VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 5 (2022)

ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
10th National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2022 (NCRENB-2022)

Cloud Computing as an Evolution of Distributed Computing

Siddhesh Rane1, Yogeshwar Patil2
Yash Patil3, Pallavi Raut4
1
(Computer Engineering,Viva Institute of Technology, India)
2
(Computer Engineering,Viva Institute of Technology, India)
3
(Computer Engineering,Viva Institute of Technology, India)
4
(Computer Engineering,Viva Institute of Technology, India)

Abstract : Cloud computing is a new rising system that offers info technologies via net. Cloud computing marks
the commencement of a replacement stage within the arena of knowledge and communication technology because
it carries with an development paradigm that has the attainable to alter the manner within which computing was
done. This paper presents a distributed cloud computing consists of multiple autonomous computers that
communicate through a network. Distributed computing additionally refers to the employment of distributed
systems to resolve procedure issues. Distributed Cloud Computing generalizes the cloud computing model to
position, process, and serve information and applications from geographically distributed sites to satisfy needs
for performance, redundancy and laws. This paper conferred the cloud computing notion and design. Then
introduce vision of distributed cloud computing, and identify different use cases as well as research challenges.
Keywords - Cloud computing, Cloud technologies , Distributed cloud computing, Distributed system, Grid
computing

I. INTRODUCTION

Distributed computing refers to two or additional computers networked along sharing a similar computing work.
the target of distributed computing is to sharing the task between multiple computers. Distributed network is
principally heterogeneous in nature within the sense that the process nodes, constellation, communication
medium, software system etc. could also be totally different in several network that area unit cosmopolitan over
the world . Presently many hundred computers area unit connected to create the distributed ADP system. so as to
induce the most potency of a system the general work load must be distributed among the nodes over the network.
The word distributed in terms like "distributed system", "distributed programming", and "distributed algorithm"
originally remarked laptop networks wherever individual computers were physically distributed among some
geographic region. The terms area unit today employed in a way wider sense, even pertaining to autonomous
processes that run on a similar physical laptop and move with one another by message passing. While there's no
single definition of a distributed system, the subsequent shaping properties area unit unremarkably used as: There
area unit many autonomous procedure entities (computers or nodes), every of that has its own native memory.
The entities communicate with one another by message passing.[1] A distributed system could have a standard
goal, like resolution an outsized procedure problem; the user then perceives the gathering of autonomous
processors as a unit. or else, every laptop could have its own user with individual desires, and therefore the purpose

1
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 5 (2022)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
10th National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2022 (NCRENB-2022)

of the distributed system is to coordinate the employment of shared resources or give communication services to
the users. alternative typical properties of distributed systems embody the following:
1) The system must tolerate failures in individual computers.
2) The structure of the system (network topology, network latency, variety of computers) isn't famed
before, the system could contains totally different forms of computers and network links, and
therefore the system could amendment throughout the execution of a distributed program.
3) every laptop has solely a restricted, incomplete read of the system. every laptop could apprehend
only 1 a part of the input.

II. CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is that the delivery of computing and storage capability as a service to a community of end users.
Cloud computing conjointly extends the construct of IT services by combining user information, computer code
and on demand computation reCloud computing is that the delivery of computing and storage capability as a
service to a community of end-users. Cloud computing conjointly extends the construct of IT services by
combining user information, computer code and on demand computation resources over a network Cloud
computing primarily consists of two parts: the forepart and backside. The forepart is that the client’s laptop or
electronic network at remote facet. On the opposite facet, backside includes the varied computers, servers and
information storage systems that that creates the cloud for computing services. Cloud computing could embody
any computer code like processing to video games.[2] In general, every application runs on its own dedicated
server. Fig. one shows a typical model for cloud computing. Many real-world systems involve giant numbers of
extremely interconnected heterogeneous elements over the net. The cloud is among one in every of the more
brilliant systems which will be deployed at an outsized scale within the near future as a result of this field counts
on several success stories: Amazon EC2, Windows Azure or Google App Engine. Cloud computing is historically
divided into three market segments: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and computer
code as a Service(SaaS).

Fig.1:Cloud Computing Models[3]

III. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

The word distributed in terms like "distributed system", "distributed programming", and "distributed algorithm"
originally spoken pc networks wherever individual computers were physically distributed at intervals some
geographic region.[4] The terms square measure these days employed in a way wider sense, even pertaining to
autonomous processes that run on identical physical pc and act with one another by message passing.

While there's no single definition of a distributed system, the subsequent process properties square measure
ordinarily used as:

2
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 5 (2022)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
10th National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2022 (NCRENB-2022)

1) There square measure many autonomous process entities (computers or nodes), every of that has its own
native memory.
2) The entities communicate with one another by message passing.

