C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/1

UNIT4

C++ PROGRAMMING STRUCTURES (Part III)

OBJECTIVES

General Objective

To understand and identify the fundamental concept of repetition structure.

Specific Objective

At the end of the unit you should be able to: -

  

Recognize the repetition structure. Differentiate the repetition structure. Write and design a simple program using the repetition structure.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/2

INPUT

4.0

Repetition Structure

 The repetition structure allow a sequence of instructions to be executed repeatedly until a certain condition is reached.  This structure comes in three forms:
a. While b. Do- while c. For

For 4.1 While Statement

 A while structure allows the program to repeat a set of statements as long as the starting condition remains true. True is used in the Boolean sense and so the condition for the loop to continue must evaluate to true or false.  The program evaluates the condition if it is true then the statements inside the braces are executed. The condition is evaluated again. This will contin ue until the condition is false and the program jumps to the next line after the body of the structure. If only one statement is used in the while loop then the braces are not required.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/3

 The while statement construct has the general form

While (expression) statement block;

Figure 4.1: A While Statement Structure The expression is first evaluated, If it is TRUE the statement block is executed If it is FALSE, the statement block is skipped

exp

Yes

Statement

No

Figure 4.2: Flowchart Of While Statement Structure A while structure allows the program to repeat as long as the condition remains true

Ahha.. Error?

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/4

Here is an example of the programming using while statement

2: // while statements 3: 4: #include <iostream.h> 5: 6: int main() 7: { 8: unsigned short small; 9: unsigned long large; 10: const unsigned short MAXSMALL=65535; 11: 12: cout << "Enter a small number: "; 13: cin >> small; 14: cout << "Enter a large number: "; 15: cin >> large; 16: 17: cout << "small: " << small << "..."; 18: 19: // for each iteration, test three conditions 20: while (small < large && large > 0 && small < MAXSMALL) 21: 22: { 23: if (small % 5000 == 0) // write a dot every 5k lines 24: cout << "."; 25: 26: small++; 27: 28: large-=2; 29: } 30: 31: cout <<"\nSmall:"<< small << " Large:" << large << endl; 32: return 0; 33: }

Figure 4.3: An Example Of While Statement Structure

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/5

 Analysis: This program is a game. Enter two numbers, one small and one large. The smaller number will count up by ones and the larger number will count down by twos. The goal of the game is to guess when they will meet. In lines 12-15, the numbers are entered. Line 20 sets up a while loop which will continue only as long as three conditions are met small is not bigger than large; large isn't negative and small doesn't overrun the size of a small integer (MAXSMALL). In line 23, the value in small is calculated modulo 5,000. This does not change the value in small; however, it only returns the value 0 when small is an exact multiple of 5,000. Each time a dot (.) is printed to the screen to show progress. In line 26, small is incremented and on line 28, large is decremented by 2. When any of the three conditions in the while loop fails, the loop ends and execution of the program continues after the
while loop's closing brace in line 29.

 An Output of the program Output: Enter a small number: 2 Enter a large number: 100000 small: 2......... Small: 33335 Large: 33334

Figure 4.4 :An Output Of While Statement Structure

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/6

4.2

Do- while statement

 A variation on the simple while loop is the do while structure. The do part contains the body and is executed as long as the while condition remains true.  The difference between these two while structures are that with a simple while loop the condition is evaluated first and if it is immediately false, the body is never executed. In the do while loop, the body is executed before the condition is tested and so guaranteed to be executed at least once. Figure 4.5 below shows the general form of do-while structure
Do Statement block While (expression);

Figure 4.5: A Do- While Statement Structure

Statement

Yes

No

exp

Figure 4.6: A Do- While Statement Structure

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/7

 A simple program
// Program to illustrate a do while loop #include <ios.stream.h> void main() { int selection; do { cout << \n Menu\n; cout << \n 0. Exit\n;

cout << \n 1. Append\n; cout << \n 2. Delete\n; cout << \n 3. Modify\n; cout << \n\n Enter Selection: ; cin >> selection; } while(selection >0 && selection < 4); // The do loop is repeated if the expression is true }

Figure 4.7 : A Do- While Statement Structure

What is the difference between the while and do-while statements?

