Construction Terms 2

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SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND NOMENCLATURE

Abaft: Toward the stern of a ship; back; behind; back of; further aft than.

Aboard: On or in a ship.

Abreast: Side by side.

Accommodation Ladder: Stairs slung at the gangway, leading down, the vessel's side to a point near the water, for
ship access from small boats.

Aft: Near the stern; toward the stern.

After Body: That portion of a ship's body aft of the midship section.

After Frames: Frames aft of amidships, or frames near the stern of the ship.

After Peak: The aftermost tank or compartment forward of the stern post.

After Perpendicular: A line perpendicular to the base line intersecting the after-edge of the stern post at the
designed water line. On submarines or ships having a similar stern, it is a vertical line passing through the point
where the designed water line intersects the stern of the ship.

Air Port: An opening in the side or deck house of a vessel, usually round in shape and fitted with a hinged frame in
which a thick glass is secured.

Aloft: In the upper rigging; above the decks.

Amidships: In the vicinity of the middle portion of a vessel as distinguished from her ends. The term is used to
convey the idea of general locality but not that of definite extent.

Anchor: A heavy iron or steel implement attached to a vessel by means of a rope or chain cable for holding it at rest
in the water. When an anchor is lowered to the bottom, the drag on the cable causes one or more of the prongs,
called flukes, to sink into the ground which provides holding power.

Anchor, Bower: The large anchors carried in the bow of a vessel. Three are usually carried, two (the main bowers) in
the hawsepipes, or on bill boards, and a third (spare) lashed on deck or elsewhere about the vessel for use ,in the
event either of the main bowers is lost. The weight varies with the size and service of the ship.

Anchor, Kedge: A small anchor used for warping or kedging. It is usually planted from a small boat, the vessel being
hauled up toward it. The weight varies, being usually from 900 to 1,200 pounds.

Anchor, Sea: This is not a true anchor as it does not sink to the bottom. It is a conical shaped canvas bag required by
the Bureau of Marine Inspection to be carried in each lifeboat. When placed overboard it serves a double purpose in
keeping the boat head on into the sea and in spreading a vegetable or animal oil from a container placed inside the
bag. It is sometimes called an oil spreader.

Anchor, Stream: An anchor weighing from about one-fourth to one-third the weight of the main bowers and used
when mooring in a narrow channel or harbor to prevent the vessel's stern from swinging with the current or the tide.

Angle: Same as angle bar.

Angle Bar: A bar of angle-shaped section used as a stiffener and for attachment of one plate or shape to another.

Angle Bulb: A structural shape having a bulb on one flange of the, angle, used as a frame, beam, or stiffener.
Angle Collar: A collar or band made of one or more pieces of angle bar and fitted tightly around a pipe, trunk, frame,
longitudinal, or stiffener intersecting or projecting through a bulkhead or deck for the purposes of making a
watertight or oiltight joint. See Stapling.

Appendages: Relatively small portions of a vessel extending beyond its main outline as shown by transverse and
water plane sections, including such items as shafting, struts, bossings, docking and bilge keels, propellers, rudder,
and any, other feature, extraneous to the hull and generally immersed.

Area of Sections: The area of any cross section of the immersed portion of a vessel, the cross section being taken at
right angles to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.

Astern: Signifying position, in the rear of or abaft the stern; as regards motion, the opposite of going ahead;
backwards.

Athwart: Across, from side to side, transverse, across the line of a vessel's course.

Athwartship: Reaching across a vessel, from side to side.

Auxiliaries: Various winches, pumps, motors, engines, etc., required on a ship, as distinguished from main propulsive
machinery (boilers and engines on a steam installation).

Awning: A roof like canopy of canvas suspended above a vessel's decks, bridges, etc., for protection against sun and
weather.

Back Stay: Stays which extend from all mast levels, except the lower, to the ship's side at some distance abaft the
mast. They serve as additional supports to prevent the masts going forward. And also contribute to the lateral
support, thereby assisting the shrouds.

Balanced Rudder: A rudder with its axis between the forward and after edge.

Ballast: Any weight carried solely for the purpose of making the vessel more seaworthy. Ballast may be either
portable or fixed, depending upon the condition of the ship. Fixed or permanent ballast in the form of sand,
concrete, lead, scrap, or pig iron is usually fitted to overcome an inherent defect in stability or trim due to faulty
design or changed character of service. Portable ballast, usually in the form of water pumped into or out of the
bottom, peak, or wing ballast tanks, is utilized to overcome a temporary defect in stability or trim due to faulty
loading, damage, etc., and to submerge submarines.

Ballast Tanks: Tanks provided in various parts of a ship for introduction of water ballast when necessary to add
weight to produce a change in trim or in stability of the ship, and for submerging submarines.

Ballast Water: Sea water, confined to double bottom tanks, peak tanks, and other designated compartments, for use
in obtaining satisfactory draft, trim, or stability.

Ballasted Condition: A condition of loading in which it becomes necessary to fill all or part of the ballast tanks in
order to secure proper immersion, stability, and steering qualities brought about by consumption of fuel, stores, and
water or lack of part or all of the designed cargo.

Barge: A craft of full body and heavy construction designed for the carriage of cargo but having no machinery for
self-propulsion.

Batten: Long, thin, strips of wood, steel, or plastic, usually of uniform rectangular section used in the drafting room
and mold loft to lay down the lines of a vessel, but sometimes thinned down in the middle or at the ends to take
sharp curves. A strip of wood or steel used in securing tarpaulins in place. To secure by means of battens, as to
"batten down a hatch."

Battens, Cargo: A term applied to the wood planks or steel shapes that are fitted to the inside of the frames in a hold
to keep the cargo away from the shell plating; the strips of wood or steel used to prevent shifting of cargo.
Beam: The extreme width of a ship. Also an Athwartship or longitudinal member of the ship's structure supporting
the deck.

Beam Knee: A bracket between a frame or stiffener and the end of a beam; a beam arm.

Beam Line: A line showing the points of intersection between the top edge of the beam and the molded frame line,
also called it molded deck line.”

Beam, Transom: A strong deck beam situated in the after end of the vessel connected at each end to the transom
frame. The cant beams which support the deck plating in the overhang of the stern are attached to and radiate from
it.

Bearer: A term applied to foundations, particularly those having vertical web plates as principal members. The
vertical web plates of foundations are also called bearers.

Bearing: A block on or in which a journal rotates; a bearing block.

Bell Mouthed: A term used to signify the open end of a pipe when it expands or spreads out with an increasing
diameter.

Below: Underneath the surface of the water. Underneath a deck or decks.

Bending Rolls: A large machine used to give curvature to plates by passage in contact with three rolls.

Bending Slab: Heavy cast-iron blocks with square or round holes for “dogging down” arranged to form a large solid
floor on which frames and structural members are bent and formed.

Berth: A term applied to a bed or a place to sleep. Berths, as a rule, are, permanently built into the structure of the
staterooms or compartments. They are constructed singly and one above the other. Also, a place for a ship.

Between Decks: The space between any two, not necessarily adjacent decks. Frequently expressed as “'tween
decks”.

Bevel: A term for a plane having any other angle than 90 degrees to a given reference plane.

Bevel, Closed: A term applied where one flange of a bar is bent to form an acute angle with the other flange.

Bevel, Open: A term applied where one flange of a bar is bent to form an obtuse angle with the other flange. Frame
bars in the bow and the stern of a vessel are given an open bevel to permit access for riveting to shell and to keep
the standing flange parallel to the deck beams.

Bight: A loop or bend in a rope; strictly, any part between the two ends may be termed the bight.

Bilge: The rounded portion of a vessel's shell which connects the bottom with side. To open a vessel's lower body to
the sea.

Bilge Plates: The curved shell plates that fit the bilge.

Bilges: The lowest portion of a ship inside the hull, considering the inner bottom where fitted as the bottom hull
limit.

Bill Board: An inclined platform, fitted at the intersection of the forward weather deck and the shell, for stowing an
anchor. It may be fitted with a tripping device for dropping the anchor over-board. Seldom fitted since the stockless
anchor has come into general use.

Bitter End: The inboard end of a vessel's anchor chain which is made fast in the chain locker.
Bitts: A term applied to short metal or wood columns extending up from a base plate secured to a deck or bulwark
rail or placed on a pier and to timbers extended up through and a short distance above a deck for the purpose of
securing and belaying ropes, hawsers, cables', etc. Also called bollards.

Bitumastic: A black tarlike' composition largely of bitumen or asphalt and containing such other ingredients as rosin,
Portland cement, slaked lime, petroleum, etc. It is used as a protective coating in ballast and trimming tanks, chain
lockers, shaft alleys, etc.

Bleeder: A small cock, valve, or plug to drain off small quantities of fluids from a container or system.

Blind Pulley: A circular block of hard wood with rounded edges perforated by several holes having grooves running
from them to one side of the block. One of these blocks is secured to an end of a part of the standing rigging, as a
shroud, and another to the chain plate or to some part of the ship and the two are connected to one another by a
lashing passing through the holes. Commonly called "dead eyes."

Block: The name given to a pulley or sheave, or a system of pulleys or sheaves, mounted in a frame or shell and used
for moving objects by means of ropes run over the pulleys or sheaves. The prefixes single, double, triple, etc.,
indicate the number of pulleys or sheaves in the block. The five principal parts of a block are (a) the shell, or outside
frame, (b) the sheave, on which the rope runs, (c) the pin, on which the sheave turns, (d) the strap, by which the
hook is held in position and which provides bearing for the pin, and (e) the hook, which may be open, sister, or
shackle and fixed or swivel. The opening between the top of the sheave and the shell is called the swallow, that
between the bottom of the sheave and the shell is called the breech, and, the device attached to the bottom of the
block opposite the hook for securing the standing part of the fall to the block is called the Becket.

Block, Cheek: A half shell block with a single sheave bolted to a mast or other object which serves as the other half
shell or cheek. Usually used in connection with halyards.

Block, Fiddle: A block having two sheaves of different diameters, placed in the same plane one above the other.

Block, Snatch: A single sheave block having one side of the frame hinged so that it can be opened to allow the bight
of a rope to be placed on the sheave; thus avoiding the necessity of threading the end of the rope through the
swallow of the block. Usually employed as a fair lead around obstructions.

Blower: A mechanical device used to supply air under low pressure for artificial ventilation and forced draft, usually
of the centrifugal type.

Boarding: The act of going on board a ship.

Bobstays: The chains or ropes attached underneath the outer end of the bowsprit and led aft to the sten to prevent
the bowsprit from jumping up. Where two are fitted they are called the inner and the cap bobstays; when three are
fitted they are called the inner, the middle, and the cap bobstays.

Body Plan: A plan consisting of two half transverse elevations or end views of a ship, both having a common vertical
center line, so that the right-hand side represents the ship as seen from ahead, and the left-hand side as seen from
astern. On the body plan appear the forms of the various cross sections, the curvature of the deck lines at the side,
and the projections, as straight lines of the water lines, the bow and buttock lines, and the diagonal lines.

Boiler: Any vessel, container, or receptacle that is capable of generating steam by the internal or external application
of heat. The two general classes are fire tube and water tube.

Boiler Casing: Walls fanning a trunk leading from the boiler room to the boiler hatch, which protect the different
deck spaces from the heat of the boiler room, etc.

Boiler Room: A compartment in the hold, in the middle or after section of a vessel where the boilers are placed.

Bollards: See "bitts."


Bolster Plate: A piece of plate adjoining the hawse hole, to prevent the chafing of the hawser against the cheek of a
ship's bow. A plate for support like a pillow or cushion.

Bolt: A metal rod used as a fastening. With few exceptions, such as drift bolts, a head or shoulder is made on one
end and a screw thread to carry a nut is cut on, the other.

Bolting Up: Securing by means of bolts and nuts parts of a structure in proper position for permanent attachment by
riveting or welding. A workman employed on this work is called a "bolter up."

Bonjean Curves: Curves of areas of transverse sections of a ship. The curves of the moments of these areas above
the base line are sometimes included.

Booby Hatch: An access hatch from a weather deck protected by a hood from sea and weather. The hood is often
fitted with a sliding cover to facilitate access.

Boom: A term applied to a spar used in handling cargo, or to which the lower edge of, a fore-and -aft sail is attached.

Boom Table: A structure built up around a mast from the deck to support the heel bearings of booms and to provide
proper working clearances when a number of booms are installed on or around one mast.

Boot topping: An outside area on a vessel's hull from bow to stern between certain waterlines to which special air,
water, and grease-resisting paint is applied; also the paint applied to such areas.

Bosom: The inside of an angle bar.

Bosom Bar: An angle fitted inside another.

Bosom Plate: A plate bar or angle fitted in the bosoms of two angle bars to connect the ends of the two angles as if
by a butt strap.

Boss: The curved, swelling portion of the ship's underwater hull around the propeller shaft .

Boss Plate: The plate that covers the boss.

Bottom: That portion of a vessel's shell between the keel and the lower turn of the bilge.

Bottom, Outer: A term applied to the bottom shell plating in a double bottom ship.

Bottom Plating: That part of the shell plating which is below the water line. More specifically, the immersed shell
plating from bilge to bilge.

Bow: The forward end of the ship. The sides of the vessel at and for some distance abaft the stem, designated as the
right-hand or starboard bow and the left-hand, or port-bow.

Bow Lines: Curves representing vertical sections parallel to the central longitudinal vertical plane of the bow end of a
ship. Similar curves in the aft part of a hull are called buttock lines. Also, a rope leading from the vessel's bow to
another vessel or to a wharf for the purpose of hauling her ahead or for securing her.

Bowsprit: A spar projecting forward over the bow for the purpose of holding the lower ends of the head sails.

Brace: A rope attached to the yard arm, used to alter the position of the yard arm in a horizontal plane. The
operation is known as trimming the sail.

Bracket: A steel plate, commonly of triangular shape with a reinforcing flange, on its free edge, used to connect two
parts such as deck beam to frame, frame to ,margin plate, 'etc.; also used to stiffen or tie beam angles to bulkheads,
frames to longitudinals, etc.
Breadth, Extreme: The maximum breadth measured over plating or planking, including beading or fenders.

Breadth, Molded: The greatest breadth of the vessel measured from heel of frame on one side to heel of frame on
other side.

