼 l
ala a al 1 −4 8 ] asaasal l a a l al a l al a
a daad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎PIfa𝐴 daad= a a a aadsa2as= 0 2 . a d
a
=adsa9as[− a d
a d a d
a adsaasa a da adsaasa
P ww . .P 2 5 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P −4 −7 ww P.P
.−4 ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
Hence find 𝐴 w w
−1
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w w
8 −4 −1
w w
−8 4 1w
w w w ww w
−1 1 −1 1 1 1
4 ete3t 4 3 16 +N6ete12 t + 15] = [22 .N27 ete] t etet 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
etet 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = . e[−
tet 1 −4 8 ] N9e[te1 = t 4 8] → (2) etet
𝐴2 = l ali[
a. N
i . N ] [ ] = [ l alia. i . N l alia i . N l alia. N
i . N l al i
a . N
|𝐴|
i . N l
−1i.N
al a i 9N
. l ali
a . i . N l alia.Ni.N
a s a
s a 2 5 2 5 a s 8
as +
a 10 6 + 25 a s 18
as a 31 a s asa a s as a a s as a −4 −7 a −4
s as a 4 7 4 a s as a
adada
P .P.Padada .P.Padada adada
.P.P adada
.P.P .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww w w www w V.GNANAMURUGAN, www w P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
ww
ww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 w w
ww 43870 www w www w Page
w.
5 ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P w .P.P 𝑇
w ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ww .P.P .P.P 5
w−11
w ww.P.P ww.
From (1) & (2), ww ww 𝐴−1 =𝐴 ww ww ww
ww wwww w w w
|𝐴𝐵| = −77 +w90 = 13 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = w w
w[w ] w w
w w www w
8 −4 −18 7
6. If 𝐴 .=
i N . e[tet
N ], verify that
i .N . N
tet
e𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴
i .N .Nete|𝐴|𝐼
= t 2
i .N . etet
N i .N . ete1t
N 1 .N
i −11
. etet 5
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l al a i −5 3 l al a i l al a i l al a i (AB) l −1
al a i= 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = l al a[ i ] → (1) l al a i l al a i
saasa= 24 − 20 = 4 dadsaasa
daad|𝐴| d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa |𝐴𝐵|
d adsaas13
a −18 7
d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P a a
.P.P 4 0 .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a a
.P.P |𝐵| .P.P a a 2 w −2.PP a a a a
.P.P 1 2 3 .
www.] ; B −1 = |𝐵|w𝑎𝑑𝑗
ww ww ww ww w 1 w𝐵 ww
|𝐴|𝐼2 = 4 [ ww
1 w0w
]=[ ] → (1) ww ww ww
ww wwww = −2 + w 15
www =w13 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ ww ww
w
w = [ ]www w
0 1 0 4 −7 −1 13 −5 −1
t
e3et 4 t
e et t
e et t
e et |𝐴| t
e−e14t = 1 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =.N 5 t
e et −2 t
e et etet
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 i=. N
i . N
[ ] i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N = i15
. N
i . N i [
i . N ] i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d ad saaslaala 5 8 d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala1 d adsaaslaala −7 3 d a dsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P 8ww aa 3 4
.P.−4
P 4 w 0w P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P a aA−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =.P.P 1 aa 5 −2 5 −2
.P.P a]a .P.P aa
𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = w [ww w ][ ] = [ww w w ]. → (2) wwwwww
w w
w
ww
w |𝐴| w ww ww1 [−7 3 ] = [−7
w w w
w
ww
w 3 w w
w
ww
w www ww
w
.
−5 3 5 8 0 4 2 3 1 10 − 21 −4 + 9
3 4 8 −4 4 0 −1 −1 1 5 −2
(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 N e t
=e t [ ] [ ]
N e
= te[t ] → (3) N e t
e t N e t
e t B A N = e te t [ ] [ e t
e ]t = [ ete−t ] etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N 13 −5 −1 −7i.N i . N
3 13 −25 + 7 i.N i 10
. N 3 i . N
i . N
a
saaslala(1),(2) &5 (3)8, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) −5sasla3laa 0 4 a
saaslala a
saaslala a a
saa1slal−11 a
saaslala a
saaslala a
saaslala
daadFrom d ad a = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = d a
|𝐴|𝐼
d d ad d ad 5 (2) d ad d a d d ad
a
P a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 2 a
.P.Pa a =
.P.Pa 13 −18 7 ww [ ] → .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .
ww ww 8 −6 ww ww
w2w wwww wwww w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww From (1) & (2), (AB) = B Aw w −1 −1 −1 w w w w ww
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 t 𝟏. 𝟏 If 𝐴 = [−6 7t t −4], verify that 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) t = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼 t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t 3
i . N . etet
N 0 i−3 . N . etet
N −2 −3 i . N . etet
N −1 i.N . etet
N
l a a i 2
l a a i −4 3 l a a i l a a i 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄
l a a i 𝟏. 𝟗 If 𝐴 = [ l a a i ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ l a a i ] verify that (AB) l a a= i
saasa=l 8(21 − 16) − d(−6)(−18
daad|𝐴| adsaasa
l
+ 8) + 2(24 d ad− al
saas14) = 40 − 60 + d20 sa0l
adsaa= d
asal
adsa−1 d adsa1asa 4
l
d a0dsaasa−1
l
d adsaasa
l
a
P a
.P.0P a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a a
.P.P B A −1 .P.P a a .P.P a a .P.P a a .
1ww w0www 0 0 0ww wwww wwww wwww ww
w2w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww −4 2 w w w w ww
|𝐴|𝐼3 = 0 [0 1 0] = [0 0 0] → (1)
i .N . ete0t 0 1
N 0 i .0N . ete0t
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N 8. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗
i .N .
𝐴ete=t [−3 12 −7i],.N.find
N etet A.
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
aal al a i aal al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daads7as −4 −6 7Padaadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa −2 0dasaas2a
a a d a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P −4 3 . .P .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.PA = ± 1 .PP .P.P .
w2w ww w−4
w ⟹ w ww
w
ww
wwwwww
w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
√|adjA| www
www.
adj(adjA) w ww
w
ww
wwwwww
−6 2 8 −6
7 a−4 N e te t
−6 7 N etet N etet N etet |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|.N =.N tet − 0) − (−4)(−6
e2(24 N ete−t 14) + 2(0 + 24) N =ete48
t − 80 + 48 = 16 N etet
i . i . N i
laala . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i i i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
a saaslala 21 − 16 d−8 a saas+ 18 24 − 14 asaaslaal5a 10 10 a saaslaala √a aslaala = √16 = 4 asaaslaala
sa|adjA| a saaslaala a saaslaala
d d
a a 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−8 + 18 d
a a 24 − 4 d d
a a] = [10 20 20.]P.P aad d aad d aad d aad d aad d
P ww.P.P −12w+ w.P.32
P ww ww.P.P 12 0 −4ww ww .P .P
12 .P.P
w24
w w .P.P
w ww.
w w
w w w w
w w wwww w w
w w w w w w
w w − 0 0 + 8 w w
28
w w
− 24 wwww
24 − 14 −12 + 32 56 − 36 10 20 20 −7 2 2 −7 ⟹ adj(adjA) = [14 + 6 4 + 4 −6 + 14]
e te t 8 −6 2 5e te t 10 10 0 0ete0t e t
e t e te t −3 etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N −3 a−2
i . N
i . N 2 a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
alala = [−6 7 asa−4
𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) aslal]a[10 20 20] a=saa[s0lala0 0] → (2) asaaslala saaslala0 −4 saaslala 0 + 24sasl8 al− a 0 24 − 12 saslala
a daadsas a d d a d d a d d a d a12
d 12 a d ad a d a d a adaada
P 2ww Pa 3 10 20ww
.P.−4 .P
20
. Pa 0 0 0 ww .P.Pa ww. P. P a
ww . P. P a 24
. P. P a8 4 .P .P .
ww w5w 10 10 8 w −6 ww 2
w 0 0 0ww ww wwww ww ww wwwww
=w[20 8 8 ] wwwwww
wwwwww
(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴e= tet[10 20 20] [−6 etet 7 −4] = [0 i.N 0ete0t ] → (3) etet etet etet 24 8 12i.N.N etet etet
l a ia. N
i . N 10 20 20 l a ia. N
i
2 . N −4 3 0
l a a i
0 . N 0 l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a a i l a ia.Ni . N
saasal l l l l l 24 8 4 sasa6 l 2 1 l
a daadFrom (1),(2) & (3) , a d
a adsaasa = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 =ad|𝐴|𝐼
𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa 1 a d
a adsaasa 1 a d
a ada a d
a adsaasa
P .P.P .P.P 3 .P.P .P.P A = ± adj(adjA)
.P.P = ± [20 8 .P8.P] = ± [5 2 2] .P.P .
3 ww ww
2 ww −1 −3 wwww wwww wwww √|adjA| ww ww 4 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
7.If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ w w
] verify that (AB) = B A −1 ww −1 −1 w w w w w
24 8 12w 6 2 3 w w ww
7 5
ete2t −1 −3 5 e+ 2
tet ete7t −5 etet etet etet etet etet
l alia.N3.N
i l alia.N
−3 i . N 10 −9 + 4lalia.N i . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N la li
a .Ni . N l alia.Ni .N
ABa = a [ ][ ] a=a[ sa] = [18 −11]dadsaasa
ad+saa10 adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas 7 5 5 Pada2adsas −7 + 25 −21 a d
a a a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww. .P ww .P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww wwww Page
ww6 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a da a d
a a da a d
a a da
P ww.P.P ww.P.P 7 7 −7 ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai 2 www .P.2P ww .P.P cos w
2𝑥
.P.P− sin 2𝑥
w ww.
wwww ww ww wwww wwww =[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥w −
w 𝑠𝑖𝑛
w 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 w w
w w − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ]=[ w w w w ] w ww w
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝟏. 𝟓 Find a matrix A if 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−1 11 7 ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑥 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N 11 lali5 .N .Nete7t i .N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet5
N 3 14laia.N 7.N etet i . N . etet
N
l al a i l al a i a i l al a i 12.Find l al a i l a l
asa 𝐴 [ a i ] = [a l i ] l al a i
a daadsas
aa 0 a−2 d
a adsaasa0 a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa the matrix Aafor da adsawhich
−1 −2adaadsas7a 7 a da adsaasa
P 9. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ w .P.P2 −6], find A−1 .P.P
w.w ww.P.P ww.P.P 5 3 ww w .P.P 7
14 14 ww .P7.P 14 7ww P.P
.−1 .
wwww6w
ww ww wwww wwww 𝐴[ ]w= w [w ] ⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = w [www ]⟹𝐴=[ w w]w
𝐵w → (1) w wwwww
−3 0 6 −1 −2 7 7 7 7 7 7
N e te t N e te t 1 N e te t N e te t 5 N e te t
3 N e te t N−2 etet −3] N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N 𝐵 = [ i . i . N ] ⟹ |𝐵| = −10 i . i .+N 3 = −7 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = i .[i . N i . i . N
saaslaala saaslaala A = ± laala saaslaala saaslaal−1a −2 saaslaala saaslaala 1 saaslaala
−1
d ad d ad d adsaasadjA d ad d ad d ad d ad
5
d ad
aa
P .P.Paa Paa
.√P.|adjA| .P.P aa .P.P a a −1 1 .P.𝐵 a−1
P a = 1 [−2 −3].P.P aa .P.Paa .
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 𝐵 = |𝐵| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵 w ⟹
w
w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
w w
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 0(12 − 0) − (−2)(36 − 18) + 0(0 + 6) = 0 + 36 + 0 = 36 w w w w w w w w −7 1 w w 5 w w w w
√|adjA| N e
= te√t 36 = 6 N e tet N e tet N e tet (1) ⟹.N 𝐴N e=tet[14 7] 1 [−2 N−3 e te]t= − 1 [−28 + 7 N−42 e tet + 35] N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i i . 7 7 −7 1 a i . i . N
5 7 −14 + 7
a i . i . N
−21 + 35 a i . i . N
alala saaslala0 −2 0 dadsaaslala saaslala saaslala lala
as−21 saaslala saaslala
a daadsa−1s a d ad a a d ad a d ad a d ad1sa −7 3 a d ad1 3 a d a
1d
P A = ± 1 wadjA .P.Pa= ± 1 [ 6
w 2wwww P.P]a
.−6 ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P=.P− a [ ]= ww .[P1.Pa−2] ∴ 𝐴 =w[.P.Pa ] ww.
√ w w
w
|adjA|w 6 w w w w
w w w w
w w w w w
w1 −1
7 −7 14w w
w w w www1 −2
w w www
−3 0 6 3 −2 1 1
13. Given 𝐴t t= [ ] , 𝐵 = [ t t ] and 𝐶 = [
i . N . ee
N
t t
i . −1
N . N
t t
ee 2 2 i . N . ee
N
t t
i . N . ee
N
t t
i . N . ee 2 0
N i . N1. ee 1
N 2 i . N2. e],tefind
N t a matrix X such
i . N .
that
etet
N
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasal
daad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟔 If 𝑎𝑑𝑗d ads𝐴aas= al [ 1 1 2], find
d adsaasAa .
l
−1
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa= 𝐶.
𝐴𝑋𝐵 l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
a
P .P.Pa a .P.P a a .P.P a a .P.P a a .P.P a a .P.P a a 𝐴𝑋𝐵 = w 𝐶w .P.Pa a .
wwww 2 2ww w1w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ww w ww
w
ww w
1 0 1 w w w w w w w w
Pre multiplying by 𝐴−1 and post multiplying by 𝐵−1 ⟹𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐶𝐵−1 → (1) w w w w w
10.FindNadj(adjA)
i . i.N etet if 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = N
i . [i.N e0tet 2 0] i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i0.N . ete1t
N −1 1
i .𝐴N . ete1t 0 1
N i .N . etet
N
aal al a l al a
a a −1 0 1 asaasa l al a i l al a i |𝐴| =
l al 0
a i + 2 = 2 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = l [
a l a i ] ; A = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
l al a i = [ ] l al a i
a daad2sas 0 0 2 Padaadsas a d
a d a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a da adsaasa−2 1 a d
a adsaasa
|𝐴| 2 −2 1 as
a da d aasa
P ww. .P 2w−w
w .P 0.P 0 − 0 0 − 2 ww w.P2.P 0 −2 ww.P.P |𝐵| = 3 + 2 = 5w;w .P.P 𝐵 = [ 1 2] ; A w−1.P.P= 1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 1 [ 1ww .P.P2 ww.
0 1 1 ww w0w ww w ww w wwww ww ww 𝑎𝑑𝑗 −1 3 w w
w w w
|𝐴| w
5
w
w w
−1 3
] w ww w
⟹ adj(adjA) = [0 − 0 1 + 1 0 − 0] = [0 2 0 ]
0 −1Ne1tet 0 t
e et 0 + 2 0 − 0 i.N2.N t
e−et0 t
e et t
e=et [1 0 1 1 1 1 t 1
e[ et 2 1 0 + 2 e et + 2 ] [ 1 2i].N.N
t 0 etet
i . i . N i . Ni . N i 2 0 2 i . N
i . N (1) ⟹i.N 𝑋.N
i ][ i ]N
. i . N ] = [ i.N i . N i
2saslaal0a 0 2 saaslaala a
slala2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 dadsaaslala
saacos a saa1slaal2a 2 1−2 2 1dads2a1aslaa22la− 2−14 +3 6 dad1sa−2
2 5 10 aslaal+a 2 −2 + 2 −1saslaa3la
d ad a
a a 11.𝐴 = [ 1 tan d a𝑥
d
a a ], show that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴.P−1 d ad
a a= [ a] a d ad
a a= [ a] a= [ a=a [ 10] = [0 .P.1P
0 a]daada
P .P
ww 1.P ww . P .
w2𝑥
w P. P ww. P. P ] [ .
ww3 P. P . P ]
.
ww 10 0 0P ww 0 ww.
− tan www𝑥w ww ww sin 2𝑥 wcos ww
w wwww 10 0 0 −1
ww ww 10 0 ww w0w ww w0w ww ww
1 − tan 𝑥 0 1 1
𝐴𝑇 = [ etet ] e te t e te t e te t e te t 0 1], show that e𝐴te−1
t = 1 (𝐴2 − 3𝐼) .NN etet etet
a i . N
tan
i . N 𝑥 1 a i . Ni . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N 14.If 𝐴
a i . =
N
i . N[ 1 a i . N
i . N a i i . a i . N
i . N
saasla=la1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = d
daad|𝐴| a
𝑠𝑒𝑐d sa2as𝑥la=la 1
d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d ad saaslala 1 1 0 dadsaaslala 2
d ad saaslala d adsaaslala
a
P a
.P.Pa 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2
.P.Pa a .P.Paa a
.P.Pa|𝐴| = 0 − 1(0 −w1) a
.P.P+a1(1 − 0) = 1 +w1w .P= a
.P2a a
.P.Pa .
1ww www−w tan 𝑥 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w w w w w ww
w wwww
adjA = [ ] w w w w w w 0 1 1 w w
0 w w w w w w
tan
t 𝑥 1 t t t t 0 −t 1t 1 − 0 1 − 0 t −1 1 1
−1lalia . N .
1 ee
N t 1 1 i . N . e−
N e t tan 𝑥 i . N . 1
N t
e e − tan 𝑥 i . N . ee
N t 1 0 i . N1. ee 1
N t
i . N . ee
N i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N
i
A a a= 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 1 s[asal l a a i 2l a
𝑥l[ a i ] a l l a a i l a
al 0a i ⟹𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
l a l [
a i
1 − 0 0 − 1 1 −l a0 a] i = [ 1 −1 1 ]
l a a i
daadsas |𝐴| d2ad atan 𝑥 1
] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
d adsaasa tan 𝑥 1 adaadsasa d ad1saas1 1 d adsaasa 1 − 0 1 − 0adaad0saa− sal d saasal
ad−1
a
P .P.Pa
𝑐𝑜𝑠a 𝑥
.P.P a a .P.P a a
.P.P 0 1 1 0 ww .PP a a .P.P 1 1 1
.P.Pa a .
wwwwww
ww wwww 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑥 wwww
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
w w w ww
w
ww
w ww . −1 1
w 1w w
w
ww
w w w
w
ww
w w ww ww
w
=[ 2 ] 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −1
A = |𝐴| tet 𝐴 = 2 [ 1 −1Nete1t ] → (1)
i . N . etet 1
N − tan 𝑥 lalia.N 𝑐𝑜𝑠
. ete2t𝑥
N −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . e𝑎𝑑𝑗
N i . . N i . N . etet
N i .N .Netet
𝑇 la −1
l
𝐴 aAa = [ a i a] [ i l al a i l al a i l al a i l a l a i l ala i l al a i
a daadsas tan 𝑥 ada1adsasa 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 a d
𝑐𝑜𝑠
a adsa2as𝑥a ] a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a da
1asaasa1 −1
d a d
a adsaasa a da adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P w.
wwww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww ww ww Page
ww 7 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P0.P 1 1 0w +w w+w.P.1P 0 + 0 + 1 0 +ww .P.+P0 .P.P
Padasalai
ww ww.P.P w wP.P
.sin ww.P.P ww.
0 1ww w1w w1w w ww w 1 2 1 w 1
w
w w w
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏.w𝟏𝟏 Prove that [ w w cos 𝜃w ww −
w 𝜃
] is orthogonal. w w
w w w ww w
𝐴2 = [1 0 1] [1 0 1] = [0 + 0 + 1 1 + 0 + 1 1 + 0 + 0] = [1 2 1] sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
i .N1.N ete1t 0 1 1 0 i.N.N ete0t + 1 + 0 1 + 0i.+ N .Ne0tet 1 + 1 + 0 1ia.N . e1tet 2
N A square i .N . N
tet
ematrix A is called i .N
orthogonal. etet if 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇i𝐴.N.=
N ete𝐼t
N i .N . etet
N
aa l al a i l a l a i l al a i l al i l a l a i l al a i l al a i 𝑛 l al a i
a daad1sas 2 2adad 1saas1 a 1 0 a 0dadsaasa a d adsaasa a d adsaasacos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃adaadsaasa cos 𝜃 sin
a d ad𝜃saasa a d adsaasa
P (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = w([ 1 a
.P.P 2 1] − 3 [0 w .PP a .P.P a a
.P.P 𝐴 = [ .P.P] ⟹ 𝐴 = [ 𝑇 .P.P ]a .P.P a .
2 www2ww1 ww ww1w. 0]) ww wwww
wwwwww sin 𝜃 ww w ww
w
cos 𝜃 −sinww w𝜃ww
w cos 𝜃 wwww ww
ww wwww
1 1 2 0 0 1 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 t sin 𝜃
2
N e t
e1t 1 −3 0 N e t0
e t −1 1 N e te1t N e tet 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = N [ etet ][ N e etcos 𝜃] N etet N etet
1lalia . i. N i . i . N
laala 0 ]) = [ 1 sasl−1 i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −sin i . i .
𝜃 N i . i . N i . i . N
a =saasa([1 2 1] + [ d0asaas−3
1
a a aala 1 ] → (2) asaaslaala a saaslaala 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2d𝜃adsaaslaala sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − dsin a aala 𝜃
sa𝜃aslcos 1 0 a saaslaala
aad d 2 a a0 d 2 d
a a1 d aad d d d
a a= [ aa aa 2 d ] = [ .P.]P aad d (1)
P 1 1 w2w ww.P.P 0 −3 ww ww .P.P 1 −1 ww ww .P.P
w ww
w
.P.P sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 w−w
.P.P
wsin
w 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛
w w𝜃w
2
w
.P+
.P 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 w 0ww1 = 𝐼2 →
w wwww.
w w
From (1) & (2), 𝐴 = (𝐴 − 3𝐼) −1 1 2 w w w w w w w w
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 w w w w w w
𝑇
e t t 2
e t t e t t e t t 𝐴 𝐴 = [ e tet 𝜃 cos 𝜃] [ sin 𝜃Netecos t 𝜃] etet etet
15.alDecrypt . N N e
ilai. the received aencoded i . N
i . N e message [2 −3 i . N
],
i .[N20
e 4 ] with the i . N
encryption
i . N e i . N
i −sin
. N i . i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
a
sasa −1 −1 dadsaslala a a
saaslala a
saaslala a a
sa[aslala 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2d𝜃adsaaslala sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − dsin a
ala 𝜃
sa𝜃aslcos 1 0 asaaslala a
a daadmatrix [ ]P a a the decryption matrix P a d ad
aas its inverse, where P a d ad
a system of P a d=ad
a sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin P a acos 𝜃 a
2 .P.Pa 2
ad ] = [ P ]adad𝐼2 → (2)
=
P ww. and
. P ww . . P ww . . P the ww. .P .
ww𝑇 . P
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ww𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0ww. 1. P ww.
2 ww w1w ww ww ww ww wwww ww ww 𝑇 w www w ww
w w www
code are described by the numbers 1-26 to the letters A-Z respectively, and the From (1) & (2), 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼 2 , hence A is orthogonal
N e t t
eto a blank space. i.N eet t N eet t N eet t N eet t 6 N e−3tet 𝑎 N etet N etet
number l a i
a . i . N
0 l a a i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N 1 laia . i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
asal a al adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l saasal
ad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 If 𝐴 a=saasa [𝑏l −2 6] is orthogonal, l
adsaasa find a, b and
l
aasa hence
casand
a daad𝐴sa= [2 −3], 𝐵 =Pa daadsas4]
[20 a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a d 7 a d
a a d
a d
P ww. .P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P 2 𝑐 w3ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
w w
w w −1 −1 w w
w w −1ww w w w w
w w −1 w w
w w w w w w w
w w w ww w
Encoded matrix C= [ ] ⟹ Decoded matrix = C A
2 1
i N
.−1 . etet
N i .N . e1tet 1
N −1 ai.1N . etet
N 1 1 ai.N . etet
N A square i .N . N
tet A is called orthogonal
ematrix i .N . etet if 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇i𝐴.N.=
N ete𝐼𝑛t
N i .N . etet
N
|𝐶|aa l=al a i + 2 = 1 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐶l a =
l a i [ ] ; C =l l a i 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐶 = [ l ]l a i l a l a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a daadsaasa −2 −1 adaadsaasa |𝐶| −2 a d
a
asa
adsa−1 a d
a adsaasa 6 −3 𝑎 adaadsaasa 6 𝑏 a2daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P Received message= .P.P(𝐴C )(𝐵C ) ww
−1 −1 .PP .P.P .P.P 𝐴 = [𝑏 −2 w6w1 .PP 𝑇 1 .P.P𝑐 ] .P.P .
wwww ww
w ww .
w w wwwww
w ww
w
ww
7 w ww ] .⟹ 𝐴 = 7 [−3ww
w
ww
w−2
w w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
= {[2 −3 t ]t [ 1 1
]} {[20 t t4] [
1 1
]} tet tet 2 𝑐 3
tet 6 −3 𝑎 Ne6𝑎tet 𝑏6 23
i . N . e
N e −2 −1 i . N . e
N e −2 −1 i . N . e
N i . N . e
N i . N . e
N i . . N 1 i.N 0 . ete0t
N i . N . etet
N
=saas[2laal+
i
a 6 2 + 3][20 −s8aslaala20 − 4] = [8 5][sa12 i a i a i i i i i
d ad d ad a d ad a slala 16] = 𝐻𝐸𝐿𝑃 dadsaaslala d𝐴𝐴
ad saa𝑇slaa=la𝐼3 ⟹ 1 [𝑏 −2 d adsaas6la]al1a[−3 −2 𝑐 ]da =d sa[as0laala1 0] d adsaaslaala
a a ( ∵ In alphabetical.P.order,
P a a 8=H, 5=E, 12=L, aa )
.P.16=P .P.P aa .P.Paa 7
.P.P aa 7 aa
.P.3P .P.P aa
w www P w ww
w
P
w ww
w w ww
w w w
w2w 𝑐 3 𝑎 w6w ww 0 0 1 ww ww wwww.
ww ww 𝑇 −1 w w 2 9 w w w
36 + 9 + 𝑎 w 2
6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎w w w w
1 0 0 w w
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 t 𝟏. 𝟖 Verify the property t (𝐴 ) = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 twith 𝐴 = [ ] t 1
t t t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t 1 7 i.N.N ee t ⟹ [i.N 6𝑏. N t
e e+ 6 + 6𝑎 𝑏 +i.4N.N 2 t
e e36 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18
+ i . N . e=
]N t
e [ 0 1 0] i . N . etet
N
a
𝑇alala2 1
i a i a i a i 49 a i a i a i a i
daad𝐴sas= [9 7] ; |𝐴P|a=
𝑇 saasla−la9 = 5 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝑇d)ad=
daad14 saas[la7la −1] d adsaaslala d ad saaslala12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 dad2𝑏 saasl−ala2𝑐 + 18 4 + a𝑐sa
d d
2a s+lal9a 0 0 d1adsaaslala
a
P . .P .P.Paa −9 2 ww .P.Paa a
.P.Pa 𝑎 2
+ 45 .P.Paa 6𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 6 3𝑎 .− a
P.P3𝑐a + 12 49 0.P.P a a0 .
w
ww 𝑇 w 1 7 −1 www w ww wwww www w www w ww ww wwww
𝑇 −1
(𝐴 ) = 𝑇 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴 ) = [ w
1 w w w] → (1) w w w w ⟹ [ 6𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 6 w w 2
𝑏 + 40 w w 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18] = [ 0 49 0 ] w w w w
|𝐴 | 5 −9 2
N eet t N t t
e e −9 −1 1 i.N.N t t
e e 1 7 −9 i.N.N eet t 3𝑎 −
N t
e3𝑐 t
e + 12 2𝑏 − 2𝑐i.+ N e18te t 𝑐 2 + 13 i.N etet0 0 49 N etet
l a i
a . i . N l a ia. i .7N l a a i l a a i l a ia. i . N l a a i . N l a a i . N l a ia. i . N
|𝐴|a a =l 14 − 9 = 5 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗as𝐴as= l[ ] ; 𝐴 a= al𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 5 [−1 as2aas]al
saas|𝐴| adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daadsas a da d a a −1 2 a d
a d a d
a d a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P 1 7 ww .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P .
(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = w ww −1
[w ] → (2) w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
5 −9 2
From i(1) N e&t
e t
(2), (𝐴 𝑇 )−1
= (𝐴i−1 N e𝑇tet
)N etet etet etet etet etet etet
l al a . i . N l a l a. i . l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l a lia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l ali
a .Ni . N l alia.Ni .N
aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P w.
wwww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww wwww Page
ww 8 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww .P.P
Padasalai
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
𝑎2 + 45 ww w=w 49 ⟹ 𝑎2 = 4 ⟹w𝑎w ww= ±2 ww ww wwww ww ww RANK OF A MATRIX wwww IN MINOR METHOD ww ww ww ww
𝑏 2 +t 40 = 49 ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 9 ⟹
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . etet 𝑏 = ±3
N i .N .Netet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etetEXERCISE 1.2 i.N.N
N etet i .N . etet
N
l a𝑐
l a 2i + 13 = 49 ⟹ 𝑐 2
l a
=l a i
36 ⟹ 𝑐 = ±6 l al a i l al a i 1.Find l al a i
the rank of the following
l al a i matrices by minor l a l a i
method: l al a i
daad⟹saasa d ads0aas⟹ a
d ads⟹aasa 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −3,ad𝑐aad=saas6a d adsaas2a −4 d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P 6𝑎 + 6𝑏 +
.P.Pa
6 a
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1 a
.P.P a .P.P a a
.P.P (i)[ ] ww .P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a .
3𝑎 −w3𝑐 www+w 12 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 − w 𝑐ww
=ww−4
w ww ww wwww −1 2 ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
w ww ww ww ww ww
{ 2𝑏t−t 2𝑐 + 18 = 0 ⟹ 𝑏 − 2 −4
N e e N e tet𝑐 = −9 } N e tet N e tet Let 𝐴 =N[etet ] . Order ofNAeiste2 t × 2. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤.N𝑚𝑖𝑛{2,2} etet =2 N etet
i . i . N i . i . N 6 i .−3
i . N 2 i . i . N i . i . N−1 2 i . i . N i i . N i . i . N
d ad saaslaalaA is orthogonal,da𝐴
Since d sa
−1aslaala 𝑇
= 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 −1
=
1 sa
d a[
d a
−3
a
slala−2 6] d ad saaslaala d|𝐴|
adsaas=laala
4 − 4 = 0 ⟹ a
𝜌(𝐴)
d d
laala
saas< 2 d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala
aa
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P 7 aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .
w ww
w w ww
w 2 6 3w www w ww
w Since A contains wwwat-least
w one non-Zero wwwelement,
w 𝜌(𝐴) = 1. w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
t RANK
t OF A MATRIX t t −1 t3
 i . N .
Rank
e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N et
i . N . e
N e t
(ii) [ 4 i . N . e−7
N et ] i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
alala i of a matrix in minor
a i method: The rank a of
i a matrix A is defined a ias the a i a i a i a i
daadsas order of a highest d ad saaslala d ad saaslala d ad saaslala d adsaasla3la −4 d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d ad saaslala
a a
.P.Pa order non-vanishing a
.P.Pa minor of the matrix aA.
.P.Pa It is denoted a
.P.Pa a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
P ww ww ww ww −1 ww 3 .P.P
w ww ww ww.
by 𝜌(𝐴). ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww ww w wwww ww ww ww ww
Let 𝐴 = [ 4 −7]. Order of A is 3 × 2. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,2} = 2
 The e terank
t of zero matrix is e te0.
t e te t e te t e3tet −4 etet etet etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N
a al The rank of the a saasal matrix 𝐼𝑛 is n.dadsaasal
identity adsaasa
l 2adsa×as2alMinor: adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daadsas If a matrix contains a d
a d a a a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P .P.P at-least onewnon-zero .PP element then P.P ≥ 1.
.𝜌(𝐴) .P.P −1 3 .P.P .P.P .P.P .
w ww
w
ww
w www.
w w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww | | =w 7
ww−
www 12 = 5 ≠ 0 ⟹ ww
𝜌(𝐴)
ww
ww= 2 w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
 If A is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix then 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑚, 𝑛} 4 −7
i.AN e t t e t t e t t e t t 1 i.N−2 etet −1 0] etet etet etet
l al a i . N e
square matrix A order
l alia.Ni .nNeis invertible ⟺ 𝜌(𝐴) l alia.Ni . N=e 𝑛 l alia.Ni . Ne (iii)[ l al a i . N l alia.Ni . N l a lia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
aa saasa the leading diagonal adsaasaare zero, use minor adsaamethod
sa adsaas3a −6 −3 1adaadsaasa adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas If all the entries a
P.P d
a adbelow a d
a a da
for
a d
a 1 −2 −1 0 a d
a a d
a
P finding ww
the .rank. ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P Let 𝐴 = [ ww.P.P ]. Order of Aww .2P.P
isw × 4. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ ww.P.P = 2
𝑚𝑖𝑛{2,4} ww.
ww w w ww ww ww ww wwww w www
3 −6 −3 1 www w w
w w w ww w
 Rank of a matrix in row echelon form: The rank of a matrix in row echelon 2 × 2 Minors:
N t
e etis the number ofi.non-zero N t
e et rows in it. i.N.N t
e et N t
e et N etet N etet N etet N etet
i
laala . .
form
i N i . N i i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saas The rank of thed ad saaslaala matrix is equal
non-zero d ad
aslaala
sato the number of d ad saaslaalarows in
non-zero d
1 −2 a 1 a −1
|adsaaslala | = 6 − 6 = 0d;ads|aaslala | = −3 + 3 d=ads0 aas;laa|l1a 0| = 1 − 0 =a1
d d saas≠laal0a
aa
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P a a 3 −6
.P.P .P.Pa a 3 −3 .P.Paa 3 1 aa
.P.P .
a row-echelonw ww
w form of the w ww
w
matrix. w www w ww
w ∴ 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Elementarye tet matrix: An elementary e tet matrix is defined e tet as a matrix which eis
tet 1 −2 e tet 3 etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N (iv)[ 2 a i . N
i . N
4 −6 ] a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
alalaobtained from an aslala matrix by applying
saidentity saaslalaonly one elementary saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsas transformation. a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad 5 1 −1 a d ad a d ad a d ad
P ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
ww ww.P.Pa 1 −2 ww.P.3Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
w w
w w w w
w w w w w w w w w ww w ww w w w ww ww
 Gauss-Jordan Method: Transforming a non-singularw matrix A to the form 𝐼𝑛w w w w
t t t t Let 𝐴 = [2t 4 −6]. Order of tA is 3 × 3. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ t𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} = 3
i .by
N . e
N e t
applying elementary i . N . e
row
N e t operations is called
i . N . e
N t
Gauss-Jordan
e method.i . N . e
N e t
i. N . e5et 1 −1
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i .N . etet
N
l
a ala a i l a
asaby a i
l Gauss-Jordan method: l al a i l al a i l ala i l al a i l a l a i l al a i
a daadsas Steps in finding a d
a ad𝑨sa−𝟏 a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaas=a 1(−4 + 6) − a(−2)(−2
|𝐴| da adsaasa + 30) + 3(2a− d
a
saasa=
ad20) 2 + 56 − 54a= d
a ad4saas≠a 0
P  Writewmatrix ww.P.Pof the form [𝐴|𝐼 ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ∴ 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww
w w𝑛ww]w ww ww w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w www
 Apply t elementary row operations t and convert [𝐴|𝐼 t
−1
𝑛 ] 𝑡𝑜 [𝐼𝑛 |𝐴 ] and find tet 0 1 t2 1
i N e
.𝐴i.N .
−1 e t
i N
. i.N e e t
i N
. i.N e e t
i N
. i.N e (v)[0lalia.N 2 . e e4t 3 ]
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
aal al a l al a l al a l al a i l al a i l a l a i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaas8a 1 0 2 adaadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P w.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww
ww ww ww Page
ww 9 ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P 0 w1 ww.2P.P1 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ww.P.P .P.P
wfollowing
w ww.P.P ww.
w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏.
w ww w
𝟏𝟔 Find the rank of w w
the
w w matrices w w w
which
w are in row- www w
Let 𝐴 = [0 2 4 3 ]. Order of A is3 × 4. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,4} = 3 echelon form:
i .N . e8tet 1 0 2
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
aal al a i aal al a i l al a i l al a i 2l al a i
0 −7 l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daad3sa×s 3 Minors: Padaadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsa[as0a 3 1 ]
(i) a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P 0 1 2 ww. .P .P.P1 1
w0w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww wwww wwww wwww 0 0 1ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
|0 2 4| = 0 − 0 + 8(4 − 4) = 0 ; |0 2 3| 0 − 0 + 8(3 − 2) = 8 ≠ 0 2t 0 −7
e tet e tet e tet e tet e et 3 1 ]. Order iof eteis3
t etet etet
8 la1lia.N i . 0
N i . N
i . N 8 1 2 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N Let 𝐴 =i . N
i .
[ N0 . N
i . N
A × 3. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤i . N
i N
𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3}
. = 3 i . N
i . N
d ad∴ asa = 3
sa𝜌(𝐴) d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala 0 0 1 dadsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
w ww
w 3 2 5 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 3 × 3 Minor: w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 [1 1 2] 2 0 −7
N e te t N e te t N e tet N e te t N e1te|t = 2(3 − 0) − 0i.+ N e0te=t 6 ≠ 0. So 𝜌(𝐴).N e3tet N etet
a i . i . N 3 3 a6i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N | 0 3a i . i . N a i . N a i =
i . N a i . i . N
alala 3 2 5 asaaslala saaslala saaslala saasla0la 1 saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsas a d d a d ad a d ad a d ad0 a d ad a d ad a d ad
P Let 𝐴 = [1 1ww .PPa .P .Pa𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} P.P3a
.= .P.Pa −2 2 −1ww .P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa .
ww ww 2.]. Order of A is3w× w
w
3.w
w
w So
w w
w
ww
w w w
w
ww
w w ww w w wwwww
w w
w
ww
w wwwwww
3 3 6 (ii) [ 0 5 1 ]
|𝐴| =i.0N.N t
e et (∵ 𝑅2 : 𝑅3 ) N e te t N e te t N e te t N e0tet 0 N etet N etet N etet
l a a i l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l 0
a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
asal < 3 adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l l
adsaasa −2 2 −1 adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daad∴sa𝜌(𝐴) a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P 2 × 2 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟: ww .PP .P.P .P.P .P.P Let 𝐴 = [ 0 5ww .PP .P.PSo 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} .P.P= 3 .
w ww .
w w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w www .1 ]. Order of Awis3 wwww×w3.
w ww
w
ww
wwwwww
3 2 0 0 0
| | = t3t− 2 = 1 ≠ 0 . So 𝜌(𝐴) t =2 t t t
1 1i.N . e
Ne i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e
Ne t 3 × 3 iMinor: .N . Net
e i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
aal al a i l al
4 asaas3a 1 −2a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a d a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a
saasa 2 −1
ad−2 a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 .P[.−3
P −1 −2 4ww .]PP .P.P .P.P | 0 5 1 | =ww .PP .P.P .P.P .
ww wwww
w ww .
w w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w www 0.. So 𝜌(𝐴) < 3 ww wwww
w ww
w
ww
wwwwww
6 7 −1 2 0 0 0
e te4t 3 1 −2 etet e te t e te t 2 × 2 Minor: etet etet etet etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d ad saaslaa𝐴la= [−3 −1 d−2
Let
adsaaslaa4
la ]. Order of A is s3as×
d ad a
laal4.
a So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,4}
d adsaaslaala = 3 d|ad saaslaala2| = −10 − 0 d
−2
= ad saaslaala≠ 0 . So 𝜌(𝐴) =
−10 d adsaaslaala
2 d adsaaslaala
aa
P 6 w7w .P.Pa a−1 2 .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa 0 5
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
3 × 3 Minors: ww ww ww ww 6 0 −9 ww ww ww ww
4 3etet 1 4 3etet−2 etet etet 0 N2etet0 ] etet etet etet
|−3 a i . N
i . N = 0; a i . N
i . N = 0; a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N (iii)[ a i . i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
alala−1 −2| |−3alala−1 4 | saaslala saaslala saasl0ala 0 0 saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsa6s 7 −1 Padaadsa6s 7 2 .P.Pa a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad
P ww. .P ww ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa 0 0 0 ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
4 1 w w
−2
w w 3 1 w w
−2
w w w w
w w w w
w w 6 w 0
ww w−9 w www w w
w w wwww
|−3 −2 t t 4 | = 0; |−1 −2 t t 4 | = 0
i . N . ee
N i . N . ee
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N Let 𝐴 =.N[N
i . e0
0
tet 2 0 ]. Order ofNA
0 0 i . . eteis4
N t × 3. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤.N𝑚𝑖𝑛{4,3}
i . etet
N =3
i .N . etet
N
6alaala−1 i 2 6alaala−1 i 2 l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daadSosas𝜌(𝐴) < 3
a d
a adsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa 0 0 0 adaadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P 3 × 3 Minor: ww .PP .P.P .P.P .
2 × 2 Minor: ww wwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
ww ww . ww
ww
ww ww wwww
wwwwww
4 3 tt tet 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 tet tet All the 3 ×t 3 minors are equal to tzero. So 𝜌(𝐴) < 3
|
i N
.−1 . e
N |e= −4 + 9 = 5 ≠
i
0N
. i.N .
e So
i N
. i.N e i N
. i.N e i .N . e et
N i .N . e et
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
−3 aal al a i l al a l al a l al a 2 × 2
l al a i
Minor: l al a i l ala i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww ww ww ww
Pagew10
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P 6 0 ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
Padasalai
ww 1 ww
2 .P.P
−1 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
| | = 12 w w w w
− 0 = 12 ≠ 0. w www w w
w w w www w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
0 2 ~e[tet 0 −7 5 ] 𝑅4 → 𝑅e4te+ 2𝑅3
So 𝜌(𝐴) i .N . e=tet2
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i .N . N0 0 8 i .N . N t i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
aa l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l a l a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
daadsas RANK d aOF
d saasAaMATRIX IN ROW d saasa
adREDUCTION METHOD d adsaasa d adsaasa 0 0 a0daadsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P a
.P.P a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a a
.P.P The equivalent matrix .P.P is in row-echelonww a a
.P.P and the numberwof .PPa a .
2.Find the rank wwwwwofwthe following matrices ww wwww by row reduction www
(www
row-echelon ) ww wwww
wwwwww
wwww form wwwww.non-zero rows w is ww
w
ww
method: t t 3. So 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
N e e N e te t N e te t N e te t N tet
e−8 N etet N etet N etet
1 i . i . N
1 1 3 i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N 3 i . i . N 5 2 i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saas[laala
(i) ]d ad saaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaa2la −5 1 4d]adsaaslaala
(iii)[ d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P 2 −1 3 4 aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
5 −1 w7w www11
w wwww w ww
w wwww −1 2 w ww
3
w −2 w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
1 1 1 3 3 −8 5 2
N e te t e te t e te t e te t Let 𝐴a= e
[N2 tet −5 1 4 ] Netet etet etet
Let la 𝐴lia.=i . N[2 −1 3 4 l]alia.N i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N i . N
i . a i . i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
daadsas
aa
5 −1 a 7daad11saasa d ad saaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala −1 2 3dadsa−2 aslala
d adsaaslala d adsaaslala
a
P .P.P1 3 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa −1 ww a
.P.P3a −2
2w a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .
1 w1 ww
w 𝑅 → 𝑅www−w 2𝑅 w ww
w wwww w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
w w
~ [0 −3 1 −2 ] 2 w w2 1 w w w w w w
~ [ 2 −5 1 4 ] 𝑅1 → 𝑅3 w w w w w w
t t
e e0 −6 2 −4 i.N.N 𝑅 3 →
eet t 𝑅3 − 5𝑅 1 eet t eet t e3tet −8 5 2 Netet etet etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a a i l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. i . N l a i
a . N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N
a al 1 1 1 asa3asal adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l l
adsaasa −1 2 ad3aadsaa sal 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 2𝑅
−2 adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daadsas a da d a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a1 a d
a
P ~ [0 −3 ww .P.P1 −2 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − ww P.P2
.2𝑅 ww.P.P .P.P
ww ~ [ 0 −1 ww.P.P 7 0 ] ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w 𝑅3 →ww w
𝑅w3 + 3𝑅1 w ww
w w ww
w
0 0 0 0 0 −2 14 −4
t t t t t t t t −1
t 2 3 −2 etet etet etet
The equivalent
l alia.Ni . e
Ne matrix is in
l
row-echelon
alia.Ni . e
Ne form and
l a
the
lia.Ni .
number
e
Ne of non-zero
l alia.Nrows
i . e
Ne is
l a li.~N
a i . Net
e
l alia. N
i . N l al i
a . N
i . N l alia. N
i . N
a
asa 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
daad2.saSo a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa [ 0 −1 ada7adsaa0sa] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅 a
2 as
d
a d aasa a d
a adsaasa
P 1 2 w −1ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww 0 w .P.P0 −4
0w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
w w w w www w ww
w w www The equivalent w wmatrix
w w is in row-echelon w ww
w form and the w
numberww
w of non-zero rows w
is ww
w
(ii) [3 −1 tet 3 ]
2
1i.N.−2 e
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N 3. So 𝜌(𝐴)
i . N . ete=t 3
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i i i i i
d ad saaslaa1la −1 1 d ad saaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsa1aslaal2a 3 d adsaaslaala
aa 1 2w.P.−1 aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P a a 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕.PFind
.P.P aa a a [2 1 4] by reducing
.P.P a a it to a row - .
.P.P
P
w w w P
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww.P the rank of the
w w wmatrix
w w w ww
w wwww
3 ww−1 2 ww ww ww ww ww 3 0 5 ww ww
Let 𝐴 = [ ]
e1tet −2 3 etet etet etet echelon form. etet etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
alala 1 −1 1 asaaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala 1 2 3 dadsaaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsas 1 2 a d
−1 d a d ad a d ad a d ad a a d ad a d ad
P ww .P.Pa 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅w1w .P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.PaLet 𝐴 = [2 1 w4w
ww ].Pa
.P ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
0 w w w
−7 5 w ww w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w ww ww
~[ w ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 −w𝑅1 w w 3 0w 5 w w
0 −4 4
i . N . e
N
te
0
t
−3 2
𝑅4 →
i . N . et4et− 𝑅1
𝑅
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Ne1tet 2 3 𝑅 → 𝑅 e−
2 i.N .
t
2Net2𝑅1 i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l a a i
a al 1 2 −1asaasal l a a i l al a i l al a i l a l ~
a i [ 0 −3 −2 ] l a a i l a a i l a a i
daadsas d d d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa 0 −6 −4 d ad𝑅sa3asa→l 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
a
P a a
.P.P5 𝑅3 → 7𝑅3 − 4𝑅 a
.2P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.3
P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .
~ [0 ww −7
wwww ] wwww wwww ww
ww 1 ww 2w
w ww wwww wwww wwww
0 0 8 𝑅4 → 4𝑅4 − 3𝑅3 w w w w w w w w w w w w
t tet tet tet ~ [0t −3 −2] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − tet2𝑅2
i N
. i.N e 0e t 0 −4 i N
. i.N e i N
. i.N e i N
. i.N e i N e
. i.N0 0 e t
i N
. i.N e i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
aa l al a l al a l al a l al a l a l a 0 l al a l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
wwww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,ww ww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 wwww 43870 wwww wwww Pagew11ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
Padasalai
ww 1 ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
The equivalent ww wwmatrix is in row-echelon ww ww form and the number wwww of non-zero rowswisw ww 1 ww w w 4 w w
w w w w
w w www w
3 3
2. So 𝜌(𝐴)t = 2 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅
i .N . e et
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i~.N . e0tet − 2 − 11 2 i.N.N
N e2tet 1 i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l al a i l al a i 2l al a i −2 4 3 l al a i l al a i l a l a i l al a i l al a i
a
saasa
daad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 d
Find
a a aasarank of the matrix
adsthe a d
a
asa
ads[a−3 4 −2 −1
a d
a
asa
a]dsaby reducing it a d
a adsaasa 1
3
a d
3
17
a adsa𝑅as3a→ 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 adaadsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P [0 ww ww .P−.P 3 ] ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww 6 2 ww w−1
w 7 wwww 3w
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
1 4
to a row -echelon t form. t t t 1t
i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et 3
N 3
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a 2
i −2 4 3 i i i i i i i
d ad𝐴
saa=sla[la−3 4 −2 dad−1 saas]laala d adsaaslaala d a dsaaslaala d adsaaslaala ~ 0 1
11
d 𝑅ads2aas→laal(−a 3
) 𝑅2 d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P 2
.P.17aa
P 2 aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
6 w2w wwww −1 7 w ww
w wwww w ww
w 1wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww [ 0 w w − w w w w ww
2 −2 4 3 3 3]
N t t
e e 8 −4 −2] 𝑅 N t t
e→e2𝑅 N ee t t N t
ee t N t t
e1e 0 − 1 N etet N etet N etet
~ a[i .
−6i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
alala alala 2 2
saaslala saaslala saaslala 2 s1aas→lal𝑅 a − 𝑅 1
saaslala saaslala
a daadsas 6 2 P−1 a daadsa7s a d ad a d a d a d ad 11 a d 𝑅ad 1 2
a d ad a d ad
P 2 −2 ww w. .P .P.Pa
w3𝑅 ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ~ 0 1 ww .P .Pa 3
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
ww w4 3 𝑅2 → 𝑅w2w w+w w
1 w w
w w w w
w w w w w 2
w 15 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅w2
1 ww
w w w
w w wwww
~ [0 2 8 7 ] 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅 0t t 0 − ] 3
0N e tet
8 −13 −2laia.N 3 etet 3 1
N e te t N e te t N [ e e 2 N e te t N etet N etet
l a ia. i . N i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
a al 4 dad3saasal adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l l
adsaasa 1 0 − 2adaadsaasa
1 l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daadsas 2 −2 a a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ~ [0 2 ww w.P.8P 7 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅w w−.P.P
4𝑅 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww P.P
.11 2
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww w ww3 ww 2 wwww wwww ~ [0 w1w ww ] 𝑅3 → (− ) w
15
𝑅ww
3 w w w
w w www w
0 0 −45 −30 2
The equivalent
i .N . etet matrix is in row-echelon
N i .N . etet
N form and the i .N . N
tet
enumber of non-zeroi.N rows
. etet is
N i .N . e0tet 0 1
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l al a i
asa 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l a l a i 1 l al a i l al a i
a daad3.saSo a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa 1 0 0 a𝑅da1ad→ saas𝑅a1 − 𝑅3
2 a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww
GAUSS-JORDAN.P.P METHODwFOR ww P.P
.FINDING INVERSE OFww.P.P MATRIX
THE ww.P.P ~ [0 1ww0w .P].P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww ww
w www w wwww w w w 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 11 𝑅ww ww w ww
w wwww
3 1 4 0 0 1 2 2 2 3
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 N t
e et 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 Show thati.N the t t
e ematrix [ 2 0 −1 ]
N t t
eisenon-singular and reduce
N t
e et it 3.Findi.the N tet
e inverse of each of ithe N tet
efollowing by Gauss-Jordan N etet method: N etet
i . i . N i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . N . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala 5 d a2
dsaaslaa1la d a dsaaslaala d adsaa2slaala−1 d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P .P.Paa aa
.P.transformation.
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P (i)[ ] .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
to the identitywmatrix ww
w by elementarywrow ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 5 −2 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
w
3 1 4 w w w w w w w 2 w w
−1 1 0 w w w w ww
[𝐴|𝐼2 ] = ( | )
Let 𝐴 i= N e te t
[2 0 −1] N e te t N e te t N e te t N e t
5e t −2 0 1 N etet N etet N etet
a . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N 1 1 a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
alala 5 2 1 asaaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala~ (1 − 2| 2 d0ad)saa𝑅 slala→ 1 𝑅 saaslala saaslala
a daadsas a d d a d ad a d a d a d ad a a d ad a d ad
P |𝐴| = 3(0 + 2)w− w Pa + 5) + 4(4 − 0)
.P.1(2 ww .P6a − 7 + 16 = 15
.P= .P.0Pa
w≠w ww.P.Pa 5 ww
−2 .P0.Pa1 2 2 2
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
∴ A is non-singular. 1t − 2 0
1 1
t
e4e t 1 4 eet t ee t t eet t t
e(e 2 ete𝑅t − 5𝑅 etet etet
3 la1lia.N i . N 1 l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.~N
i. N | )l a𝑅 ia.2N
i . N
→ 2 1 l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.Ni . N
aa as3 al a al adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l 1
−adadsa1asal
5
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
daad[s2as 0 −1] ~ [2Pa0daadsa−1 ] 𝑅1 → 3 𝑅1 Padaadsas
3 1 0
a a d
a a d
a 2 a
2 a d
a a d
a
P ww. .P ww. .P ww.P.P ww.P.P w1w.P.1P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
5 2 1 ww ww 5 2 1 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w
1 − 2 0w w w
w w w w
w w www w
~( 2| ) 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2
N e tet N e tet N e tet N e tet N e te
0 t 1 −5 2 etet etet etet
l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l a lia.Ni . N l ali
a .Ni . N l alia.Ni .N
aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww wwww ww
Pagew12
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P 1ww 0w .P.P 1
w−2
w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai 1 0 ww.P.9P 5 −2 0 ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
~( w | ) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 +w2 𝑅2 w w1w
w w
w w w w
w w w www w w w
w𝑅 → 𝑅1 − 2𝑅2 w w
w w www w
0 1 −5 2 ~ (0 1 −3|−2 1 0) 1
= tet |𝐴−1 ]
e[𝐼 etet etet etet ete0t 0 −1 −5 i2.N.N ete1t 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅i2.N.N etet etet
l a lia.Ni . N 2 l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni .N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l al a i l a l a i l alia.Ni . N
aa aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa 16 9 𝑅 a→ saasa adsaasa
a daadsas ⟹ 𝐴−1 = P [
−2
a daadsa1s] a d
a a d
a a d
a
1 0 0ad−40
a d
a ad𝑅 + 9𝑅 a d
a
P ww. .−5P 2 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ~ (0 w 1www.P.0P | 14 −5 −3) ww.P.P
1 1 3
ww.P.P ww.
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w w ww
w 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅 w w
w w www w
1 −1 0 0 0 −1 −5 2 1 2 2 3
(ii)[1 i.N.N 0 t
e et −1] N t
e et N t
e et N t
e et N t
e e1t 0 0 −44 16 N t
e e9t N etet N etet
i i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d adsaasl6aala −2 −3 d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala~ (0 1 0| d13 ad saaslaa−5
la −3) 𝑅3 → (−)𝑅
d adsaaslaa3la d adsaaslaala
aa
P 1 −1 .P.P a a0 1 0 0 .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa 0 w 0w .P a
1.Pa5 −2 −1ww .P.Paa .P.Paa .
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ww w w w w
w w wwww
[𝐴|𝐼3 ] = (1ww 0 −1|0 1 0)ww ww ww = [𝐼3 |𝐴 ]w w−1 w w w w ww
N eet 6t −2 −3 0 0 N t
1
ee t N t
ee t N t
ee t N ete−40
t 16 9 NN etet N etet N etet
a i . i . N 1 −1 0 1 a i .0i . N 0 a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . a i . i . N a i . i . N
alala l la
aasa 1 0) 𝑅2 →a𝑅 a1la
−asl𝑅 saaslala ⟹ saas𝐴lala = [ 13 −5dadsa−3
−1
asla]la saaslala saaslala
a daadsas ~ (0 1 Pa−1 daad|s−1 d 2ds
a a
P.P𝑅a3 − 6𝑅1 a d ad a d ad a a d ad a d ad
P ww. .P 𝑅ww
3w
.→ ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa 5 ww .Pa −1
.P−2 ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
w w w
0 w4 −3 −6 0 1 w w w w w
w w w w
w w w www w w
w w w w
w w 0 5 wwww
1t −1 0 1 0 t t0 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 Find the inverse of the non-singular matrix 𝐴 = [ ], by
e te e e e te t e te t e te t e te t e t
e t −1 6 etet
N
i.N laalia.Ni.1N 0) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 a−laa4𝑅 N laalia.N laalia.Ni.N method. alaalia.N laalia.N laalia.N
s a slaalia.~ (0 1 −1|−1
s as s s lia. i.2N s as
i.N Gauss-Jordan
s as s s
i.N
s as
i.N
s as
i.N
adaada
P 0 0 .PP
. a1daad−2a −4 1 .PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P . P. P
ada
ada[𝐴|𝐼 ] 0 5 .1 P. ada0ada
P .P.Padaada .P.Padaada .
1 ww w
−1w 0 1 0 0wwww w w
www w
www = ( w | ) w w ww
ww w ww ww 2
−1 ww ww6w0 1 wwwww wwwww wwww
~ (0 1 0|−3 −3 1) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
tet tet tet tet t−1t 60 1
e2tet etet etet
l a lia N e
. i.N0 0 1 −2 la−4 lia N e
. i.N 1 l alia N
. i.N e
l alia N
. i.N e
l alia. i.N 0 5|1 0) 𝑅1lal↔
~N (
e e ia.Ni .
𝑅N l a lia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
aa adsaas−3a 1 adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa ~ (1 −6|0 ada−1 adsaa)sa𝑅 → (−)𝑅 adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas 1 0 0 −2
a da
P.|P−3 −3 1) 𝑅1 → a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ~ (0 w 1w.0 ww.P
𝑅.P1 + 𝑅2 ww.P.P ww.P.P 0 ww5www .P
1.P 0 1 1 .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.
wwww wwww wwww wwww w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
0 0 1 −2 −4 1 1 −6 01 −1 1
= [𝐼
e te t|𝐴−1 ] e te t e te t e te t ~ (
e te t | ) 𝑅 2 → e te t𝑅 etet etet
i . N
i . N 3 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N 0 1 0 i . N
i . N 5 2 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d adsaaslaala −2 asa
d d
aslaala1
−3
d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala 6
5
d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P ⟹ 𝐴−1 =ww .[P−3
.Pa a −3 1] .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Pa−1
a .P.Paa .P.Paa .
w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 1 w0w w5w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww −2 −4 1 ww ww ww ~ ( ww |1 ) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 w +w6𝑅2 ww ww
0 1 0
1 e 2tet 3 e te t e te t e te t e te t 5 etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
(iii)al[a2la 5 3] alala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala 6
saaslala saaslala
a daadsas 1 0 8 Padaadsas a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad −1
a d ad 6 −5 a d ad
P ww. .P ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa = [𝐼2 |𝐴w−1 w].P.P
a ⟹ 𝐴−1 =w[w 5 a 1
w.P.P ] = 5 [1 0 ]ww w.P.P
a
ww.
1ww w2w 31 0 0 wwww wwww wwww wwww ww 1 w 0 ww w wwww
[𝐴|𝐼3 ] =e(t 2t 5 3|0 1 0)et t 5
N e N e N e te t N e te t N e te t N e te t 2 1 ai1.N etet N etet
l a ia. i . N 1 0 8 0 0 l a ia
1. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a i . N l a ia. i . N
a al a al adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l saasal l
saasainverse l
of 𝐴 = a[3dadsa2asa 1], by Gauss-Jordan al
adsaasmethod.
a daadsas 1 2 Pada3adsas1 0 0 𝑅 P a d
a a d
a a d
a ad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 Find a d
a adthe a a d
a
P w . .P .→
w2w .P𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P2 1 2 ww.P.P ww.
~ (0ww ww1w −3|−2 1 0w)w ww
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
2 1 11 0 0
t 0 −2 5 −1 0 t 1 t t t
i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e
Ne t
i .N . e
Ne t [𝐴|𝐼 ]
3 i.= N . e
(e
N 3t 2 1|0 1 0i.) N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
aa l a l a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l a la i l al a i
a daadsas a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa 2 1 2 0dadsa
a a
0asa1
a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
wwww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww wwww ww
Pagew13
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww .P.1P 1 ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
Padasalai
ww ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
1ww w1w 0 0 w w
w1 w w w
w w w w
w w w
|𝐴| = 4 + 3 =w7 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ w w 2 1w w
]w w w w
w w www w
2 2 2 −3 2
~e(te3t 2 1|0 1 0)e𝑅te1t → 𝑅1 etet etet etet 1 2 etet etet etet
i .Ni . N i .Ni . N 2
i .Ni .N i .Ni . N −1 i.N 1N
i . 1 i.N i . N i .Ni . N i .Ni . N
aal al a l a
asa 1l a l al a l al a 𝐴 l =
al a 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ l ]
al a l al a l al a
a daadsas 2 1 2d
1 Pa1ada
0as0
a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa |𝐴| 7 −3
a d
a adsaas2a a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P 1
.P.P .P.P .P.P 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⟹ [ w]w 𝑥 .P.P1 2 1 8 =ww .PP16 − 2 ] = 1 [ 14w]w .P=.P[ 2 ]
1 ww w. .P 0 0 ww ww ww ww ww 7 [.
1
ww.
ww2 w 2 2 ww𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅 w ww
w w ww
w w w𝑦
w w = 7 [−3 2] [−2w]w −24 − 4 w
7 −28
w
w w −4 www w
~( t 0
1
−
1| 3
− 1 t0 ) 2 2 1
t t Solution: (𝑥,
t 𝑦) = (2, −4) t t
i . N . e et 2
N 2 2 i.N . e et 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅i1.N.N
N e et i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i i i i i
d ad saaslaala 0 0 1dad−1 saaslaala0 1 d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 Solve d ad
aslaalfollowing
sathe a system d ad
laala equations by matrix
saaslinear
of d adsaaslaala
aa
P 1 PP
. .a1 a 1 0 0 .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P a ainversion method:.P5𝑥 aa .P.= a a5 .P.P aa
1 ww ww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w ww.P + 2𝑦 = 3, 3𝑥 + w 2𝑦
w
w w P
w ww
w wwww.
w w2 2
~ (0 1 −1|−3 2 0) 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2
2 w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1
N e te t N e te t N e t
e t N e t
e t 2 3i.N et−1
et 𝑥 9 N etet N etet N etet
a i . i . N 0 0 1 −1 a i0. i . N 1 a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
alala 1 0 1 a2 saaslal−1a saaslala saaslala l la
[ad1saasa1 1 ] [𝑦] =ad[ ad9saas] a⟹
l la 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 =sas𝐴la−1la𝐵 saaslala
a daadsas a d d 0 a d ad a d ad a d a d ad a a d ad
P ~ (0ww1w ww .Pa|−3 2 0)w𝑅w1w
.P−1 .P→.P𝑅a1 − 1 𝑅2 w ww.P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa 3 −1 −1 w
w 𝑧w .P.Pa−1
w ww.P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
wwww.
w w w w 2 w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
0 0 1 −1 0 1 |𝐴| = 2(−1 + 1) − 3(−1 − 3) − 1(−1 − 3) = 12 + 4 = 16
N t t
e e1 0 0 3 −1 N t
e−1 t
e 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 𝑅 i.N eet t N eet t 1 −1i.N.N e3tet 1 N etet+ 1 1 + 3 i.3N.+ ete1t N etet
l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a a i . N l a ia. i . N l a a i l a ia. i .
−1N l a a i N 0 4 l a ia. 4
i . N
a al a al 1 1 al
adsa+as𝑅
3
adsaasa
l 1asaas−1 al −1 1 l
adsaasa= [ 3 + 1 −2
l
adsa3asa −1 − 2] = [ 4adaadsa1asa −3]
l
a daadsas ~ (0 1 P0a|−4 daadsas 2 1 )𝑅 → 𝑅
a d
a a d
a a d
a d ⟹ a d
aadjA a d
a+
P 0 w0w w. 1.P−1 0 1 ww .P.P 2
w2w 3
ww.P.P ww.P.P 1 3 2 ww w1w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww w w w
3 −1 −1 w w
w w w w
w w
1 −1 3 w w 1
−1 −
w w
3
w w 9 + 2 2 − 3w w
w w −4 11 −1 www w
=N e[𝐼 −1
te3t |𝐴 ] ⟹ 𝐴 = −1
e[t−4
et 2 1 ] .NN etet etet etet 0 4 ete4t etet etet
l a ia. N
i . l a ia. N
i . N l a ia i . l a ia. N
i . N 𝐴 −1 l a
= ia. N
1.N
i 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 =
1
[ l a ia.Ni . N−3] l a ia.Ni . N l a ia.Ni . N
aa l l l l l 4 1
l l l
a daadsas a da adsaasa −1 0
a d
a a1
dsaasa
a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa |𝐴| 16 das
a a d aasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P .P.P MATRIX INVERSION .P.P METHOD ww .PP .P.P .PP −4 11 −1 ww .PP .P.P .
ww wwww ww ww
wEXERCISE
w w ww .
w w ww
w
ww
w ww
w 𝑥ww. 0 4 w ww .9
4
w 0 + w ww
36
w
w
− w 4 32 wwwwww
1.3 −1 1 1 1
t t t t 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 t ⟹ [𝑦 ] = [ 4 1 t −3 ] [ 9 ] = [ 36 t + 9 + 3 ] = [48]
1.Solve N e
the e t
following system of
N e e t
linear equations by e
matrix
N e t inversion method: N e e t N e e t 16 N e et 16 Ne et 16 Netet
l alia. i. N l alia. i. N l alia. i. N l alia. i. N l alia. i. N 𝑧 −4 l alia. i11
. N −1 −1 salaalia.−36 N
i. + 99 + 1 alaalia64 . i.N
s a
(𝑖)2𝑥s a s a a
as = −3 s asa s as a s a a
s 2 s as a s s s
adaada + 𝑥5𝑦 = −2,
P −2 .P.
𝑥+
adaad2𝑦
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaad𝑥a
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .
2 5 ww] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋ww w ww ww [𝑦] = [3] Solution ww : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3,4) ww ww ww
[ ] [𝑦] = w w
[w
w w w =w𝐴−1 𝐵 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
1 2 −3 𝑧 4 tt
N e te t N e2te t −5 N e t
e t N e t
e t (𝑖𝑣)𝑥 N e+ e 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 6𝑥 −i.4𝑦 N e+tet N tet
e2𝑦 N etet
|𝐴| l= a i .4i .−N 5 = −1 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 a=i . [
i . N ] a i . i . N a i . i . N a +
i . i .𝑦N a i . N 5𝑧 − 31 = 0, 5𝑥a i . +
i . N + 2𝑧 = 13 a i . i . N
a ala saaslala −1 2 saaslala saaslala saasla1la saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsa−1s a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad1 1 𝑥
a 2
d ad a d ad a d ad
P 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 w=w 1 .P.Pa[ 2 −5] = [−2ww
1 .P.P5a] ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa[6 −4 5] [𝑦]w= w.P.[P31a
] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = w 𝐵w⟹ ww.P a
𝑋.P= 𝐴−1 𝐵 ww.P.Pa ww.
|𝐴| ww ww −1 −1 2 w w w
w1 −2 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w w w
w w wwww
𝑥 −2 5 t −2 4 − 15 −11 5 2 2 𝑧 13
𝑋 = 𝐴.−1 N 𝐵
e
N
te⟹t [ 𝑦 ] = [ . N ]
e
N [e t ] = [ ] = . N [e
N
t
e t ] . N e
N
t
e t |𝐴| = 1(−8
. N e
N
te t− 10) − 1(12 − .25)
N ete+t 1(12 + 20) = i−18
N . N ete+t 13 + 32 = 27 i.N.N
N etet
l a ia i . 1 l a i
−2a i . −3 −2 + 6l a ia i . 4 l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i . l a a i
saasal (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−11,4)
daadSolution: d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d saasal2 1
ad−4 −4 dadsaasal −8 − 10 2da dsaasal d adsaasa0
l
a
P .P.Pa a .P.P a a .P.P a a a a
.P.P 5 2 1 .P.P a a .P.P a a − 2 5 + 4 −18
.P.P a a 9 .
(𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 − 𝑦 = w w w w w w w w w w ww w w5w w w w w ww wwww
ww8,w3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2 www www www www6 ⟹ adjA = [ 25w−w12 w 2 − 5 6 − 5ww ]=w [ 13 −3 1w]w
2 −1 t𝑥 8 6 5 1 32 3 e−10
[
3alali2 .aN ]e[
.Ne𝑦
t
] = [
−2
] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋
i
=
. N . e
N𝐵te⟹t 𝑋 = 𝐴 −1
𝐵
i . N . e
N
t
e t
i . N . e
N
t
e t −4 i.2N . et1et −4
N i . N . e12
N
tet + 20 5 − 2 −4
i . N . e−
N
tet6
i .N .
t
Net
i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l ala i l al a i
a daadsas
a
a da adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww ww ww ww
Pagew14
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a da a d
a a da a da a da a da
P ww .P.P −18 0 9 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai 4 0 0 ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
1 w ww
w 1 w ww w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 13 −3 1 ] = [0 4 0] = 4𝐼3
i .N . etet
N
27
32 lalia.N 3.N etet−10 i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N 0lalia.N 0i.N ete4t i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
aa l al a i i l a l a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
daadsas −1 𝑥 dadsaa sa
−18 0 9 dad2saasa −36 + 0 +d117 adsaasa d adsaasa 1 1 2 −5 d adsaa1sa 3 4 0 dad0saasa d adsaasa
a
P 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⟹ [w𝑦w .PP a a1 .P.Pa a 1 a
.P.P a a a
.P.P 𝐵𝐴 = [3 2 1w]w a a
.PP 1 −5] = [w a a
.P.4P 0] = 4𝐼3 a
.P.P a .
wwww ] .= 27 [ 13 −3ww www1w ] [31] = 27 [ 26 w
wwww
−w93 + 13 ]
wwwwww
ww ww [ .7 wwww0w
wwwwww
wwwwww
𝑧 32 3 −10 13 64 + 93 − 130 2 1 3 1 −1 1 0 0 4
81 e te t 𝑥 3 e te t e t
e t e te t e t
e t −1 1 e t
e t etet etet
1lalia .Ni . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N 𝐴𝐵 = i𝐵𝐴
. Ni . N = 4𝐼 ⟹ 𝐵 = i𝐴. N
i .→N (1) i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
[d𝑦a] sa=asla[a−2
la ] saaslaa: l(𝑥,
a 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3, −2,1) saaslaala saaslaa1la 2 𝑥 saaslaa4la saaslaala saaslaala
3
d a =saasa[−54] ⟹ Solution
d a d a d a d a d a d a
aa d 27 a a𝑧 d aa d aa d aa d1 1 aa d aa d aa d
P 27 ww .P.P 1 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P −1 ww.P.P ww.
w w
w w w ww w w w
w w w w
w w [ 3 2 1 ] [𝑦
w w
]
w =w [ 7 ] ⟹ 𝐵𝑋 = 𝐶 ⟹w w
w 𝑋
w = 𝐵 𝐶 → (2) w w
w w w ww
w
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix
e tet e tet = 5, 𝑥 − 2𝑥 +N𝑥etet= −4,3𝑥 − 𝑥 −N2𝑥 e tet= 2 1 3et t𝑧 2 etet 1 etet etet
inversion i . N
i . Nmethod: 2𝑥 1 + 3𝑥 i
2 . N
i+. N3𝑥 3 1 2 i . i . N 3 1 2 i . i . N 3 i . Ni . N e i −5
. N
i . N 3 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
alalaa a
saaslala a
saaslala a
saaslala a a a a a
daad3sas d ad d ad d ad d a saaslal(1)
From
d ⟹ 𝐵 −1
=
1 sala
d𝐴ad a
= s 1 l[a 7 1 −5 ]
d ad saaslala d adsaaslala
a a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.P4a a
.P1.Pa a
.P.Pa
P 2 3 3 ww w𝑥.1P.P 5 ww ww ww ww 4
ww ww ww.
ww 𝑥w ww ww −1 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
𝑥
1 −1
w w
w w w w
w w w ww
w
[1 −2 1 ] [ 2 ] = [−4] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 −5 1 3 1 −5 + 7 + 6
3 la−1 N t t
e e−2 𝑥3 3 laia.N eet t N ee t t N eet t Froma(2) N e⟹t t −1
e 𝑋 = 𝐵 𝐶 ⟹ [i.𝑦N ].N t t1
e=e [ 7 1 −5 ]N [.Ne t t 1
7]e = 4 [ 7 + 7 − 10 ].N etet
i
a . i . N i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l ia. i . N l a a i l a ia. i l a ia i . N
saasa=l 2(4 + 1) − 3(−2
daad|𝐴| d adsa−asa3) l + 3(−1 + 6) = s10
d
l
adaasa+ 15 + 15 = 40 d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa 𝑧
l 4
1 a−1 d adsaasa1 2
l
1− d aas2a
7ads+
l
a
P −2 −1 3 ww .P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a 8 2 ww .P.P a a .P.P a a
.P.P a .
w ww −2
w w 4w w1w
w+w −3 + 6 3 + w w
ww
w6w 5 3 9wwwwww 1 w w
w w w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
1 −2 3 1 ⟹ adjA = [ 3 + 2 −4 − 9 3 − 2 ] = [ = [ 4 ]=[ 1 ] Solution : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,1, −1)
5 −13 1 ] 4
1 i.N 3.N etet2 1
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N −4i .N . etet −1
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l al a i la la i −1 + 6 9 + l2a l a i −4 − 3 5 l11
al a i −7 l a l a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a
saasa −1 3 −2dadsaasa
daad−2 a a a da adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a daadsaas−4
a 4 4
a daadsaasa 1 −1 1 adaadsaasa
P .P.1P 5 3 9 .P.P .P.P .P.P 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 .PIf.P𝐴 = [−7 1 3w.P
].Pand 𝐵 = [1 −2 w−2 .PP], find the .
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
1
wwwwww
= [5 −13 1ww ]wwww
ww wwww
wwwwww
ww ww ww
w ww
w
w
w www.
w w ww
w
ww
40 5 −3 −1 2 1 3
t
e et 5 11Ne e t−7t t
e et t
e et products ABt
e et and BA and hence t
solve
e et the system of equations t
e et 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4,e𝑥te−
l al i
a . N
i . N 𝑥 5 l alia. i .
3 N 9 5 l a lia. N
i
25. N − 12 + 27 l alia. N
i
40. N l a lia. Ni . N l alia. N
i . N l alia. N
i . N l alia.Ni . N t
asa −1 aa aasa1 [ 25 + 52 + 3ada] ad=saas1a[ 80 ] 2𝑦a−a2𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 +a3𝑧 a a= 1 aa aa
a daad𝑋sa= 𝐴 𝐵 ⟹ [ 𝑦 ]P =a da1adsa[5s −13 1 ] [P−4 a da]ads= P P a daadsas P a dadsas P a daadsas P a daadsas
P . .P 40 . .P . .P . .P 3. A man is appointed . .P in a job with a monthly . .P salary of certainwamount . P and a fixed ww .
wwwww𝑧w
5 11 w−7 wwwww
3
40
25 −w44 ww
w
ww
− 21
40
−40 ww wwww
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w www.
w w ww
w
𝑥 1t amount of annual increment. If his salary was Rs.19800 per month at the end of
e t eet t t t
e: e(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,2, −1) eet t etet after 3 years iof etet and Rs.23400i.Nper etemonth
t tet
ethe
[𝑦a] l= aila.[Ni .N2 e] a i . N
i . N Solutiona i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N the first
a i . Ni month
. N a . N
i .service
N a i . N at the endi.N
a
of
i . N
a
daads𝑧as −1 d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d first
ad
la
saaslamonth after 9 years d adsaof la
aslaservice, find hisastarting
d ad saaslalasalary and his annual d adsaaslala
a
P a
.P.Pa3 a
.1P.Pa2 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Paincrement. ( Usewmatrix a
.PPa inversion method .P.)Pa a
.P.Pa .
−5ww www1w
ww 1wwww
ww wwww
wwwwww
ww www. wwwwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
2.If 𝐴 = [ 7 1 −5] and 𝐵 = [3 2 1], find the products AB and BA and Let his starting salary be x and thet annual increment be ty.
N e te t N e te t N e t
e t N e te t N e t
e t N e et → (1) ; 𝑥 + i9𝑦 N e=et23400 → (2) i.N.N etet
l a i
a . i . N 1 −1 1 l a ia. i . N 2 1 3 l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N From l a i
the
a. i . Ngiven data, 𝑥 + 3𝑦
l a i=
a. i . N
19800 l a a. i . N l a a i
saasal solve the system
daadhence d
l
adsaofasaequations 𝑥 + 𝑦ad+ saasa=l 1, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧d=
ad2𝑧 asa2𝑥
adsa7,
l
+𝑦+ d ad1saasa3 𝑥
l
19800 d adsaasa
l
d ad−1saasa
l
d adsaasa
l
a
P 3𝑧 = 2 .P.Pa a .P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P [a ] [ ] = [ ww a a
.P.P] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹w𝑋w a
.P=P𝐴 𝐵a a
.P.P a .
wwwwww
ww wwww
ww wwww
wwwwww 1 9 𝑦 ww w23400
w wwww . wwwwww
wwwwww
−5 1 3 1 1 2 −5 + 3 + 6 −5 + 2 + 3 −10 + 1 + 9 |𝐴| 9 −3
e t t
e 1 −5] [3 i.2N e t t
e1] = [ 7 + 3 − 10i.N e t t
e + 2 − 5 14 +i.1N e t t
e15 ] = 9 − e 3
t
e t= 6 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ etet1 ] etet etet
𝐴𝐵la= i
a . N
i[. N7 l a a i . N l a a i . N 7 l a a i . −
N l a ia. Ni . N l a i−1
a. N
i . N la i
a .Ni . N l a ia.Ni .N
aa l l l l l l l l
a daadsas 1 −1 a1 da adsaas2a 1 3 1a−daa 3dsa+asa2 a
1 − 2 + 1adaadsa2sa− 1 + 3 a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a da adsaasa
P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
wwww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww wwww ww
Pagew15
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P1.P 9 −3 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ww .P.P .P.P
wand
w w .P.P
w ww.
−1
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
1
w w w
w= [ ] w ww w w w
w w w w
w w 5. The prices w w
of
w wthree commodities w w
A,
w B
w C are Rs.x, y and
w w
w z
w per units www w
6 −1 1 respectively. A person P purchases 4 units of B and sells 2 units of A and 5 units of
et t 𝑥 et t etet− 70200 etet etet etet etet etet
𝑋 a=laa𝐴 l
Ni.N𝐵e⟹ [ ] = 1 [ 9alaalia.−3
ia.−1 Ni.N]e[19800] = 1 [a178200 l a lia.N i .N ] =
1 108000
l [
alia.Ni . N ] C. l a
Personlia.Ni . NQ purchase 2 unitl a i
of
l a.Ni .
C N and sells 3 units of
l alia.AN
i . N
and one unit of B. l a i .N
Person
l a i . N R
d ad sas 𝑦 6as
d d−1
a s 1 23400 dad6sas−19800 a + 23400dadsaas6a 3600 d ad saasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa
aa 𝑥
P 18000 ww .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P a apurchases one unit
.P.P a aA and sells 3 unit of
.P.of
P a aand one unit of C. In
.P.BP a a process P, Q
.P.the
P .
[𝑦 ] = [ w]w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
600 w w w w w w w w and R earn w w
Rs.15000, Rs.1000 and w w
Rs.4000 respectively. w
Findw the prices per unit ww
of
Solution: N tet starting salary = N
eHis etet
Rs.18000 ; Annual increment N etet = Rs.600 N etet A, B andNC. ete(tUse matrix inversion N etemethod
t ) N etet N etet
i . i. N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
a 4.saa4slaamen
la and 4 women scan
a aaslaafinish
la a piece of work a saaslaajointly
la in 3 days while
a saasla2alamen and Let
a
laalaprices of one unitsaof
saasthe a a
ala B and C are Rs. x,saylaaand
slaA, a a s la z respectively. a saaslaala
d d
a a 5 women can finish d
athe d
a same work jointly d d
aina4 days. Find the time d d
a taken
a d d
a aFrom the given data, aad d aad d aad d
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P by one www .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
w w
w w w ww w w w
w w w w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
man alone and that of one woman alone to finish the same work by using matrix 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 15000 → (1)
inversion N te t
emethod. N t
ee t N t
ee t N t
ee t 3𝑥 +a𝑦i.N − tet = 1000 → (1) Netet
e2𝑧 N etet N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
ala number of daysasataken
saaslthe aslala by a man and woman saaslalabe a and y respectively. saaslala −𝑥 saas+lala
3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4000 → aslala
sa(1) saaslala saaslala
a daadLet a d d a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad
P ww.P.Pa w
1w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa 2 −4 5 ww .𝑥P.Pa 15000 ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
Work finished wwwby
w a man in one dayw= w
w𝑥 w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w −1 w w
w w wwww
1
[3 1 −2] [𝑦] = [ 1000 ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵
Worki.finished N t t
e e by a woman ini.None t t
e e day = N t
ee t N t
ee t −1laia.N 3 etet 1 𝑧 4000 N etet N etet N etet
l a a i . N la a i . N 𝑦 l a ia . i . N l a ia. i . N i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
saasal
daadFrom 4as
d d
l
aas4a= 1 ; 2 + 5 = a1daadsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d|𝐴| l
adsaas=a 2(1 + 6) − (−4)(3 d adsaas−al 2) + 5(9 + 1) =a14
d dsaasa+l 4 + 50 = 68 dadsaasal
a
P the given data, a a +
.P.P 𝑥 𝑦 3 𝑥 w .P.P4 a
.P.P a a a
.P.P 1 3 −4www a
.P.1P a .P.Pa a aa
.P.P .
w www w 𝑦w
w w w
w w w w
w w w 1 w
+ w
w6 w 15 + 4 8 − 5 w w
w w 7 19 3 w ww
w
1 1w w w w w w w w −2 1 w
5 w w w
−2 ⟹ adjA = [2 − 3 2 + 5 15 + 4] = [−1 7 19] w w ww
Let = 𝑎 , = 𝑏
𝑥 e te𝑦t et t e t t e t t e t t 3 etet etet etet
4 la 4 ia
l .Ni . N
1 1laia
l .Ni . Ne l a lia .Ni . Ne l alia.Ni . Ne 3 −1
l alia.Ni . Ne 2 l alia.Ni . N 9 + 1 4 − 6 l alia.2N
i . N
+ 12 10 −2l alia.Ni .
14N
+a a = ⟹ 4𝑎 + 4𝑏a=saasa⟹ 12𝑎 + 12𝑏 = a1sa→ asa(1) adsaasa ad1saasa 3 −4 1 dasaasa adsaasa adsaasa
a daad𝑥sas 𝑦 3 a d
a d 3 a d
a d a d
a a d
a a a 7d 19 3 a d
a a d
a
P 2 5 1 ww.P.P 1 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P −1 1 ww .P1.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
+ = ⟹ w w
2𝑎
w w + 5𝑏 = ⟹ 8𝑎 + w ww w
20𝑏 = 1 → (2) w ww
w w ww
w 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴w ww
w = [ −1 7 19w ]ww
w w ww
w wwww
𝑥 𝑦 4 4 |𝐴| 68
12 12 e te𝑎t 1 e t
e t −1 e te t e te t e te t 10 −2Net14 et etet etet
[ lalia.N i . N] [ ] = [ ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋lal= i . N
i 𝐵
. N ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N 𝑥 7 i . i .
19 N 3 15000alaala i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d ad sa8asa 20 𝑏 1 asaasa a
d d d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala−1 d1as
d aaslaala
d adsas d adsaaslaala
aa
P .P.Paa 20 .P.−12aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⟹ [𝑦 ] =
.P.Pa68 [
a −1 7 19 .P.1000 ] [ aa ] aa
.P.P
|𝐴| = 240 − 96 w ww=
w 144 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ww ww P ] w ww
w w ww
w w www
𝑧 10 −2 w14 w w
w w P
w w
w w wwww.
ww w−8
w 12 ww ww ww w 4000 ww ww
1 1 20 −12t 7 19 tet 3 15
𝐴−1 =.N e
N
t𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
e t = [ . N e
N e]t . N e
N
tet
. N e
N
tet
. N e
N
tet 1000
. N e
N . N etet
N . N etet
N
a i i .
|𝐴| 144 −8 a i 12
i . a i i . a i i . a i i . = [ −1
a i i . 7 19 ] [ 1 ] a i i . a i i .
alala saaslala saaslala saasla1la saaslala 68sa la
sla10 saaslala saaslala
a daadsas a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a −2 14 a d
4 ad a d ad
P 𝑎w.P.Pa1 20 −12 w 1w.P.Pa1 20 − 12 w1w .PPa .P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa .
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⟹ www[ww ]= [ w w[w
]w ]= [ ]w
w ww .[8] = [18
= ] w w
w
ww
w w w
w www
1000
105 + 19 w w
w
w12
+w w w w
w
ww
w wwwwww
𝑏 144 −8 12 1 144 −8 + 12 144 4 1
= [ −15 + 7 + 76 ]
N e te t N e t
e t N e te t 36 et t
N e N e te t 68
N e−tet2 + 56 N etet N etet
l a ia. i .1N l a ia. i . N l a ia . i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l 150
a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
saasal 18
daad[𝑎 1 da dsaasal 1 d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d
l
adsaasa136 d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
a
P 𝑏 ] = [ 1 ] ⟹ 𝑥ww = a a
.PP = 18 ; 𝑦 = 𝑏 = 36 .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .P= a
.P a
1000
.P.Pa a a
.P.P a .
w ww . 𝑎
w w wwwww
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww 68
[ 68 ]
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
wwwwww
36 204
e t t e t t e t t e t t e t t etet etet etet
Solution:
l alia.Ni . NAeman can finishlthe alia.Ni . Ne in 18 days and
work
l a lia
a.Ni . Ne
woman can finish thei.N
l al a
work
i . Ne in l alia.Ni . Ne l alia.Ni . N la li
a .Ni . N l alia.Ni .N
saasdays.
daad36
a
d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P .P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a .
ww ww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww wwww ww
Pagew16
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P 𝑥 2000 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ∆ −44 ww ww .P.P ∆𝑦 −66 ww.P.P∆𝑧 −88 ww.P.P ww.
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww 𝑥 = 𝑥 = w= w 2 ; 𝑦 = = =w w
3
w w
;𝑧 = = = 4 w w
w w w w
w w
⟹ [𝑦] = [1000] ∆ −22 ∆ −22 ∆ −22
i .N . etet
N 𝑧 lalia.N etet
N
3000
. i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N Solution i .N .:N tet 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3,4) Netet
e(𝑥, i . i.N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l a l a i i l al a i l al a i l a l a i l al a l al a i l al a i
saasa
daadSolution: The price of d adsaasa
one unit of A, B and aCdaare adsaasRs.2000,
a 1000 and d adsaasa
3000 d adsaasa3 − 4 − 2 − 1 =a0,
(𝑖𝑣) d ad1sa+asa2 1
+ − 2 = 0, ada
2 5a 4
−adsas−a + 1 = 0 d adsaasa
a
P respectively. ww .PP a a .P.P a
.P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 .P.P a
.P.P a .
ww .
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
wwww wwww wwww 1 1 ww ww w1w ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww Let = 𝑎, = 𝑏, = 𝑐 w w w w w w
t t CRAMER’S RULE t t 𝑥 𝑦
tet 𝑧
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
⟹ 3𝑎 i .
− N . e
N
4𝑏 − 2𝑐 = 1 → (1), i . N
𝑎 . e+te2𝑏
N t
+ 𝑐 = 2 → (2),i . N 2𝑎
. ete−
N t
5𝑏 − 4𝑐 = −1 i .→N . N
tet
e(3)
i i EXERCISE 1.4 i i i i i i
d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala d ad saas3laala−4 −2 d ad saaslaala d ad saaslaala d ad saaslaala
a a 1. Solve the following .P.Pa asystems of linear equations .P.Paa by Cramer’s .rule: aa a a∆= | a a + 5) − (−4)(−4 −.P aa a+a18 = −15
P
w ww
w w ww
w w wwP.P
w w ww
w
.P.P 1 2 1w|w =w
w .P .P
3(−8 w ww2).P− 2(−5 − 4) = −9ww
w −
ww P.P
.24
wwww.
(𝑖)5𝑥 − 2𝑦 w +w16 = 0, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 w =w0 ww ww 2 −5 −4 w w w w w w w w
5 e−2 t t
e | = 15 + 2 = 17i.N eet t −16 −2 t t
e e| = −48 + 14 = i−34 eet t 1 e−4 tet −2 etet etet etet
∆= |ai.N i . N a i . N ∆𝑥 = | a i . N
i . N a . N
i . N ∆ = |a i . N
i . N | = 1( −8 +
a i .
5 N
i). N− ( −4 )(−8 + 1) − a i
2(−10. Ni . N + 2) = −3 − 28 a i . N
i . N
a sa asla1la 3 a saaslala a sa
7aslala 3
a saaslala a
𝑎 alala
sa s
2 2 1
a sa aslala a saaslala a sa aslala −15
+ 16 =
adad∆ = |5 −16| =.P35
P . ada+d 16 = 51
P .P.=
𝑥 ada∆d𝑥 = −34 = −2 ; .𝑦P.P
P adad𝑦 = 51 = 3
=
∆ adad −1 −5 −4.P.P
.P.P adad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P .
𝑦
1 ww
7ww w w www w ∆ 17 www w ∆ 17 wwww 3 1 −2
ww w w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ∆ 𝑏 = |1 2 w w w w
1 | = 3(−8 + 1) − 1(−4 − 2) − 2(−1 − 4) = −21 + 6 + 10 = −5
w w w w
Solution: (𝑥, t 𝑦) = (−2,3) t t t t
3 i.N . ee
N t 2 i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t 2i.N . e
−1
N t
e −4 i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
(𝑖𝑖) l a a i
a al+ 2𝑦 = 12 , 𝑥 + a3𝑦 l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
daadsas1𝑥 d dsaas=al 13
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d
l
adsa=as|a31 −4 1
d adsa+ asal
d
al
ad+saas1(−5 d ad−sa9asa
l
a
P Let = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏ww a a
.P.P3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 12 ; 2𝑎 a a
P.P3𝑏 = 13
.+ a
.P.P a a a
.P.P 𝑐∆ 2 2 | =
.P.Pa a
3(−2 10) − ( −4 )(−1 −a
.P.P a
4) − 4) = 24 − a
.P.P a
20 = −5 .
w ⟹ w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w wwww
𝑥 www www www www 2 −5 w−1
∆𝑎 −15
w w
1
w w w w w w w w
3 2t t 12 t 2 t 𝑎 = = t = 1 ⟹ 𝑥 = = 1etet
∆= | NN
2 i . . e
3
|et= 9 − 4 = 5
i . N . e
N e t ∆ 𝑎 = |
i .
13 N . e
N e3t | = 36 − 26 = 10
i . N . e
N e t ∆ .NN−15
i . e e t 𝑎 .NN
i . i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aa l a l a i l ala i l al a i l al a i l a
∆ l a i −5 1 1l al a i l al a i l al a i
daad∆sa𝑦s= |3 12| = 39 d saasa
a24
d d adsaasa d adsaasa d𝑏adsa=asa𝑏 = = ⟹ad𝑦ad= saasa= 3 d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P .P.Pa
− a = 15 .PP a a .PPa a a
.P.P a ∆ −15 3
.P.P a 𝑏 a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .
∆𝑎
2 13www
10 w
ww
1 wwwww.
1w ∆𝑏 15 www
www. wwwwww
𝑐 = 𝑐 = w=
∆ −5 ww
w w1w
⟹ 𝑧 = = 3 ww
1 ww ww
w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
𝑎= = =2⟹𝑥= ⟹𝑥= ; 𝑏= = =3⟹𝑦=3 ∆ −15 3 𝑐
∆ ete5t 𝑎 e te t 2 ∆ e5tet e t
e t Solution :e t
(𝑥,e t 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,3,3) etet etet etet
i . N
i . N 1 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . Ni . N i . N
i . N
d ad saaslaala (𝑥, 𝑦) = (2d, 3)
Solution: adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala d ad saaslaala
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 Solve
d ad
aslaaCramer’s
saby la
rule, the
d ad saaslaala of equationsd𝑥ad1sa−
system asla𝑥ala=
2
aa
P .P.Paa P.P
.9, aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)3𝑥 + 3𝑦 w − w
w𝑧w= 11, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 www
= w 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = www
25 w wwww 3, 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + w
4𝑥
ww 3 w = 17, 𝑥 + 2𝑥 =
ww w
7 w www w wwww
3 3 −1
ww w w w w w w 1 2ww 2 3ww w w w w
1 −1 0
∆= |2i.N.−1 e tet 2 | = 3(−2 − 6)N− e te3t(4 − 8) − 1(6 + 4)N=ete−24 t + 12 − 10 = −22 N e t
e t ∆= | 2 i.N etet 4| = 1(6 − 4) −i.(N−1
3 ete)(t4 − 0) + 0 = 2 +i.N 4i.N e=te6t N etet
a i N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . N a i . N a a i . i . N
alala alala saaslala saaslala saasla0la 1 2 saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsas 411 3 3 2−1 Padaadsas a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad
P .P
w.| = .P.Pa
w−w ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa 3 −1 0w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
∆𝑥 = | 9 −1ww ww2w 11(−2 − 6) − 3(18 wwww 50) − 1(27 + 25) w =w w−88
w + 96 − 52 = −44ww ww ∆1 = |17 3 ww w4w w
| = 3(6 − 4) − (−1)(34 www− w 28) + 0 = 6 + 6 = 12 ww ww wwww
25 t3 2 7
3.N
i . e11
N e t −1
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N 1i . N . e3t1et 02
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i .N .Netet
l
a al a a i l a a i
al50) − 11(4 − 8) − l al a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
daad∆sa𝑦 s= |2 9 2 |P=a3da(ad18 saas− d adsa1as(a50 − 36) = −96a+ d saas−al14 = −66
ad44 d∆
l
ad2sa=asa|2 17 4| = 1a(34 d ad−saas28 al) − 3(4 − 0) + 0 =
d adsa6as− al 12 = −6
d adsaasa
l
a
P 4 25 w2w . .P .P.Pa a .P.P a a
.P.P a .P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .
ww wwww wwww wwww 0 7 2ww ww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
3 3 w11 w ww ww ww 1 −1 3 w w w w w w w w
∆𝑧 = |2 −1 9 | = 3(−25 − 27) − 3(50 − 36) + 11(6 + 4) = −156 − 42 + 110 = −88 ∆ = | 3tet 17| = 1(21 − 17) −e(−1)(14 − 0) + 3(2 − 0)e= tet4 + 14 + 6 = 24 Netet
N etet
N N etet
N N etet
N N etet
N 3 2 e
N N N N
tet N N
s as
i . i
laa4la 3 25.
s as
i
laala . i .
s as
i
laala . i .
s as
i
laala . i .
s as
i . i
laa0la 1 7 .
s as
i
laala . i .
s as
i
laala . i .
s aslaalia. i.N
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.
wwww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww ww ww ww
Pagew17
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ∆1 12 www .P.P ∆ −6 ww.P.P ∆3 24 ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ∆𝑥 −150ww ww.P.P ∆𝑦 w−100ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
𝑥1 = = ww =w2 ; 𝑥2 = 2 = =ww ww
−1 ;𝑥3 = = = w ww
4w w w
w w 𝑥 = = w w = 6 ; 𝑦 = w = w
w −25 = 4 w w
w w www w
∆ 6 ∆ 6 ∆ 6 ∆ −25 ∆
Solution i .N . e: te
N (𝑥t 1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (2, −1,4)
i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N Solution: i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l a l a i
asaa competitive examination, l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daad2.saIn a daadsaasa one mark isdad
a a
saasa
awarded for every correct
a d
a adsaasaanswer a d
a
6adsa asa of solution containing
litres
a d
a adsaasa 50% acid andada4adlitres saasa of solution containing
a d
a adsaasa 25%
P 1
while markwis w w.P.P
deducted for everywwrong ww.P.P
answer. A student ww.P.P
answered 100 ww.P.P acid must be mixed ww.P.Pto make 40% acid w .P.P
solution.
w ww.P.P ww.
4 ww w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w www w
questions 4. A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A and B simultaneously.
N e teand
t get 80 marks. How
N e temany
t questions did ehe
N tetanswer correctly?N(Use e tet N tet
epump N etet in or out at the same N eterate.
t N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N However, i . i . N B can pump i .
water
i . N i . i . N If pump B isi . i . N
d ad saaslaala rule )
Cramer’s
d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
inadvertently run in d adsaaslaalathen the tank will
reverse, d ad
aslaala
sabe filled in 30 d
minutes. ad
a
slala long
saaHow
a a Let the number questions
P aa
.P.P answered correctly a a be x and y be the.P.number
.P.P aa of aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www P w ww
w would it take w ww
w
each pump to fill the w
tank wby
w w itself? (Use w
Cramer’s ww
w rule ) wwww.
questions answered wrong. w w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
tet data, 𝑥 + 𝑦 =N100
egiven etet → (1) ; 𝑥 − 1 𝑦 i= etet⟹ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 320 ete(2)
t Let x andeytebe t the time taken.N byetpumps
et A and B respectively. etet etet
Fromaiathe . N
i . N a i . i . N a . N
i .80
N a i . N
i →
. N a i . N
i . N a i i . N a i
1 . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
saasla1l 1
daad∆= d ad saaslala d adsa4aslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala of water filleddadby
Amount lala A in one minute=
saaspump d adsaaslal𝑥a d ad saaslala
a
P | | = w−1 .PPa
−a4 = −5 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .
www. ww ww ww ww ww 1 ww ww
4 −1ww wwww wwww wwww Amount of water ww ww filled by pump B in ww w
one
w minute= w w
w w wwww
100 1 𝑦
∆𝑥 = | etet | = −100 − 320 etet= −420 etet etet From the tet data, 1 + 1 = N
egiven 1 t
e→et(1) ; 1 − 1 = 1 i.→ tet
e(2) etet
a i . 320
N
i . N −1 a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . i . N a N
i . N a i . N
i . N
l
a al a l
asal a l
a al a l l a l l a 𝑥 𝑦 l l a 10 𝑥 𝑦 l
30 l a l l a
a daad∆sa𝑦s= |1 100| = P 320
a daad−sa400 = −80 Padaadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaas1a= 𝑎 , 1 = 𝑏 adaadsaasa
Let a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P 4 320www . .P w . .P
w ww.P.P ww.P.P 𝑥 𝑦 www .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
∆𝑥 w w
−420 w ∆𝑦wwww−80 w ww
w w ww
w w w w1 w www w ww
w wwww
𝑥= = = 84 ; 𝑦= = = 16 (1) ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = ⟹ 10𝑎 + 10𝑏 = 1 → (3)
∆ t t−5 t ∆t −5 tet tet
Solution: i N
. i.N e e i N
. i.N e e i N
. i.N e i N
. i.N e i . N . etet 10
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a l a l al a l al a l al a (2) l al a i 1
l al a i l al a i l al a i
saasa
daadThe d saasa
adanswered d saasa
a84
d d adsaasa d adsaas⟹ a 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 30 ⟹ a30𝑎
d dsaasa− 30𝑏 = 1 → (4) d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P number questions a
.P.P a correctly=a
.P.P a a
.P.P a a a
.P.P Solving (3) & (4) a
.,P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .
The numberwquestions ww ww answered wrong= wwww 16 ww ww wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
w ww ww ww 10 10 w w w w w w ww
3. A chemist e t t has one solution which e t t is 50% acid and another e t t solution whicheistet ∆= | tet | = −300 − 300
e−30 e=tet−600 etet etet
i . N
i . N e i . N
i . N e i . N
i . N e i . N
i . N 30 i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d ad saaslaalacid.
25% a How much each
d ad saaslaashould
la be mixed to
d ad
aslaala 10 litres of 40%
samake d ad
laala
saasacid d a∆
dsaas=laal|a1 10 | = −30 d ads−
aaslaala
10 = −40 d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala
a a solution? (Use Cramer’s
P a a rule )
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P 𝑎
1 −30 ww .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w 10 1 w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
w w w w
Let x and y be the amount of solution containing 50% and 25% acid respectively. w w w w ∆𝑏 = |
w w
| = 10 − 30 = −20
w w w w ww
From ithe e te t
given data, e te t e te t e te t 30 ete1t ete−20
t etet etet
a . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N ∆i𝑎.N
a i . N −40 1
a∆i.𝑏Ni . N 1
a i . N
1
i . N 1
a i . N
i . N
asla𝑦la= 10 → (1) asaaslala saaslala saaslala 𝑎s= asla∆la = −600 = 15 ;a𝑏saas=lal∆a = −600 = 30 ⟹ saa𝑥sla=la𝑎 = 15 , 𝑦 = 𝑏d= aslala
sa30
a daad𝑥sa+ a d d a d ad a d ad a d ad a a d d a d ad a ad
P ww .P.Pa w⟹w
a
.P.P50 25 40w.P.Pa
w ww.P.PaSolution: ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.
50% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 w +w 25%
w w 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 40% 𝑜𝑓w10 w
w w 𝑥 + 𝑦 =w w
w w . 10 w w
w w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w wwww
100 100 100 Time taken by pump A= 15 minutes ; Time taken by pump B= 30 minutes
⟹ 50𝑥 + ee t 25𝑦
t = 400 → (2) eet t eet t eet t etof
et 3 people went out tet dinner in a restaurant.
efor etet The cost of twoi.dosai, etet
l a i
1a. N
i . N 1 l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N 5.A family
l a i
a . N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a a Ni .N
saasa| l
daad∆= | = 25 −dad 50saas=al −25
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
dthree
l
adsaasa idlies and twoavadais d
l
adsaasais Rs. 150. The cost d aasa
adsof
l
two dosai, two idlies d sal four
adsaaand
a
P 50 25 a
.P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .P.P a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .
10 w1 w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w vadais is Rs. w
200.wThe
w w cost of five w
dosai, wfour
w w idlies and two w ww
vadais
w is Rs. 250. The w ww
w
∆𝑥 = | w | = 250 − 400 = −150 w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
400t t 25 family has tRs.
i . 1
N . e e100
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . e et 350 in hand and
N i . N
they
. etet ate 3 dosai andisix
N . N . eidlies
N
tet and six vadais.NWill
i . i.N etet
∆s𝑦as=laal|a i | = 400s−asla 500 i
ala = −100 l al a i l al a i they l a
be
l a iable to manage to l a
pay
l a i the bill within the a
amount
l la i they had? (Use l aCramer’s
l a
a daada 50 400 Padaada a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww . .P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww ww ww ww
Pagew18
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a da a d
a
P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P .P.P
Padasalai
ww w+
w.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.
rule ) ww ww ww ww wwww wwww (10,8) ⟹ 100𝑎 ww ww 10𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 →w(1) w
w w w www www w
Let Rs.x, ytand z be the cost of I dosai, 1 idly and I vadai respectively. (20,16) ⟹ 400𝑎 + 20𝑏 + 𝑐 = 16 → (2)
i .N . e et
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
From l a l the
a i given data, l al a i l al a i l al a i (40,22) l a l a i ⟹ 1600𝑎 + 40𝑏 +
l al 𝑐
a i = 22 → (3) l al a i l al a i
saasa
daad2𝑥 d adsaa(1)
sa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa100 10 1 adaadsaasa 1 1 1 ad adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 150
.P.P a a→ .P.P a a .P.P a a a a
.P.P ∆= | 400 20 w1w .PP .PP a .P.P a a .
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 ww w=www
200,÷ 2 ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ww w ww
+w2𝑧 = 100 → (2) ww wwww
wwwwww
ww ww | .= 100 × 10 | 4 ww 2
wwww 1|. ww wwww
wwwwww
1600 40 1 16 4 1
5𝑥 + 4𝑦e+te2𝑧 t = 250 → (3) etet e tet e tet = 1000 e te[1t (2 − 4) − 1(4 − 16 e
) +tet1(16 − 32)] = 1000 e[te
−2t + 12 − 16] = −6000 etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d ad saaslaa2la 3 2 d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaal8a 10 1 d ad saaslaa
4la 1 1
d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa ∆= | 1 1 2 | = 2 (
.P.P2aa− 8 ) − 3 ( 2 − 10 ) + 2 (
.P.P aa
4 − 5 ) = −12 + 24 − 2
.P.P aa
= 10 .P.P a a∆𝑎 = |16 20 1| =.P2.P aa .P.[Pa4(a2 − 4) − 1(8 − 11).P aa
P
5 4 2 w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www × 10 | 8 2 1|w=w w20w wwww+.P1(32 − 22)] wwww.
ww ww ww ww 22 40ww 1 11 4 1ww ww ww
150 3 2 = 20[−8 + t3 t+ 10] = 100
∆𝑥 = |100 N e te1t 2| = 150(2 − 8) N − e tet − 500) + 2(400N−e250)
3(200 tet N e tet N ee 8 1 N e1tet 4 1 N etet N etet
a i . i
a 4 2. N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i .
100 i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
aslal250
daad=sa−900 d ad saaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d∆adsa= a
asla| l400 16 1 | = d a
100
d saasla×la2 | 4 8 1| dadsaaslala d adsaaslala
a
P + 900 + 300 a
.P.P=a300 .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa 𝑏 a
.1P.Pa a
.P1.Pa .P.Paa .
2 150 ww w
2w wwww wwww wwww 1600 w 22
w www 16 w11 w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww w
= 200[1(8 − 11) − 4(4 − 16) + 1(44 − 128)] = 200[−3 + 48 − 84] = −7800 w w w ww
∆𝑦 = |1 100 t 2 | = 2(200 − 500t) t− 150(2 − 10) + 2(250 t − 500) t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t 100
i . N . etet10 8
N i . N . etet 1 1 4
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala 5a i 250 2 l
ala a i l al a i l al a i l a l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
daad=sa−600 + 1200 − 500 d ad=saas100 d adsaasa d adsaasa d
∆𝑐s=as|a400
ada 20 16| = a
d d saasa×l 10 × 2 | 4 2 da
100 8s|asal
d a d adsaasa
l
a
P .P.P a a .P.P a a .P.P a a .P.P a a 1600 40 22
.P.P a a 16 4
.P.P a a11 .P.P a a .
2 3 150 ww ww wwww wwww wwww = 2000[1(22w− ww ww
32 ) − 1(44 − 128) + w w16
4(w w − 32)] = 2000[w w+
ww
−10 w 84 − 64] = 20000 wwww
w w
∆𝑧 = |1 1 100| = 2(250 − 400) − 3(250 − 500) + 150(4 − 5)
w w w w w w w w w w ww
∆ 100 1 ∆ −7800 13 𝑐 20000 10
5i.N.N etet250
4 e tet e tet e tet 𝑎 = 𝑎 =etet = − ; 𝑏 = 𝑏 e =tet = ;𝑐 = =etet = − etet
l a a i l a ia N
. i.N l a ia N
. i.N l a ia N
. i.N l ∆
a ia N
. i.N −6000 60
l a ia ∆N
. i.N −6000 10
l a∆ia N
.10i.N −6000 3
l a ia.Ni . N
−300
aa l+ 750 − 150 = 300 l l l l l l l
adsaas∆a𝑦 100 adsa∆a𝑧sa 300 adsaasa asa equation of the path adsaasais 𝑦 = − 𝑥 2 a +daadsa𝑥as−a adsaasa
1 13
a daadsas ∆𝑥 300 a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a∴adsaThe a d
a a d
a
P 𝑥= = =w w30
w.P.P; 𝑦 = = =w10ww .P.;𝑧P = = = 30 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P 60 .P.P
w13w 10 3
ww .P .P 10 ww.
∆ 10ww w ∆ 10 ww w ∆ 10 wwww wwww Sub. 𝑥 = 70,wwe ww
w get 𝑦 = − (70)2ww
1 ww
+ (70) − = − ww
10 4900ww+
910
− =6 wwww
The cost of 3 dosai , 6 idlies and 6 vadais = 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 60 10 3 60 10 3
N e te t N e tet N e te t N e te t ⟹Thei.ball N e te t
went 6 m high over N e
the te tboundary line and N e
it te t
is impossible for ai.fielder N etet
= a3(30) i . i . N+ 6(10) + 6(30) =i . i .
90 N + 60 + 180 = 330 i . i . N
< 350 i . i . N i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . N
d ad saslaalathey can manage
Hence d ad
aslaala
sato pay the bill. d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala dto
ad
aslaala the ball. Henceasthe
sacatch d d aaslaaball
la went for six and
d ad
laala
saasthe Chennai Super d adsaaslaalwon
Kings
a
the
aa
P .P .Paa . P. aa
P . P. aa
P . P. aa
P . P. aa
P . P. aa
P . P. aa
P .
w𝟐𝟔
www wwww wwww wwww match. ww ww wwww ww
ww wwww
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄w𝟏.w In a T20 match,wChennai w Super Kings needed ww just 6 runs to win ww ww ww ww ww
with 1 ball t left to go in the last e over.
t The last ball was ebowled t and the batsman t at t GAUSSIAN t ELIMINATION METHOD
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . N e t
i . N . N e t
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . e
N e t
EXERCISE 1.5 i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
la hit it high up.saThe a i a i a i a i a i a i a i
thealacrease
daadsas d ad a slalaball travelled along d ad
ala path in a vertical
saaslthe d ad slala and
saaplane d adsaaslala
1.Solve the following d ad saaslala
systems of linear equationsd adsaaslala
by Gaussian d a
eliminationdsaaslala
method: .
a
P the equation ofwthe a a is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥
.P.Ppath 2 .P.P a
+a𝑐 with respect towaw a
Pa
.Pxy-coordinate
. .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
ww w www w ww wwww (𝑖)2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + w ww
3𝑧w = 2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = w w w
3,w3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 ww
w
ww w wwww
ystem in thewvertical w plane and thewball w travelled throughwthe w points ww ww ww ww
(10,8), i . N . etet
(20,16),
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Net2et −2 3 2 i.N.N etet i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i [𝐴|𝐵] l a =
a i ( 1 2 −1 | 3 ) l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasal can you conclude
daad(40,22), d
l
adsaasathat , Chennai Super d
al won the match
adsaasKings d
al
adsa?asJustify your d adsaasa
l
d ad1saasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
a .PP a a .Pin a a a a a a 3 −1 a2a a a a a
P answer. ( All thewdistances
www. ww .Pmetres and thewmeeting w.P.P point of the ww w.P.P .PP
2w. −1 3
w ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.
ww are measured ww ww wwww ww w 1ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
plane of the path with the farthest boundary line is (70,0).) ~ (t 2 −2 3 |2) 𝑅1 ↔t 𝑅2
N e tet N e tet N e tet N e tet N e et e et etet etet
l a lia. i.N l alia
2
. i.N𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 +la𝑐lia. i.N l alia. i.N l a lia. i.N 3 −1 2 1 l alia.Ni . N l ali
a .Ni . N l alia.Ni .N
aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a da a d
a
P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww ww ww ww
Pagew19
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a da a d
a
P 1ww w
2w.P.P−1 3 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai 9 ww
−3 .P.P1 21 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww 𝑅 →𝑅 w w w
w2 − 2𝑅1 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w www w w w
w w www w
~ (0 −6 5 |−4) 2 [𝐴|𝐵] = (25 5 1|61)
ete0t −7 5 −8 i.N 𝑅e →t 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
3 te etet etet ete1t 1 1 9 i.N.N etet etet etet
l alia.Ni . N l al a i . N l alia.Ni .N l a lia.N i . N l alia.Ni . N l al a i l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
aa adsaasa3 adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa 1 d1adsa9asa adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas 1 2 d−1
a a a d
a a d
a a d
a
1
a a a da a d
a
P ~ (0 ww ww.P.P 5 | −4 ) 𝑅3 → 6𝑅 ww.P.P
3 − 7𝑅2 ww.P.P ww.P.P ~ (25 ww w.P.P | ) 𝑅 ↔ 𝑅 ww ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww −6 ww ww wwww wwww ww 5w 1 61 1 w3w wwww wwww
0 0 −5 −20 9 −3 1 21
⟹ 𝑥 i+ N e
2𝑦 te t
−𝑧=3→ (1) ; i−6𝑦
N e te t
+ 5𝑧 = −4 → i.N (2); e te t
−5𝑧 = −20 ⟹ 𝑧 =i.N 4i.N e te t N e te1t 1 1 i.N 9.N etet 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 25𝑅i.N.N etet N etet
. i . N . i . N i . N i . i . N i i i . i . N
d ad saasla𝑧ala= 4 in (2) ⟹ −6𝑦
Put d ad saas+laal5(4)
a = −4 ⟹ −6𝑦
d ad
aala20 = −4
saasl+ d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala~ (0 −20 d−24 adsaasl|aa−164
la ) 2
𝑅 → 𝑅
2
d a−
d
aslaal1a
sa9𝑅 d adsaaslaala
aa
P .P.Paa .P⟹
.Paa .P=aa
.P aa
.P.P a a−8 −60
.P.P 3 .PP a3a 1 aa
.P.P .
wwww w ww
w −6𝑦 = −24 ⟹ w w𝑦w
w 4 w ww
w 0 w−12 ww
w w ww.
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww w w
1 1 1 9 𝑅2 → (− ) 𝑅2 ww1 w w ww
Put 𝑦 = 16, 𝑧 = 4 in (1) ⟹ 𝑥 + 2(4) − 4 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥 + 8 − 4 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥 = −1
N t
e(𝑥, t
e 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−1,4,4) N eet t N eet t N eet t ~N t
e(e0t 5 6| 41 ) i.N.N etet 41 N etet N etet
Solution:
a i . i . N a i. i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i a i . i . N a i . i . N
saaslala+ 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = d22,
daad(𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 ad
aslala
sa3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5𝑧 = d
27, adsaasla+la𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 dadsaaslala
−𝑥 d adsaaslala 0 3 2 −15 d adsaasla𝑅l3a → (− 4) 𝑅3 dadsaaslala d adsaaslala
a
P a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.P a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 w=
www 22 ,÷ 2 ⟹ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 w3𝑧
w+w w = 11 wwww wwww 1 w1w ww 1 9 w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww w w
~ (0 5 6 | 41 ) 𝑅3 → 5𝑅3 − 3𝑅2
ww w w ww
t 1 2 3 11 t t t
[𝐴|𝐵] i .=N . N t
e(e3 8 5|27) i.N.N ee t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ee
N t
i . N . ete0t 0 −8 −48 i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
a al a a i l al a i l al a i l a l a i l al a i l a a i
al + 6𝑐 = 41 → (2) l a a i
al = −48 ⟹ 𝑐 = l al a i
a daadsas −1 1 a2d
a ad2saasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a
⟹adsaas𝑎a+ 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9 →ad(1) a adsaa;s5𝑏 a daadsaa;s−8𝑐 a d
a adsa6asa
P 1 ww2ww .P3.P 11 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P Put 𝑐 = 6 𝑖𝑛 (2)w⟹ .P.P5𝑏 + 6(6) = 41 ⟹
w ww.P.5𝑏
P = 41 − 36 ⟹ 5𝑏 ww.P=
.P5 ⟹ 𝑏 = 1 www .
ww 𝑅2 → 𝑅w 2
w
w−w3𝑅 1 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w www w w w
w w ww w
~ (0 2 −4|−6) Put 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 6 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⟹ 𝑎 + 1 + 6 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎 + 7 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎 = 2
e t t
e 3 5 13 i.N 𝑅 →
e t 𝑅t + 𝑅 e t t e t t tet
e(𝑎, etet etet etet
l alia.Ni . N0 l al a
3
i . Ne 3 1
l alia.Ni . Ne l a lia.N i . Ne Solution:
l alia.Ni . N 𝑏, 𝑐) = (2,1,6)laia.N
l i . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
aa saasa adsaasa adsaasa asa adsaasais invested in three aasa at the rates aofdaad6%, saasa8% and
a daadsas 1 2 3 dad11
a a a d
a a d
a a d
a adsaAn
3. amount of a d
Rs.65,000
a a daadsbonds
P ~ (0 w2w ww.P−4
.P |−6) 𝑅3 → 2𝑅w w .P
−w .P2
3𝑅 ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
wrespectively.
w .P.P
wannual
w ww.P.P ww.
w w w w
3w
w ww
w w ww
w 10% per annum w ww
w The totalwwww income is Rs.5,000.w ww
w The income ww ww
0 0 22 44 from the ethird
⟹ 𝑥 i+ N 2𝑦
e te t 3𝑧 = 11 → (1).N
+ ;.2𝑦etet− 4𝑧 = −6 → (2) N ;N tet = 44 ⟹ 𝑧 = 2 Netet
e22𝑧 N tet bond is Rs.800 more N etet than that from the N esecond
tet bond. Determine
N etet
. i . N i i N i . i . i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saasla𝑧ala= 2 𝑖𝑛 (2) ⟹ d2𝑦
Put ad
ala = −6 ⟹ 2𝑦 =
sa−asla4(2) d ad
laala + 8 ⟹ 2𝑦 = 2 ⟹
saas−6 d adsaaslaa𝑦la= 1 d
the
ad
laala of each bond. (sUse
saasprice d ad aaslaalaGaussian elimination
d ad saaslaalmethod
a )
d adsaaslaala
aa aa
P.P P.Paa aa
.P11 a aLet the price of three
.P.P a abond be x, y and z .respectively.
.P.P aa aa
P Put 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 =ww 2w
w .𝑖𝑛 (1) ⟹ 𝑥 + 2(1)w+ ww
w
.3(2) = 11 ⟹ 𝑥 +w 8w
w=w .P ⟹𝑥=3 w ww
w w ww
w w wwP.P
w w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.
ww ww ww ww From the wwdata,
given ww ww ww
Solution: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3,1,2)
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 i . N . etet 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 Solve thei.following
N N . etet systems of linear
N i . N . eteequations
N t
by i
Gaussian . N . etet
N 𝑥+𝑦+
i . N . et=
𝑧N et 65000 → (1) i.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i a i a i a i a i
saaslala
daadelimination d ad saaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d ad
la
saaslaannual
Total income = a
d dsaaslala
Rs.5,000⟹ 6% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 +a8%
d d
la 𝑦 + 10% 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 =
saasla𝑜𝑓 d ad
lala
saas5000
a method: a
.P.Pa 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 25, 𝑥
a +
a 5 + 7𝑧 = 13, 2𝑥 +a9𝑦
.P.Pa + 𝑧 = 1 a
.P.Pa⟹ 6 𝑥 + 8 𝑦w+w a
Pa𝑧 = 5000 ⟹ 6𝑥 a a a
.P.Pa
P
2. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 w+ww
w 𝑐 is divided by 𝑥 + w w.P.P
3,w𝑥w− 5 and 𝑥 − 1 the
ww
wremainders
w are 21, 61 wwww w w
.P.10
w ww
w
.+P.P8𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 500000 w ww
w wwww.
ww ww ww ww 100 w
100w 100 ww w w ww
and 9 respectively. Find 𝑎, 𝑏 and ⟹÷ 2, 3𝑥 t+t 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 250000t→t (2)
i . N . etet
N i . N . etec.t ( Use Gaussian elimination
N i . N . etet
N
method )
i . N . etet
N i . N . ee
N i . N . ee
N i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l a a i
al = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 +
Leta 𝑝(𝑥) 2 l al a i l al a i l a l a i Income l al a ifrom third bond = l a
income
l a i from second bond
l al a i+ Rs.800 l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsa𝑐as2a a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa 10 a daad8saasa a d
a adsaasa
P 𝑝(−3) = 21 ⟹= .P.𝑎(−3)
P + 𝑏(−3) +w𝑐w .P=P21 ⟹ 9𝑎 − 3𝑏 +w𝑐w .P=P 21 → (1) .P.P ⟹ 10% 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 =w8% .P.P𝑜𝑓 𝑦 + 800 ⟹ 100 .𝑧P.=
P 100 𝑦 + 800 ww .P.P .
w ww
w
ww 2 w ww .
w w ww .
w w ww
w
ww
w w
w w w www ww
w w w
w w www ww
w
𝑝(5) = 61 ⟹= 𝑎(5) + 𝑏(5) + 𝑐 = 61 ⟹ 25𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 𝑐 = 61 → (2) ⟹
10
𝑧 =
8𝑦+80000
⟹ 10𝑧 = 8𝑦
𝑝(1) i= N 9e te
⟹=t 𝑎(1) 2
+ 𝑏(1) +
N e𝑐tet= 9 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐N=ete9t → (3) N e tet 100 etet 100
N N e tet+ 80000 ⟹ −8𝑦N+ete10𝑧 t
= 80000
etet
l al a. i.N l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l a lia. i.N ⟹÷ l a i
2,
l a. −4𝑦
i . N + 5𝑧 = 40000lal→ i
a N
. i.(3) l alia. i.N l alia.Ni .N
aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a da a d
a
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
wwww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 wwww wwww ww
Pagew20
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d a a da a da a da a da a da a da
P 1ww ww
1 .P.P1 65000 ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai 36ww w
−6.P.P 1 8
w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
[𝐴|𝐵] = (3 4 5|250000) ~ ( 0 −6 4|−58) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
N e tet N e tet N e tet N e tet ete0t etet etet etet
l alia. i.N 0 −4 5 40000 l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia.Ni . N 0 5 −50 l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
aa adsaas1a 1 1 65000 adsaasa adsaasa adsaas36𝑎
a − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 a→saa(1) sa ; −6𝑏 + 4𝑐 = d adsaas→ a (2) ; 5𝑐 = −50 a⟹ saas𝑐a = −10
a daadsas a d a a da a da a da⟹ a da d a −58
a a da d
P .P.P ~ (0 1 2|55000 .P.P ) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅w .P.P .P.P Put 𝑐 = −10 𝑖𝑛 w .P.P⟹ −6𝑏 + 4(−10)ww .PP P.P−58
.= .
wwwwww
ww wwww
wwww1w wwwwww
wwww(2)w ww ww =. −58 ⟹ −6𝑏 − ww 40
wwww
wwwwww
0 −4 5 40000 ⟹ −6𝑏 = −58t + 40 ⟹ −6𝑏 = −18t⟹ 𝑏 = 3
N e te t 1 1N e te1t 65000 N e tet N e tet N e tet N e et − 6(3) − 10 = i8.N.⟹ e et36𝑎 − 18 − 10 = N etet
i . i. N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N Put 𝑏 i
= . i .
3,N 𝑐 = −10 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⟹ i . i . N
36𝑎 i N i . i .
8 N
d ad saaslaala d ~as(
d aas0laala1 2 | 55000 )
d adsa𝑅as3laa→
la 𝑅3 + 4𝑅2
d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P ⟹
aa
.P.P 36𝑎 = 8 + 28 ⟹ .P.P36𝑎
aa = 36 ⟹ 𝑎 = 1 aa
.P.P .
w ww
w 0 0 13 w 260000
ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w 2 wwww wwww
w w
⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 65000 → (1) ; 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 55000 → (2) ; w w w w w w Solution: (𝑎, w w
𝑏, 𝑐) = (1,3, −10) ⟹ w 𝑦w = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 10 w w w w
13𝑧 =i.N . etet
260000
N ⟹ 𝑧 = 20000 i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N Put 𝑥 = i . N . et⟹
7N et 𝑦 = (7)2 + 3(7) i . N . ete10
−
N t = 49 + 21 − 10
i . N . e=tet60 ⟹ 𝑦 = 60 i.N.N
N etet
a i a i a i a i a i a i a i a i
saasla𝑧la= 20000 𝑖𝑛 (2)dad⟹
daadPut saasl𝑦ala + 2(20000) =d55000 adsaaslala⟹ 𝑦 = 55000 d ad slala ⟹
−saa40000 d ad
ala 𝑃(7,60) satisfies
saaslpoint
The d ad
la equation 𝑦 = 𝑥s2as+lal3𝑥
saaslathe d ad a
a − 10, hence the
d ad
lala will
saasboy
a
P 𝑦 = 15000 ww a
.PPa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pameet friend at 𝑃(7,60). a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .
wwww . ww wwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
wwww ww
ww wwww
ww wwww
wwwwww
Put 𝑦 = 15000, 𝑧 = 20000 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⟹ 𝑥 + 15000 + 20000 = 65000 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 The upward speed 𝑣(𝑡) a rocket at time t is approximated by
⟹ l𝑥ai+ . N . etet = 65000 ⟹i.𝑥N.N
35000
N e=te30000
t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . e2tet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i 𝑣(𝑡) l =
a a i
𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, 0 ≤ 𝑡
l a≤ a i100 where a, b and l ac a i
are constant. It has lbeen
a a i
saasal
daadSolution: d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d
l
adsaasa that the speedadaatadstimes
l
aasa 𝑡 = 3, 𝑡 = 6aand d adsa𝑡as=al
d adsaasa
l
a
P a a
.P.P and 10% are Rs.30000, a a
.P.P Rs.15000 and Rs.20000 a a
.P.P respectively. ww a
.P.P afound .P.P .P.P a 9 seconds are a
.P.Prespectively
a 64, .
The price ofw6%, w w w
8% w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w wwww
ww www www www 133 and 208wmiles w w per second respectively. www Find the speedwat w wtime t=15 seconds.ww
4. A boy ist walking along the patht t𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 through the ( Use Gaussian
i . N . e
N e t
i . N . ee
N i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet elimination method
N i .N . etet )
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l a
points(−6,8),
l a i (−2, −12), (3,8).
l al a i He wants to meet l al his
a i friend at𝑃(7,60). l a
Will
l a i he l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
saasa
daadmeet d saasa
adGaussian d adsaasa ) d adsaasa d adsaasa RANK METHOD
d adsaasa– NON-HOMOGENEOUS d adsaasa LINEAR EQUATIONS d adsaasa
a
P his friend? ( a
Use
.P.P a elimination a
.P.P a
method a
.P.P a a
.P.P a  If 𝜌(𝐴) = a
.P.P a P.Pa
.systema a
P.P a
.consistent .
wwww ww
w𝑎𝑥
w 2 wwww wwww ww w𝜌([𝐴|𝐵])
w = 3, then the wwww of equations wwisw
w and haswww
w
ww 𝑦w =w + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ww ww w w
unique solution. w w w w w w
(−6,8)N⟹ e te8t = 𝑎(−6)2 + 𝑏(−6) N e te +
t 𝑐 ⟹ 36𝑎 − 6𝑏 +
N e𝑐te=t 8 → (1) N e te t  If N etet = 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = i2,
𝜌(𝐴) N etet the system of equations
then N etet is consistentiand N etehas
t
l alia. i . N l alia. i
2 . N l alia. i . N l alia. i . N l alia. i . N l al a. i . N l alia. i . N l al a. i . N
(−2,
a a−12) ⟹ −12 =a𝑎(−2) a a + 𝑏(−2) + 𝑐 a⟹ a4𝑎 a − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = −12 a a(2)
→ aa adsaasa saasax, y ) aa
a daadsas P2a dadsas P a dadsas P a daadsas P a daadsas infinitely many P a dasolutions.( Put z=k and
P a daad
find
P a daadsas
P (3,8) ⟹ 8 = 𝑎(3) ww. .P+ 𝑏(3) + 𝑐 ⟹ 9𝑎ww .+.P
3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 → (3)ww . .P ww. .P  If 𝜌(𝐴)ww = . .P
w𝜌([𝐴|𝐵])
w = 1, thenww ww
the .P
.system of equations w
isw .P
.consistent and has ww.
w w
w w
36 −6 1 8 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w w w w www w w
w w
infinitely
tet many solutions.( tePut
[𝐴|𝐵] =
. N N
t
(e4t −2 1|−12).NN
e e tet
. N e
N
tet
. N e
N
tet
. N e
N . N e
N t y=s and z=t and.Nfind e
N
tetx )
. N etet
N
a
aslalai i . a i i . a i i . a i i .  a iIf i .
𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]), i
then
a i . the system of equations
a i i . is inconsistent and
a i i .
has no
a sa 9 3 1asaas8lala a sa aslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala
adad
P 36 −6 .P.Padad1 8 adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P solution. .P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P .
w w
ww−12 8|−116) ww 𝑅 2 →
www 9𝑅
w 2 − 𝑅 1 www w wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
~ ( 0ww ww ww ww wEXERCISE
w 1.6 ww ww
𝑅 → 4𝑅3 − 𝑅1
e te 0
t 18 3 24 etet3 etet etet 1.Test foreconsistency
tet and if possible, etet solve the following etetsystems of equations eteby
t
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N 1 l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i. N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.Ni . N
a al 36 −6 a1sasa8l 𝑅2 → ( ) 𝑅2 asasal adsaasa
l l
adsaasamethod:
rank adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
a daadsas ~ ( 0 w.−6 a da d
PP 4|−58)
a 2 ad a d a a da a da a da a da a da
P .P.P .P.P .P.P (𝑖)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 =w2, .P.2𝑥
P + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 7, 4𝑥 .P−.P𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 .P.P .
www6. 1 8 𝑅3 w→w
w0w
w1w
w(w ) 𝑅3 w ww
w
ww
w ww
w
ww
w w
w w w
1 −1 2 𝑥 2 w w
w
ww
w w wwwww
w w
w
ww
w
3

i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵N⟹
i . i.N etet[2 1 4] [𝑦]i.= N . e[t7e]t
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a l al a i l ala i l al a i
aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa 4 −1 a1saas𝑧a 4 adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas a da a da a da a da a da d a da a da
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.
wwww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 wwww 43870 ww ww ww ww ww
Pagew21
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a da a d
a
P ww.P.P 1 −1 w2w.P.2P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai .P.P
ww 1 −3 ww.2P.P 1 ww.P.P ww.
ww ww wwww ww ww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
Augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] = (2 1 4|7) ~ (0 10 −5|−1) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
N e tet N e tet N e tet N e tet N e tet etet0 etet etet
l alia. i.N l alia. i4.N −1 1 4 l a lia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia.N0.N
i 0 0 lalia.N i . N l alia.Ni . N
aa adsaasa 1 −1 2 ada2adsaas𝑅a → 𝑅 − 2𝑅 adaadsaasa adsaaslast
a equivalent matrix adsaasisa in echelon form. adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
aThe a d
a a da a d
a
P ww.P.P ~ (0 3ww w.0 P.P| 3 ) 2 2
w.P.P
1
ww.P.P 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 =ww .P.P ⟹ The system w .Pequations
.P ww.P.and
P has unique ww .
ww ww ww w 𝑅3 → 𝑅3w− w 4𝑅w1
ww wwww ww ww 𝜌(𝐴) ww wwofw is consistent
wwww wwww
0 3 −7 −4 solution t t
N e te t N 1 e tet−1 2 2 N e tet N e tet N e e 1 −3 2 i.N etet 1 N etet N etet
i . i. N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N 𝑥
i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaa~la(0 3 0 |da3sa)
d
asla𝑅ala → 𝑅 − 𝑅
3 3 2 das
d aaslaala
d a
𝐴𝑋d
laala
saas= 𝐵 ⟹ ( 0 10 d a saas)
−5
d
laala
( 𝑦 ) = ( −1 ) d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P .P.Paa 0 0ww P.P
.−7 a a−7 aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .
w ww
w ww wwww w ww
w 0wwww0 0 𝑧 w ww
0
w w ww
w wwww
w w
The last equivalent matrix is in echelon form. w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 → (1)
𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) N e te=t 3 = 𝜌(𝐴) ⟹ The N e t t
system
e of equations is
N e t t
consistent
e and has unique
N e te t ⟹ N ete5𝑧t N etet N etet N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N 10𝑦
a i . i .−N = −1 → (2) a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
saaslala
daadsolution d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala 1 das
d aaslala
a .P a
.Pa 2 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.PaPut 𝑧 = 𝑡 in (2) ⟹ a
10𝑦
.P.P a − 5𝑡 = −1 ⟹ .10𝑦 a a= 5𝑡 − 1 ⟹ 𝑦 = .10 a(5𝑡
a − 1)
P
w1ww
w −1 𝑥
w w2w
w wwww w ww
w wwww w wwP.P1
w w wwP.P
w wwww.
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ (0 3 w w 0 ) (𝑦) = ( 3 ) w w w w w w 1 w w w w w w ww
Put 𝑦 = (5𝑡 − 1), 𝑧 = 𝑡 in (1) ⟹ 𝑥 − 3 (5𝑡 − 1) + 2𝑡 = 1
N t t
e e 0 0 −7 i.N𝑧.N t t
e e −7 N eet t N eet t N
10t t
ee N ete10−20𝑡+15𝑡−3
t 10
1i.N etet N etet
l a ia. i . N l a a i l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N ⟹ l
𝑥 a=ia. i1. N− 2𝑡 + 3
1
(5𝑡 −l a i
1)a. i . N
= = l a a i
(7 . N − 5𝑡) l a ia. i . N
a al 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 l
adsaas=a2 → (1) adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l asal asa10l adsaasa
l
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
10das
a a d a 10 das
a a d a a d
a
P ⟹ w .P.=P3⟹𝑦=1 .P.P .P.P .P.P Solution: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) P.P( 1 (7 − 5𝑡), 1 (5𝑡
.= .−P.P .P.P .
ww ww3𝑦w w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
w ww
w
ww
w wwwww
10 w
10 ww
w
ww 1), 𝑡) ; 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 www
w
ww
wwwwww
−7𝑧 = −7 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1
Put 𝑦 .=NN 1,te𝑧t = 1 in (1) ⟹ 𝑥.N
e −N e1te+t 2 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 1.NN etet etet 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 etet𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 Test for consistency etet of the following etsystems
et of equationseand tet if
i i . i i . i i . i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d ad saaslaala (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,1,1)
Solution: d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d dsaaslaala solve:4𝑥 − 2𝑦
possible
a d ad
+ laala= 8, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 =sas−1,
saas6𝑧 d ad a
laala15𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 =
d ad
laala
saas21
aa
P aa
.P.Test
P .P.Paa aa
.P.of
P a a(𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 .=P.P
.P.P aa .P+ a𝑦a + 2𝑧 = 4
.P aa
.P.P
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏.w𝟐𝟗 ww
w for consistency w wof
w w the following systems wwww equations andw ww
ifw wwww 5, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1,w3𝑥 ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
.
ww ww ww ww w2w 2 1 𝑥 5 w w w w ww
possible solve:𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 +
t
e et t
e et t
e et t
e et 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵N⟹ t
e et[1 −1 1] [ ]i.= 𝑦 t
e[1e]t etet etet
1 =la0lia.N i . N aai . N
i . N i . Ni . N i . N
i . N i . i . N N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
a saasa + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥dad−saa3𝑦 slal+ a sa aslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala 3 1 a2saas𝑧laala 4 a saaslaala a saaslaala
aad d(𝑖𝑖)3𝑥 aa 2𝑧 = 1, 7𝑥 −
aad𝑦 d + 4𝑧 = 5 aad d aad d aa d d 2 2 1.P5.P aad d aad d
P
3 ww.P1.P 1 𝑥 2 ww .P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww ww.P.P ww.
ww w w www w ww ww www w Augmented matrix ww
ww [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 −1 w w
ww 1|1) www w wwww
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ t [1 −3 2] [𝑦] = [t 1] 3 ete1 24
i . N . e
N e t
7 −1 4 𝑧 i . N . e e5t
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . N t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
alala i a i a i a i a i a i 1 −1 1 1 a i a i
daadsas d adsaaslala 3 1 1 2 dadsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala
a .P.Pa a a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa ~ ( 2 2 1 |
a5
.P.Pa 1) 𝑅 ↔ 𝑅 a
.P.Pa
w.P.P
P Augmented matrix 2 .
ww [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 −3ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww 2w|1) ww ww wwww ww ww 3 w1w ww 24 wwww wwww
7 −1 4 5 1 −1 1 1 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅
N e te t N e1te t −3 2 1 N e te t N e te t N e te t N ete4 t 2 N e2 tet 1 N etet
l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N ~l a(ia.0i . N −1 | 3 ) l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
a al l
adsaasa ~ (3 1 1a|2da)
l
adsa𝑅as1a↔ 𝑅2 adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l l
adsaasa 0 4 −1a1daad𝑅 saa3sa→l 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 adsaasa
l
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P 7 −1 ww .P4.P5 .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P 1 −1ww ww.1P.P 1 ww.P.P ww.
ww ww 1 −3 w w
w w 2 1 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅 w www w w
w w w www w w w w
w w www w
2 2 1 ~ (0 4 −1| 3 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
e t t ~ ( 0 e t t
10 −5 | −1 ) e t t e t t e t t ete0 t etet etet
l alia.Ni . Ne l alia.Ni . Ne l a𝑅lia.3Ni .→Ne𝑅3 − 7𝑅1 l alia.Ni . Ne l alia.Ni . Ne l alia.0
Ni . N 0 −2 laia.N
l i . N l alia.Ni .N
aa adsaasa 0 20 −10 saasa
a−2 adsaasa adsaaslast
a equivalent matrix adsaasisa in echelon form. adsaasa adsaasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a d a d
a a d
a
The
a d
a a da a d
a
P ww.P.P ww .P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww wwww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww wwww ww
Pagew22
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P w .P.P
w w≠w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ww.P.P 𝑘 −2 ww.1P.P1 ww.P.P .
ww
𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) =w3, w
w 𝜌(𝐴)
w = 2 ⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) w www 𝜌(𝐴), The system w w
wof
w equations is w w
w w w www w w
w w wwww w www
inconsistent and has no solution Augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 −2𝑘 1|−2)
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .1N . ete−2
N t
𝑘 1 i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄al a i 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 Test for l a l a i
consistency of the l al
followinga i systems of l
equationsal a i and if l al a i l a l a i l a l a i l al a i
saasa
daadpossible d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa 1 −2 𝑘 ad1aadsaasa d adsaasa
a
P solve:𝑥w− a a
.P𝑦P+ 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 𝑦ww +
.PP a a
𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 w =.P a a
6,P4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7 ww .PP a a .P.P a a .1P.|P−2) 𝑅 ↔ 𝑅 .P.P a a .
w www.
w w www . w www.
w w ww .
w w wwwww ~ (1 −2𝑘
w ww
w
ww 1 3 www
w
ww
w wwwww
(𝑖𝑣)2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6, 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 𝑘 −2 1 1
e te t 2 −1 1 𝑥 ete2t e te t e te t e te t 1.N etet −2 𝑘 i.N etet 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 𝑅 i.N.N
1N etet
i . N
i . N
ala𝐵 ⟹ [6 −3 3s]a[la𝑦 a i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i i . i
d ad saasla=
𝐴𝑋
d ad a s l]a= [6] d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaasl~aala (0 2 − 2𝑘 d1a−
dsaas𝑘laa|la−3 ) 2 d
2 ala1la
ad−sas𝑘𝑅a
a a P a a P a a P a a P a a P a a P a a 𝑅 → P 𝑅
a a
P 4 ww
w
.−2.P 2 𝑧 4 ww
w
. .P
w ww. .P
w ww. .P
w ww. .P 0 2𝑘w−w . .P1 − 𝑘 1 − 𝑘 ww
w2w 2
w
3 . .P 3 1
w
.
ww
ww w 2 −1 w
ww 1 2 ww w ww w ww w 1 w w
−2 𝑘 ww w
1 w w w
Augmented eet t matrix [ 𝐴|𝐵 ] = ( 6 eet −3
t 3 | 6 ) eet t eet t eet t ~ (.0 t t
e e2(1 − 𝑘) 1 −.𝑘 t t
e e| −3 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅i.3N.+ ete𝑅t2
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i N
i . N a i N
i . N a i N
alala saaslala 4 −2 2 4 saslala saaslala saaslala saaslala0 𝑘la− 𝑘 2 −𝑘 − 2 dadsaaslala
2dsa−asla
a daadsas a d ad 2 −1 1 2
a d ad a a d ad a d ad a d ad 0
a d a a1a
P w .P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1ww .P.Pa w .P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa 1 −2w .P.Pa
w 𝑘 w .P.P
w .
ww
ww ww ~ (0 w 0www0|0) w ww
w w ww
w w www 0 w
2(1
w−
w w 𝑘) 1 − 𝑘 wwww w www
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 ~( | −3 )
eet t 0 t t0
eechelon 0 0 eet t eet t eet t 0 t
ee 0 t (𝑘 + 2)(1 t t
e e− 𝑘) −(𝑘 + 2) i.N.N etet
The i
last. N
i . N
equivalent matrix is i .
inN
i . N e form. i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i
l
saasal a a l a
al a l al a l a
al a l al a l a a
l 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3, 𝜌(𝐴) l a l a l al a
a daad𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 1, 𝜌(𝐴) a d
a=ads1aas⟹ The system of
a d adsaasa is consistent
equations
a a d
a adsaashas
and a d
a adsaas(i)a When 𝑘 =a1,daad𝑘sa≠ asa−2,
a d
a adsaasa = 1 ⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) a d
a adsa≠asa𝜌(𝐴), the
P w .
w.P P .
ww.P P .
ww. P P .
ww. P P system . P P
w.equations is inconsistent
wof . P P
ww. and has no solution. .
ww. P P .
ww
infinitely many ww ww solutions. ww ww wwww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww ww ww
2 −1 1 𝑥 et t 2 (ii) When 𝑘 ≠ 1, 𝑘 ≠ −2, 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴), the system of equations is
e te t e t t e t t e tet etet solution. etet etet
𝐴𝑋ala= alia.𝐵N
i.N⟹ (0 0 0a (li𝑦
)laa a.Ni.N=e (0)
) l alia.Ni . Ne l alia.Ni . Ne l alia.Ni . Nconsistent and has l a lia.N
unique
i . N l a lia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
a daadsas 0 0a d
a ad0sas 𝑧 0 a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaas(iii)
a When 𝑘 = −2,
a d
a adsa𝑘asa≠ 1 , 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = a d
a aas𝜌(𝐴),
2ads= a the system a d
a
asa
ofadsaequations is
P w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w .
ww
⟹ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + ww w
𝑧w =2 ww ww wwww wwww ww ww and has infinitely
consistent ww wmany
w solutions. ww ww ww ww
Put y= and
N e tez=t
t in the above equation,
N e tet 2𝑥 − 𝑠 + 𝑡 = N 2 e⟹ tet 2𝑥 = 𝑠 − 𝑡 + 2 Netet 3.Investigate
N e tet the values of 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 N e te𝜇t the system of linear N e teequations
t 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧
N e tet =
. N . N . N . N lia. i3𝑦 N N
lia. i.+ 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇, have s(i)aslno i. i. N i. . N
=i. (𝑠 − 𝑡 + 2) asaslaaliai.
asl𝑥aalia aslaaliai. aslaaliai. . − 5𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 +
aalai
1
a ⟹sa a a sa a sa
9,s7𝑥
a aaslaa+ a sa aslaa3𝑦 a a aalasolution (ii) unique
a saaslsolution
adad
P
2
. ada1d
P.P . adad
P.P . adad
P.P . ada(iii)
P.P d infinitely many.Psolution
. adad
P . P.Padad . P.Padad .
Solution: (𝑥,w𝑦, ww w w
𝑧) = ( (𝑠 − 𝑡 + 2),w𝑠, wwww
𝑡) ; 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 www w www w ww
ww3 5 𝑥 www w www w wwww
w 2 w ww ww w2w 9 ww ww ww
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄
i . N . etet 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 Test for consistency
N i . N . etet
N of the following
i . N . etesystems
N t of equation
i . N .
tet if
eand
N
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹
i . N . etet[7 3 −5] [𝑦]i.=
N N . e[t8e]t
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i a i a i a i a i
saaslala solve:𝑥 − 𝑦 d+ad𝑧saas=lal−9,
daadpossible
a 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 s=asla−18,
d ad a
la 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧s+asla27
d ad a
la = 0
d adsaaslala 2 3 𝜆asaas𝑧lala 𝜇
d d d adsaaslala d ad saaslala
a
P 2.Find the valuewof .PPaa a
.P.Pa 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 =w1,w a
.P𝑥.P−a 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a 2 3 5 a
.P9.Pa .P.Paa .
ww www.k for which thewequations wwwww
w w
w w w w
w
ww
w Augmented w wwwww
matrix [𝐴|𝐵] = ( 7 3 w w
w
ww
w
−5 | 8 ) wwwwww
ww wwww
−2, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 1 have (i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinitely many
solution i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i .
2N . ete3t 𝜆 𝜇
N i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l
a al a a i l a l a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l a a
l 2 i 3 5 sasal l a
9 a i l a a i
daadsas 𝑘 −2 d adsa1asa 𝑥 1 d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d ada− − 9 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2a− d saas1al
ad7𝑅
a
P 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [1 ww a a
.P.P 1] [𝑦] = [−2w .P.Pa a .P.Pa a .P.Pa a .P.P a a ~ (0 −15w.P−25 a a | ) a
.𝑅P.3P− 𝑅1
ww ww −2𝑘 ww ww]w
wwwwww
wwwwww
ww
ww
ww w w w w.P 𝑅3w→
w
ww
w w ww
.
ww
0 0w 𝜆−5 𝜇−9 w w
1 −2 𝑘 𝑧 1
etet etet etet etet (i) eWhent 𝜆 = 5, 𝜇 ≠ 9, 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) etet = 3, 𝜌(𝐴) = 2e⟹ t 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴), ethe
tet
l alia.Ni . N l a lia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . Net l a lia.Ni . N l a li
a .Ni . Net l alia.Ni .N
aa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa system of equations adsaasa is inconsistent adsaashas
and a no solution. asaasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a adad
P w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww ww
ww Pagew23www
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P .P.P
w𝜆w .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ww.P.P 1 1 1 .P.P
w𝑎w ww.P.P .
ww
(ii) Whenww ww ≠ 5, 𝜇 ≠ 9, 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) ww ww = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴), the w ww
system
w of equations is www w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w wwww
consistent and has unique solution. Augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 2 3|𝑏 )
i N
.(iii)
. etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .3N . ete5t 7 𝑐
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
aal al a i When 𝜆 = 5, 𝜇
l al=a i 9, 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 =l a𝜌(𝐴),
l a i the system of a
equations
l l a i is l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa 1 1 1 𝑎adaadsaas𝑅 a
→ 𝑅 − 𝑅 a d
a adsaasa
P consistent .P.P and has infinitely many
.P.P solutions. .P.P .P.P .P.P ~ (0 1 w2w .𝑏P.−
P𝑎 ) 2 2 .P.P
1 .
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww w|w w ww
w wwww
w w w w
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 Investigate for what values of 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 the system of linear ww ww w w w w 𝑅 → 𝑅 w −w3𝑅 ww
0 2 4 𝑐 − 3𝑎 3 3 1
equations N t
e e𝑥t + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥i.N +.N t
e𝑦e+ t 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇, 𝑥 + 3𝑦.− N t
et = 5, have (i) no isolution
e5𝑧 N t
e et N t
e et 1N t
e e1t 1 𝑎 N t
e et N etet
i . i . N
laala solution (iii) infinitely i i i . N . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saasunique
(ii) d ad saaslaala many solution d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaas~laal(a0 1 2| d ad
aala𝑎
sa𝑏asl− ) 𝑅3 → d ad
aala2𝑅2
𝑅sa3asl−
aa a a1 𝑥
.2P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.−a a3𝑎) − 2(𝑏 − 𝑎) .P.P aa
P 1
w ww
w 7 www
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w 0 0 w0w w(𝑐
w P
w ww
w ww
.
ww
w w
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [1 1 𝜆 ] [𝑦] = [𝜇] w w ww ww w w 1 1 w w 1 𝑎 w w ww
etet 1 3 −5 𝑧 i.N.N ete5t etet etet etet ~ (0 ete1t 2| 𝑏 − 𝑎 ) etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
alala saaslala 1 2 1 7 dadsaaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala0 0 0 𝑐 − 2𝑏 𝑎la
sa−asla saaslala
a daadsas a d ad
a = (1 1 𝜆.P|.𝜇P)a a a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad
P Augmented matrix ww.P.P[𝐴|𝐵] ww ww.P.Pa ww.P.PaSince given thatwthe w
a
.P.Psystem have one parameter ww.P.Pa family of solutions, ww.P.Pa .
ww
ww ww w www wwww www w 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = w w
w w
𝜌(𝐴) = 2. So the third w ww
roww must be a zero w
row. w
w w
So 𝑐 − 2𝑏 − 𝑎 = 0 wwww
1 3 −5 5
N t
ee t N 1ete2t 1 7 N etet N etet ⟹ 𝑐 =.N𝑎N e+tet2𝑏 N etet N etet N etet
l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia i . l a i
a . i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. i . N
a al adsaas~ al (1 3 −5|5) a𝑅sa2as↔ al 𝑅3 adsaasa
l
adsaasa
l RANK METHOD l
adsaasa – HOMOGENEOUS al
adsaasLINEAR EQUATIONS adsaasa
l
a daadsas a d
a a d
a d a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P 1 1 w𝜆w .P.𝜇P ww.P.P ww.P.P  Ifw .P.P= 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) = 3, w
𝜌(𝐴)
ww .P.Pthe system of equations
then
w ww.P.P is consistent ww .
ww ww 1 2 w www 1 7 wwww www w w w w w ww w w w
w w wwww
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and has trivial solution.ie., (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (0,0,0)
e t t ~ ( 0 e t t1 −6 | −2 ) e t t e t t e t t e=tet 2 𝑜𝑟 1 < 𝑛, then N etesystem
t eistet
l alia.Ni . Ne l alia.Ni . Ne l alia. N
i . 𝑅3e → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 laia.N
N l i . Ne l alia. N
i . Ne If 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂]) l al i
a . N
i . N l alia. the
i . N of equations l alia. N
i . N
a daadsas
aa
a d
a adsaasa 0 −1 𝜆 −ada1ad𝜇sa7as−a7 a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa consistenta d
a
saasahas non-trivial solutions.
