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    ECD Chapter 15 Active Filters

    Uploaded by

    Ibtsaam Elahi
    This document outlines different types of active filters, including: - Two pole Sallen Key active low pass and high pass filters that provide a roll-off of -40dB per decade. - A four pole band pass filter can be made by cascading a high pass filter with a low pass filter. - Band stop filters reject frequencies between two critical frequencies and the simplest design is an RLC circuit. - Active filters can achieve characteristics like flat pass bands, sharp roll-off rates, and linear phase responses that passive filters cannot. The Sallen Key configuration is commonly used to create higher order filters with two or more poles.

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    ECD Chapter 15 Active Filters

    Uploaded by

    Ibtsaam Elahi
    73 views46 pages
    This document outlines different types of active filters, including: - Two pole Sallen Key active low pass and high pass filters that provide a roll-off of -40dB per decade. - A four pole band pass filter can be made by cascading a high pass filter with a low pass filter. - Band stop filters reject frequencies between two critical frequencies and the simplest design is an RLC circuit. - Active filters can achieve characteristics like flat pass bands, sharp roll-off rates, and linear phase responses that passive filters cannot. The Sallen Key configuration is commonly used to create higher order filters with two or more poles.

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    This document outlines different types of active filters, including: - Two pole Sallen Key active low pass and high pass filters that provide a roll-off of -40dB per decade. - A four pole band pass filter can be made by cascading a high pass filter with a low pass filter. - Band stop filters reject frequencies between two critical frequencies and the simplest design is an RLC circuit. - Active filters can achieve characteristics like flat pass bands, sharp roll-off rates, and linear phase responses that passive filters cannot. The Sallen Key configuration is commonly used to create higher order filters with two or more poles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    73 views46 pages

    ECD Chapter 15 Active Filters

    Uploaded by

    Ibtsaam Elahi
    This document outlines different types of active filters, including: - Two pole Sallen Key active low pass and high pass filters that provide a roll-off of -40dB per decade. - A four pole band pass filter can be made by cascading a high pass filter with a low pass filter. - Band stop filters reject frequencies between two critical frequencies and the simplest design is an RLC circuit. - Active filters can achieve characteristics like flat pass bands, sharp roll-off rates, and linear phase responses that passive filters cannot. The Sallen Key configuration is commonly used to create higher order filters with two or more poles.

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    In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious the Most Merciful

    Electronic Circuit Design


    Chapter No.15
    Active Filters
    Outlines
     Basic Filter Responses
     Filter Response Characteristics
     Active Low-Pass Filters
    → Two Pole Sallen Key Active Low Pass Filter

     Active High-Pass Filters


    → Two Pole Sallen Key Active High Pass Filter

     Active Band-Pass Filters


    → Four Pole Sallen Key Active Band Pass Filter (Cascading HP & LP Filter)
    → Multiple Feed-Back Active Band Pass Filter
    → State Variable Active Band Pass Filter
    → Bi-quad Active Band Pass Filter

     Active Band-Stop Filters


    → Multiple Feed-Back Active Band Stop Filter
    → State Variable Active Band Stop Filter

    Key Words: Passive and Active Filters, Low-pass filter, Pole, Damping factor, Roll-off,
    High-pass filter, Band-pass filter, Band-stop filter
    Basic Filter Responses
    A Passive filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects all
    others.

    The pass band is the range of frequencies allowed through the filter.

    The critical frequency defines the end (or ends) of the passband and
    is normally specified at the point where the response drops -3dB (70.7%)
    from the passband response.

    Following the pass band is a region called the transition region that
    leads into a region called the stop band.
    Gain Gain Gain Gain

    f f f f

    Low-pass High-pass Band-pass Band-stop


    Basic Low-Pass Filters
    The low-pass filter allows frequencies below the critical
    frequency to pass and rejects other. The simplest low-pass
    filter is a Passive RC circuit with the output taken across C.

    BW = fc
    Basic Low-Pass Filters
    o The ideal response is not attainable by any practical filter.
    o Actual filter responses depend on the number of poles.
    o Pole is a term used with filters to describe the number of RC circuits
    contained in the filter.
    o This basic RC filter has a single pole, and it rolls off at -
    20db/decade beyond the critical frequency.
    o This roll-off allows too much unwanted frequencies through the filter
    Basic Low-Pass Filters
    o Actual filters do not have a perfectly flat response up to the cutoff
    frequency.
    oWith combination of op-amps, the filters can be designed with higher
    roll-offs
    o In general, the more poles the filter uses, the steeper its transition
    region will be. The exact response depends on the type of filter and the
    number of pole.
    Basic High-Pass Filters
    The high-pass filter passes all frequencies above a
    critical frequency and rejects all others. The simplest high-
    pass filter is a Passive RC circuit with the output taken
    across R.
    Basic Band-Pass Filters
    A band-pass filter passes all frequencies between two critical
    frequencies. The bandwidth is defined as the difference between
    the two critical frequencies fc1 and fc2. The simplest band-pass filter
    is an RLC circuit.
    Bandwidth B.W= fc2 – fc1

    Center frequency =fo= √ fc1 fc2

    R Vout

    Vs C L
    Basic Band-Pass Filters
    Ex 15-1

    Solution:
    Basic Band-Stop Filters
    A band-stop filter rejects frequencies between two critical
    frequencies, the bandwidth is measured between the critical
    frequencies. The simplest band-stop filter is an RLC circuit. The
    band stop filter also known as notch, band-reject, or band-
    elimination filter.

    Vout
    C

    Vs R
    Filter Response Characteristics
    Ideal Vs Real Filters
    In comparison to ideal low pass filters, the real
    RC or RLC filters lack the following
    characteristics:

    1. Flat Pass band


    Vout (normalized to 1)

    2. Sharp transition region 1

    3. Linear phase response


    0.707

    BW

    f
    fc1 f0 fc2

    Gain (dB)

    0
    –3

    f
    fc1 f0 fc2
    BW
    Filter Response Characteristics
    Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design.
    One of the three characteristic can be achieved with
    active filters:
    1. Flat band pass with Butterworth
    Chebyshev: rapid roll-off characteristic
    2. Sharp roll-off rate with Chebyshev
    Av

    3. Linear phase response with Bessel

    Butterworth: flat amplitude response

    Bessel: linear phase response


    f
    Filter Response Characteristics
    Filter Response Characteristics
    Ex 15-2

    Solution:
    Active Filters
    General Active Filter

    A Single Pole Active Filter

    The number of filter poles can be increases with cascading


    A Single Pole Active Low Pass Filter
    Sallen-Key Active Low Pass Filter
    Two Pole Filter
    Sallen-Key Configuration

    The Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a second-


    order (two-pole) filter. It is also known as a VCVS (voltage-controlled
    voltage source)
    There are two RC circuits that provides a roll-off of -40 dB /decade
    (Butterworth)

    For RA = RB = R and CA = CB = C
    Ex 15-3
    Solution:
    Cascaded Low Pass Active Filters
    Ex 15-4
    Solution:
    A Single Pole Active High Pass Filter
    A Single Pole Active High Pass Filter
    Sallen-Key Active High Pass Filter
    Two Pole Filter
    Sallen-Key Configuration

    The Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a second-


    order (two-pole) filter. It is also known as a VCVS (voltage-controlled
    voltage source)
    There are two RC circuits form the two-pole frequency selective circuit,
    that provides a roll-off of -40 dB /decade (Butterworth)

    For RA = RB = R and CA = CB = C
    Ex 15-5
    Solution:
    Cascading High Pass Active Filter
    Band Pass Active Filter
    Cascading Low Pass and High
    Pass Filter (4 Poles Filter)
    Sallen-Key Configuration
    Band Pass Active Filter
    Band Pass Active Filter
    Band Pass Active Filter
    Ex 15-6
    Solution:
    Band Pass Active Filter
    Band Pass Active Filter
    Ex 15-7
    Solution:
    Band Pass Active Filter
    Band Stop Active Filter
    Band Stop Active Filter
    Ex 15-8
    Solution:

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