A distributed system could have a standard goal, like determination an oversized process problem; the user then
perceives the gathering of autonomous processors as a unit. or else, every pc could have its own user with
individual wants, and therefore the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the utilization of shared
resources or offer communication services to the users.

Other typical properties of distributed systems embrace the following:

1) The system should tolerate failures in individual computers.

2) The structure of the system (network topology, network latency, variety of computers) isn't renowned
before, the system could encompass totally different sorts of computers and network links, and therefore
the system could amendment throughout the execution of a distributed program.
3) Each pc has solely a restricted, incomplete read of the system. every pc could apprehend just one a part
of the input.

A distributed ADP system consists of multiple code parts that square measure on multiple computers, however
run as one system. The computers that square measure during a distributed system will be physically approximate
and connected by an area network, or they will be geographically distant and connected by a large space network.
A distributed system will encompass any variety of doable configurations, like mainframes, personal computers,
workstations, minicomputers, and so on. The goal of distributed computing is to form such a network work as one
pc.

1) Distributed systems provide several edges over centralized systems, together with the following:
Scalability
2) The system will simply be swollen by adding a lot of machines pro re nata.
Redundancy
3) Several machines will offer identical services, therefore if one is out of stock, work doesn't stop. in
addition, as a result of several smaller machines will be used, this redundancy doesn't have to be compelled
to be prohibitively pricy.

Distributed computing systems will run on hardware that's provided by several vendors, and may use a range of
standards-based code parts. Such systems square measure freelance of the underlying code. they will run on varied
operational systems, and may use varied communications protocols. Some hardware may use UNIX system or
UNIX operating system because the software system, whereas alternative hardware may use Windows operational
systems. For intermachine communications, this hardware will use SNA or TCP/IP on local area network or Token
Ring.

Distributed cloud is one amongst the applications of cloud computing technologies that is employed to
interconnect knowledge and applications that square measure served from varied geographical locations. within
the context of knowledge technology (IT), distributed means that one thing that's shared among multiple systems
that will be primarily based in several locations. Distributed cloud helps in dashing up the communication for
world services and it additionally allows a lot of responsive communications for any explicit region.

3.1 Types of distributed cloud

1) Public-resource computing: This kind of distributed cloud may be a results of Associate in Nursing
expansive definition of cloud computing because it is a lot of associated with distributed computing than
cloud computing. this is often additionally thought-about as a sub-class of cloud computing.
2) Volunteer cloud: This kind of computing is characterised because the intersection of cloud computing
and public-resource computing. during this kind, a cloud computing infrastructure is made victimisation
volunteered resources.[5] However, during this kind of infrastructure, several challenges arise because
of the volatility of the resources that square measure won’t to build it and also the dynamic setting within
which it operates. it's additionally known as peer-to-peer clouds or ad-hoc clouds.

3
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 5 (2022)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
10th National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2022 (NCRENB-2022)

3.2 There are many benefits of a distribute cloud architecture. Gartner points to these as noteworthy:

1) Increased compliance. Distributed naturally, workloads and information are often settled wherever they
need to be to fulfill regulative demands.
2) Inflated period of time. Since cloud services will reside on native subnets they will be isolated – even
untethered from the most cloud – once required to confirm they're isolated from a crashed system to
provide redundancy.
3) Scalability: Adding VMs or nodes PRN not solely permits fast quantifiability, it additionally improves
the overall accessibility of the cloud system as an entire.
4) Flexibility: Distributed clouds change installation, deployment, and debugging of latest services.
5) Quicker process. Distributed systems are often quicker by leverage reason of multiple systems for a given
task. Also, the distributed cloud permits a lot of responsive communications for specific regions.
6) Performance. in contrast to centralized network clusters, the distributed cloud will offer higher
performance and higher value performance.

Fig2: Types of distributed cloud and benefits[6]

3.3 Difference between cloud and distributed cloud:

 Ancient Cloud Computing is that the delivery of IT resources and services on-demand, including servers,
storage, and databases to call a couple of. These services area unit usually provided over the general
public internet or non-public network association from one among several hyperscale cloud suppliers.
Cloud services may be categorised as public cloud, non-public cloud (including on-premises information
centers), hybrid cloud (the combination of public and private) and multi-cloud (including multiple public
cloud providers).
 Distributed Cloud Computing discards the classes of public, private, hybrid, and multi-cloud. The
distributed cloud presents to the user organization as one cloud platform, however truly it is comprised
of multiple parts that may embody ‘all of the above’[7] – public cloud components from the first supplier
and one or a lot of its competitors, non-public cloud or enterprise information center, and third party
colocation partner. These varied components area unit all managed mutually by the primary cloud
supplier and consumed mutually by the final word client.