Breadth, Registered: Measured at amidships at its greatest breadth to outside of plating.

Break of Forecastle or Poop: The point at which the partial decks known as the forecastle and poop are discontinued.

Breakwater: A term applied to plates or timbers fitted on a forward weather deck to form a V -shaped shield against
water that is shipped over the bow.

Breast Hook: A triangular-shaped plate fitted parallel to and between decks or side stringers in the bow for the
purpose of rigidly fastening together the peak frames, stem, and outside plating; also used, in conjunction with the
above duties, to fasten the ends of side stringers firmly together.

Bridge: A high transverse platform, often fanning the top of a bridge house, extending from side to side of the ship,
and from which a good view of the weather deck may be had. An enclosed space called the pilot house is erected on
the bridge in which are installed the navigating instruments, such as the compass and binnacle, the control for the
steering apparatus, and the signals to the engine room. While the pilot house is generally extended to include a
chartroom and sometimes staterooms, a clear passageway should be left around it. As the operation of the ship is
directed from the bridge or flying bridge above it, there should also be a clear, open passage from one side of the
vessel to the other. The term is also applied to the narrow walkways, called connecting bridges, which connect the
bridge deck with the poop and forecastle decks. This type of bridge is usually found on tankers and is desirable
whenever bulwarks are not fitted.

Bridge House: A term applied to an erection or superstructure fitted about amidships on the upper deck of a ship.

Bridge, Navigating, or Flying: The uppermost platform erected at the level of the top of the pilot house. I t generally
consists of a narrow walkway supported by stanchions, running from one side of the ship to the other and the space
over the top of the pilot house. A duplicate set of navigating instruments and controls for the steering gear and
engine room signals are installed on the flying bridge so that the ship may be navigated in good weather from this
platform. Awnings erected on stanchions and weather cloths fitted to the railing give protection against sun and
wind.

Broken Backed: Said of a vessel when, owing to insufficient longitudinal strength, grounding, or other accident, her
sheer is reduced or lost, thereby producing a drooping effect at both ends.

Brow: A gangplank usually fitted with rollers at the end resting on the wharf to allow for the movement of the vessel
with the tide. See watershed.

Buckle: A distortion, such as a bulge; to become distorted; to bend out of its own plane.

Buckler: Generally, but not exclusively, applied to various devices used to prevent water from entering hawse and
chain pipes, etc.

Buckling: The departure of a plate, shape, or stanchion from its designed plane or axis when subjected to load.

Building Slip: An inclined launching berth where the ship is built.

Bulkhead: A term applied to anyone of the partition walls which subdivide the interior of a ship into compartments
or rooms. The various types of bulkheads are distinguished by the addition of a word or words, explaining the
location, use, kind of material or method of fabrication, such as fore peak, longitudinal, transverse, watertight, wire
mesh, etc. Bulkheads which contribute to the strength and seaworthiness of a vessel are called strength bulkheads,
those which are essential to the watertight subdivision are watertight or oiltight bulkheads.
Bulkhead, After Peak: A term applied to the first transverse bulkhead forward of the stern post. This bulkhead forms
the forward boundary of the afterpeak tank and should be made watertight.

Bulkhead, Collision: The foremost transverse watertight bulkhead in a ship which extends from the bottom of the
hold to the freeboard deck. It is designed to keep water out of the forward hold in case of collision damage. Usually,
this is the fore peak bulkhead at the after end of the fore peak tank.

Bulkhead, Joiner: Wood or light metal bulkheads serving to bound staterooms, offices, etc., and not contributing to
the ship's strength.

Bulkhead Stiffener: Members attached to the plating of a bulkhead for the purpose of holding it in a plane when
pressure is applied to one side. The stiffener is generally vertical, but horizontal stiffeners are used and both are
found on same bulkheads. The most efficient stiffener is a T section; flat bars, angles, channels, zees, H and I sections
are commonly used.

Bulkhead, Swash: A strongly built, nontight bulkhead placed in oil or water tanks to slow down the motion of the
fluid set up by the motion of the ship.

Bulkhead, Wire Mesh: A partition or enclosure bulkhead, used largely in store rooms, shops, etc., made of wire mesh
panels.

Bulldozer - A machine, usually hydraulic or electric, for bending bars, shapes or plates while cold.

Bulwark: A term applied to the strake of shell plating or the side planking above a weather deck. It helps to keep the
deck dry and also serves as a guard against losing deck cargo or men overboard. Where bulwarks are fitted, it is
customary to provide openings in them which are called freeing ports, to allow the water that breaks over to clear
itself.

Bulwark Stay: A brace extending from the deck to a point near the top of the bulwark, to keep it rigid.

Bumped: A term applied to a plate which has been pressed or otherwise formed to a concave or convex shape. Used
for heads of tanks, boilers, etc.

Bunk: A built-in berth or bed.

Bunker: A compartment used for the stowage of coal or oil fuel.

Buoyancy: Ability to float; the supporting effort exerted by a liquid (usually water) upon the surface of body, wholly
or partially immersed in it.

Buoyancy, Reserve: The floating or buoyant power of the un submerged portion of the hull of a vessel. Usually
referred to a specific condition of loading.

Butt: That end or edge of a plate or timber where it comes squarely against another piece; or, the joint thus formed.

Buttock: The rounded-in overhanging part on each side of the stern in front of the rudder, merging underneath in
the run.

Buttock Lines: The curves shown by taking vertical longitudinal sections of the after part of a ship's hull parallel to
the ship's keel. Similar curves in forward part of hull are "bow lines."

Butt Strap: A term applied to a strip of plate serving as a connecting strap between the butted ends of the plating.
The strap connections at the edges are called seam straps.
Cabin: The interior of a deck house, usually the space set aside for the use of officers and passengers.

Caisson: A watertight structure used for raising sunken vessels by means of compressed air. Also the floating gate to
close the entrance to a dry dock.

Calking: The operation of jamming material into the contact area to make a joint watertight or oiltight.

Camber, Round of Beam: The weather decks of ships are rounded up or arched in an Athwartship direction for the
purpose of draining any water that may fall on them to the sides of the ship where it can be led overboard through
scuppers. The arching or rounding up is called the camber or round of the beam and is expressed in inches in
connection with the greatest molded breadth of the ship in feet, thus, "the main deck has a camber of 10 inches in
40 feet." In is measured at the center line of the ship at the greatest molded breadth and is the distance from the
chord to the top of the arch.

Cant: A term signifying an inclination of an object from a perpendicular; to turn anything so that it does not stand
perpendicularly or square to a given object.

Cant Frame: A frame the plane of which is not square to the keel.

Capstan, Steam: A vertical drum or barrel operated by a steam engine and used for handling heavy anchor chains,
heavy hawsers, etc. The engine is usually non-reversing and transmits its power to the capstan shaft through a worm
wheel. The drum is fitted with pawls to prevent overhauling under the strain of the hawser or chain when the power
is shut off. The engine may be disconnected and the capstan operated by hand through the medium of capstan bars.

Cargo: Merchandise or goods accepted for transportation by ship.

Cargo Boom: A heavy boom used in loading cargo. See "boom."

Cargo Hatch: A large opening in the deck to permit loading of cargo.

Cargo Mat: A mat, usually square and made of manila rope, used to protect the deck covering while taking stores,
etc., on board.

Cargo Net: A square net, made in various sizes of manila rope or chain, and used in connection with the ship's
hoisting appliances to load cargo, etc., aboard the vessel.

Cargo Port: An opening, provided with a watertight cover or door, in the side of a vessel of two or more decks,
through which cargo is received and discharged.

Carlings: Short beams forming a portion of the framing above deck openings. Also called headers when they support
the ends of interrupted deck beams.

Casings, Engine and Boiler Rooms: The walls or partitions forming trunks above the engine and boiler spaces,
providing air and ventilation and enclosing the uptakes. They extend somewhat above the weather deck, or
superstructure deck if fitted, and are of sufficient size to permit installation and removal of engines and boilers. /
Doors are fitted at the several deck levels to permit access to the gratings and ladders.

Cavil: A heavy timber fastened to the forward or after bitts about midway between the base and top to form a cleat.
The bitt so built.

Ceiling: A term applied to the planking with which the inside of a vessel is sheathed. Also applied to the sheet metal
or wood sheathing in quarters and storerooms.

Ceiling, Floor: Planking fitted on top of the floors or double bottom in the cargo holds.
Ceiling, Hold: Thick strakes of planking fastened to the inside flanges or edges of the framing in the cargo holds.

Centerline: The middle line of the ship from stem to stern as shown in any waterline view.

Center of Buoyancy: The geometric center of gravity of the immersed volume of the displacement or of the displaced
water, determined solely by the shape of the underwater body of the ship. It is calculated for both the longitudinal
location, forward or aft of the middle perpendicular, and the vertical location above the base line or below the
designed waterline.

Center of Flotation: The geometric center of gravity of the water plane at which the vessel floats, forward or aft of
the middle perpendicular. It is that point about which a vessel rotates longitudinally when actuated by an external
force without change in displacement.

Center of Gravity: The point at which the combined height of all the individual items going to make up the total
weight of the vessel may be considered as concentrated; generally located longitudinally forward or aft of the
middle perpendicular and vertically above bottom of keel or below a stated waterline.

Center of Lateral Resistance: The point through which a single force could act and produce an effort equal to the
lateral resistance of the vessel. It is ordinarily assumed to be coincident with the center of gravity of the immersed
central longitudinal plane.

Center of Pressure: The point in a sail or an immersed plane surface at which the resultant of the combined pressure
forces acts.

Central Lateral Plane: The immersed longitudinal vertical middle plane of a vessel.

Chafing Plate: A plate fitted to take the wear due to dragging moving gear or to protect ropes from wearing where
they rub on sharp edges. Also fitted on decks under anchor chains.

Chain Locker: Compartment in forward lower portion of ship in which anchor chain is stowed.

Chain Locker Pipe: Chain Pipe: The iron-bound opening or section of pipe leading from the chain locker to the deck,
through which the chain cable passes.

Chain Plate: A bar or plate secured to the shell of a vessel to which the standing rigging is attached ..

Chains: Usually refers to heavy chains attached to the anchor. Also applied to the lower parts of standing rigging
which are attached to the chain plates.

Chain Stopper: A device used to secure the chain cable when riding at anchor, thereby relieving the strain on the
windlass, and also for securing the anchor in the housing position in the hawsepipe.

Chamfer: A bevel surface formed by cutting away the angle of two intersecting faces of a piece of material.

Chart House: A small room adjacent to the bridge for charts and navigating instruments.

Chine: The line formed by the intersection of side and bottom in ships having straight or slightly curved frames.

Chock: A term applied to oval-shaped castings, either open or closed on top, and fitted with or without rollers,
through which hawsers and lines are passed. Also applied to blocks of wood used as connecting or reinforcing
pieces, filling pieces, and supports for life boats. Also applied to the brackets fitted to boiler saddles to prevent fore
and aft motion and to small brackets on the webs of frames, beams and stiffeners to prevent tipping of the member.

Clamp: A metal fitting used to grip and hold wire ropes. Two or more may be used to connect two ropes in lieu of a
short splice or in turning in an eye. Also a device generally operated by hand, for holding two or more pieces of
material together, usually called a “C“clamp.
Cleats: Pieces of wood or metal, of various shapes according to their uses, usually having two projecting arms or
horns upon which to belay ropes. The term Cavil is sometimes applied to a cleat of extra size and strength.

CIinometer: An instrument used for indicating the angle of roll or pitch of a vessel.

Cup: A four- to six-inch angle bar welded temporarily to floors, plates, webs, etc. It is used as a hold-fast which, with
the aid of a bolt, pulls objects up close in fitting. Also, short lengths of bar, generally angle, used to attach and
connect the various members of the ship structure.

Close Butt: A riveted joint in which the ends of the connected members are brought into metal-to-metal contact by
grinding and pulling tight by clips or other means before the rivets are driven.

Club-Foot: A fore foot in which displacement or volume is placed near the keel and close to the forward
perpendicular, resulting in full water lines below water and fine lines at and near the designed waterline, the
transverse sections being bulbshaped. Also called a bulb or bulbous bow.

Coaming, Bulkhead: A term applied to the top and bottom strakes of bulkheads, which are usually made thicker than
the remainder of the plating and which act as girder web plates in helping to support the adjacent structure.

Coaming, Hatch: A frame bounding a hatch for the purpose of stiffening the edges of the opening and forming the
support for the covers. In a steel ship it generally consists of a strake of strong vertical plating completely bounding
the edges of a deck opening.

Cofferdams: Empty spaces separating two or more compartments for the purpose of insulation, or to prevent the
liquid contents of one compartment from entering another in the event of the failure of the walls of one to retain
their tightness.

Collar: A piece of plate or a shape fitted around an opening for the passage of a continuous member through a deck,
bulkhead, or other structure to secure tightness against oil, water, air, dust, etc.

Collier: A vessel designed for the carrying of coal, which may or may not be fitted with special appliances for coal
handling.

Companion: The cover over a companionway.

Companionway: A hatchway or opening in a deck provided with a set of steps or ladders leading from one deck level
to another for the use of personnel.

Compartment: A subdivision of space or room in a ship.

Composite Vessel: A vessel with a metal frame and a wooden shell and decks.

Cordage: A comprehensive term for all ropes of whatever size or kind on board a ship.

Counter: That part of a ship's stern which overhangs the stern post, usually that part above the water line.

Countersink: A term applied to the operation of cutting the sides of a drilled or punched hole into the shape of the
frustum of a cone. Also applied to the tool by which countersinking is done.

Countersunk Hole: A hole tapered or beveled around its edge to allow a rivet or bolt head or a rivet point to seat
flush with or below the surface of the riveted or bolted object.

Countersunk Rivet: A rivet driven flush on one or both sides.

Coupling: A device for securing together the adjoining ends of piping, shafting, etc., in such a manner as will permit
disassembly whenever necessary. Flanges connected by bolts and pipe unions are probably the most common forms
of couplings.
Cradle: A support of wood or metal shaped to fit the object which is stowed upon it.

Cradle, Boat: The heavy wood or metal supports for a ship's boat, cut to fit the shape of the hull of the boat and
usually faced with leather, In which the boat is stowed.

Cradle, Launching: The structure of wood, or wood and steel, which is built up from the sliding ways, closely fitting
the shell plating, which supports the weight of the ship and distributes it to the sliding ways when a ship is being
launched. The extent of the cradle and the number of sections into which it may be divided depends on the weight
and length of the ship.

Cradle, Marine Railway: The carriage on which the ship rests when being docked on a marine rail way.

Crane: A machine used for hoisting and moving pieces of material or portions of structures or machines that are
either too heavy to be handled by hand or cannot be handled economically by hand. Bridge, gantry, jib, locomotive,
and special purpose cranes are used in shipyards.

Cribbing: Foundations of heavy blocks and timbers for supporting a vessel during the period of construction.

Cross Trees: A term applied to athwart ship pieces fitted over the trees on a mast. They serve as a foundation for a
platform at the top of a mast or as a support for outriggers.

Crown: Term sometimes used denoting the round-up or camber of a deck. The crown of an anchor is located where
the arms join the shank.

Crow's Nest: A lookout station attached to or near the head of a mast.

Crutch: A term applied to a support for a boom. Also applied to the jaw of a boom or gaff.

Cutwater: The forward edge of the stem at or near the water line is called the cutwater.

Davit: A device used to lower and raise ship's boats and sometimes for other purposes. The rotary, or most common
type, consists of a vertical pillar, generally circular in section, with the upper portion bent in a fair curve and having
sufficient outreach to clear the side of the ship plus a clearance. Each ship's boat has two davits, one near its bow
and one near its stern; they both rotate; lifting the boat, by means of blocks and falls suspended from the
overhanging end, from its stowage position on deck and swinging it clear of the ship's side. This type of davit is
usually stepped in a socket attached to the side of the vessel or on the deck next below the boat deck near the side
and held in place at the boat deck by a keeper or bearing.

Dead Eye: See Blind Pulley

Dead Flat: The Midship portion of a vessel throughout the length of which a constant shape of cross section is
maintained. ,

Deadlight: A term applied to a port lid or cover; a metal shutter fitted to protect the glass in a fixed or port light.
Often incorrectly applied to a fixed light in a deck, bulkhead or shell.

Dead Rise: The amount which the straight portion of the bottom of the floor, of the midship section rises above the
base line in the half-beam of the vessel. Usually expressed in inches.

Deadweight: The difference between the light displacement and the full load displacement of a vessel; the total
weight of cargo, fuel, water, stores, passengers, and crew and their effects that a ship can carry when at her
maximum allowable draft.

Deadweight, Cargo: The number of tons remaining after deducting from the deadweight the weight of fuel, water,
stores, dunnage, and crew and their effects necessary for use on a voyage. Also called" useful" or "paying"
deadweight.
Deadwood: The vertical surfaces at the extreme after body of a ship.

Deck: A deck in a ship corresponds to a floor in a building. It is the plating, planking, or covering of any tier of beams
above the inner bottom forming a floor, either in the hull or superstructure of a ship. Decks are designated by their
location as upper deck, main deck, etc., and forward lower deck, after superstructure deck, etc. The after portion of
a weather deck was formerly known as the quarter deck and on warships is allotted to the use of the officers.

Deck Bolt: A special type of bolt used to secure the planks of a wood deck to the beams or deck plating.

Deck, Bulkhead: The uppermost continuous deck to which all main transverse bulkheads are carried. This deck
should be watertight to prevent flooding adjacent compartments if a compartment is bilged.

Deck, Freeboard: The deck to which the classification societies require the vessel's freeboard to be measured.
Usually the upper strength deck.

Deck Heights: The vertical distance between the molded lines of two adjacent decks.

Deck House: A term applied to a partial superstructure that does not extend from side to side of a vessel as do the
bridge, poop, and forecastle.

Deck Machinery: A term applied to capstans, windlasses, winches, and miscellaneous machinery located on the
decks of ship.

Deck Planks or Planking: A term applied to the wood sheathing or covering on a deck. Oregon pine, yellow pine, and
teak are most commonly used. The seams between the planks should be thoroughly calked.

Deck Plating: A term applied to the steel plating of a deck.

Deck Stringer: The strip of deck plating that runs along the outer edge of a deck.

Deep Floors: A term applied to the floors at the ends of a ship which are deeper than the standard depth of floor at
amidships.

Deep Tanks: Tanks extending from the bottom or inner bottom of a vessel up to or higher than the lowest deck. They
are fitted with hatches so that they also may be used for cargo.

Deep Waterline: The waterline at which the vessel floats when carrying the maximum allowable load.

Depth Molded: The vertical distance from the molded base line to the top of the uppermost strength deck beam at
side, measured at midlength of the vessel.

Derrick: A device consisting of a kingpost, boom with topping lift, and necessary rigging for hoisting heavy weights,
cargo, etc.

Diagonal Line: A line cutting the body plan diagonally from the centerline, representing a plane introduced for line
fairing purposes.

Dished Plates: Plates, generally of circular shape, which have been furnaced or pressed into a concave form.

Displacement: The weight of fluid displaced by a freely floating and unrestrained vessel, the weight of which exactly
equals the weight of the vessel and everything on board at the time the displacement is recorded. Displacement is
expressed in tons.

Displacement Curves: Curves drawn to give the displacement of the vessel at varying drafts. Usually these curves are
drawn to show the displacement in either salt or fresh water, or in both.
Displacement, Designed: The displacement of a vessel when floating at her designed draft.

Displacement, Full Load: The displacement of a vessel when floating at her greatest allowable draft as established by
the classification societies.

Displacement, Light: The displacement of the vessel complete with all items of outfit, equipment, and machinery on
board but excluding all cargo, fuel, water, stores, passengers, dunnage, and the crew and their effects.

Dock: A basin for the reception of vessels. Wet docks are utilized for the loading and unloading of ships. Dry docks
are utilized for the construction or repair of ships.

Dockyard: A shipyard or plant where ships are constructed or repaired.

Dog: A short metal rod or bar fashioned to form a clamp or clip ,and used for holding watertight doors, manholes, or
pieces of work in place.

Dog Shores: Diagonal braces placed to prevent the sliding ways from moving when the shores and keel blocks are
removed before launching. Dog shores are the last timbers to be knocked away at a launching.

Dolly Bar: A heavy steel bar used to hold against the heads of rivets while the points are being clinched when the
space is not sufficient to permit the use of a regular holding-on tool.

Dolphin: A term applied to several piles that are bound together, situated either at the corner of a pier or out in the
stream and used for docking and warping vessels. Also applied to single piles and bollards on piers that are used in
docking and warping.

Donkey Engine: A small gas, steam, or electric auxiliary engine set on deck and used for lifting, etc.

Door, Airtight: A door so constructed that when dosed it will prevent the passage of air under a small pressure. Used
on air locks to boiler rooms under forced draft and in similar locations.

Door Frame: The frame surrounding a door opening on which the door seats.

Door, Joiner: A light door fitted to staterooms and quarters where air and watertightness is not required. Made of
wood, light metal, and metal-covered wood. Metal joiner doors with pressed panels are extensively used.

Door, Watertight: A door so constructed that, when dosed, it will prevent water under pressure from passing
through. A common type consists of a steel plate, around the edges of which a frame of angle bar is fitted, having a
strip of rubber attached to the reverse side of the flange that is fastened to the door plate. The strip of rubber is
compressed against the toe of the flange of an angle iron door frame by dogs or clamps.

Door, Weathertight: A term applied to outside doors on the upper decks which are designed to keep out the rain and
spray.

Double Bottom: A term applied to the space between the inner and outer skins of a vessel called respectively the
"inner bottom" and "shell," usually extending from bilge to bilge and for nearly the whole length of the vessel fore
and aft, and subdivided into water or oil tight compartments.

Doubling Plate: An extra plate secured to the original plating for additional strength or to compensate for an opening
in the structure.

Dowel: A pin of wood or metal inserted in the edge or face of two boards or pieces to secure them together.

Draft, Draught: The depth of the vessel below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull,
propellers, or other reference point. When measured to the lowest projecting portion of the vessel, it is called the
"draft, extreme"; when measured at the bow, it is called "draft, forward"; and when measured at the stern, the
"draft, aft" ; the average of the draft, forward, and the draft, aft, is the "draft, mean," and the mean draft when in
full load condition is the "draft, load."

Draft Marks: The numbers which are placed on each side of a vessel near the bow and stern, and often also
amidships, to indicate the distance from the number to the bottom of the keel or a fixed reference point. These
numbers are six inches high, are spaced twelve inches bottom to bottom vertically, and are located as close to the
bow and stern as possible.

Drag: The designed excess of draft, aft, over that forward, measured from the designer's waterline. The drag is
constant and should not be confused with trim.

Drift: When erecting the structure of a ship and rivet holes in the pieces to be connected are not concentric; the
distance that they are out of line is called the drift. This should be corrected by reaming the holes, but common
practice, which is prohibited, is to drive tapered pins, called "drift pins," into the unfair holes to force them into line.

Drift Pin: A conical-shaped pin gradually tapered from a blunt point to a diameter a little larger than the rivet holes in
which it is to be used. The point is inserted in rivet holes that are not fair, and the other end is hammered until the
holes are forced into line.

Dry Dock, Floating: A hollow floating structure of L- or U-shaped cross section, so designed that it may be submerged
to permit floating a vessel into it, and that it may then raise the vessel and itself so that the deck of the dock and
consequently the bottom of the vessel is above the level of the water. The bottom of a floating dry dock consists of
one or more pontoons or rectangular shaped vessels with high wing structure erected on one or both sides
according to whether the section is to be L- or U-shaped. The deck of the pontoon is fitted with stationary keel
blocks and movable bilge blocks which can be pulled under a vessel from the top of the wing structure. Pumps are
fitted in the wings by which the dock can be quickly submerged or raised. Floating dry docks are used for repairing
and painting the underwater portions of vessels and for docking a damaged vessel.

Dry Dock, Graving: A basin excavated at a waterway and connected thereto by gates or a caisson which may be
opened to let a vessel in or out and then closed and the water pumped out. The dock is fitted with stationary keel
blocks and movable bilge blocks, which usually are fitted on rack tracks, allowing them to be pulled under a vessel
before the water is pumped out. Graving docks are common in navy yards, and although more expensive to
construct than floating dry docks, they are practicality permanent and supply a more rigid foundation for supporting
a ship. The gate of a graving dry dock is usually a caisson which is a complete vessel in itself, having a strong
rectangular shaped keel and end I posts which bear against the bottom sill and side, ledges at the entrance of the dry
dock. The caisson is designed so that its draft may be adjusted by water ballast until it bears against the sill and
ledges and is equipped with flood valves and power pumps to make this adjustment. When a ship is to be docked,
sluice valves in the caisson or in the dock structure are opened until the water in the dock reaches the same level as
the water outside. The caisson is then floated to one side, allowing a vessel to enter the dock. The caisson is then
floated back to close the entrance, completely separating the basin from the waterway, and after the vessel is lined
up over the keel blocks the water is pumped out of the dry dock.

Dry Dock, Railway: A railway dock consists of tracks built on an incline on a strong foundation and extending from a
distance in-shore sufficient to allow docking a vessel of the maximum size for which the dock is built, to a distance
under water sufficient to allow the same vessel to enter the cradle. The cradle running on the tracks may be of wood
or steel fitted with keel and bilge blocks and sufficiently weighted to keep it on the track when in the water. A
hoisting engine with a winding drum or wild-cat is fitted at the in-shore end of the railway which operates the cradle
by a cable or chain. This type of dry dock is used for docking small ships. It is commonly called a "marine railway."

Dunnage: Any material, such as blocks, boards, paper, burlap, etc., necessary for the safe stowage of stores and
cargo.

Dutchman: A piece of wood or steel fitted into an opening to cover up poor joints or crevices caused by poor
workmanship.
Edge, Sight: That edge of a strake of plating which laps outside another strake and is, therefore, in plain sight.

Elbow-EIl: A pipe fitting that makes an angle between adjacent pipes, always 90 degrees unless another angle is
stated.

Electrode: Either a positive or negative pole or terminal in an electric circuit; rod used to make an electric weld.

Engine Room: Space where the main engines of a ship are located.

Entrance: The forward underwater portion of a vessel at or near the bow. The angle formed between the center line
of the ship and the tangent to the designed waterline is called the angle of entrance.

Equilibrium, Neutral: The state of equilibrium in which a vessel inclined from its original position of rest by an
external force tends to maintain the inclined position assumed after that force has ceased to act.

Equilibrium, Stable: The state of equilibrium in which a vessel inclined from its original position of rest by an external
force tends to return to its original position after that force has ceased to act.

Equilibrium, Unstable: The state of equilibrium in which a vessel inclined from its original position of rest by an
external force tends to depart farther from the inclined position assumed after that force has ceased to act.

Erection: The process of hoisting into place and joining the various parts of a ship's hull, machinery, etc.

Evaporator: An auxiliary for supplying fresh water, consisting of a salt water chamber heated by coils or nests of
tubing through which live steam is circulated, converting the water into steam which is passed to a condenser or
distiller to make up loss of boiler feed water or for other purposes requiring fresh water.

Even Keel: When a boat rides on an even keel, its plane of flotation is either coincident with or parallel to the
designed waterline.

Expansion Joint: A term applied to a joint which permits linear movement to take up the expansion and contraction
due to changing temperature or ship movement.

Expansion Tanks: Overflow tanks used to provide for expansion, overflow, and replenishment of oil in stowage or
cargo tanks.

Expansion Trunk: A trunk extending above a hold which is intended for stowage of liquid cargo. The surface of the
cargo liquid is kept sufficiently high in the trunk to permit of expansion' of the liquid without danger of excessive
strain on the hull or of overflowing, and of contraction of the liquid without increase of the free surface and its
accompanying effect upon the stability of the vessel.

Extra Strong: The correct term or name applied to a certain class of pipe which is heavier than standard pipe and not
as heavy as double extra strong pipe. Often, but less correctly, called extra heavy pipe.

Eye: A hole through the head of a pin, bolt, etc., or a loop forming a hole or opening through which something is
intended to pass, such as a hook, pin, shaft, or rope.

Eye Bolt: A bolt having either a head looped to form a worked eye or a solid head with a hole drilled through it
forming a shackle eye.

Eyes: The forward end of the space below the upper deck of a ship which lies next abaft the stem where the sides of
the ship approach very near to each other. The hawsepipes are usually run down through the eyes of a ship.
Fabricate: To shape, assemble, and secure in place the component parts in order to form a complete whole. To
manufacture.

Face Plate: A flat plate fitted perpendicular to the web and welded to the web plate, or welded or riveted to the
flange or flanges of a frame, beam stiffener, or girder to balance the continuous plating attached to the opposite
flange of the member.

Fair Curves: Curves which do not in any portions of their entire lengths show such changes of direction as to mark
those portions as out of harmony in any respect with the curves as a whole or with the other portions of the curves.

Fair or Fair Up: To so draw the lines of a vessel that the defined surfaces will show no irregularities throughout their
entire extent. To line up the frames of a vessel under construction to their proper position. Rivet holes are said to be
fair when corresponding holes in the members joined are concentric.

Fairleader: A fitting or device used to preserve or to change the direction of a rope, chain, or wire so that it will be
delivered fairly or on a straight lead to a sheave or drum without the introduction of extensive friction. Fairleaders,
or fairleads, are fixtures as distinguished from temporary block rigs.

Fairwater: A term applied to plating fitted to form a shape similar to a frustum of a cone around the ends of shaft
tubes and strut barrels to prevent an abrupt change in the streamlines. Also applied to any casting or plating fitted to
the hull of a vessel for the purpose of preserving a smooth flow of water.

Fall: The entire length of rope used in a tackle. The end secured to the block is called the standing part, the opposite
end, the hauling part.

Fantail: The overhanging stern section of vessels which have round or elliptical after endings to uppermost decks
and which extend well abaft the after perpendicular.

Fast: A rope or chain used to moor a vessel to a wharf, designated in accordance with the end of the boat with
which it is used as bow-fast or stern-fast. See Painter.

Fathom: A nautical unit of length used in measuring cordage, chains, depths, etc. The length varies in different
countries, being six feet in the United States and in Great Britain.

Fender: The term applied to various devices fastened to or hung over the sides of a vessel to prevent rubbing or
chafing against other vessels or piers. On small craft, as tug boats fenders of timber faced with hardwood or flat steel
plate, or of steel structure run fore and aft on the outside of the vessel above the waterline and are firmly secured to
the hull. Wood spars, bundles of rope, woven cane, or rope covered cork are hung over the sides by lines when
permanent fenders are not fitted.

Fid: A wood or metal bar used to support the weight of a topmast or a top gallant mast when in position, being
passed through a hole or mortise at its heel and resting on the trestle trees or other support. Also a hardwood
tapering pin or tool, used by sail makers and riggers to open the strands of a rope, eye, grommet, etc. A "hand fid" is
rounded at the end; a "standing or cringle fid" is larger than a hand fid and has a flat base.

Fidley: Framework built around a weather deck hatch through which the smoke pipe passes.

Fidley Dee: A partially raised deck over the engine and boiler rooms, usually around the smokestack.

Fidley Hatch: Hatch around smokestack and uptake.

Fife Rail; Pin Rail: A term applied to a rail worked around a mast and fitted with holes to take belaying pins for
securing the running gears.

Fillet: A term applied to the l1letal filling in the bosom or concave corners where abrupt changes in direction occur
in the surface of a casting, forging, or weldment.
Fin: A projecting keel. A thin plane of metal projecting from the hull, etc.

Fixed Light: A thick glass, usually circular in shape, fitted in a frame fixed in an opening in a ship's side, deck house,
or bulkhead to provide access for light. The fixed light is not hinged. Often incorrectly called a dead light.

Flagstaff: Flag pole, usually at the stern of a ship; carries the ensign.

Flange: The turned edge of a plate or girder which acts to resist bending. The turned edge of a plate or shape for
tying in intersecting structural members. A casting or forging attached to or worked integral with a pipe to form a
disk, normal to the axis of an exterior to the pipe, for connecting lengths of pipe.

Flare: The spreading out from the central vertical plane of the body of a ship with increasing rapidity as the section
rises from the water line to the rail. Also a night distress signal.

Flat: A small partial deck, built without camber.

Floating Power: The sum of the utilized and the reserve buoyancy of a vessel, or the displacement of the completely
watertight portion of the vessel when fully submerged. The utilized buoyancy is that buoyancy required to support
the weight of the vessel.

Floodable Length: The length of vessel which may be flooded without sinking her below her safety or margin line.
The value of the floodable length of a given vessel varies from point to point throughout her length due to change in
form. Similarly at a given point it varies from time to time, depending upon the condition of loading and the
permeability of the cargo.

Floor: A plate used vertically in the bottom of a ship running athwartship from bilge to bilge usually on every frame
to deepen it., In wood ships the lowest frame timber or the one crossing the keel is called the floor.

Flukes: The palms or broad holding portions at the arm extremities of an anchor, which penetrate the ground.

Fore: A term used in indicating portions or that part of a ship at or adjacent to the bow. Also applied to that portion
and parts of the ship lying between the midship section and stem; as, fore body, fore hold, and foremast.

Fore and Aft: Lengthwise of a ship.

Forecastle: A short structure at the forward end of a vessel formed by carrying up the ship's shell plating a deck
height above the level of her uppermost complete deck and fitting a deck over the length of this structure. The name
applied to the crew's quarters on a merchant ship when they are in the fore part of the vessel.

Forefoot: The lower end of a vessel's stem which is stepped on the keel. That point in the forward end of the keel
about which the boat pivots in an endwise launching.

Fore Peak: The extreme forward end of the vessel below decks. The forward trimming tank.

Forward: In the direction of the stem.

Forward Perpendicular: A line perpendicular to the base line and intersecting the forward side of the stem at the
designed waterline.

Foul: A term applied to the underwater portion of the outside of a vessel's shell when it is more or less covered with
sea growth or foreign matter. It has been found that even an oily film over the vessel's bottom will retard the speed,
while sea growth will reduce a vessel's propulsive efficiency to a large extent. Also, obstructed or impeded by an
interference, etc.

Found: To fit and bed firmly. Also, equipped.

Founder: To sink as the result of entrance of water.


Frame: A term generally used to designate one of the transverse ribs that make up the skeleton of a ship. The
frames act as stiffeners, holding the outside plating in shape and maintaining the transverse form of the ship.

Frame, Boss: A frame that is bent to fit around the boss in the way of a stern tube or shaft.

Frame Lines: Molded lines of a vessel as laid out on the mold loft floor for each frame, showing the form and
position of the frames.

Frame Spacing: The fore-and-aft distances between, frames, heel to heel.

Freeboard: The vertical distance from the waterline to the top of the weather deck at side.

Freeing Ports: Holes in the lower portion of a bulwark, which allow deck wash to drain off into the sea. Some freeing
ports have swinging gates which allow water to drain off but which are automatically closed by sea-water pressure.

Furnaced Plate: A plate that requires heating in order to shape it as required.

Furrings: Strips of timber, metal, or boards fastened to frames, joists, etc., in order to bring their faces to the
required shape or level, for attachment of sheathing, ceiling, flooring, etc.

Futtocks: The pieces of timber of which a frame in a wood ship is composed. Starting at the keel they are called the
first futtock, second futtock, third futtock, and so on.

Gaff: A spar to which the top of a fore-and-aft sail is attached. It is usually fitted with a jaw at the mast end to clasp
the mast.

Gage, Draft: An installation comprising a graduated glass tube, connected at the bottom end with the sea and with
the top end open to the air, on which the draft of the vessel is shown by the level of the water in the tube.

Galley: The space on a vessel in which the food is prepared and cooked.

Gangboard, Gangplank: A term applied to boards or a movable platform used in transferring passengers or cargo
from a vessel to or from a dock.

Gangway: The term applied to a place of exit from a vessel. Gangways are fitted in the sides of a vessel in the shape
of ports requiring means of closure or may be movable portions of bulwarks or railing on the weather decks.

Gantline or GirtIine: A rope reeving through a single block aloft and used for hoisting or lowering, rigging, drying
clothing and hammocks, etc.

Garboard: The strakes of outside plating next to the keel. These strakes act in conjunction with the keel and are
usually thicker than the other bottom strakes.

Gear: A comprehensive term in general use on shipboard signifying the total of all implements, apparatus,
mechanism, machinery, etc., appertaining to and employed in the performance of any given operation, as " cleaning
gear," " steering gear," " anchor gear ," etc.

Gib: A metal fitting to hold a member in place or press two members together, to afford a wearing or bearing
surface, or to provide a means of taking up wear.

Gimbals: A device by which a ships compass, chronometer, etc, is suspended so as to remain in a constant horizontal
position irrespective of the rolling or pitching of the vessel. It consists of two concentric brass hoops or rings whose
diameters are pivoted at right angles to each other on knife-edge bearings.

Girders: On ships this term is used to define a structural member which provides support for more closely spaced
members, such as beams, frames, stiffeners, etc., which are at right angles to it and which either rest upon it or are
attached to its web. It may be longitudinal or transverse, continuous, or intercoastal, and is usually supported by
bulkheads and stanchions. The term is also used to designate the longitudinal members in the double bottom.

Girth: The distance measured on any frame line, from the intersection of the upper deck with the side, around the
body of the vessel to the corresponding point on the opposite side.

Gooseneck: A swiveling fitting on the heel or mast end of a boom for connecting the boom to the mast.

Grab, Hand: A metal bar fastened to a bulkhead, house side, or elsewhere, to provide means of steadying a person
when the ship rolls or pitches.

Grapnel: An implement having from four to six hooks or prongs, usually four, arranged in a circular manner around
one end of a shank having a ring at its other end. Used as an anchor for small boats, for recovering small articles
dropped overboard, to hook on to lines, and for similar purposes. Also known as a Grappling Hook.

Gratings: A structure of wood or metal bars so arranged as to give a support or footing over an opening, while still
providing spaces between the members for the passage of light and the circulation of air.

Gripe: The sharp forward end of the dished keel on which the stem is fixed. A curved piece of timber joining the
forward end of the keel and the lower end of the cutwater. A lashing, chain, or the like, used to secure small boats in
the chocks and in sea positions in the davits.

Grommet: A wreath or ring of rope. Fiber, usually soaked in red lead or some such substance, and used under the
heads and nuts of bolts to secure tightness. A worked eye in canvas.

Ground Tackle: A general term for all anchors, cables, ropes, etc., used in the operation of mooring and unmooring a
ship.

Groundways: Timbers fixed to the ground and extending fore and aft under the hull on each side of the keel, to form
a broad surface track on which the ship is end-launched. "Groundways" for a side launching embody similar basic
features.

Gudgeons: Lugs cast or forged on the stern post for the purpose of hanging and hinging the rudder. Each is bored to
form a bearing for a rudder pintle and is usually bushed with lignum vitae or white bearing metal.

Gunwale: A term applied to the line where a weather deck stringer intersects the shell. The upper edge of the side
of an open boat.

Gunwale Bar: A term applied to the bar connecting a stringer plate on a weather deck to the sheer strake.

Gusset Plate: A bracket plate lying in a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, plane. The term is often applied to bracket
plates.

Gutter Ledge: A bar laid across a hatchway to support the hatch cover.

Guys: Wire or hemp ropes or chains to support booms, davits, etc., laterally, employed in pairs. Guys to booms that
carry sails are also known as backropes.

Gypsy: A small auxiliary drum usually fitted on one or both ends of a winch or windless. The usual method of hauling
in or slacking off on ropes with the aid of a gypsy is to take one or more turns with the bight of a rope around the
drum and to take in or pay out the slack of the free end.
Half-Breadth Plan: A plan or top view of one half of a ship divided by the middle vertical plane. It shows the
waterlines, cross section lines, bow and buttock lines, and diagonal lines of the ship's form projected on the
horizontal base plane of the ship.

Half Model: A model of one-half of a ship divided along the middle vertical plane.

Halyards: Light lines used in hoisting signals, flags, etc. Also applied to the ropes used in hoisting gaffs, sails, or
yards.

Hamper, Top Hamper: Articles of outfit, especially spars, rigging, etc., above the deck, which, while ordinarily
indispensable, may become in certain emergencies both a source of danger and an inconvenience.

Hard Patch: A plate riveted over another plate to cover a hole or break.

Harpings; Harpins: the fore parts of the wales of a vessel which encompass her bows and are fastened to the stem,
thickened to withstand plunging. The ribbands bent around a vessel under construction to which the cant frames are
temporarily secured to hold them in their proper position.

Hatch, Hatchway: An opening in a deck through which cargo may be handled, machinery or boilers installed or
removed, and access obtained to the decks and holds below. Hatch is properly a cover to a hatchway but is often
used as a synonym for hatchway.

Hatch Bar: A term applied to flat bars used for securing and locking hatch covers. A bar over the hatch for rigging a
tackle.

Hatch Battens: A term applied to flat bars used to fasten and make tight the edges of the tarpaulins that are placed
over hatches. The batten and the edge of the tarpaulin are wedged tightly in closely-spaced cleats.

Hatch Beams: A term applied to the portable beams fitted to the coamings for the purpose of supporting the hatch
covers.

Hatch, Booby: An access hatchway leading from the weather deck to the quarters. A small companion which is
readily removable in one piece. A wooden, hoodlike covering for a hatchway, fitted with a sliding top.

Hatch Carrier: The supports which are attached to· the inside of the coaming to take the ends of the hatch beams.

Hatch Cleats: A term applied to the clips attached to the outside of the hatch coaming for the purpose of holding the
hatch battens and wedges which fasten the edges of the tarpaulin covers.

Hatch Covers or Hatches: Covers for closing the hatchway, in cargo ships usually made of wood planks in sections
that can be handled by the crew. In naval ships, steel hatch covers. The wood cover is made tight against rain and
the sea by stretching one or more tarpaulins over them, secured at the edges by the hatch battens.

Hatch Rests: A term applied to the shelf fitted inside and just below the top of the coaming for the purpose of
supporting the hatch covers.

Hatchway Trunk: A term applied to the space between a lower deck hatchway and the hatchway or hatchways
immediately above it when enclosed by a casing. A trunk may be either watertight or nonwatertight.

Hawse: The hawse hole; also the part of a ship's bow in which the hawse holes for the anchor chains are located.

Hawse Bag: A conical-shaped canvas bag, stuffed with sawdust, oakum, or similar material, and fitted with a lanyard
at apex and base, used for closing the hawse pipes around the chain to prevent shipping water through the pipes;
also called a "jackass," " hawse plug," or " hawse block."

Hawse Bolster: A timber or metal bossing at the ends of a hawse pipe to ease the cable over the edges and to take
the wear.
Hawse Hole: A hole in the bow through which a cable or chain passes.

Hawse Pipes: Tubes leading the anchor chain from the deck on which the windlass is located down and forward
through the vessel's bow plating. Also a term used to describe the advancement of a merchant seaman as in coming
up the Hawsepipe as opposed to academy training.

Hawser: A large rope or a cable used in warping, towing, and mooing.

Head of a Ship: The fore end of a ship which was formerly fitted up for the accommodation of the crew. A term
applied to a toilet on board of a ship. A ship is trimmed by the head when drawing more water forward and less aft
than contemplated in her design.

Heel: The convex intersecting point or corner of the web and flange of a bar. The inclination of a ship to one side,
caused by wind or wave action or by shifting weights on board.

Heel Piece, Heel Bar: A bar that serves as a connecting piece between two bars which butt end-to-end. The flange of
the heel bar is reversed from those of the bars it connects.

Helm: The term applied to the tiller, wheel, or steering gear, and also the rudder.

Hog Frame: A fore-and-aft frame, forming a truss for the main frames of a vessel to prevent bending.

Hogging: A term applied to the distortion of a vessel's hull when her ends drop below their normal position relative
to her midship portion.

Hoist: To raise or elevate by manpower or by the employment of mechanical appliances; any device employed for
lifting weights.

Hold: The space or compartment between the lowermost deck and the bottom of the ship, or top of the inner
bottom if one is fitted. The space below decks allotted for the stowage of cargo.

Hold Beams: Beams in a hold similar to deck beams but having no decking or planking on them.

Home: Close up; snugly in place; as, to drive home a bolt.

Hood: A shelter over a companionway, scuttle, etc. It is generally built of canvas spread over an iron frame. It may
also be constructed of light metal plating.

Horsing: Calking planking with oakum with a large maul or beetle and a wedge-shaped iron.

Housing: A term applied to an enclosure partially or wholly worked around fittings or equipment. That portion of the
mast below the surface of the weather deck. Applied to topmasts, that portion overlapping the mast below.

Hull: The framework of a vessel, together with all decks, deck houses, and the inside and outside plating or planking,
but exclusive of masts, yards, rigging, and all outfit or equipment.

Inboard: Toward the center.

Inboard Profile: A plan representing a longitudinal section through the center of the ship, showing deck heights,
transverse bulkheads, assignment of space, machinery, etc., located on the center plane or between the center and
the shell on the far side.

Initial Stability: The stability of a vessel in the upright position or at small angles of inclination. It is measured by the
metacentric height.

Inner Bottom: A term applied to the inner skin or tank top plating. The plating over the double bottom.
Intercostal: Occurring between ribs, frames, etc. The term is broadly applied, where two members of a ship
intersect, to the one that is cut.

Isherwood System: A system of building ships which employs close spaced, relatively light, longitudinal main framing
supported on widespread transverse members of comparatively great strength instead of transverse main framing.

Jack Ladder: A ladder with wooden steps and side ropes.

Jack rod - A term applied to a pipe or rod to which the edges of awnings or weather cloths are secured.

Jack staff: Flagpole at the bow of a ship.

Jacob's Ladder: A ladder having either fiber or wire rope or chain sides with wood or metal rungs attached at regular
intervals. One end is usually fitted with sister hooks or shackles for hooking on.

Joggled: A term applied where a plate or bar is offset in the way of a lapped joint. The object of the joggle is to
permit a close fit of the attached member without the use of liners under alternate strakes of plating.

Joint, Butt: A term applied where a connection between two pieces of material is made by bringing their ends or
edges together (no overlap) and by welding alone, or by welding, riveting, or bolting each to a strip or strap that
overlaps both pieces.

Joint, Lapped: A term applied where a connection between two pieces of material is made by overlapping the end
or edge of one over the end or edge of the other and by fastening the same by bolts, rivets, or welding.

Journal: That portion of a shaft or other revolving member which transmits weight directly to and is in immediate
contact with the bearing in which it turns.

Jury: A term applied to temporary structures, such as masts, rudders, etc., used in an emergency.

Keel: A center-line strength member running fore and aft along the bottom of a ship and often referred to as the
backbone. It is composed either of long bars or timbers scarfed at their ends or by flat plates connected together by
riveting or welding.

Keel, Bilge: A fin fitted on the bottom of a ship at the turn of the bilge to reduce rolling. It commonly consists of a
plate running fore and aft and attached to the shell plating by angle bars. It materially helps in steadying a ship and
does not add much to the resistance to propulsion when properly located.

Keel, Blocks: Heavy timber blocks piled one above the other on which the keel of a vessel is supported when being
built, or when she is in a dry dock. They are placed under the keel from bow to stern and a sufficient distance apart
to allow working between them.

Keel, Docking: In dry docking, the weight of a ship is usually carried almost entirely on the keel blocks. The keel and
keelson provide the means of distributing the pressure on the center line, and docking keels composed of doubling
strips of plate or a heavier plate or built-up girders are sometimes fitted on the bottom at a distance from the center
line corresponding to the best position for the side keel blocks. The docking keels are fitted in the fore and aft
direction, generally parallel or nearly so to the keel.

Keelson, Vertical Center: The lower centerline girder which, in conjunction with a flat plate keel on the bottom and a
rider plate on top, forms the principal fore-and-aft strength member in the bottom of a ship. In addition to its
importance as a “backbone" or longitudinal strength member, it serves to distribute and equalize the pressure on
the transverse frames and bottom of the ship when grounding or docking occurs. In steel ships this keelson usually
consists of a vertical plate with two angles running along the top and two along the bottom. The girder, however,
may be made up of various combinations of plates and shapes. This member should continue as far forward and aft
as possible. Usually called the Vertical Keel.
King Post: A strong vertical post used to support a derrick boom. See Samson Post.

Knee: A block of wood having a natural angular shape or one cut to a bracket shape and used to fasten and
strengthen the corners of deck openings and the intersections of timbers, and to connect deck beams to the frames
of wood vessels. The term is also applied to the ends of steel deck beams that are split, having one leg turned down
and a piece of plate fitted between the split portion, thus forming a bracket or knee.

Knot: A unit of speed, equaling one nautical mile (6,080.20 feet) an hour, as when a ship goes ten nautical miles per
hour, her speed is ten knots.

Knuckle: An abrupt change in direction of the plating, frames, keel, deck, or other structure of a vessel.

Ladder: A framework consisting of two parallel sides connected by bars or steps which are spaced at intervals
suitable for ascending or descending. On shipboard the term ladder is also applied to staircases and to other
contrivances used in ascending or descending to or from a higher or lower level.

Ladder, Accommodation: A staircase suspended over the side of a vessel from a gangway to a point near the water
to provide easy access to the deck from a small boat alongside.

Ladder, Companion: A staircase fitted as a means of access from a deck to the quarters.

Ladder, Sea: Rungs secured to the side of a vessel to form a ladder from the weather deck to the water.

Lagging: A term applied to the insulating material that it fitted on the outside of boilers, piping, etc.

Landing, Landing Edge: That portion of the edge or end of a plate over which another plate laps. The covered-up
edge.

Lanyard: The present use of this term is generally limited to a piece of rope or line having one end free and the
other attached to any object for the purpose of either near or remote control.

Lap: A term applied to the distance that one piece of material is laid over another; the amount of overlap, as in a
lapped joint.

Launching: A term applied to the operation of transferring a vessel from the building ways into the water. End
launching and side launching methods are employed; the former method is used when the vessel is built at an angle,
usually at right angles, to the waterfront and the vessel is launched stern first, while in side launching the vessel is
built parallel to the waterfront and launched sidewise. In preparing for an end launching, usually groundways made
of heavy timbers are laid with an inclination of about 1/2" to 5/8" to the foot parallel to the center line of the ship
one on either side of the keel, and spaced about one-third of the beam of the vessel apart. These groundways run
the length of the vessel and for some distance out under the water. On top of the groundways are placed the sliding
ways, also heavy timbers, and between these two ways is placed a coating of launching grease. The sliding ways are
prevented from sliding on the greased groundways by a trigger or similar device and dog or dagger shores. Cradles
are built up to fit the form of the vessel, and between the sliding ways and the cradle, wedges are driven and the
weight of the ship thus transferred from the building blocks to the sliding ways. After the building blocks and shores
are removed, the trigger is released and gravity causes the vessel to slide down the inclined ways. In Some cases
hydraulic jacks are set at the upper end of the groundways to exert pressure on the sliding ways to assist in
overcoming initial friction along the ways. A similar procedure is followed in the case of side launchings, except that
more than two groundways are usually used, depending on the length of the ship, and the inclination of the ways is
steeper.

Laying Off: Is a term applied to the work done by a loftsman in laying off the ship's lines to full size in the mold loft
and making templates therefrom. Also known as laying down.

Laying Out: Placing the necessary instructions on plates and shapes for shearing, planing, punching, bending,
flanging, beveling, rolling, etc., from templates made in the mold loft or taken from the ship.
Leading Edge: That edge of a propeller blade which cuts the water when the screw is revolving in the ahead
direction. That edge of a rudder, diving plane, or strut arm which faces toward the bow of the ship.

Length between Perpendiculars: The length of a ship measured from the forward side of the stem to the aft side of
the stern post at the height of the designed water line. In naval practice, the total length on the designed water line.

Length Over All: The length of a ship measured from the foremost point of the stem to the aftermost part of the
stern.

Lift a Template: To construct a template to the same size and shape as the part of the ship involved, from either the
mold loft lines or from the ship itself, from which laying out of material for fabrication may be performed.

Lifting: Transferring marks and measurements from a drawing, model, etc., to a plate or other object, by templates
or other means.

Light, Port: An opening in a ship's side, provided with a glazed lid or cover.

Lightening Hole: A hole cut out of any structural member, as in the web, where very little loss of strength will occur.
These holes reduce the weight and in many cases serve as access holes. This condition is particularly true in floor
plates and longitudinals in double bottom.

Lighter: A full-bodied, heavily-built craft, usually not self-propelled, used in bringing merchandise or cargo alongside
or m transferring same from a vessel.

Limber Chains: Chains passing through the limber holes of a vessel, by which they may be cleaned of dirt.

Limber Hole: A hole or slot in a frame or plate for the purpose of preventing water from collecting. Most frequently
found in floor plates just above the frames and near the center line of the ship.

Line: A general term for a rope of any size used for various purposes: small cords such as log line, lead line, or small
stuff as marlin, ratline, houseline, etc.

Liner: A piece of metal used for the purpose of filling up a space between a bar and a plate or between two plates;
filler.

Lines: The plans of a ship that show its form. From the lines drawn full size on the mold loft floor are made
templates for the various parts of the hull.

List: The deviation of a vessel from the upright position, due to bilging, shifting of cargo, or other cause.

Load Line: The line 18 inches long and 1 inch wide on each side of the ship at the midship section, which indicates
the maximum draft to which the ship may be loaded.

Locker: A storage compartment on a ship.

Loftsman: A man who lays off the ship's lines to full size in the mold loft and makes templates therefrom.

Longitudinals: A term applied to the fore-and-aft frames in the bottom of a ship. These frames are usually made up
from plates and shapes and are sometimes intercoastal and sometimes continuous.

Louver: A small opening to permit the passage of air for the purpose of ventilation, which may be partially or
completely closed by the operation of overlapping shutters.
Magazine: Spaces or compartments devoted to the stowage of ammunition. Often specifically applied to
compartments for the stowage of powder as a distinction from shell stowage spaces.

Main Body: The hull proper, without the deck houses, etc.

Main Deck: The principal deck of the hull, usually the highest extending from stem to stern and providing strength to
the main hull.

Manger: A term applied to the manger-like space immediately forward of the manger plate which is fitted just abaft
the hawsepipes to prevent water entering through the pipes from running aft over the deck.

Manhole: A round or oval hole cut in decks, tanks, boilers, etc., for the purpose of providing access.

Manifold: A casting or chest containing several valves. Suction or discharge pipes from or to the various
compartments, tanks, and pumps are led to it, making it possible for a pump to draw from or deliver to anyone of
several compartments.

Margin Plank: A plank forming the boundary or margin of the deck planking.

Margin Plate: The outer boundary of the inner bottom, connecting it to the shell plating at the bilge.

Marine Railway: See dry dock, railway.

Marline Spike: A pointed iron or steel tool used to separate the strands in splicing rope, and as a lever in marling or
putting on seizings. The wire rope spike has a flat, rounded end and the manila rope spike has a sharp point.

Marlin: A double-threaded, left-handed tarred cord, about 1/8" diameter, made of a good grade of American hemp.

Mast: A long pole of steel or wood, usually circular in section, one or more of which are usually located, in an
upright position, on the center line of a ship. Originally intended for carrying sails, they are now used more as
supports for the rigging, cargo and boat-handling gear and wireless equipment.

Mast Collar: A piece of wood or a steel shape formed into a ring and fitted around the mast hole in a deck.

Mast Hounds: The upper portion of the mast at which the outrigger or trestle trees are fitted. Also applied to that
portion at which the hound band for attaching the shrouds is fitted on masts with out outrigger or trestle trees.

Mast Partners: A term applied to wood planking or steel plating worked around a mast hole to give side support to
the mast.

Mast, Step: A term applied to the foundation art which a mast is erected.

Mast Table: See Boom Table.

Messroom: A space or compartment where members of the crew eat their meals; a dining room.

Midship Beam: A deck beam located at the midpoint between the forward and after perpendiculars. Also applicable
to the transverse dimension of the hull at the same point.

Midship Frame: The frame located at the midpoint between the perpendiculars.

Midship Section: The vertical transverse section located at the midpoint between the forward and after
perpendiculars. Usually this is the largest section of the ship in area. Also, applied to a drawing showing the contour
of the mid ship frame upon which is depicted all the structural members at that point with information as to their
size and longitudinal extent.

Midships: Same as Amidships.


Mitered: Cut to an angle of 45 degrees or two pieces joined to make a right angle.

Mock Up: To build up of wood or light material to scale or full size a portion of the ship before actual fabrication of
the steel work. Used to study arrangement, methods of fabrication, workability, etc.

Mold: A pattern or template. Also a shape of metal or wood over or in which an object may be hammered or
pressed to fit.

Molded Line: A datum line from which is determined the exact location of the various parts of a ship. It may be
horizontal and straight as the molded base line, of curved as a molded deck line or a molded frame line. These lines
are determined in the design of a vessel and adhered to throughout the construction. Molded lines are those laid
down in the mold loft.

Molded Edge: The edge of a ship’s frame which comes in contact with the skin, and is represented in the drawings.

Mold Loft: A space used for laying down the lines of a vessel to actual size and making templates therefrom for
laying out the structural work entering into the hull.

Mooring: A term applied to the operation of anchoring a vessel in a harbor, securing her to a mooring buoy, or to a
wharf or dock by means of chains or ropes.

Mooring Lines: The chains or ropes used to tie up a ship.

Mooring Pipe: An opening through which mooring lines pass.

Mortise: A hole cut in any material to receive the end or tenon of another piece.

Motorship: A ship driven by some form of internal combustion engine. Not generally applied to small boats driven
by gasoline engines which are usually called motorboats.

Mushroom Ventilator: A ventilator whose top is shaped like a mushroom and fitted with baffle plates so as to
permit the passage of air and prevent the entrance of rain or spray. Located on or above a weather deck to furnish
ventilation to compartments below deck.

Nautical Mile: See knot.

Nibbing Plank: A margin plank that is notched to take the ends of regular deck planks and insure good calking of the
joint.

Niggerhead: A small auxiliary drum on a winch. See Gypsy.

Norman Pin: A metal pin fitted in a towing post or bitt for belaying the line.

Nosing: The parts of a stair tread which projects beyond the face of the riser.

Oakum: A substance made from soft vegetable fiber such as hemp and jute impregnated with pine tar. It is
principally used for calking the planking on wood decks of steel vessels and for calking all the planking on wood ships
where watertightness is desired. It is also used for calking around pipes.

Offsets: A term used by draftsmen and loftsmen for the coordinates in ship curves. Also applied to joggles in plates
and shapes of structural shapes.

Oiltight: Having the property of resisting the passage of oil.


Old Man: A heavy bar of iron or steel bent in the form of a Z used to hold a portable drill. One leg is bolted or
clamped to the work to be drilled and the drill head is placed under the other leg which holds down the drill to its
work.

On Board: On or in a ship; aboard.

On Deck: On the weather deck, in the open air.

Orlop Deck: The term formerly applied to the lowest deck in a ship; now practically obsolete.

Outboard: Away from the center toward the outside; outside the hull.

Outboard Profile: A plan showing the Longitudinal exterior of the starboard side of a vessel, together with all deck
erections, stacks, masts, yards, rigging, rails, etc.

Outer Bottom: A term applied to the bottom shell plating in a double-bottom ship.

Overboard: Outside over the side of a ship into the water.

Overhang: That portion of a vessel's bow or stern which projects beyond a perpendicular at the waterline.

Overhaul: To repair or put in proper condition for operation; to overtake or close up the distance between one ship
and another ship moving in the same direction.

Packing: A general term applied to a yielding material employed to affect a tight joint, also called gasket material.

Pad Eye: A fitting having one or more eyes integral with a plate or base to provide ample means of securing and to
distribute the strain over a wide area. The eyes may be either "worked" or "shackle." Also known as lug pads,
hoisting pads, etc.

Painter: A length of rope secured at the bow of a small boat for use in towing or for making it fast. Called also a
bow-fast.

Palm: The fluke, or more exactly, the flat inner surface of the fluke of an anchor; a sailmaker's protector for the
hand, used when sewing canvas; a flat surface at the end of a strut or stanchion for attachment to plating, beams, or
other structural member.

Panting: The pulsation in and out of the bow and stern plating as the ship alternately rises and plunges deep into the
water.

Panting Beams: The transverse beams that tie the panting frames together.

Panting Frames: The frames in the fore peak, usually extra heavy to withstand the panting action of the shell plating.

Paravane: The Paravane is a special type of water kite which, when towed with wire rope from a fitting on the
forefoot of a vessel, operates to ride out from the ship's side and deflect mines which are moored in the path of the
vessel, and to cut them adrift so that they will rise to the surface where they may be seen and destroyed.

Parcelling: Narrow strips of canvas which are tarred and wound around ropes, following the lay and overlapping in
order to shed water. The parcelling is applied after worming, preparatory to serving.

Partners: Similar pieces of steel plate, angles, or wood timbers used to strengthen and support the mast where it
passes through a deck, or placed between deck beams under machinery bed plates for added support.

Pawl: A term applied to a short piece of metal so hinged as to engage in teeth or depressions of a revolving
mechanism for the purpose of preventing recoil. Fitted to capstans, windlasses, etc. Also called Pall.
Paying: The operation of filling the seams of a wood deck, after the calking had been inserted, with pitch, marine
glue, etc. Also applied to the operation of slackening away on a rope or chain.

Peak, fore and after: The space at the extreme bow or stern of a vessel below the decks.

Peak Tank: Compartments at the extreme fore and aft ends of the ship for any use either as void spaces or as
trimming tanks. When used for the latter purpose, water is introduced to change the trim of the vessel.

Peen: To round off or shape an object, smoothing out burrs and rough edges.

Pelican Hook: A type of quick releasing hook used at the lower end of shrouds, on boat grips, and in similar work
where fast work may be necessary.

Period of Roll: The time occupied in performing one double oscillation or roll of a vessel as from port to starboard
and back to port.

Periscope: An instrument used for observing objects from a point below the object lens. It consists of a tube fitted
with an object lens at the top, an eye piece at the bottom and a pair of prisms or mirrors which change the direction
of the line of sight. Mounted in such a manner that it may be rotated to cover all or a part of the horizon or sky and
fitted with a scale graduated to permit of taking bearings, it is used by submarines to take observations when
submerged.

Pillar: A vertical member or column giving support to a deck. Also called a stanchion.

Pilot House: A house designed for navigational purposes. It is usually located forward of the midship section and so
constructed as to command an unobstructed view in all directions except directly aft along the center line of the
vessel where the smoke-stack usually interferes.

Pin, BeIaying: A small iron or tough wood pin, made with a head, shoulder, and shank. It is fitted in holes in a rail and
is used in belaying or making fast the hauling parts of light running gear, signal halyards, etc.

Pintles: A term applied to the pins or bolts which hinge the rudder to the gudgeons on the stern post.

Pitch: A term applied to the distance a propeller will advance during one revolution, the distance between the
centers of the teeth of a gear wheel, the axial advance of one convolution of the thread on a screw, the spacing of
rivets, etc. Also applied to pine tar, asphalt and coal pitch used in paying seam of a deck.

Pitching: The alternate rising and falling motion of a vessel's bow in a nearly vertical plane as she meets the crests
and troughs of the waves.

Pitting: The localized corrosion of iron and steel in spots, usually caused by irregularities in surface finish, and
resulting in small indentations or pits.

Pivoting Point: That point during the progress of a launching at which the moment of buoyancy about the fore
poppet equals the moment of the vessel's weight. At this point the stern begins to lift and the vessel pivots about
the fore poppet. Also the point about which the ship appears to rotate when it is making a turn.

Plan: A drawing prepared for use in building a ship.

Paneling: Wood covering for decks, etc. The shell of wood boats.

Platform: A partial deck.

Plating, Shell: The plating forming the outer skin of a vessel. In addition to constituting a watertight envelope to the
hull, it contributes largely to the strength of the vessel.
Plimsoll Mark: A mark painted on the sides of a vessel designating the depth to which the vessel may, under the
maritime laws, be loaded in different bodies of water during various seasons of the year.

Pontoon: A scow-shaped boat used in connection with engineering and military operations such as transporting
men and equipment, bridge construction, supports for temporary bridges, salvage work etc. Also applied to
cylindrical air and watertight tanks or floats used in salvage operations.

Poop, Poop Deck: The structure or raised deck at the after end of a vessel.

Poppets: Those pieces of timber which are fixed perpendicularly between the ship's bottom and the bilgeways at
the foremost and aftermost parts of the ship, to support it when being launched. They are parts of the cradle.

Port: The left-hand side of a ship when looking from aft forward. Also an opening.

Port, Air: See air port.

Port Gangway: An opening in the side plating, planking, or bulwark for the purpose of providing access through
which people may board or leave the ship or through which cargo may be handled.

Porthole: See air port.

Proof Strain: The test load applied to anchors, chains, or other parts, fittings, or structure to demonstrate proper
design and construction and satisfactory material.

Proof Strength: The proof strength of a material, part, or structure is the strength which it has been proved by test
to possess.

Propeller: A propulsive device consisting of a boss or hub carrying, radial blades, from two to four in number. The
rear or driving faces of the blades form portions of an approximately helical surface, the axis of which is the center
line of the propeller shaft.

Propeller Aperture: The opening in the stern frame of single-screw ships for the propeller.

Propeller Arch: The arched section of the stern frame above the propeller.

Propeller Guard: A framework fitted somewhat below the deck line on narrow, high-speed vessels with large screws,
so designed as to overhang and thus protect, the tips of the propeller blades.

Propeller Thrust: The effort delivered by a propeller in pushing a vessel ahead.

Prow: An archaic term for the bow of a ship.

Puddening, Pudding: Pads constructed of old rope, canvas, oakum, etc., sometimes leather covered, in any desired
shape and size and used to prevent chafing of boats, rigging, etc., and on the stem of a boat to lessen the force of a
shock.

Punch: A machine for punching holes in plates and shapes.

Punch, Prick: A small punch used to transfer the holes from the template to the plate. Also called a "center punch."

Purchase: Any mechanical advantage which increases the power applied.

Quarter: The upper part of a vessel's sides near the stern; also portions of the vessel's sides about midway between
the stern and midlength and between midlength and the stern. The part of a yard just outside the slings.

Quarters: Living spaces for passengers or personnel. It includes staterooms, dining salons, mess rooms, lounging
places, passages connected with the foregoing, etc.; individual stations for personnel for fire or boat drill, etc.
Quay: An artificial wall or bank, usually of stone, made toward the sea or at the side of a harbor or river for
convenience in loading and unloading vessels.

Rabbet: A groove, depression, or offset in a member into which the end or edge of another member is fitted,
generally so that the two surfaces are flush. A rabbet in the stern or keel would take the ends or edges of the
planking or shell plating.

Racking: Deformation of the section of a ship, generally applied to a transverse section, so that one set of diagonals
in the plane of action is shortened while those at right angles thereto are lengthened.

Radio Room: A room, usually sound-proofed, used for sending and receiving radio messages.

Raft, Life: A frame work fitted with air chambers to support a number of people in case of accidents. Carried on deck
and light enough to be handled without mechanical means.

Rail: The upper edge of the bulwarks. Also applied to the tiers of guard rods running between the top rail and the
deck where bulwarks are not fitted.

Rake: A term applied to the fore and aft inclination from the vertical of a mast, smokestack, stempost, etc.

Range, Galley: The stove, situated in the galley, which is used to cook the food. The heat may be generated by coal,
fuel oil, or electricity.

Rat Guard: A dished, circular piece of metal made in two parts and fitted closely on hawsers and lines to prevent
rats boarding or leaving a ship while at a dock or wharf. The concave side is placed toward the shore to prevent
boarding and the guard is reversed to prevent rats leaving the ship.

Ratlines: Short lengths of ratline stuff secured to the shrouds parallel to the waterline and serving as ladder rungs
for the crew to ascend or descend.

Reaming: Enlarging a hole by the means of revolving in it a cylindrical slightly tapered tool with cutting edges
running along its sides.

Reduction Gear: An arrangement of shafts and gears such that the number of revolutions of the output shaft is less
than of the input shaft - generally used between a motor or a steam turbine shaft and the propeller shaft.

Reeving: The act of passing the end of a rope or chain through an opening, as passing a rope through a block.

Reverse Frame: An angle bar or other shape riveted to the inner edge of a transverse frame to reinforce it.

Ribhand: A fore-and-aft wooden strip or heavy batten used to support the transverse frames temporarily after
erection.

Ribs: A term applied to the transverse frames of a boat.

Ride: To float in a buoyant manner while being towed or lying at anchor.

Rider Plate: A continuous flat plate attached to the top of a center line vertical keel in a horizontal position. It’s
under side is attached to the floors, and when an inner bottom is fitted, it forms the center strake.

Rigging: A term used collectively for all the ropes and chains employed to support the masts, yards, and booms of a
vessel, and to operate the movable parts of same.

Rise of Bottom: See deadrise.

Riser: The upright board of a stair. A pipe extending vertically and having side branches.
Rivet: A metal pin used for connecting two or more pieces of material by inserting it into holes punched or drilled in
the pieces and upsetting one or both ends. The end that bears a finished shape is called the head and the end upon
which some operation is performed after its insertion is called the point. Small rivets are "driven cold," i.e., without
heating, and large ones are heated so that points may be formed by hammering.

Riveting: The art of fastening two pieces of material together by means of rivets.

Riveting, Chain: A term applied to an arrangement of the rivets in adjoining rows where the centers of the rivets are
opposite each other and on a line perpendicular to the joint.

Riveting, Staggered or Zig-Zag: A term applied to an arrangement of the rivets in adjoining rows where the rivets in
alternate rows are one-half the pitch or spacing ahead of those in the other rows.

Rivets, Line of: A term applied to a continuous line of rivets whose centers fall on a line perpendicular to the joint.

Rivets, Row of: A term applied to a continuous row of rivets whose centers fall on a line parallel to the joint. Joints
made by one row of rivets are known as single-riveted joints; by two rows, as double-riveted joints; by three rows, as
treble-riveted joints; by four rows, as quadruple-riveted joints; etc.

Roll: Motion of the ship from side to side, alternately raising and lowering each side of the deck.

Rolling Chocks: Same as keel, bilge.

Rope: The product resulting from twisting a fibrous material, such as manila, hemp, flax, cotton, coir, etc., into yarns
or threads which in turn are twisted into strands and several of these are laid up together. Fiber rope is designated
as to size by its circumference. Wire rope is made of iron, steel, or bronze wires, with or without a fiber core or
heart, twisted like yarns to form strands which are laid up to form the rope. Wire rope is designated as to size both
by its diameter and by its circumference.

Rope Lay: The direction in which a rope is twisted up.

Rope, Ridge: A rope running through the eyes at the heads of the awning stanchions to which the edge of an awning
is hauled out and stopped. The term “center ridge rope” is applied to the rope supporting the center of an awning.

Rope Worming: Filling in the contlines of a rope with marline. The marline should run with the lay of the rope.

Rubbing Strip: A plate riveted to the bottom of the keel to afford protection in docking and grounding. A strip
fastened to the face of a fender or to the shell plating where contact is likely to occur.

Rudder: A device used in steering or maneuvering a vessel. The most common type consists of a flat slab of metal or
wood, hinged at the forward end to the stern or rudder post. When made of metal, it may be built up from plates,
shapes, and castings, with or without wood filling, or it may be a casting. The rudder is attached to a vertical shaft
called the rudder stock, by which it is turned from side to side.

Rudder, Balanced: A rudder having the leading edge of a whole or a part of its area forward of the center line of the
rudder stock thus reducing the torque required to turn the rudder.

Rudder Bands: The bands that are placed on each side of a rudder to help brace it and tie it into the pintles.

Rudder Chains: The chains whereby a rudder is sometimes fastened to the stern. They are shackled to the rudder by
bolts just above the water line, and hang slack enough to permit free motion of the rudder. They are used as a
precaution against losing a rudder at sea. These chains are also called "rudder pendants.”

Rudder Frame: A term applied to a vertical main piece and the arms that project from it which forms the frame of
the rudder. It may be a casting, a forging, or a weldment.
Rudder PintIes: See pintles.

Rudder Post - See Stern post.

Rudder Stock: A vertical shaft having a rudder attached to its lower end and having a yoke, quadrant or tiller fitted
to its upper portion by which it may be turned.

Rudder Stops: Fittings attached to the ship structure or to shoulders on the rudder post to limit the swing of the
rudder.

Rudder Trunk: A watertight casing fitted around a rudder stock between the counter shell plating and a platform or
deck, usually fitted with a stuffing box at the upper end.

Rudder, Underhung: A rudder that is not hinged to or stepped on the stern post but is supported entirely by the
rudder stock and the rudder stock bearings.

Run: The underwater portion of a vessel aft of the midship section or flat of the bottom. That portion of the after
hull that tapers to the stern post.

Running Rigging: Ropes which are hauled upon at times in order to handle and adjust sails, yards, cargo, etc., as
distinguished from standing rigging which is fixed in place.

Sagging: The deformation or yielding caused when the middle portion of a structure or ship settles or sinks below its
designed or accustomed position. The reverse of hogging.

Sail Tracks: A device fitted on the after side of a mast in which slides, secured to the forward edge of a fore-and -aft
sail, travel up and down the mast as the sail is hoisted or lowered; used in lieu of mast hoops.

Samson Post: A strong vertical post that supports cargo booms. See king post.

Scantlings: A term applied to the dimensions of the frames, girders, plating, etc., that enter into a ship's structure.

Scarf: An end connection made between two pieces of material by tapering them so that they will fit together in a
joint of the same breadth and depth as the pieces.

Screen Bulkhead: A light bulkhead used as a shelter from an excess of heat, cold, or light, or to conceal something
from sight.

Scrieve Board: A large board made of soft, clear, planed lumber, sometimes a section of the mold loft floor, on
which a full-sized body plan of a ship is drawn. The lines were formerly cut in by the use of a scriving knife, which
made a small U-shaped groove to prevent them from being obliterated. Pencil lines have taken the place of cutting
to a large extent. It is used in making templates of frames, beams, floors, etc., and in taking off dimensions. It is
sanded smooth after it has served its purpose.

Scupper Pipe: A pipe conducting the water from a deck scupper to a' position where it is discharged overboard.

Scupper: Drains from decks to carry off accumulations of rain water or sea water. The scuppers are placed in the
gutters or waterways on open decks and in corners of enclosed decks and connect to pipes leading overboard.

Scuttle: A small opening, usually circular in shape and generally fitted in decks to provide access. Often termed
escape scuttles, and when fitted with means whereby the covers can be removed quickly to permit exit are called
quick acting scuttles.

Scuttle Butt: The designation for a container of the supply of drinking water for the use of the crew.
Sea Chest: An arrangement for supplying seawater to condensers and pumps, and for discharging waste water from
the ship to the sea. It is a cast fitting or a built-up structure located below the waterline of the vessel and having
means for attachment of the piping. Suction sea chests are fitted with strainers or gratings.

Sea Cock, Sea Connection: A sea valve secured to the plating of the vessel below the waterline for use in flooding
tanks, magazines, etc., to supply water to pumps, and for similar purposes.

Seam: A term applied to an edge joint.

Seamstrap: A term applied to a strip of plate serving as a connecting strap between the butted edges of plating.
Strap connections at the ends are called buttstraps.

Set Iron: A bar of soft iron used on the bending slab as a form to which to bend frames into the desired shapes.

Serve: To wrap any small stuff tightly around a rope which has been previously wormed and parcelled. Very small
ropes are not wormed.

Set Up: To tighten the nut on a bolt or stud; to bring the shrouds of a mast to a uniform and proper tension by
adjusting the rigging screws or the lanyards through the dead eyes.

Shackle Bolt: A pin or bolt that passes through both eyes of a shackle and completes the link. The bolt may be
secured by a pin through each end, or a pin through one end and through the eye, or by having one end and one eye
threaded, or one end headed and a pin through the other.

Shaft, Shafting: The cylindrical forging, solid or tubular, used for transmission of rotary motion from the source of
power, the engine, to the propellers.

Shaft Angle: The angle between the center line of the shaft and the center line of the ship is the horizontal angle and
the angle between the center line of the shaft and either the base line or the designed waterline is the vertical angle.

Shaft Alley: A watertight passage, housing the propeller shafting from the engine room to the bulkhead at which the
stern tube commences. It provides access to the shafting and its bearings and also prevents any damage to the same
from the cargo in the spaces through which it passes.

Shaft Coupling: The means of joining together two sections of a shaft, usually by means of bolts through flanges on
the ends of the sections of the shafts.

Shaft Pipe: See Stern Tube.

Shaft Strut: A term applied to a bracket supporting the outboard after end of the propeller shaft and the propeller in
twin or multiple-screwed vessels having propeller shafts fitted off the center line. It usually consists of a hub or boss,
fitted with a bushing, to form a bearing for the shaft, and two streamlined arms connecting it to the side of the ship.
The inboard ends of the arms are fitted with palms for attachment to the shell or to interior framing.

Shape: A bar of constant cross section such as a channel, T-bar, angle bar, etc., either rolled or extruded.

Shaping: Cutting, bending, and fanning a structural member.

Shears: Large machines for cutting plates or shapes.

Shear Legs: A rig for handling heavy weights, consisting of an A-frame of timber or steel with the top overhanging
the base, having the lower ends fixed or pivoted and the top ends held either by fixed stays or by topping lifts which
permit change of slope of the legs. Tackles are secured at the top of the frame through which the hoisting rope or
cable is run. Sometimes called sheers.
Sheathing: A term applied to the wood planking fitted over a steel deck, to the planking fitted over the underwater
portion of a steel hull, and to the copper or alloy sheets with which the bottom of a wood ship, or a steel ship
sheathed with wood, is covered.

Sheave: A wood or metal disk, having a groove around its cylindrical surface to permit a rope or chain to run over it
without slipping off and a bushing for bearing on the pin or bolt on which it revolves.

Sheave Holes: A term applied to apertures in masts, booms, and spars in which sheaves are installed.

Sheer: The longitudinal curve of a vessel's rails, decks, etc., the usual reference being to the ship's side; however, in
the case of a deck having a camber, its center line may also have a sheer. The amount by which the height of the
weather deck at the after or forward perpendicular exceeds that at its lowest point.

Sheer Plan: A side elevation of the ship's form.

Sheer Strafe: The topmost continuous strake of the shell plating usually made thicker than the side plating below it.

Shelf: A wood ship term applied to the fore and aft timber that is fastened to the frames to form a support for the
ends of the beams. See clamp.

Shell Expansion: A plan showing the shapes, sizes, and weights of all plates comprising the shell plating, and details
of their connections.

Shell Landings: Points marked on the frames to show where the edges of the shell plates are to be located.

Shelter Deck: A term applied to a deck fitted from stem to stern on a relatively light superstructure.

Shift of Butts: An arrangement of butts in longitudinal or transverse structural members whereby the butts of
adjacent members are located a specified distance from one another, measured in the line of the members.

Shim: A piece of wood or iron let into a slack place in a frame, plank, or plate to fill out a fair surface or line. Also
applied to thin layers of metal or other material used to true up a bed plate or machine or inserted in bearings to
permit adjustment after wear of the bearing.

Shipshape: A nautical term used to signify that the whole vessel, or the portion under discussion, is neat in,
appearance and in good order.

Shores: Pieces of timber placed in a vertical or inclined position to support some part of a ship, or the ship itself
during construction or while in dry dock.

Shore, Spur or Side: A piece of timber placed in a nearby horizontal position with one end against the side of the
ship and the other against the side of a dry dock or dock to keep the vessel at a desired distance from the face of the
dock.

Shroud: A principal member of the standing rigging, consisting of hemp or wire ropes which extend from or near a
masthead to the vessel's side, or to the rim of a top, to afford lateral support for the mast.

Sick Bay: A name applied to the space on board a ship where members of the crew and passengers are given
medical service and includes the dispensary, operating room, wards, etc.

Side Plating: A term applied to the plating above the bilge in the main body of a vessel. Also to the sides of deck
houses, or to the vertical sides of enclosed plated structures.

Siding of a Frame: The fore and aft dimension of a frame.

Sister Hook: A hook made in halves and set on eyes facing each other in such a manner that it may be made to
function as a link.
Skeg: The extreme after part of the keel of a vessel, the portion that supports the rudder post and stern post.

Skin: The term usually applied to the outside planking or plating forming the watertight envelope over the
framework. It is also applied to the inner bottom plating when it is called an inner skin.

Skylight: An erection built on a deck, having glass lights in its top and fitted over an opening in the deck for the
purpose of admitting light and air to a compartment below.

Slack: The opposite of taut; not fully extended as applied to a rope; to "slack away" means to payout a rope or cable
by carefully releasing the tension while still retaining control; to “slack off " means to ease up, or lessen the degree
of tautness.

Sleepers: Timbers placed upon the ground or on top of piling to support the cribbing, keel, and bilge blocks.

Sleeve: A casing, usually of brass, fitted over line or other shafting for protection against wear or corrosion, or as a
bearing surface.

Sliding Ways: See launching.

Sling: A length of chain or rope employed in handling weights with a crane or davit. The rods, chains, or ropes
attached near the bow and stern of a small boat into which the davit or crane tackle is hooked. The chain or rope
supporting the yard at the masthead.

Slip: The difference between the pitch of a propeller, or the mean circumference of a paddle wheel, and the
advance of the ship through the water corresponding to one revolution. An inclined launching berth. A space
between two piers for berthing a vessel.

Slipway: The space in a shipyard where a foundation for launching ways and keel blocks exists and which is occupied
by a ship while under construction.

Sluice: An opening in the lower part: of a bulkhead fitted with a sliding watertight gate, or small door, having an
operating rod extending to the upper deck or decks. It is used to permit liquid in one compartment to flow into the
adjoining compartment.

Smokestack: A metal chimney or passage through which the smoke and gases are led from the uptakes to the open
air.

Snubbing: drawing in the waterlines and diagonals of a vessel abruptly at their ends. The checking of a vessel's
headway by means of an anchor and a short cable. The checking of a line or cable from running out: by taking a turn
about a cleat, bitts, or similar fitting.

Soft Patch: A temporary plate put on over a break or hole and secured with tap bolts. It is made watertight with a
gasket such as canvas saturated in red lead.

Solo Piece: The piece of steel or wood by which the sliding ways are bolted to the ground ways at the upper end.
See Launching.

Sole Plate: A plate fitted to the top of a foundation to which the base of a machine is bolted. Also a small plate fitted
at the end of a stanchion.

Sounding Pipe: A vertical pipe in an oil or water tank, used to guide a sounding device when measuring the depth of
liquid in the tank. Also called a Sounding tube.

Span: The distance between any two similar members, as the span of the frames. The length of a member between
its supports, as the span of a girder. A rope whose ends are both made fast some distance apart, the bight having
attached to it a topping lift, tackle, etc. A line connecting two davit heads so that when one davit is turned the other
follows.

Spanner: A form of open-head wrench for use with special fittings whose character is such as to preclude the use of
the ordinary type wrench.

Spar: A term applied to a pole serving as a mast, boom, gaff, yard, bowsprit, etc. Spars are made of both steel and
wood.

Spectacle Frame: A single casting containing the bearings for and furnishing support for the ends or the propeller
shafts in a twin screw vessel. The shell plating is worked outboard so as to enclose the shafts and is attached at the
after end to the spectacle frame. Used in place of shaft struts.

Spike: A stout metal pin headed on one end and pointed at the other, made of either square or round bar, and used
for securing heavy planks and timbers together.

Splice: A method of uniting the ends of two ropes by first unlaying the strands, then interweaving them so as to
form a continuous rope.

Spot Face: To finish off the surface around a bolt hole in a plane normal to the axis of the hole to provide a neat seat
for the nut or washer.

Spring: The deviation from a straight line or the amount of curvature of a sheer line, deck line, beam camber, etc.,
an elastic body or device which recovers its original shape when released after being distorted.

Squatting: The increase in draft assumed by a vessel when running over that existing when she is at rest.

Stability: The tendency which a vessel has to return to the upright position after the removal of an external force
which inclined her away from that position. To have stability, a vessel must be in a state of stable equilibrium.

Stability, Range of: The number of degrees through which a vessel rolls or lists before losing stability.

Stage: A floor or platform of planks supporting workmen during the construction or the cleaning and painting of a
vessel, located either inside or outside the vessel.

Staging: Upright supports fastened together with horizontal and diagonal braces forming supports for planks which
form a working platform or stage.

Stagger: To zigzag rivet holes in adjacent rows.

Stanchions: Short columns or supports for decks, hand rails, etc. Stanchions are made of pipe, steel shapes, or rods,
according to the location and purpose they serve.

Standing Rigging: Rigging that is permanently secured and that is not hauled upon, as shrouds, stays, etc.

Stapling: Plates or angles fitted closely around or against continuous members passing through a watertight or
Oiltight member and calked or welded to maintain the water or oil tightness of the structure.

Starboard: The right-hand side of the ship when looking from aft forward. Opposite to port.

Stateroom: A private room or cabin for the accommodation of passengers or officers.

Stays: The ropes, whether hemp or wire, that support the lower masts, topmasts, top-gallant masts, etc., in a fore
and aft direction.

Stealer: A strake of shell plating that does not extend completely to the bow or stern.
Steering Gear: A term applied to the steering wheels, leads, steering engine, and fittings by which the rudder is
turned.

Stem: The bow frame forming the apex of the intersection of the forward sides of a ship. It is rigidly connected at its
lower end to the keel.

Stern: The after end of a vessel; the farthest distant part from the bow.

Stern Chock: A round or oval casting, or frame, inserted in the bulwark plating at the stern of the vessel through
which the mooring hawser or warping lines are passed. Also called Stern Pipe.

Stern Frame: A large casting or forging attached to the after end of the keel to form the ship's stern. Includes rudder
post, propeller post, and aperture for the propeller in single-screw vessels.

Stern Post: The main vertical post in the stern frame upon which the rudder is hung. Also called the Rudder Post.

Stern Tube: The bearing supporting the propeller shaft where it emerges from the ship. It consists of a hollow cast-
iron or steel cylinder fitted with brass bushings, which in turn are lined with lignum vitae, white metal, etc., bearing
surfaces Upon which the propeller shaft, enclosed in a sleeve, rotates.

Stiff, Stiffness: The tendency of a vessel to remain in the upright position, or a measure of the rapidity with which
she returns to that position after having been inclined from it by an external force.

Stiffener: An angle bar, T-bar, channel, etc., used to stiffen plating of a bulkhead, etc.

Stocks: A general term applied to the keel blocks, bilge blocks, and timbers upon which a vessel is constructed.

Stop Water: A term, applied to canvas and red lead, or other suitable material placed between the faying surfaces of
plates and shapes to stop the passage of oil or water. Also applied to a wooden plug driven through a scarp joint
between timbers to insure water tightness.

Strain: The measure of the alteration of form which a solid body undergoes when under the influence of a given
stress.

Strand: An element of a rope, consisting, in a fiber rope, of a number of rope yarns twisted together and, in a wire
rope, of a primary assemblage of wires.

Strake: A term applied to a continuous row of plates. The strakes of shell plating are usually lettered, starting with A
at the bottom row or garboard strake.

Strake, Bilge: A term applied to a strake of outside plating running in the way of the bilge.

Strake, Bottom: Any strake of plating on the bottom, of a ship that lies between the keel and the bilge strakes.

Strength Member: Any plate or shape which contributes to the strength of the vessel. Some members may be
strength members when considering longitudinal strength but not when considering transverse strength and vice
versa.

Stress: The intensity of the force which tends to alter the form of a solid body; also the equal and opposite
resistance offered by the body to a change of form.

Stringer: A term applied to a fore-and-aft girder running along the side of a ship and also to the outboard strake of
plating on any deck. The side pieces of a ladder or staircase into which the treads and risers are fastened.

Stringer Plates: A term applied to the outboard plates on any deck, or to the plates attached to the top flanges of a
tier of beams at the side of a vessel.
Strut: A heavy arm or brace.

Studding: The vertical timbers or framing of a wooden deck house, fitted between the sill and the plate.

Stuffing Box: A fitting designed to permit the free passage or revolution of a rod or a pipe while controlling or
preventing the passage by it of water, steam, etc.

Superstructure: A structure built above the uppermost complete deck; a pilot house, bridge, galley house, etc.

Swallow: A term applied to, the oval or round opening in a chock or mooring ring. See Block.

Swash Bulkheads: Longitudinal or transverse nontight bulkheads fitted in a tank to decrease the swashing action of
the liquid contents. Their function is greatest when the tanks are partially filled. Without them the unrestricted
action of the liquid against the sides of the tank would be severe. A plate serving this purpose is called a swash plate.

Swivel: A special link constructed in two parts which revolve in each other, used to prevent fouling due to turns or
twists in chain, etc.

Tackle: Any combination of ropes and blocks that multiplies power. Also applied to a single whip which does not
multiply power but simply changes direction.

Taft Rail: The rail around the top of the bulwark or rail stanchions on the after end of the weather deck, be it upper,
main, raised, quarter, or poop.

Tail Shaft: The aft section of the shaft which receives the propeller.

Tanks: Compartments for liquids or gases. They may be formed by the ship's structure as double bottom tanks, peak
tanks, deep tanks, etc., or may be independent of the ship's structure and installed on special supports.

Tank Top: The plating laid on the bottom floors of a ship, which forms the top side of the tank sections or double
bottom; the inner bottom.

Tarpaulin: A canvas covering.

Taut: The condition of a rope, wire, or chain when under sufficient tension to cause it to assume a straight line, or to
prevent sagging to any appreciable amount.

Tee Bar: A rolled or extruded structural shape having a cross section shaped like the letter T.

Telegraph: An apparatus, either electrical or mechanical, for transmitting orders, as from a ship's bridge to the
engine room, steering gear room, or elsewhere about the ship.

TeIemotor: A device for operating the valves of the steering engine from the pilot house by means of either fluid
pressure or electricity.

Template: A mold or pattern made to the exact size of a piece of work that is to be laid out or formed, and on which
such information as the position of rivet holes, size of laps, etc., is indicated.

Test Head: The head or height of a column of water which will give a prescribed pressure on the vertical or
horizontal sides of a compartment or tank in order to test its tightness or strength or both.

Tie-Plate: A single fore-and-aft or diagonal course of plating attached to deck beams under a wood deck to give
extra strength.

Tiller: An arm attached to the rudder head for operating the rudder.

Toe: The edge of a flange on a bar.


Toggle Pin: A pin having a shoulder and an eye worked on one end, called the head, and whose other end, called the
point, has its extremity hinged in an unbalanced manner so that after being placed through a hole it forms a T -
shaped locking device to keep the pin from working out or being withdrawn without first bringing the hinged portion
into line with the shaft of the pin.

Tonnage, Gross: The entire internal cubic capacity of a vessel expressed in "tons" taken at 100 cubic feet each. The
peculiarities of design and construction of the various types of vessels and their parts necessitate certain explanatory
rulings in connection with this term.

Tonnage, Net: The internal cubic capacity of a vessel which remains after the capacities of certain specified non-
revenue spaces have been deducted from the gross tonnage. Tonnage should not be confused with displacement.

Topping Lift: A rope or chain extending from the head of a boom or gaff to a mast, or to the vessel's structure, for
the purpose of supporting the weight of the boom or gaff and its loads, and permitting the gaff or boom to be raised
or lowered.,

Topside: That portion of the side of the hull which is above the designed waterline. On or above the weather deck.

Transom: A seat or couch built at the side of a stateroom or cabin, having lockers (transom lookers) or drawers
underneath.

Transom, Transom Board: The board forming the stern of a square-ended row boat or small yacht.

Transom Frame: The last transverse Frame of a ship's structure. The cant frames, usually normal to the round of the
stern, connect to it.

Transverse: At right angles to the ship's fore-and-after center line.

Transverse Frames: Vertical athwartship members forming the ribs.

Treads: The steps or horizontal portions of a ladder or staircase upon which the foot is placed.

Treenails: Wooden pins employed instead of nails or spikes to secure the planking of a wooden vessel to the frames.

Trim: The difference between the drafts forward and aft. The angle of trim is the angle between the plane of
flotation and the mean water-line plane. A vessel “trims by the head" or “trims by the stern" when the vessel inclines
forward or aft so that her plane of flotation is not coincident with her mean water-line plane. See Drag.

Tripping Brackets: Flat bars or plates placed at various points on deck girders, stiffeners, or beams as a
reinforcement to prevent their free flanges from turning.

Trunk: A vertical or inclined shaft formed by bulkheads or casings, extending one or more deck heights, around
openings in the decks, through which access can he obtained, cargo, stores, etc., handled, or ventilation provided
without disturbing or interfering with the contents or arrangements of the adjoining spaces.

Tumble Home: The decreasing of a vessel's beam above the waterline as it approaches the rail. Opposite of flare.

Turnbuckles: Used to pull objects together. A link into whose opposite ends two threaded bars, one left-handed, the
other right-handed are inserted.

Umbrella: A metal shield in the form of a frustum of a cone, secured to the outer casing of the smokestack over the
air casing to keep out the weather.

Upper Deck: Generally applied to the uppermost continuous weather deck.


Upper Works: Superstructures or deck erections located on or above the weather deck. Sometimes applied to the
entire structure above the waterline.

Unship: To remove anything from its accustomed or stowage place; to take apart.

Uptake: A metal conduit connecting the boiler Combustion space with the base of the smokestack. It conveys the
smoke and hot gases from the boiler to the stack and is usllal1y made with double walls, with an air space between
to prevent radiation of heat into adjacent spaces.

Vang: Ropes secured to the outer end of a cargo boom, the lower ends being fastened to tackles secured to the
deck, used for guiding and swinging and for holding the boom in a desired position. Also applied to ropes secured to
the after end of a gaff and led to each side of the vessel to steady the gaff when the sail is not set.

Ventilation: The process of providing fresh air to the various spaces and removing foul or heated air, gases, etc.,
from them. This may be accomplished by natural, draft or by mechanical means.

Ventilators, Bell-Mouthed or Cowl: Terminals on open decks in the form of a 90-degree elbow with enlarged or bell-
shaped openings, so formed as to obtain an increase of air supply when facing the wind and to increase the velocity
of air down the ventilation pipe.

Visor: A small inclined awning running around the pilot house over the windows or air ports to exclude the glare of
the sun or to prevent rain or spray from coming in the openings when the glazed frames are dropped or opened.
They may be of canvas or metal.

Warp: A light hawser or tow rope; to move a vessel by means of lines or warps secured to some fixed object.

Wash Plates: Plates fitted fore and aft between floors to check the rush of bilge water from side to side when the
ship is rolling.

Waterline: A term used to describe a line drawn parallel to the molded base line and at a certain height above it, as
the 10-foot waterline. It represents a plane parallel to the surface of the water when the vessel is floating on an even
keel, i.e., without trim. In the body plan and the sheer plan it is a straight line, but in the plan view of the lines it
shows the contour of the hull line at the given distance above the base line. Used also to describe the line of
intersection of the surface of the water with the hull of the ship at any draft and any condition of trim.

Watershed: A fitting on the outside of the shell of a ship over an air port, a door, or a window to prevent water
which runs down the ship's side from entering the opening. One over an air port is also called a Brow or Port Flange.

Watertight Compartment: A space or compartment within a ship having its top, bottom, and sides constructed in
such a manner as to prevent the leakage of water into or from the space unless the compartment is ruptured.

Waterway: A narrow channel along the edge of the deck for the collection and disposal of water occurring on the
deck.

Waterway Bar: An angle or flat bar attached to a deck stringer plate fanning the inboard boundary of a waterway
and serving as an abutment for the wood deck planking.

Ways: See launching.

Weather Deck: A term applied to the upper, awning, shade, or shelter deck, or to the uppermost continuous deck,
exclusive of forecastle, bridge, or poop, that is exposed to the weather.

Web: The vertical portion of a beam; the athwartship portion of a frame; the portion of a girder between the
flanges.

Web Frame: A built-up frame to provide extra strength consisting of a web plate with flanges all its edges placed
several frame spaces apart, with the smaller, regular frames in between.
Wedges: Wood or metal pieces shaped in the form a sharp V, used for driving up or for separating work. They are
used in launching to raise the vessel from the keel blocks and thus transfer the load to the cradle and the sliding
ways.

Whip: A term loosely applied to any tackle used for hoisting light weights and serves to designate the use to which a
tackle is put rather than to the method of receiving the tackle.

Wildcat: A special type of drum whose faces are so fanned as to fit the links of a chain of given size.

Winch: A hoisting or pulling machine fitted with a horizontal single or double drum. A small drum is generally fitted
on one or both ends of the shaft supporting the hoisting drum. These drums are called gypsies, niggerheads, or
winch heads. The hoisting drums either are fitted with a friction brake or are directly keyed to the shaft. The driving
power is usually steam or electricity, but hand power is also used. A winch is used principally for the purpose of
handling, hoisting, and lowering cargo from a dock or lighter to the hold of a ship and vice versa.

Windlass: An apparatus in which horizontal or vertical drums or gypsies and wildcats are operated by means of a
steam engine or motor for the purpose of handling heavy anchor chains, hawsers, etc.

Wind Scoop: A scoop-shaped fitting of sheet metal which is placed in an open air port with the open side forward
for the purpose of catching air and forcing it into a cabin, stateroom, or compartment.

Wing, Winging: A term used to designate structural members, compartments, sails, and objects on a ship that are
located a considerable distance off the fore-and-aft center line.

Worming: Filling the contlines of a rope with tarred small stuff preparatory to serving, to give the rope a smoother
surface and to aid in excluding moisture from the interior of the rope.

Wrinkling: Slight corrugations or ridges and furrows in a flat plate due to the action of compressive or shear forces.

Yard: A term applied to a spar attached at its middle portion to a mast and running athwartship across a vessel as a
support for a square sail, signal halyards, lights; etc.

Yardarm: A term applied to the outer end of a yard.

Yoke: A frame or bar having its center portion bored and keyed or otherwise constructed for attachment to the
rudder stock. Steering leads to the steering gear are connected to each end of the yoke for the purpose of turning
the rudder. Yoke lanyards are lines extending from the ends of the yoke to the stern sheets of a small boat for use in
steering.

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