The main difference is that in the while statement, the conditional expression is evaluated at the top of the loop, while in the do-while statement, the conditional expression is evaluated at the bottom of the loop. Therefore, the statements controlled by the do-while statement are executed at least once.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/8

 An Output of a simple Program

Figure 4.8 An Output Of Do-While Statement Structure

In the While loop the condition is evaluated first and if it is immediately false, the body is never executed

In the Do- while loop, the body is executed before the condition is tested and executed at lest one

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/9

Activity 4a

Test your comprehension before continuing the next input. Check your answers on the next page. 4.1 4.2 4.3 What is repetition structure? Name the components of the repetition structur e. What is the main difference between the while and do-while statements? 4.4 4.5 Can the while statement end with a semicolon? Develop a simple program to print cubes by using while statement

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/10

Feedback 4a

Make sure you have tried to ans wer all the questions given.you can check your answers with the answers below. 4.1. The repetition structure permits a sequence of the instructions to be executed repeatedly until a certain condition is reached.

4.2.

The components of repetition structure are:

a. b. c. While Do- while For

4.3.

The main difference is that in the while statement, the conditional expression is evaluated at the top of the loop,
while in the do-while statement, the conditional expression is

evaluated at the bottom of the loop. Therefore the state ments controlled by the do-while statements are executed at least once.

4.4.

By definition, the while statement does not end with a semicolon. However, it is legal in C to put a semicolon right after the while statement

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/11

4.5.

Example of the While structure program :-

#include<iostream.h> main() { int n; cout<< Enter positif integers. Terminate with 0.\n\t: cin>>n; while (n>0) { cout << n<< cubed is <<n*n*n<< \n\t: ; cin >> n; } } ;

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/12

4.3

For statement

 The for structure has the general form as the while structure.
for(initialization ;expression; incrementation) statement block;

Figure 4.9 A For Statement Structure  The initialization part is used to initialize any variable(s) that may need to be initialized. This part is performed just once at the start of the loop.  The expression part determines whether the loop execution should continue. If the value of the expression is TRUE (non zero), the statements block will be executed otherwise the loop will be terminated.  The incremented part typically increment s or decrements the loop index. This performed every time through the loop iteration. This part is used to increment any variable(s) that may need to be incremented. For loop expression is not terminated with semicolon Remember that!!!!!
Yes. Sir!!!

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/13

 A simple program
#include <iostream.h> void main() { int i, sum, sum2; for (i=2,sum=0,sum2=0;i<=20; i = i+2) { sum = sum + i; sum2= sum2 + i * i; } cout << \n Sum of first 20 even natural numbers = << sum; cout << \n Sum of their squares } = << sum2;

Figure 4.10 An Example Of A Simple Program

Figure 4.11 An Output Of A Simple Program

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/14

4.4

Break And Continue Statement

 Two commands that can be included in looping processes are continue and break. The continue statement, when included in the body of the loop causes the program to return immediately to the start of the loop and ignore any remaining part of the body. The break statement causes the program to immediately exit from the loop and resume at the next line of the program

4.5

The break statement

 The special statement "break" causes the loop to be abandoned and execution continues following the closing curly brace.
while ( i > 0 ) { ....; if ( j == .... ) { break; // abandon the loop } ....; } // end of the loop body cout << "continues here ...\n";

Figure 4.12 A Statement Of Break Statement

The figure above shows the program continues after the end of the loop. Within a nested loop, "break" causes the innermost loop to be abandoned.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/15

4.6

The continue statement

 The continue statement is to terminate loop but also goes back to the beginning of the loops block to begin the next iteration.  An example of a simple program
#include <iostream.h> main() { int n; for (;;){ cout << Enter int: ; cin >> n; if (n%2 = = 0) continue; else if (n%3 = = 0) break; cout << \t Bottom of loop.\n; } cout << \t Outside of loop.\n; }

Figure 4.12 An Example Of A Simple Program

Kamal what can the continue statement do inside a loop ?

Emmm..

Sh. When the continue statement inside a loop is executed, the program control is branched back to the beginning of the loop so that another iteration can be started.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/16

 An output of a simple program

Figure 4.13 An Output Of A Simple Program

The go to statement enables the computer to jump to same other spot in your computer.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/17

Activity 4b

Test your comprehension before continuing the next input Check your answers on the next page . 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. What is break statement used for? What is continue statement used for? Write a simple program using for statement to calculate the square root of even number. What can the continue statement do inside a loop?

4.9.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/18

Feedback 4b

Make sure you have tried to answer all the questions given. You can check your answers with the answers below 4.6. The break statement is used to terminate the switch or a loop. construct

4.7. The continue statement is used to let you stay within a loop while skipping over some statements.
4.8. main() { float x; cout << Enter a positive number: ; cin >> x; for (int ; cout <<The integer square root of << x >> is << n 1 << endl; n = 1; n * n <= x, n++)

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/19

4.9. When the continue statement inside a loop is executed, the program control is branched back to the beginning of the loop so that another iteration can be started. Inside the loop, any statements following the continue statement will be skipped over each other if the continue statement is executed.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/20

Key Facts

 The while structure allows the program to repeat a set of statements as long as the starting condition remains true.  In the do-while statemant, the conditional expression is evaluated at the bottom of the loop.  The Do- while loop, the body is executed before the condition is tested and executed at lest one.  The break statement causes the loop to be abandoned and execution continues following the closing curly brace.  The continue statement is to terminate loop but also goes back to the beginning of the loops block to begin the next iteration.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/21

Self-Assessment

You are approaching success, please answer the questions below. If you have any problems, please discuss it with your lecturer. Wish you good luck and all the best.

Question 4-1

a. Is it possible to nest while loops within for loops?

b. Is it possible to create a loop that never ends? Give an example.

c Write a while loop to count from 100 to 200 by 2s.

d. Write a do...while loop to count from 100 to 200 by 2s.

e. What is wrong with this code? int counter = 0 while (counter < 10) { cout << "counter: " << counter; counter++; }

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/22

f. What is wrong with this code? int counter = 100; while (counter < 10){ cout << "counter now: " << counter; counter--;}

Question 4-2.

a. How do I initialize more than one variable in a for loop? b. Why is goto should be avoided?

c. Is it possible to write a for loop with a body that is never executed?

d. What is the value of x when the for loop completes? for (int x = 0; x < 100; x++)

e. Write a nested for loop that prints a 10x10 pattern of 0s.

f. Write a for statement to count from 100 to 200 by 2s. for (int x = 100; x<=200; x+=2)

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/23

g. What wrong with this code? for (int counter = 0; counter < 10; counter++); cout << counter << "\n";

h. What wrong with this code? cout << "Enter a number between 0 and 5: "; cin >> theNumber; switch (theNumber) { case 0: doZero(); case 1: case 2: case 3: case 4: case 5: doOneToFive(); break; default: doDefault(); break; } // fall through // fall through // fall through // fall through

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/24

Feedback On Self-assessment

Make sure you have tried to answer all the questions given. You can check your answers with the answers below.

Answer 4-1 a. Yes. Any loop can be nested within any other loops.

b. Yes. Following are examples for both a for loop and a while

loop: for(;;) { // This for loop never ends! } while(1) { // This while loop never ends!

int x = 100; while (x <= 200) x+= 2;

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/25

d.

int x = 100; do { x+=2; } while (x <= 200);

e.

int counter = 0 while (counter < 10) { cout << "counter: " << counter; counter++; } The counter is never incremented and the while loop will never terminate.

f.

int counter = 100; while (counter < 10){ cout << "counter now: " << counter; counter--;} The counter is initialized to 100, but the test condition is that if it is less than 10, the test will fail and the body will never be executed. If line 1 were changed to int counter = 5;, the loop would not terminate until it had counted down past the smallest possible int. Because int is signed by default, this would not be what has been intended.

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/26

Answer 4-2.

a. Separate the initializations with commas, such as

for (x = 0, y = 10; x < 100; x++, y++)

b. goto jumps in any direction to any arbitrary line of code. This

makes for source code that is difficult to understand and therefore difficult to maintain.
c. Yes, if the condition is FALSE after the initialization, the body of

the for loop will never execute. Here's an example: for (int x = 100; x < 100; x++) d. 100

e.

for (int i = 0; i< 10; i++) { for ( int j = 0; j< 10; j++) cout << "0"; cout << "\n"; }

f.

for (int x = 100; x<=200; x+=2)

________________________________ ________________________________________

C++ Programming Structures (Part III)

QF002/4/27

g.

for (int counter = 0; counter < 10; counter++); cout << counter << "\n"; There is a semicolon after the loop, and the loop d oes nothing. The programmer may have intended this, but if counter was supposed to print each value, it won't.

h. Case 0 probably needs a break statement. If it does not, it should be

documented with a comment

CONGRATULATIONS May success be with you always..

________________________________ ________________________________________