4
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 5 (2022)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
10th National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2022 (NCRENB-2022)

Fig 3: Distributed cloud computing vs cloud computing[8]

IV. DISTRIBUTED CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURES

Various hardware and computer code architectures area unit used for distributed computing. At a lower level, it's
necessary to interconnect multiple CPUs with some kind of network, notwithstanding whether or not that network
is written onto a printed circuit or created from loosely coupled devices and cables.[9]
Distributed programming generally falls into one in all many basic architectures: client–server, three-tier, n-tier,
or peer-to-peer; or categories: loose coupling, or tight coupling.
1) Client–server: architectures wherever good shoppers contact the server for knowledge then format
and show it to the users. Input at the consumer is committed back to the server once it represents a
permanent amendment.
2) Three-tier: architectures that move the consumer intelligence to a middle tier so unsettled shoppers
will be used. This simplifies application readying. Most net applications area unit three-tier.
3) n-tier: architectures that refer generally to net applications that additional forward their requests to
alternative enterprise services. this sort of application is that the one most answerable for the success
of application servers.
4) Peer-to-peer: architectures wherever there aren't any special machines that give a service or manage
the network resources: 227  Instead all responsibilities area unit uniformly divided among all
machines, referred to as peers. Peers will serve each as shoppers and as servers. samples of this
design embody BitTorrent and also the bitcoin network.
Another basic side of distributed computing design is that the technique of communication and coordinative work
among synchronal processes. Database-centric design specifically provides relative process analytics during a
schematic design granting live surroundings relay. this permits distributed computing functions each among and
on the far side the parameters of a networked information.

V. CHALLENGES OF DISTRIBUTED CLOUD

Managing associate degree enterprise employing a multi-site cloud readying has its challenges[10] including:

 Security- Securing a distributed cloud presents new challenges for each cloud supplier and user, as
resources will be scattered across the world and may be collocated with different enterprise server and
storage resources.
 Data protection : Backup and business continuity plans for distributed knowledge resource could need a
design backup and recovery ways to make sure knowledge stays within the geographies it's purported to.

5
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 5 (2022)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
10th National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2022 (NCRENB-2022)

 Transparency: Transparency is outlined because the concealment from the user and therefore the
application coder of the separation of parts in an exceedingly distributed system, so the system is
perceived as a full instead of as a group of freelance parts.
 Openness: The openness of a ADP system is that the characteristic that determines whether or not the
system will be extended and reimplemented in varied ways in which.
 Concurrency: each services and applications offer resources which will be shared by shoppers in an
exceedingly distributed system. there's thus an opportunity that many shoppers can commit to access a
shared resource at identical time.
 Scalability: Distributed systems should be climbable because the variety of user will increase.
quantifiability has three dimensions:
1. Size
2. Geography
3. Administration

Fig4 : Challenges[11]
V. CONCLUSION

The vision behind distributed cloud computing is to utilize software as a means to aggregate
compute/storage/networking resources across distributed physical data centers. This model addresses data locality
that is incorporated as design criterion for those applications that require it. It further includes achieving scalability
and reliability by performing scale-outs. The scale-out model of service deployment deploying many small
instances of a service to meet demand rather than a few large instances has proven successful for IaaS and SaaS.
Distributed cloud computing applies the same scale-out model to data centers. The presented research study can
be used for implementing distributed cloud platforms for different applications.

REFERENCES
[1] Md. Firoj Ali , Rafiqul Zaman Khan “Distributed Computing: An Overview” June 2015
[1] wikipedia Distributed computing : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing
[2] Rafiqul Zaman Khan , Md Firoj Ali “A Study Of Cloud Computing”May 2015
[3] cloud computing models : https://www.edureka.co/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/spi-1-449x300.png
[4] George Suciu1, Simona Halunga1, Anca Apostu2, Alexandru Vulpe1, Gyorgy Todoran1 1 “Cloud Computing As Evolution Of
Distributed Computing” Dec 2013
[5] https://blog.stackpath.com/distributed-system/
[6] types and benefits :https://stefanini.com/en/trends/news/understanding-gartner-technology-trend-distributed-cloud-and-
adv/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid/articlecontainer/par9/image.coreimg.jpeg/1616776944293/what-is-the-distributed-cloud.jpeg
[7] https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/distributed-cloud.html
[8] Distributed cloud computing vs cloud computing : https://stefanini.com/en/trends/news/understanding-gartner-technology-trend-
distributed-cloud-and-adv/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid/articlecontainer/par26/image.coreimg.jpeg/1616777075966/the-difference-
between-distributed-and-cloud-computing.jpeg
[9] wikipedia Distributed computing : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing
[10] https://www.ejbtutorial.com/distributed-systems/challenges-for-a-distributed-system
[11]Challenges:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brojo-Mishra-
2/publication/331992978/figure/fig1/AS:742771908435968@1554102031167/Challenges-of-a-distributed-system.png

6
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI