UNIT-1

1. Propulsive Efficiency
2. Thermal Efficiency
3. Thrust equation
4. Methods of thrust augmentation
5. Factors affecting thrust
6. Specific thrust
7. Define thrust
8. TSFC
9. Fuel air ratio
10. Bypass factor
11. Advantage of jet engine over propeller engine
12. Diffuser efficiency
13. Compressor efficiency
14. Turbine efficiency
15. Nozzle efficiency
16. Combustion efficiency
1. Operating Principle of Turbo fan, Turbo Jet, Turbo Prop engine with PV, TS diagram.
2. Performance analysis of turbo fan, Turbo Jet, Turbo Prop engine with advantage,
disadvantages
3. Thrust Equation
4. Thrust augmentation
5. An advanced fighter engine operating at Mach 0.8 and 10Km altitude where, Ta=223.297K
& Pa=0.2649 bar has the following uninstalled performance data and uses a fuel with C.V=
42,800KJ/Kg:

Thrust = 50 KN
Mass flow of air = 45Kg/s
Mass flow of fuel = 2.65 Kg/s

Determine the specific thrust, thrust specific fuel consumption; exit velocity, thermal
efficiency, propulsion efficiency, and overall efficiency (assume exit pressure equal to
ambient pressure).

6. Find specific thrust and SFC of a simple turbojet engine, having the following component
performance at which the cruise speed and altitude are M 0.8 and 10000m. Select ambient
condition from the gas table.

Compressor pressure ratio 8

Turbine inlet temperature 1200K
Isentropic efficiency:
Of compressor ηc 0.87
Of turbine ηt 0.90
Of intake ηi 0.93
Of propelling nozzle ηj 0.95
 Mechanical transmission efficiency ηm 0.99
Combustion efficiency ηb 0.98
Combustion chamber pressure loss ΔPb 4% of compressor outlet
pressure.
C.V of fuel is 43,000 KJ/Kg, assume data if necessary, Cpa ≠ Cpg (Dec 14) 16

7. (a) Explain with neat sketch operating principles of turbofan engine 8

(b) What is thrust augmentation? Explain any two methods of thrust augmentation with
sketches. 8

8. Compare the characteristics, advantages & disadvantages of turbojet, turbofan and

turboprop engine.

9. (i)Discuss the different methods of thrust augmentation. Draw T-S diagram for turbojet
engine with thrust augmentation. 8
(ii) Discuss the typical turbojet cycle performance with suitable sketches. 8

10. A turbojet engine is traveling at 270 m/s at an altitude of 5000m. The compressor
pressureratio is 8:1 and maximum cycle temperature is 1200K. By assuming the following
data,
Ram efficiency 93%
Isentropic efficiency of compressor 87%
Pressure loss in combustion chamber 4%of compressor delivery
pressure
Calorific value of fuel 43,100 kj/kg
Combustion efficiency 98%
Mechanical transmission efficiency 99%
Isentropic efficiency of turbine 90%
Propelling nozzle efficiency 95%
Ambient conditions at 5000 m are 0.5405 bar and 255.7 K.
Calculate the
(i) Specific thrust and
(ii) TSFC (Dec 2011) 16

11. (i) Define thrust of an engine and derive the thrust equation for a general propulsion
system.( Dec 2014) 8

(ii) Discuss the typical turbojet cycle performance with suitable sketches.(May 13) 8

12. An ideal turbojet flies at sea level at a Mach number of 0.75. It ingests 74.83 kg/s of air,
and the compressor operates with a total pressure ratio of 15. The fuel has a heating value of
41 000 kJ/kg, and the burner exit total temperature is 1389 K. Find the thrust developed and
the TSFC. Assume that the specific heat ratio is 1.4.

13.The following data apply to a twin-spool turbofan engine, with the fan driven by the LP
turbine and the compressor by the HP turbine. Separate cold and hot nozzles are used.

Overall pressure ratio 25.0

Fan pressure ratio 1.65
Bypass ratio mc/mh 5.0
Turbine inlet temperature 1550K
Fan, compressor and turbine polytrophic efficiency 0.90
Isentropic efficiency of each propelling nozzle 0.95
Mechanical efficiency of each spool 0.99
Combustion pressure loss 1.50 bar
Total air mass flow 215 kg/s
Mass flow of fuel 2876.4 kg/h

It is required to find the thrust and SFC under sea-level static conditions where the
ambient pressure and temperature are 1.0 bar and 288K.

14. A jet propelled plane consuming air at the rate of 20 kg/s is to fly at Mach No. 0.6 at an
altitude where the pressure is 54000 N/m2 and temperature is -200C. The diffuser
which has pressure coefficient of 0.9 decelerates the flow to a negligible velocity. The
compressor pressure ratio is 5 and the maximum temperature in the combustion
chamber is 10000C. After expanding in turbine, the gases continue to expand in the
nozzle to a pressure of 68670 N/m2. The isentropic efficiencies of compressor, turbine
and nozzle are 0.81, 0.85 and 0.92 respectively. The calorific value of fuel is 43
MJ/kg. Assuming that the products of combustion have the same properties as air,
find
(i) Power input to the compressor
(ii) Power output of the turbine
(iii) Fuel air ratio

(iv) Exit Mach number

(v) Thrust provided by the engine. (May 2010)

15. An aircraft flies at M=0.5 at an altitude of 10 km. The compressor pressure ratio is 6. The
maximum temperature reached out of combustion is 1100 K. Isentropic efficiencies of
intake, compressor, turbine and nozzle are 0.93, 0.87, 0.9 and 0.95 respectively.
Combustion efficiency is 0.98 and the pressure loss in the combustion chamber is 4%
of delivery pressure. The fuel to air ratio is 0.01950, Calculate specific thrust and
SFC. (Dec 2012)

16. Discuss the following:

(i) Turbofan engine performance with T-S diagram.

(ii) Variation of fan pressure ratio with specific thrust and SFC for a fixed bypass and
overall pressure ratio. (Dec 2012)

17. An ideal open cycle gas turbine plant using air operates in an overall pressure ratio of 4
and between temperature limits of 300 K and 1000 K. Assume the constant value of
specific heat Cp = 1 kJ/kg K and Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg K, evaluate the specific work
output and thermal efficiency for each of the modification below and state the
percentage change from the basic cycle. Assume optimum stage pressure ratios,
perfect intercooling and perfect regeneration.
(i) Basic cycle.
(ii) Basic cycle with H.E.
(iii) Basic cycle with two-stage inter cooled compressor.
(iv) Basic cycle with H. E. and two stage inter cooled compressor. (May 2012)

18. What is thrust augmentation? Explain any two methods of thrust augmentation with
sketches. (May 2012, May 13)
19. (i) Describe the working of turboprop engine with the aid of illustrative sketch and show
 the various process on a T-S diagram. (Dec2011, May 13)
(ii) Discuss the typical turbojet cycle performance with suitable sketches. (Dec 2011)

20. (i) Define thrust of an engine and derive the thrust equation for a general propulsion
system.
(ii) Discuss the typical turbojet cycle performance with suitable sketches. (Dec 2011,May
13)

21. (i) Describe the working of turbofan engine with the aid of illustrative sketch and show
the various processes on a T-S diagram. How would it change for a reheat cycle?
10
(ii) Mention various methods of thrust augmentation. Explain any one method of thrust
augmentation. (Dec 2011) 6

22. (i) Explain the working principle of Brayton cycle with regeneration. 6
(ii) In a gas turbine plant working on Brayton cycle the air at the inlet is at 300 K, 0.1
MPa. The pressure ratio is 6.25 and the maximum temperature is 1073 K. The turbine and
compressor efficiencies are each 80 %. Find (i) compressor work per kg of air, (ii) turbine
work per kg of air and (iii) turbine exhaust temperature. (May 2011) 6
(iii) What is the effect of pressure ratio on the Brayton cycle efficiency? 4

23. (i) Draw a neat diagram of turbofan engine with axial flow compressor and explain its
working principle. 8
(ii) What is an afterburner and why is it used? Draw the T-S diagram of an ideal turbojet
engine with an afterburner; explain the state points in the T-S diagram. (May 2011)
8
24. (i) Draw thrust equation of a turbofan engine using control volume definition. 8
(ii) A turbojet at sea level flies at 243.8 m/s. It ingests 113.4 kg/s of air and has negligible
fuel flow. The diameter of the exit is 0.762 m. The exit pressure is 151.7 kPa, and the exit
velocity is 396.2 m/s. Find the developed thrust. (May 2011) 8

25. Derive an expression for overall efficiency of turbojet device and show that for a given jet
velocity it is maximum when the flight speed is approximately half that of the jet velocity.
(May 2010)

26. A turbojet engine with forward facing ram intake, the jet velocity relative to the
propelling nozzle at exit is twice the flight velocity. Determine the rate of fuel
consumption in kg/s, when developing a thrust of 25 000 N under the following
conditions
Ambient pressure and temperature are 0.7 bar and 10C
Compression total head pressure ratio of 5:1
Flight speed 800 km/h
Ram efficiency 100%
ηic 85 %
ηt 90 %
ηcomb 98 %, Turbine pressure ratio 2.23
Assume the mass flow of fuel is small compared with the mass flow of air and the
working fluid throughout has the properties of air at low temperature. Neglect the
extraneous pressure drop. (Dec 2009)

27. Define thrust of an engine and derive the thrust equation for a general propulsion system.
 Also, explain the propulsive efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall efficiency. (Dec
2009)

28. A turbojet engine has a pressure ratio of 30 and a maximum temperature of 1700 K. The
component efficiencies and ambient conditions are given below
Adiabatic efficiency of Diffuser 97%
Compressor 85%
Burner 100%
Turbine 90%
Nozzle 98%
Fuel heating value 43 000 kJ/kgK
For a flight Mach number of 0.85 and for a flight altitude of 12 200 m (Pa = 18.75 kPa
and Ta = 216.7 K) determine the specific thrust and the TSFC. Assume any other data
required. (Dec 2008)
29. (i) Compare turboprop, turbofan and turbojet engines. 6
(ii) Describe the working of turbofan engine with illustrative sketches also draw T-S
diagram for ideal and real cycles. (Dec 2008) 10
30. The following data apply to a turbojet aircraft flying at an altitude of 6.1 km where the
ambient conditions are 0.458 bar and 248 K.

Speed of the aircraft 805 km/h

Pressure ratio of compressor 4:1
Combustion chamber pressure loss 0.21 bar
Turbine inlet temperature 1100 K
Intake duct efficiency 95 %
Isentropic efficiency of compressor 0.85
Isentropic efficiency of turbine 0.90
Mechanical efficiency of transmission 99%
Nozzle efficiency 95%
Nozzle outlet area 0.0935 m2
L.C.V. of fuel 43 MJ/kg
Find the thrust and specific fuel consumption in kg/Nh of thrust. Assume convergent nozzle.
Take Cpa = 1.005 kJ/kg K and ϒ = 1.4, Cpg = 1.147 kJ/kg K and ϒ = 1.33. (Page
No. 262, V Ganesan Solved problem)

31. (i) Describe the working of turbofan engine with the aid of illustrative sketch and show
the various process on a T-S diagram. How would it change for a reheat cycle?
10
(ii) Mention various methods of thrust augmentation. Explain any one method of thrust
augmentation. (May 2013) 6
32. Make use of block diagram to illustrate the operation of a gas turbine engine and explain
its operation in detail, and plot the variation of pressure, temperature and velocity along
the engine. (Dec 2013) 16
33. Consider an air standard Brayton cycle, where the air enters the compressor at 0.11 MPa,
15°C. It leaves the compressor at 0.55 MPa. TIT is 970 °C. Determine the pressure and
temperature at each point in the cycle. Work out the efficiency of its compressor, turbine
and the overall engine. (Dec 2013) 16

27. (i) Explain (with sketch) the working principle of an ideal turbojet engine; indicate the
station numbers in your sketch; draw the T-S diagram referring to the station numbers.
Derive an expression for the thermal efficiency of the cycle you have drawn.
8
 (ii) What is an afterburner and why is it used? Draw the T-S diagram of an ideal turbojet
engine with an afterburner; explain the state points in the T-S diagram. Derive an
expression for optimum compressor pressure ratio for maximizing specific thrust. (May
2014) 8

28. A turbofan engine of the mixing type, where the fan is driven by the LPT and the
compressor is driven HPT a ground run of the engine, the following readings were
recorded Pa = 100 kPa, Ta = 300 K, fan pressure ratio = 2, compressor pressure ratio = 8,
TIT = 1600 k, ηc =ηf =ηt = 0.9, f = 0.065, γair = 1.4, γgas = 1.33.
Calculate
(i) The BPR on the assumption that the outlet streams of the fan and LPT have the same
total pressure just before mixing
(ii) The specific thrust
(iii) TSFC (May 2014) 16
 UNIT-II & UNIT III

1. Relation between external deceleration ratio

2. Relation between free stream mach no and capture area
3. Factors affecting combustion chamber performance
4. Factors affecting combustion chamber design
5. Working principle of combustion chamber
6. Ejectors and variable area nozzle
7. Flame tube cooling
8. Requirements of combustion chamber
9. Thrust reversal
10. Principle of CD nozzle with back pressure
11. Working principle of centrifugal compressor with velocity triangle diagram
12. Free vertex and constant reaction design- derivation
13. Performance characteristics of centrifugal compressor
14. Performance characteristics of axial flow compressor
15. Working principle of axial flow compressor with velocity triangle diagram
16. Requirement of aircraft intake
17. The BUZZ phenomena
18. Combustion Intensity
19. Advantage of Annular combustor
20. Function of nozzle
21. Thrust reversal
22. Difference between Subsonic and supersonic inlets
23. What are the pollutants in aero engine
24. Nozzle Efficiency
25. Classification of supersonic inlet
26. Methods of flame stabilization
27. Nozzle chocking
28. Losses in nozzle
29. Factors to be considered in designing nozzle
30. Types of Nozzle
31. Three zones in combustion chamber and their functions
32. Methods of flame stabilization
33. (i) Explain successive steps in the acceleration and over speeding of a one- dimensional
supersonic inlet with sketches. (May 2012, 13, 14, Dec 14)

(ii) Derive the relation between area ratio Amax/Ai and external deceleration ratio ui/ua.
(May 2012, Dec 13, May 14, Dec 14)

34. A supersonic inlet is designed with a two-dimensional conical spike (with two half-cone
angles 100 and 200 relative to the axial centerline, respectively). The inlet is to operate at a
flight Mach number of 1.9.The two standing oblique shocks are attached to the spike and
cowl, and a converging inlet section with a throat of area A* is used to decelerate the flow
through internal compression. Assume γ = 1.4 and internal diffuser pressure recover factor Πr
= 0.97. Estimate the overall recovery factor Πd on the assumption that the inlet starts (i.e., the
normal shock is swallowed). Also, find the required A*/A1.

35. What are the different modes of inlet operation? Explain with suitable sketches. (May
2012, 14)

36. Air enters a two-dimensional supersonic diffuser at a pressure of 14.102 kPa, a

temperature of 217 K, and with a Mach number of 3.0. The two-dimensional oblique shock
diffuser hasan oblique shock angle of 27.80, which is followed by a normal shock. Determine,
assuming constant specific heats.

(i) The velocity, total temperature and pressure of the air entering the oblique shock.
(ii) The Mach number, total pressure after the oblique shock.
(iii) The flow deflection angle.
(iv) The Mach number, total and static pressure and static temperature after the normal
shock. (May 2012)

37. Design a fixed area internal compression inlet that will start at Mo = 2.9 for an aircraft
thatwill cruise at Mach number of 2.4. Determine the following:
(i) Capture to throat area ratio Ac/At.
(ii) Determine the efficiency of the inlet after starting at Mo = 2.9 and the shock
located at the throat.
(iii) Determine the efficiency of the inlet after starting at Mo = 2.4 and the shock
located at the throat.
(iv) Determine the Mach number at which the inlets will un-start. (Dec 2012)

6. (i) Discuss phenomenon of shock swallowing. 6

(ii) What do you understand by spillage fraction? How do you minimize it? 5
(iii) Derive an expression for the same. (Dec 2012) 5

7. A supersonic inlet is to be designed to handle air at Mach 2.4 with static pressure and
temperature of 0.5X105 N/m2 & 280 K, as shown figure. (a) Determine the diffuser inlet
area Ai if the device is to handle 20 kg/s of air. (b) The diffuser has to further decelerate
the flow behind the normal shock so that the velocity entering the compressor is not to
exceed 30 m/s. Assuming isentropic flow behind the normal shock, determine the area Ae
required, and the static pressure Pe there.

8. A supersonic inlet is to be designed to operate at Mach 3.0. Two possibilities are

considered, as shown in figure. In one, the compression and deceleration of the flow takes
place through a single normal shock. In the other a wedge-shaped diffuser is used and the
deceleration is through two weak oblique shocks followed by a normal shock wave. The
wedge turning angles are 80 each. Compare the loss in stagnation pressure for the two
cases.
9. (i) Discuss in detail about the boundary layer separation in inlets.
(ii) What are the different types of supersonic inlets? Explain with neat sketches along
with h-s diagram. (Dec 2011)

10. (i) Flow enters an ideal diffuser with a Mach number of 0.8, an inlet pressure of 0.9046
bar, and an inlet diameter of 1.016 m. If the diffuser operates with the optimum pressure
coefficient of 0.6, what is the resulting exit Mach number and diffuser area ratio? Assume
isentropic flow and ϒ = 1.4.
(ii) Explain successive steps in the acceleration and over-speeding of a one-dimensional
supersonic inlet with sketches. What do you mean by shock swallowing by area
variation? (Dec 2011)

11. (i) A jet plane travels through air with a speed of 285 m/s at an altitude of 6000 m, where
the pressure is 40 kPa and the temperature is 261 K. The air leaves the diffuser of the
engine of this airplane with a velocity of 100 m/s. Determine the pressure and
temperature of air leaving the diffuser, and the ratio of the inlet to exit area of diffuser,
assuming isentropic flow.
(ii) Performance wise highlight the requirements of a good inlet. Draw the streamline
pattern along with T-S diagram for a subsonic inlet under varying speed operations. (May
2011)

12. (i) Discuss the effect of shock waves in supersonic inlets. Schematically describe the
working principle of internal compression and external compression type supersonic
inlets.
(ii) An aircraft is flying at an altitude where the ambient static pressure is p = 10 kPa and
the flight Mach number is M = 0.85. The total pressure at the engine face is measured to
be Pt2 = 15. 88 kPa. Assuming compression in the inlet is adiabatic and ϒ = 1.4, calculate
(1) the inlet total pressure recovery (2) the inlet adiabatic efficiency and (3) the non-
dimensional entropy rise caused by the inlet (ΔSd/R). (May 2011)

13. (i) Explain the subsonic inlet performance criterion. 8

(ii) Explain the shock-boundary effects for supersonic inlets. (Dec 2013) 8
14. Explain the operation of external shock diffusers. (Dec 2013) 8

15. (i) Performance wise highlight the requirements of a good inlet. Draw the streamline
patterns for a subsonic inlet under varying speed operations. Derive an expression for
determining throat diameter of a subsonic inlet. 8
(ii) A normal shock inlet operates in a Mach 1.4 stream. Calculate
(1) Inlet total pressure recovery with the shock at the lip, i.e., the best back pressure.
(2) Inlet total pressure recovery when the shock is inside the duct at Ax/A1 = 1.1, i.e.,
the supercritical mode
 (3) Inlet total pressure recovery in subcritical mode with 10 % spillage, i.e., Aspillage/A1
= 0.1 (May 2013) 8

16. (i) Prove that the capture area ( A ͚ ) for a subsonic diffuser is related to the free streamMach
number (M )͚ by the relation:
A ͚ = λ/ M ͚
Where
A turbofan engine during ground ingests airflow at the rate of m ∞ = 500 kg/s through an
inlet area (A1) of 3.0 m2.If the ambient conditions (T∞, P∞) are 288 K and 100 kPa
respectively. What is the value of Mach number where the capture area is equal to the inlet
area? (May 2013, 14) 8

17. (a) What are the important factors affecting combustor design? (May 2013) 8

(b) Write down the methods of flame stabilization and explain with sketch. (Dec 13, May
14) 8
18. (a)What are the three types of combustion chamber? Compare its advantages and
disadvantages. (May 2014) 8

(b) Name the material used for combustion chamber and discuss the special qualities of the
material used for combustion chamber? 8

19. (a)What are the factors affecting combustion chamber? Explain briefly? 8

(b) With the aid of a simplified picture explain the operation of a flame holder. 8

20. (i) With a neat sketch explain the working of a combustion chamber.( May 13) 8

(ii) Consider n-decane fuel, balance the chemical equation for the stoichiometric combustion
of this fuel in air and find the stoichiometric fuel-to-air ratio. (May 13) 8

21. Discuss the following

(i) Types of combustion chamber and their performance. 8
(ii) Combustion process. (Dec 2012) 8

22. (i) Explain the methods of flame stabilization followed to stabilize the flame in
combustion chamber of gas turbine engines.
(ii) Explain the procedure to calculate different losses that occur in the combustion
chamber. (Dec 2012)

23. (i) Explain the combustion process in a flame tube with the help of neat and labeled
sketch. 8
(ii) Estimate the total pressure ratio and exit Mach number Me, of a main burner with Tte/Tti =
3, Mi = 0.05, CD = 2, γi = 1.38 and γe = 1.3. (Dec 13) 8

24. With the aid of simplified picture explain the operation of a flame holder. (May 13) 8

25. (i) Write short notes on flame tube cooling. 8

(ii) What are the various factors those affect the combustion chamber performance? (May
2014, Dec 14) 8

26. The Mach number at the exit of a combustion chamber is 0.9. The ratio of stagnation
temperatures at exit and entry is 3. 74. The pressure and temperature of the gas at exit are 2.5
bar and 1000° C. Determine (i) Mach number, pressure and temperature of the gas at entry,
(ii) The heat supplied per kg of gas and (iii) Maximum heat that can be supplied. Take γ =
1.4, and Cp = 1.218 kJ/kg K. (Dec 2014) 16

27. (a) Plot Mach number, static temperature, static pressure and static density variations
along the longitudinal axis of a convergent-divergent nozzle, when it flows full. Explain the
variations. (May 2013, 14) 8

(b) A De Laval nozzle has to be designed for an exit Mach number of 1.5 with exit diameter
of 200 mm. Find the ratio of throat area/exit area necessary. The reservoir conditions are
given as Po = 106 Pa, To = 200C. Find also the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle.
What will be the exit pressure and temperature? (May 13, 14) 8

28. A converging-diverging is designed to operate with an exit Mach number of 1.75. The
nozzle is supplied from an air reservoir at 68bar (abs.). Assuming 1-d flow, calculate:

(i) Maximum backpressure to choke the nozzle. 4

(ii) Range of backpressure over which a normal shock will appear in the nozzle. 4
(iii) Back pressure for the nozzle to be perfectly expanded to design M. 4
(iv) Range of back pressure for supersonic flow at the nozzle exit plane. 4

29. (i) What are the types of nozzle? Explain various operating conditions of a C-D nozzle
with suitable sketch. 8
(ii) Write short notes on the following:
(a) Ejector and variable area nozzles (May 13) 4
(b) Thrust reversing 4

30. An exhaust air stream at Mach 2.9, pressure 68.95kPa, and temperature 777.8 K enters a
frictionless diverging nozzle with a ratio of exit area to inlet area of 3.0. Determine the back
pressure necessary to produce a normal shock in the channel at an area equal to twice the
inlet area. Assume one-dimensional steady flow with the air behaving as a perfect gas with
constant specific heats and a specific heat ratio of 1.36; assume isentropic flow except for the
normal shock. 16

31. (i) Derive nozzle efficiency and distinguish real and ideal nozzle. 6
(ii) A convergent-divergent nozzle is to operate at the design Mach number of 1.5.
Calculate the range of nozzle pressure ratio for underexpanded and overexpanded flow from
the nozzle. (Dec 2012) 10

32. (i) Discuss the types of nozzle and their features with neat sketches. 6
(ii) Air at 950 kPa and 500 K expands isentropically in a convergent-divergent nozzle into
a space at 100 kPa if the inlet velocity is negligible. Find the throat and exit areas of the
nozzle for a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s. (Dec 2012) 10

33. The pressure, velocity and temperature of air (γ = 1.4, Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg K) at the entry of
the nozzle are 2 bar, 145 m/s and 330 K respectively. The exit pressure is 1.5 bar.
(i) What is the shape of the nozzle?
(ii) Determine for isentropic flow; Mach number at entry and exit and the flow rate
and maximum possible flow rate. (Dec 2013) 16

34. Write short notes on

 (i) Losses in nozzles. 4
(ii) Under and over expanded nozzles. 4
(iii) Interaction of nozzle flow with adjacent surfaces. 4
(iv) Thrust Reversal (Dec 13,14) 4

35. A converging-diverging nozzle operates at an atmospheric pressure of 68.65 kPa. It has a

minimum area of 0.1393 m2 and an exit area of 0.2786 m2. The inlet total pressure and
temperature are 241.3 kPa and 611.1 K respectively. The effective specific heat ratio is 1.34,
and the nozzle efficiency is 98 percent. Find the overall general operating conditions and
mass flow rate. (May 13) 10

36. Explain the working of De Laval nozzle and discuss the effect of increasing inlet pressure
while maintaining constant back pressure. (May 2014) 8

37.(i) An ideal gas is flowing through a convergent-divergent nozzle, prove that

= (M2 -1)
□
Also explain the effect of flow conditions for M <1 and M >1 on parameters like area,
pressure and velocity in the nozzle. 8
(ii) Explain the working of De Laval nozzle and discuss the effect of increasing inlet pressure
while maintaining constant back pressure. (May 2014) 8

38. Air discharged from a reservoir at Po = 6.91 bar and To = 325° C through a nozzle to an
exit pressure of 0.98 bar. The mass flow rate is 3600 kg/hr. Determine for isentropic flow (i)
Throat area, pressure and velocity, (ii) Exit area and Mach number and (iii) Maximum
velocity. (Dec 2014) 14

UNIT-IV

1. Difference between axial and centrifugal compressor

2. Slip factor
3. Condition for free and forced vortex
4. Degree of reaction for compressor
5. Concept of prewhirl
6. Work done by compressor
7. What Is stall
8. What Is surging
9. An axial compressor stage has a mean diameter of 60cm and runs at 15000rpm. If the
actual temperature rise and pressure ratio developed are 300C and 1.4 respectively.
(i) The power required to drive the compressor while delivering 57 Kg/s of air;
assume mechanical efficiency of 86 % and an initial temperature of 350C.
(ii) The stage loading coefficient.
(iii) The stage efficiency and
(iv) The degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exits is 550C.

10. (i) Explain the working of a centrifugal compressor and draw the velocity triangles.
(Dec 14) 8

(ii) A centrifugal compressor has an impeller tip speed of 366 m/s. Determine the absolute
Mach number of the flow leaving the radial vanes of the impeller when the radial component
of velocity at impeller exit is 30.5 m/s and the slip factor is 0.9. Given that the flow area at
impeller exit is 0.1m2 and the total-to-total efficiency of the impeller is 90%, determine the
mass flow rate.(May 2013) 8

11. (i) A sixteen-stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3. Tests have
shown that a stage total-to-total efficiency of 0.9 can be obtained for each of the first six
stages and 0.89 for each of the remaining ten stages. Assuming constant work done in each
stage and similar stages fine the compressor overall total-to –total efficiency. For a mass flow
rate of 40 kg/s determine the power required by the compressor. Assume an inlet total
temperature of 288 K. 8

(ii) Discuss the factors affecting stage pressure rise of an axial flow compressor with
suitable sketches. 8

12. A stage of a radial compressor is to be analyzed. It rotates at 12,300 rpm and compresses
31.75 kg/s of air. The inlet pressure and temperature are 241.325 kPa and 306K respectively.
The hub and tip radii of the blades at the inlet are 7.62 and 13.97cm respectively. The exit
radius is 27.94cm and the exit blade height is 2.54cm. The slip factor is unity. Flow enters the
inducer with no prewhirl and the impeller has straight radial blades. The efficiency of the
stage is 88%. The value of Cp and γ are 1.005 kj/kg-K and 1.397 respectively.
Find the following:

(i) Mean relative flow angle at the inlet.

(ii) The static pressure at the impeller exit.
(iii) The total pressure ratio for the stage,
(iv) The Mach numbers at the impeller inlet and exit.
(v) The required power for the stage. 16

13. An axial flow compressor stage is designed to give free-vortex tangential velocity
distributions for all radii before and after the rotor blade row. The tip diameter is constant and
1.0m; the hub diameter is 0.9m and constant for the stage. at the rotor tip the flow angles are
as follows: 16

Absolute inlet angle, α1 = 300

Relative inlet angle, β1 = 600
Absolute outlet angle, α2 = 600
Relative outlet angle, β2 = 300
Determine,

(i) the axial velocity

(ii) the mass flow rate
(iii) the power absorbed by the stage
(iv) the flow angles at the hub
(v) the reaction ratio of the state at the hub

Given that the rotational speed of the rotor is 6000 rpm and the gas density is 1.5
kg/m3 which can be assumed constant for the stage. It can be further assumed that stagnation
enthalpy and entropy are constant and after the rotor row.

14. The mass flow rate of flow at 288 K and 101.3 KPa at the inlet to the impeller of the
centrifugal-flow compressor is 1.814 kg/s. The inlet flow is in the axial direction. The
impeller eye has the minimum diameter of 3.81cm and a maximum diameter of 12.7cm and
rotates at 35,000rpm. Assuming no blockage due to the blade, calculate the ideal angle at the
hub and tip at the inlet to the impeller. Draw velocity diagram at the hub and at the tip.

15. Explain the following:

(i) Surging in compressor. 5
(ii) Rotating stall. 5
(iii) Euler equation of turbo Machines. (Dec 2012) 6

16. An axial flow compressor has an overall total head pressure ratio of 5 and mass flow rate is
150 kg/minute. If the polytrophic efficiency is 80 % and the stagnation temperature rise per
stage must not exceed 200C, calculate the number of stages required and the pressure ratio of
first and last stages. If the absolute velocity approaching the last rotor is 160 m/s at an angle
of 200 from the axial direction, the work done factor is 0.83, the velocity diagram is
symmetrical and the mean diameter of the last rotor is 150 mm. Calculate the rotational speed
of the rotor and the length of the last stage rotor blade at the inlet to the stage. The ambient
conditions are 1 bar and 288 K. (Dec 2012)

17. (i) Derive the expression for the three kinds of efficiency which are used to relate actual
and ideal adiabatic work. 10
(ii) Air enters a radial vaneless diffuser at Mach number 1.4 and at an angle 75° from the
radial direction. Estimate the pressure ratio across the diffuser of its radius ratio is 1.5. (Dec
2013) 6

18. Air flows through an axial flow compressor stage with mass flow of 50 kg/s and other
flow properties ω = 0.5 rad/s, r = 0.5 m, M1 = M3 = 0.5, α1 = α2 = 45°, Tt1 = 290 K, Pt1 =
1.013 kPa, (u2/u1) = 1, Tt3- Tt1 = 45 K, Φcs = 0.03, σ = 1, γ =1.4 and R = 0.286 kJ/kg K,
determine the diffusion factor, degree of reaction, stage efficiency, polytrophic efficiency and
flow areas, the hub and tip radii at stations 1,2 and 3. (Dec 13) 16

19. (i) How do we decide the number of stator and rotor blades of an axial flow compressor
stages? 4
(ii) Starting from basics, derive Euler’s equation applicable for rotodynamic compressors. 6
(iii) Describe in detail methods of compressor blade and disc design. (May 2014) 6

20. (i) What are the types of centrifugal compressor impeller geometries? Draw velocity
triangles and explain specific work. 8
(ii) What are the physical properties on which the overall pressure ratio of centrifugal
compressor depends? Sketch typical centrifugal compressor performance plots. (May 2014)
8

21. An axial-flow compressor stage has a mean radius of rm = 0.5 m.The rotational speed of
the rotor at mid-diameter is Um = 212 m/s. The absolute inlet flow to the rotor is described
by the axial and tangential components of velocity: 155 m/s and 28 m/s respectively. The
stage degree of reaction at mid-diameter is 0.6, α3 = α1 and axial velocity remains constant.
Calculate
(i) Rotor angular speed in rpm.
(ii) Rotor exit swirl
(iii) Rotor specific work at mid-diameter
(iv) Relative velocity vector at the rotor exit
(v) Rotor and stator torque per unit mass flow rate
(vi) Stage loading parameter at mid-diameter
 (v) Flow coefficient.(May 2013) 16

22. An axial compressor stage has a mean diameter of 60 cm and runs at 15000 rpm. If the
actual temperature rise and pressure ratio developed are 30° c and 1.4 respectively. Find
(i) The power required to drive the compressor while delivering 57 kg/s of air; assume
mechanical efficiency of 86 % and an initial temperature of 35° C. 4
(ii) The stage loading coefficient 4
(iii) The stage efficiency and 4
(iv) The degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exits is 55° C. 4(Dec 2014)
23. Write down the difference between centrifugal and axial flow compressors. (Dec 14)
24. Define degree of reaction for an axial flow compressor. (May 2011)
25. Define rotating stall for compressors.
26. What are the causes for stalling in axial flow compressors?
27. Define slip factor. (Dec 2011, May 2012, May 14)
28. What are the advantages of the axial flow compressor over centrifugal flow
compressor? (May 2011)
29. Distinguish between surging and stalling.
30. Why is pre-whirl given to the centrifugal compressor? (Dec 2012)
31. Define degree of reaction. (Dec 2012, May 13, Dec 14)
32. Define fouling. (May 2012)
33. Define surge margin. (May 2012)
34. Distinguish between surging and stalling. (May 2012)
35. Write down the conditions for free and forced vortex flows. (Dec 2011)
36. Sketch the velocity triangle for an unstalled axial flow compressor for design flow
rate.(Dec 2011)
37. Briefly explain the term stalling in centrifugal compressor. (Dec 2011)
38. What is the principle of operation of centrifugal compressor? (Dec 2013)
39. What are the diffuser design considerations? (Dec 13)
40. Define solidity and state its importance. (May 13)
41. Write down the conditions for free and forced vortex flows. (May 14)

1. An axial compressor stage has a mean diameter of 60cm and runs at 15000rpm. If
theactual temperature rise and pressure ratio developed are 300C and 1.4 respectively.
(i) The power required to drive the compressor while delivering 57 Kg/s of
air;assume mechanical efficiency of 86 % and an initial temperature of 350C.
(ii) The stage loading coefficient.
(iii) The stage efficiency and
(iv) The degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exits is 550C.

2. (i) Explain the working of a centrifugal compressor and draw the velocity triangles.
(Dec14) 8

(ii) A centrifugal compressor has an impeller tip speed of 366 m/s. Determine the absolute
Mach number of the flow leaving the radial vanes of the impeller when the radial component
of velocity at impeller exit is 30.5 m/s and the slip factor is 0.9. Given that the flow area at
impeller exit is 0.1m2 and the total-to-total efficiency of the impeller is 90%, determine the
mass flow rate.(May 2013) 8

3. (i) A sixteen-stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3. Tests have
shown that a stage total-to-total efficiency of 0.9 can be obtained for each of the first six
stages and 0.89 for each of the remaining ten stages. Assuming constant work done in each
stage and similar stages fine the compressor overall total-to –total efficiency. For a mass
 flow rate of 40 kg/s determine the power required by the compressor. Assume an inlet total
temperature of 288 K. 8

(ii) Discuss the factors affecting stage pressure rise of an axial flow compressor with
suitablesketches. 8

4. A stage of a radial compressor is to be analyzed. It rotates at 12,300 rpm and compresses

31.75 kg/s of air. The inlet pressure and temperature are 241.325 kPa and 306K respectively.
The hub and tip radii of the blades at the inlet are 7.62 and 13.97cm respectively. The exit
radius is 27.94cm and the exit blade height is 2.54cm. The slip factor is unity. Flow enters
the inducer with no prewhirl and the impeller has straight radial blades. The efficiency of
the stage is 88%. The value of Cp and γ are 1.005 kJ/kg-K and 1.397 respectively.
Find the following:

i. Mean relative flow angle at the inlet.

ii. The static pressure at the impeller exit.
iii. The total pressure ratio for the stage,
iv. The Mach numbers at the impeller inlet and exit.
v. The required power for the stage.
5. The mass flow rate of flow at 288 K and 101.3 KPa at the inlet to the impeller of the
centrifugal-flow compressor is 1.814 kg/s. The inlet flow is in the axial direction. The
impeller eye has the minimum diameter of 3.81cm and a maximum diameter of 12.7cm and
rotates at 35,000rpm. Assuming no blockage due to the blade, calculate the ideal angle at the
hub and tip at the inlet to the impeller. Draw velocity diagram at the hub and at the tip.

6. Explain the following:

(i) Surging in compressor. 5
(ii) Rotating stall. 5
(iii) Euler equation of turbo Machines. (Dec 2012) 6

7. An axial flow compressor is to be designed to generate a total pressure ratio of 4.0with an

overall isentropic efficiency of 0.85. The inlet and outlet blade angles of the rotor blades are
45degree & 10degree respectively and the compressor stage has a degree of reaction of
50percent. If the blade speed is 220m/s and the work done factor is 0.86, find the number of
stages required. Is it likely that the compressor will suffer from shock losses? The ambient air
static temperature is 290 K and the air enters the compressor through guide vanes.
8. An axial flow compressor has an overall total head pressure ratio of 5 and mass flow rate
is 150 kg/minute. If the polytrophic efficiency is 80 % and the stagnation temperature rise
per stage must not exceed 200C, calculate the number of stages required and the pressure
ratio of first and last stages. If the absolute velocity approaching the last rotor is 160 m/s at
an angle of 200 from the axial direction, the work done factor is 0.83, the velocity diagram is
symmetrical and the mean diameter of the last rotor is 150 mm. Calculate the rotational
speed of the rotor and the length of the last stage rotor blade at the inlet to the stage. The
ambient conditions are 1 bar and 288 K. (Dec 2012)
9. (i) What are the types of centrifugal compressor impeller geometries? Draw velocity
triangles and explain specific work. 8
(ii) What are the physical properties on which the overall pressure ratio of centrifugal
compressor depends? Sketch typical centrifugal compressor performance plots. (May 2014)
8
10. What are the criteria for the selection of pitch and chord for the blade of an axial flow
turbine?
UNIT-V

1. Matching procedure for compressor – turbine

2. Performance characteristics of axial flow turbine
3. Derivation for free vortex, constant nozzle angle design
4. Turbine blade cooling
5. Working principle of axial flow turbine with velocity triangle diagramMethods of
turbine blade cooling
6. What is the need for turbine blade cooling
7. Difference between Impulse and reaction turbine
8. Vortex blading
9. Advantage of radial turbine
10. Degree of reaction for turbine
11. A single stage-stage gas turbine operates at its design condition with an axial absolute
flow at entry and exit from the stage. The absolute flow angle at nozzle exit is 70 0.At
stage entry the total pressure & temperature are 311 kPa and 8500 C respectively. The
exhaust static pressure is 100 kPa, the total- to- static efficiency is 0.87 & the mean
blade speed is 500 m/s. Assuming constant axial velocity through the stage,
determine:
(i) The specific work done;
(ii) The Mach number leaving the nozzle,
(iii) The axial velocity;
(iv) The total-to-total efficiency;
(v) The stage reaction.

12. (i) Discuss the factors affecting the design of the turbine.
(ii) Explain the different methods of cooling adopted for turbines with their merits &
demerits.

13. An axial flow gas turbine stage has a flow coefficient of 0.65, a constant axial
velocity , & the gas leaves the stator blades at an angle of 650, determine:
I. The blade-loading coefficient;
II. The rotor blade relative flow angle;
III. The degree of reaction;
14. (i) What is the need for matching of compressor & turbine? Write down the
matching procedure with suitable sketches.
(ii) Explain the different methods of cooling adopted for turbines with their merits &
demerits.

15. Determine the gas temperatures, velocities and discharge angle at the blade root and
tip radii for the following data:
Cp= 1.147 KJ/kg-K, γ= 1.33, mass flow rate = 20 kg/s, P01 = 4.6 bar, Pe = 1.6 bar, T01
= 7000C, nozzle loss coefficient =0.10.

16. In a single stage impulse turbine the nozzle discharge the fluid on to the blades at an
angle of 650 to the axial direction and the fluid leaves the blades with an absolute
velocity of 300 m/s at an angle of 300 to the axial direction. If the blades have equal
inlet and outlet angles and there is no axial thrust, estimate the blade angle, power
produced per kg/s of the fluid and the blade efficiency.
17. (i) Show that the maximum utilization factor in a single impulse stage is sin2α2.
(ii) Explain the losses occur in the turbine blades and how to minimize it.

18. In a single stage impulse turbine the nozzle discharge the fluid on to the blades at an
angle of 650 to the axial direction and the fluid leaves the blades with an absolute
velocity of 300 m/s at an angle of 300 to the axial direction. If the blades have equal
inlet and outlet angles and there is no axial thrust, estimate the blade angle, power
produced per kg/s of the fluid and the blade efficiency.

19. (a) Draw Temperature – entropy diagram for reaction stage turbine labeling all salient
points.
(b) Explain zero percent, fifty percent and hundred percent reaction stages with
suitable velocity triangle diagrams.
20. A multistage gas turbine is to be designed with impulse stages and is to be operating
with an inlet pressure and temperature of 6 bar & 900 K & an outlet pressure of 1 bar.
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 85%. All the stages are to have a nozzle
outlet angle of 750 & equal outlet & inlet blade angles. Mean blade speed of 250 m/s
& equal inlet & outlet gas velocities. Estimate the maximum number of stages
required. Assume Cp = 1.15 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.333 & optimum blade speed ratio.

21. Derive an equation for the degree of reaction for a single-stage axial flow turbine and
show that for 50% reaction blading α2=β3 and α3 = β2.

22. Show that for zero degree of reaction, blade-loading coefficient, Ψ = 2.

23. The following particulars relate to a single-stage turbine of free vortex design:

Inlet temperature, T01 1100K

Inlet pressure, P01 4 bar
Mass flow 20 kg/s
Axial velocity at nozzle exit 250 m/s
Blade speed at mean diameter 300 m/s
Nozzle angle at mean diameter 250
Ratio of tip to root radius 1.4

The gas leaves the stage in an axial direction, find;

i. The total throat area of the nozzle,
ii. The nozzle efflux angle at root and tip,
iii. The work done on the turbine blades.
Take Cpg = 1.147 kJ/kgK, γ = 1.33

24. Derive an expression for work output by a turbine stage also deduces it for tangential
component at exit is zero. (May 12)

25. Derive the relation for degree of reaction in terms of pressure, velocity, enthalpy and
flow geometry. (May 12)
26. Derive an expression for Axial Turbines Degree of Reaction with the help of Stage
Dynamics. (Dec 12)
 27. An axial turbine of high hub-tip ratio runs with zero degree of reaction and peak
efficiency at design flow and speed. The nozzle exit angle is 700 ( from the axial
direction ) Estimate :
(i) The percentage change in torque accompanying a 20% drop in speed (from the
design value) while operating with design mass flow;
(ii) The corresponding degree of reaction. (Dec 12)

28. (i) What are the criteria for the selection of pitch and chord for the blade of an
axial flow turbine?
(ii) Briefly discuss the methods of turbine blade cooling and mention its
advantages and disadvantages. ( May 13, Dec 13)

29. Air enters the two stage axial flow turbine at a total temperature of 1400 K and a total
pressure of 2230 kPa. The actual work developed by each stage is 185 kJ/kg, and each
stage has an adiabatic efficiency of 87%. Calculate (i) The total pressure at the exit
from each stage and (ii) The overall adiabatic efficiency. (Dec 2013)

30. Air leaves the nozzle of an axial turbine with a velocity of 520 m/s at an angle of 70˚
with respect to the axial direction. Find the rotor blade angles and blade speed U such
that the degree of reaction is 50 % and the rotor exit swirl is zero. Assume that the
blade and fluid angles are identical at inlet and outlet respectively. With the blade
angles determined above, and the assumption that at rotor exit the relative flow angles
remains equal to blade angle, show how the turbine work per unit mass varies with
blade speed (i.e., at 50 %, 100 %, and 150 % of design speed as determined above)
and the same axial velocity.
(May 14)

31. A gas turbine group is interested in developing a free turbine that can drive a
generator to produce 100 kW of electricity. A free-turbine does not drive a
compressor. All of its power is used to drive the generator. Assume the gas at the
turbine inlet has a stagnation temperature T04 = 1600 K and a stagnation pressure P04
= 2 atm. The ambient pressure is Pa = 1 atm. Assume the flow expands through the
turbine to the ambient pressure and the flow velocity at the exit of the turbine is small
and thus can be neglected. Assume the gas constant is R = 287 J/kg K, γ = 1.3, and the
turbine has an estimated adiabatic efficiency ηt = 0.9.
(i) Calculate the minimum mass flow rate to achieve the needed 100 kW of
electricity.
(ii) Calculate the increase of entropy (per unit mass) S5 – S4 across the free
turbine.
(iii) Derive a relation between S5 – S4 and the adiabatic efficiency ηt and the
pressure ratio πt = P04 / P05. (May 14)
2. Differentiate between impulse stage and reaction
stageturbines.(Dec 12, Dec 13)
3. Define total-to-total efficiency in case of turbine?
4. Define match point.
5. Distinguish between energy transfer & energy transformation with
respect toturbine stages.
6. Define degree of reaction related to rotating machines.
7. Write down the conditions under which a stage is to be free vortex.
8. Write down the relations connecting Φ, Ψ and gas angles.
9. Define flow coefficient and temperature drop coefficient.
 10. Define total-to-static efficiency. When is it appropriate to use this efficiency?
11. Draw T-s diagram for 50% reaction stage expansion.
12. What is the need for using shrouds in axial flow turbines? (May 12)
13. What is blade to gas speed ratio and its significance? (May 12)
14. Write short notes on methods of blade cooling. (Dec 12)
15. Distinguish between impulse and reaction blading of gas
turbines.(May 13)
16. What are the limiting factors in gas turbine design? (May 13,
Dec13)
1. A single stage-stage gas turbine operates at its design condition with an axial absolute flow
at entry and exit from the stage. The absolute flow angle at nozzle exit is 700.At stage entry
the total pressure & temperature are 311 kPa and 8500 C respectively. The exhaust static
pressure is 100 kPa, the total- to- static efficiency is 0.87 & the mean blade speed is 500
m/s. Assuming constant axial velocity through the stage, determine:
(i) The specific work done;
(ii) The Mach number leaving the nozzle,
(iii) The axial velocity;
(iv) The total-to-total efficiency;
(v) The stage reaction.

2. (i) Discuss the factors affecting the design of the turbine.

(ii) Explain the different methods of cooling adopted for turbines with their merits
&demerits.

3. An axial flow gas turbine stage has a flow coefficient of 0.65, a constant axial velocity
,& the gas leaves the stator blades at an angle of 650, determine:
(i) The blade-loading coefficient;
(ii) The rotor blade relative flow angle;
(iii) The degree of reaction;

4. (i) What is the need for matching of compressor & turbine? Write down the
matchingprocedure with suitable sketches.
(ii) Explain the different methods of cooling adopted for turbines with their merits
&demerits.

5. a) Draw Temperature – entropy diagram for reaction stage turbine labeling all salient
points.
(b) Explain zero percent, fifty percent and hundred percent reaction stages with
suitablevelocity triangle diagrams.

6. A multistage gas turbine is to be designed with impulse stages and is to be operating

with an inlet pressure and temperature of 6 bar & 900 K & an outlet pressure of 1 bar.
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 85%. All the stages are to have a nozzle
outlet angle of 750 & equal outlet & inlet blade angles. Mean blade speed of 250 m/s &
equal inlet & outlet gas velocities. Estimate the maximum number of stages required.
AssumeCp = 1.15 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.333 & optimum blade speed ratio.
7. Derive the relation for degree of reaction in terms of pressure, velocity, enthalpy and
flow geometry. (May 12)

8. A radial flow turbine with operates at following operating conditions :

ṁ=2 kg/s, P01 400 kPa, T01=1100 K, P02=0.99.P01;Nozzle exit angle, a2=700,
Poly.efficiency, ηpoly=0.85, Rotor maximum diameter=0.4 m , V2r=Ca3 , hub/tip
radius ratioat rotor exit = 0.4, T03=935 K; [use g =1.33; R =287 kJ/kg.K ; cp =1.158
kJ/kg-K.] Compute the following:
i) Rotor tip speed, rotational speed and rpm
ii) Mach number, velocities, rotor width at tip, & T02-rel
iii) Stagnation pressure, Mach number and hub and tip radii at rotor exit
iv) At rotor exit V3, T03-rel, β3, M3-rel at mean radius