adand a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P .P.P 1 2 ww .1PP .P.P .P.P .P .P .P.Pnon-trivial solution, .P .P .
ww wwww
~ (0 1 ww ww−6. | −2 ) 𝑅 →w𝑅 wwwww
+ 𝑅 wwwwww w Ifw ww
wthe
w system of equations w wwwwhas
w w ww
w
ww 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) < 𝑛, so wwwwww
3 3 2

N e t
e t N 0Ne te 0 𝜆−7
t 𝜇 − 9
N e t
e t N e tet N e tetthe determinant of N e
the
tet coefficient matrix N
ist 0.t
e e N etet
i . i . N i . i . i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saaslaala (i) When 𝜆 d=adsa7,as𝜇 laal≠a 9, 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3,sas𝜌(𝐴)
d ad a
laala = 2 ⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵])
d ad
ala𝜌(𝐴),
saasla≠ d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala EXERCISE 1.7
d adsaaslaala d ad saaslaala
aa
P .P.P
thewsystema a of equations is inconsistent .P.Paa and has w aa
.Psolution.
now .P a a1. Solve the following
.P.P .P.Pa asystem of homogenous .P.Pa a equations: .P.Paa .
w w w wwww ww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
w w w w
(ii) When 𝜆 ≠ 7, 𝜇 ≠ 9, 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴), the system of equations is ww ww (𝑖)3𝑥 + 2𝑦 +w w
7𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − w
2𝑧 w= 0, 5𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 23𝑧 w =w 0 ww
etet consistent and has tet
eunique solution. i.N etet etet etet 3 2 7 𝑥 etet0 etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
alala (iii) saas𝜆la=la 7, 𝜇 = 9, 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) saasla=la2 = 𝜌(𝐴), thedsystem saaslalaof 𝐴𝑋 lala𝑂 ⟹ [4 −3 −2
saas= saas]la[l𝑦a] = [0] saaslala saaslala
a daadsas When
a d ad a d ad a ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad
P ww.P.Pa is consistent and .P
ww .Painfinitely manywsolutions. ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa 5 ww .9P.Pa 23 𝑧 0 ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa .
ww
wequations
ww w w www has ww w www w w w
w w 3 2
w ww w 7 0 w w
w w wwww
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 Find the condition on a, b and c so that the following system of Augmented [𝐴|𝑂] = (4 t−3 −2|0)
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etetmatrix
N i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
linearl a a i
equations has one parameter
l a a i family of solutions:
l a a i 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎, l𝑥a +
a i 2𝑦 + l a a i l a a i
5 9 23 0 l a a i l a a i
daad3𝑧saasal d ad=saas𝑐a
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa 3
l
2
a l
7daad0sasa𝑅 → 3𝑅 − 4𝑅adaadsasa
a l
a
P = 𝑏, 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 +
.P.P7𝑧
a a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a .P.Pa a a
.P.P | ) 2 2 ww.P.P1 .
ww
1 ww 1 1 𝑥 𝑎 ww wwww wwww wwww wwww ~ (0 −17 wwww −34 0 w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww 𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 w w ww
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [ 1 2 3 ] [𝑦 ] = [ 𝑏 ] 0 17 34 0
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
aal al a i 3 5 7 𝑧 l al a i 𝑐 l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l ala i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 wwww 43870 ww ww ww ww Pagew24ww
w
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a da a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a
P ww.P.P 3 w2w ww.P.P7 0 ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai .P.P
wvalues
w w .P.P
w .P.P
wequations
w .
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww 2.Determinewthe w
w w of 𝛌 for which
w w
w the
w following system w wwof
w w www
~ (0 −17 −34|0) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 has (i) a unique solution (ii)
i .N . etet
N i .N0.N etet 0 0 0 lalia.N .Netet i .N . etet
N i N etet
N
.trivial
. i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
l al a i l al a i i l al a i a non-l al a i solution l al a i l al a i l al a i
daad⟹saas𝜌([𝐴|𝐵])
a = 2 =a𝜌(𝐴)d adsaas,athe system of equations d adsaasa is consistentaand d
asa non-
adsahas d adsaasa d adsa𝑥asa 0 d adsaasa d adsaasa
a
P trivial solution. ww .PP a .P.Pa a .P.P a a
.P.P a 1 1 a
.P.P 3
a .P.Pa a .P.Pa a .
ww ww . ww ww ww
wwwwww
wwwwww 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 ⟹ w ww
[4w w3w 𝜆] [𝑦] = [0] ww ww ww
ww wwww
ww wwww
3 2 7 𝑥 0
𝐴𝑋 l= i .𝑂N . e
⟹
N
te t (0 −17 −34 i . N
) . e
N
(
te
𝑦 t
) = ( 0 ) ⟹
3𝑥 + 2𝑦
i . N . ete+
N t 7𝑧 = 0 → (1) .NN
i . etet i . N . etet 2 1 2 𝑧 i.1
N N .
0etet
N 1 3 0 i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i i i i i
d ad saasaala 0 0 d adsaasla0ala 𝑧 0 d ad
laala − 34𝑧 = 0 → s(2)
saas−17𝑦 d ad aaslaala
d a saaslaala
Augmented
d matrix [𝐴|𝑂]
d ad saas=laal(a4 3 𝜆|0) dadsaaslaala d adsaaslaala
aa
P aa
P.P
.−17𝑦 aa
.P.=P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .
Put z=t in (2) w⟹ww
w − 34𝑡 = 0 ⟹w w𝑦w
w −2𝑡 wwww w ww
w w ww
w 2 1 w 2w0w
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
Put 𝑦 = −2𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⟹ 3𝑥 + 2(−2𝑡) + 7𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 = −3𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 = −𝑡 1 1 30
N e te t N e te t N e tet N e te t N e te t ~ ( N
2 ete1t 2|0) 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅i3.N.N etet N etet
Solution
a i . i . N
: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−𝑡, −2𝑡,
a i . i . N
𝑡); 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i a i . i . N
saaslala
daad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d ad saaslala 4 3 𝜆 0 dadsaaslala d adsaaslala
a
P 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 a
Solve
.P.Pa the system : 𝑥 + a
3𝑦
.P.Pa − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 +a
.P.Pa4𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 1 1 ww a
.P.3Pa 0 a
.P.Pa .
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ww 𝑅 → 𝑅 w−w2𝑅
w w wwww
11𝑦 + 14𝑧 =w0 w w w w w w w w w ~ (0 −1 w w −4 |0) 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 4𝑅 2 w2w 1 w w
1(𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 + eet 3𝑦
t − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧
eet t = 0, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 =eet 0t eet t eet t 0 t t
e e−1 𝜆 − 12 0 i.3N.N etet 3 1 etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a i𝑥
a. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a i
a . N
i . N l a a i l a ia. N
i . N
saasal 2 3 −1 l 0 l l l l 3 a0saasal l
a daad𝐴𝑋 a d
a adsaasa 𝑦 a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa 1 1 a d
a d a d
a adsaasa
= 𝑂 ⟹ [1 .−1
P
w wwP.P −2] [ ] = [0w
w
] .P.P
ww
w w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P ~ (0 −1 ww
w w
.P.P |0) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 −
−4
w w
w
𝑅w.2P.P
ww
.
ww
ww 3 1 3 𝑧 w 0w w w w w w w w
0 0 𝜆−8 0 w w w w w
2 3 −1 0 (i)WhenN𝜆et≠ 8 ⟹ 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)])
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i . i.Net i .N . etet = 3, then thei.system
N N . etet of equations isi.N.N
N etet
Augmented
aal al a i matrix [𝐴|𝑂] =
l al (
a i
1 −1 −2 | 0 ) l al a i l al a i l al a l al a i (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = a(0,0,0) l al a i l al a i
a daadsas a d
a adsaasa 3 1 3 a d0
aadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
consistent and has trivial
a d
a adsaasolution.
sa
a d
a dsaasa
a d
a adsaasa
P .P.P .P.P0 .P.P .P.P (ii)When 𝜆 = 8 w .P.𝜌(𝐴)
P .P2,
.Pthen the systemwof .P .P .
ww wwww 1 −1 ww ww w−2
w wwwwww
wwwwww
w ww⟹
w
w = 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)])
w ww
w
w=w
w w
ww
w
equations is
w w
ww
ww
~ (2 t 3 −1|0) 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2t consistent and has non- trivial solution.
N e te t N e e t N e e t N e te t 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 N etet𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 Determinei.N the etevalues
t of 𝛌 for which N tet following systemNe
ethe tet
of
i . i . N i . 3
i . N 1 3 0 i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala 1 −1 −2d0adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a saaslaala (3𝜆 − 8)𝑥 d+ad3𝑦
equations
d saasla+ala
3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + (3𝜆
d ad
aslaala
sa− 8)𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥d a+
d
aa
slal+
saa3𝑦
aa
P .P.Paa .P3 a a 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1.P.P
.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .
w ww
w ~ (0 5ww ww |0 ) w ww
w w ww
w (3𝜆 − 8)𝑧 = 0w ww
has
w a non- trivial w
solution.ww
w w ww
w ww
ww
ww ww 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 w −w3𝑅1 ww ww ww ww ww
0 4 9 0 Here the number of unknowns is t3.t
N e te t 1
N e te t
−1 −2 0 N e tet N e tet N e tet N ee N etet N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N Since a i
the. i . Nsystem of equations a i . i .
hasN non-trivial a
solution, i . i . N
𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) < 3, so a i
the. i . N
alala ala(0 5
saasl~ 3 |d )sa𝑅as3la→la 5𝑅3 − 4𝑅2 saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala
a daadsas a d ad a
0a d a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad
P ww.P.Pa 0 0ww ww P.P0a
.33 ww.P.Pa ww.P.Padeterminant of the ww Pa
.P.coefficient matrix is 0.
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.
w w
w w w w w w
w w w w
w w 3𝜆 − 8 w 3w
w w 3 w w
w w w ww w w www
⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴) , the system of equations is consistent and has trivial
solution. tet 𝑦, 𝑧) = (0,0,0) Netet
e(𝑥, etet etet | 3 e3𝜆
tet − 8 3 | = 0etet etet etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a i
a . N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia.Ni . N
saasal
daad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 Solved
al system : 𝑥 + 2𝑦a+
adsaasthe d dsaas3𝑧al = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + a4𝑧
d dsaas=al0, 7𝑥 + d adsaas3a
l 3 3𝜆 −sa
d ad3𝜆 8 al
as− d adsaasa
l
d adsaasa
l
a
P 10𝑦 + 12𝑧 = 0ww .PP a a .P.Pa a a
.P.P a a
.P.P a 3𝜆 − 2 3𝜆 − 2
a
.P.P a 2 .P.Pa a .P.Pa a .
ww ww . ww ww ww
wwwwww
wwwwww ⟹| 3 w3𝜆ww
w
w− w 8 3 | = 0ww ww w(𝑅
w 1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅 w3w
ww
w)w ww
ww
ww
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 tet 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 Solve the system tet : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 =N0,e2𝑥 tet − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥Ne−tet 3 etet 3 3𝜆 − 8 etet
i . N . e
N i . N . e
N i . . N i . . N i . N . N i .N . N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
7𝑦a+ l al 10𝑧
a i = 0, 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + l 10𝑧
al a i = 0 l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i l ala i l al a i
a daadsas
a
a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, wwww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 ww ww 43870 ww ww ww ww Pagew25www
 a adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa adsasa
a daadsas a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a d
a a da a d
a
P 1www.P.P1 1 ww ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
Padasalai ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.
ww w ww ww ww wwww 𝑥1 ww ww 𝑥2 ww ww 𝑥3 ww ww 𝑥4 wwww
⟹ (3𝜆 − 2) |3 3𝜆 − 8 3 t |=0 C H →
e tet e e8t etet etet etet O C H et O
et
C Het t O
e
C H et Ot
a laalia. N
i . N 3 3
a laa3𝜆
lia. N
i −
. N
a l
a alia.Ni .N
a laalia. N
i . N 2a l
a alia. N
i . N
6 0 0 a l
a a0
lia. N
i . N 2 0a laalia. N
i .2N 1 1 a laa0
lia.Ni.Ne2
ss 1 ss ss ss adsas ss daadsaswith𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥Pad,awe adsas
adaada
P . P. ada1ada
P
1
. P. adaad𝑅a2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 .P.P
P adaada . P. adaEquating
P the number
. P . adaofadaatom of C on both
P . P. asides
P . . P get .
⟹ (3𝜆 − 2) |w w 0 w|w w= 0 ( )w
w ww ww ww 1 2 3
ww 4 ww
ww0ww3𝜆 − 11 ww w 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅 ww w1w wwww w w
w w
2𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 = 0𝑥3 + 1𝑥4 ⟹ 2𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 0𝑥3 − 1𝑥4 = 0 → (2) w ww w w ww w www w
0 0 3𝜆 − 11
Expanding N t t
e ethrough 𝐶1 , N t
e et N t
e et N t
e et Equating N tet number of atom N
ethe ofN eHteton both sides with𝑥 N e1t,e𝑥t 2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , we geti.N.N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . i . i . N i
a ⟹ aala − 2)(3𝜆 − 11)a2saa=
saasl(3𝜆 a
sla0la⟹ λ = 2 , λ =da11 saaslaala a saaslaala 6𝑥
a aala0𝑥2 = 2𝑥3 + 0𝑥a4sa⟹
sa1asl+ aslaal6𝑥a + 0𝑥 − 2𝑥 −sas0𝑥
1 2 3a a
laala = 0
4 a saaslaala
d
aa d aad d aa 3 d aad d d d
a a÷ 2 ⟹ 3𝑥 + 0𝑥 .P− aad d aad d aad d
P ww.P.P 3 .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P 1 ww w2w.P𝑥3 − 0𝑥4 = 0 →ww .P.P
(3)
w w ww .P.P ww.
w w
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄w𝟏.w𝟒𝟎 If the system ofwequations w
w w 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 +w w w
w = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 w
𝑐𝑧 w
=w w w w w w w ww w wwww
Equating the number of atom of O on both sides with𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , we get
0, 𝑎𝑥 +N𝑏𝑦 t t
e e+ 𝑟𝑧 = 0 has a non-trivial t t
e e solution and i𝑝.N.≠ t t
e e𝑎, 𝑞 ≠ 𝑏, 𝑟 ≠ 𝑐, prove t t
e ethat 0𝑥1 + 2𝑥 e2 te=t 1𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 ⟹ 0𝑥 etet2𝑥2 − 1𝑥3 − 2𝑥4i.N= e0tet→ (4) etet
𝑝alalia . i.𝑞N a i . N
i . N a i N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i 1N+
. a i . N a i . N
i . N
= 2 adsaaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslal2a 0 0 −1 0saaslala
𝑟
sasa+
daad𝑝−𝑎 + a a a a a a
a 𝑟−𝑐 Pad a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
P 𝑞−𝑏
ww. .Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.PaFrom (2), (3), (4) ww.P .Pa
⟹Augmented matrixww P.Pa = (3 0 −1ww
.[𝐴|𝑂] .P.P0a|0) ww.
Since the system ww ww of equations haswnon-trivial w
w w solution, w w
w w
𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) < 3, so the w w
w w w w
w w w ww w w ww w wwww
determinant of the coefficient matrix is 0. 0 2 −1 −2 0
eet t t
ee t eet t t
ee t ee t t eet t 2 0 0 e−1tet 0 etet
𝑝alaa𝑏lia.N i.N 𝑐 l
a ala ia. N
i . N l alia. N
i . N l alia. N
i . N l alia. N
i . N l alia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N
al 3 |0) ~𝑅2 →asa2𝑅 l a ia. N
i
asa2l − 3𝑅1 . N
a daad|𝑎sas 𝑞 𝑐 | = 0 Padaadsas a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa ~ (0 0asaas−2
a da d a d
a d
P ww. .P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P0.P 2 −1 −2 0www .P.P ww.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑟 ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww 2 0 0 −1w0ww wwww
𝑝 tt 𝑏 𝑐
i . N . e
N e i . N . etet 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet ~ (0 2 −1i.N.N
N e−2tet|0) 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
i . N . etet
N
i
⟹al|aa𝑎la− 𝑝 𝑞 − 𝑏 0 al|aal= a i 0 ( l al )
a i l al a i l al a i l al a i 0 0asas−2 l al a i 3 0 l al a i
daadsas 𝑎 − 𝑝 d ad−sa𝑐s 𝑅3 → 𝑅d3ad− saas𝑅a1 d adsaasa d adsaasa= 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) =ada3ad< saasa d d a a is consistentadaand adsaashas
a
a
P 0 .P.P a 𝑟
a .P.P a a .P.Pa a .P.P a a𝜌(𝐴) .P.P 4,the systems of
.P.P a a
equations .P.P infinite .
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
𝑝 ww 𝑏 𝑐 ww ww ww solution. ww ww ww ww
⟹ |−(𝑝 N e−tet𝑎) 𝑞 − 𝑏 0 |e=tet0
N N etet N etet 2𝑥1 − 1𝑥 N e4 te=t 0 → (5) ; 2𝑥2 − N𝑥e3te−t 2𝑥4 = 0 → (6) ;N−2𝑥 etet 3 + 3𝑥4 = 0 → i(7) N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N . i . N
saaslaa−(𝑝
la − 𝑎) ala𝑐
𝑟sla− saaslaala saaslaala saas𝑥laa4la= 𝑡 in (5) ⟹ 2𝑥 a
sla𝑡la= 0 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 2dadsaaslala
a saaslaala
𝑡
a 0 asaa a a Put
a a 1saa− a
aad d aad d aad d d d d d d d d d
P
w ww.P.P 𝑝 𝑞
w w .P𝑟.P
w
𝑝
w w .P
w .a a 𝑟
𝑞P
w w .P.P
w
aa
w w .P.P
w
aa
w w .P.P
w
aa
w w w.P.Pa a3𝑡
wwww.
ww w 𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 w
ww 𝑟−𝑐 w
ww 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
𝑝−𝑎 ww w Put 𝑥 4 = 𝑡 in (7)
ww w ⟹ −2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 =
4 ww 0 w⟹ −2𝑥 3 + 3𝑡 = 0 w
ww 3 = 2
⟹ 𝑥 ww
⟹ (𝑝 − 𝑎)(𝑞 − 𝑏)(𝑟 − 𝑐) | −1 1 0 | = 0 ⟹e|te−1 1 0 | = 0etet 3𝑡
. N e
N
te t . N e
N
t
e t . N N t . N N Put 𝑥 .=N e
N
te,t𝑥4 = 𝑡 in (6) ⟹ N
. 2𝑥 e
N t 3𝑡 − 2𝑡 = 0 ⟹.N
te− 𝑥 e
N
te=t 7𝑡
. N etet
N
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i . 3
a i i . a i i . 2
a i i . 2
a i i .
saasla𝑝la aslal−1a 0 1 saaslala −1 0 dads1aaslala saaslala slala saaslala saaslala
2 2 4
daad⟹ 𝑞 𝑟 das a d a d a 𝑡 7𝑡 d a 3𝑡a
sa d a d a
a
P + + .P.Paa= d0 .P.Paa d a
.P.Pa a (𝑥d
.P.Pa 1 2 3 4 ww, 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = ( a
,
.P2.P4a 2 d
, , 𝑡) .P.Paa d a
.P.Pa d .
𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 w𝑟−𝑐 w ww ww ww ww ww ww
w ww w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w w ww w wwww
⟹
𝑝
+
𝑞−(𝑞−𝑏)
+
𝑟−(𝑟−𝑐)
=0 Put 𝑡 = 4 ⟹ (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = (2,7,6,4)
𝑝−𝑎 etet𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐 eet t t
ee 𝑞 t t
ee t Sub. The tet values in (1) ⟹
eabove tet 2 𝐻6 + 7𝑂2 → 6𝐻N2 𝑂
e2𝐶 ete+t 4𝐶𝑂2 etet
a𝑝i.N i . N 𝑞 𝑟 a i . N
i . N a i
𝑝 . N
i . N 𝑟 a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . i . N a i .Ni . N
l
⟹a al + a + −a1sa− l a
asa1l = 0 l a
l + l l a saasall a l l a lal a l
asal a
a daadsas𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐 a d
a d a d
a ad⟹
saasa𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏
+
𝑟−𝑐 a
=as2
d
a d aasa a d
a ad𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 By a d
a adsaasaGaussian elimination
using a daadsaasmethod, balancead a adsachemical
the
P 3.By using Gaussian ww.P.Pelimination method, ww .P.balance
P the chemical ww.P.P
reaction equation :www.P.P reaction equation ww.P P
: .𝐶5 𝐻8 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂 w
+w.P P
𝐻. 2 𝑂 ww .P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww ww ww www wwww ww w
2w ww ww wwww
𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2t → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
𝐶2a𝐻la .N
ia+ .𝑂e et→ 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂 ⟹
N i .N .
𝑥
ete
N 𝐶
t
𝐻 + 𝑥 𝑂 → 𝑥 i .𝐻N . e𝑂tet+ 𝑥 𝐶𝑂 → (1) i.N.N
N etet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N .Netet
6l i 2 2 2 l al a i 1 2 6 2 2 l al3a i 2 4 2 l al a i l al a i l a l a i l ala i l al a i
a daadsas
a
a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa
P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.
ww ww ww ww V.GNANAMURUGAN, ww ww P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI,
wwww SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 wwww 43870 ww ww ww ww ww
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