Embedding Data Secretly in Audio file

with AES Encryption

MSc Internship
Cyber Security

Aditya
Student ID: X19104987

School of Computing
National College of Ireland

Supervisor: Imran Khan

 National College of Ireland

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School of Computing

Student ……Aditya.…………………………………………………………………………………
Name: ……………………

Student …………x19104987………………………………………………………………………
ID: …………..……

Program …MSc in Cyber Security…………………… Year: …2019-2020.

me:

Module: …Academic Internship……………………………………………………….………

Superviso …Mr. Imran Khan…………………………………………………………….………

r:
Submissio
n Due ………………28/09/2020………………………………………………………………
Date: ……….………

Project …Embedding Data Secretly in Audio file with AES

Title: Encryption………
Word
Count: ……………………5018………… Page Count……………20………………..

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pertaining to research I conducted for this project. All information other than my own
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Date: ……28/09/2020……………………………………………………………………………
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 Embedding Data Secretly in Audio file with AES
Encryption
Aditya
X19104987
Abstract
As the businesses are growing rapidly, new and advanced as well as secure ways of the data
transmission should be implemented. One such method is proposed in this research where concepts of
steganography, as well as cryptography, are combined to form a stronger and secure technique to
transmit data from one end to another. In this paper, audio steganography by LSB is implemented
with one of the most secure encryption algorithm AES Encryption. The project is made in Java GUI
in which the user can easily embed and extract the hidden message. The proposal is tested and
evaluated by calculating the SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) and Mean Square Error(MSE) of different
types of audio extensions like .au, .wav, .mp3.

1. Introduction
As the businesses are increasing day by day, online transmission of data is increasing at an
exponential rate. It has become very much important to maintain the confidentiality and
integrity of the data. As many attackers or phreakers try to up their game in exploiting
information security to abuse or misuse the data, the companies must secure their confidential
information.
There are several ways to achieve this aim, three of the ways that are most common and
effective methods are cryptography, steganography and watermarking.
Cryptography can be described as the science of secret writing. In this method, the
unencrypted or the preferred message is encrypted using a certain algorithm and then the
encrypted data with a key is sent to the receiver and on the receiver side, the encrypted
message can be decrypted into the message using the same algorithm and the key[1]. The
primary objectives of cryptography can be described as below:
• Confidentiality - No one except the intended receiver should be able to read the
information.
• Integrity - The modification of the data or message can only be done by any
authorised person.
• Authorisation - The identity of the receiver should be verified so that it can be verified
that the user reading or getting the message is indeed the intended receiver.
• Non-repudiation - A technique or method which can prove that the message is
received from a trusted source.
• Availability - The availability is whenever an authorised person requires the data, they
should get it without any difficulties or hindrances.

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Watermarking is used to prevent the fraud of digital media. The owner or author of the
media, watermarks their work establishing the ownership rights to stop unauthorized access,
illegal applications[3].

Steganography is a study of the techniques through which the primary message can be hidden
in the secondary message from the sender side and at the receiver end, via any key or
password, the primary message can be filtered from the secondary message[2]. In general, the
steps of the steganography can be as followed:

• Write an unhidden secondary message.

• Develop a stego-message by embedding the primary message in the secondary
message using a stego-key.
• Transmit the stego-message to the receiver who will have the prefixed key.
• At the receiver end, the receiver can get the primary message from the stego-message
by using the

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Steganography can be achieved on various media platforms like image steganography, audio
steganography, video steganography etc. This proposed idea is focused on implementing
audio steganography.
As the name suggests, audio steganography is the concept of hiding the message in audio
files. Any digital media can be represented in a bit sequence. So, generally, in audio
steganography two actors are involved- Sender and Receiver. Sender embeds the message
into audio while the receiver extracts the message from the audio.
1.1 Research Question

Que - How Security and Authenticity of data can be enhanced during data transmission in
Audio Steganography?

As LSB is vulnerable to Steganalysis or one lucky pause might result in knowing the
presence of hidden data in audio, it is very much necessary to enhance the security data
transmission between the actors to maintain the authenticity and integrity of the message.
This project aims to enhance security by combining the concepts of steganography as well as
cryptography. Since steganography can be defined as the hiding of data in any carrier and
cryptography is the conversion of data into an unreadable string. So, why not combine these
two concepts, so that if attacker or man in the middle even gets to know the presence of
hidden data, they won’t be able to access it or read it.
The proposed method in this paper is an LSB based Audio Steganography using AES
Encryption to enhance security. The project is a GUI based application and developed in a
Java environment.
In this research, the approach of combining the LSB based steganography as well as
cryptography is enhanced in both the aspects of security as well as usability, balancing the
basic principle CIA(Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability). The project is implemented
using Java which is the one of the most commonly used and highly secured(if implemented
correctly) language in enterprise. As well as by enhancing the GUI, the user experience in
this project will be much better.
At the same time, more focus is given on AES Encryption by applying the feature to include
128 bit as well as 256 bit Encryption key which generally most of the other researches didn’t
focus on. AES encryption is considered one of the best encryption algorithms in market, but
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AES Encryption with low bit encryption key is not much secure. Therefore, in this research,
this fact was taken into consideration, and accordingly the AES is implemented.

2. Background
I. Literature Review
Since audio steganography is widely used and one of the most important steganographic
techniques as according to research, the human auditory system is insensitive to small
distortions within audio signals, which makes it perfect to hide data in audio files.
• Low Bit Encoding
There are various methods of audio steganography and one of the widely used is Least
Signification Bit (LSB). LSB provides best un-detectability [4] which helps in the case if the
attacker gets his hand on the audio, but the problem lies in it is it’s not strong or robust
enough and low embedding rate.
In 2016, Shweta V. Jadhav et al[5] proposed an interesting way of inserting every bit of
information in the selected positions of the cover audio. They selected the embedding
position based on upper 3 MSB bits of cover audio. To increase security, they provided an
additional secret key using Chaotic Encryption Scheme(CES). In their research, they first
encrypted the private message via CES, then a WAV format audio file is used to embed the
encrypted message into a 16-bit sequence. But as it is known LSB is vulnerable to
steganalysis and CES is also vulnerable encryption [8], some security upgrade is required in
this paper.
Then in 2017, Shital P. Rajput et al [6] referenced [5]’s research and took a further step by
proposing an enhanced version of applying audio steganography in which instead of
following the traditional way of converting the message into binary form and then replacing
each bit in a linear format, they proposed two algorithms. In Proposed Algorithm-I, two
information bits of secret message or primary message is installed at once over LSB places of
carrier audio depending on the 3 MSBs of carrier audio on the other hand in Proposed
Algorithm-II, based on the compliment of 3 MSBs carrier audio, two bits of the secret
message is embedded.

Fig. 3: LSB in 8b/sample signal is overwritten by one bit of the embedded data.

In 2019, other researchers, C.C Sobin et al [7] proposed another way of using audio
steganography by combining the concepts of steganography and cryptography. They
proposed the idea of applying multiple levels of security. On the first level of security, they
have encrypted the secret message by using RSA algorithm and on the second level, they

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created a powerful genetic algorithm based on LSB data hiding scheme and hides the
message in audio. During the result analysis, it can be easily seen that Peak Signal to Noise
Ratio (PSNR) value of the second method i.e. Genetic Algorithm is much better than the first
method of RSA algorithm making the second method a better option. Also, in cases for small
audio files, RSA is not a good option.
Another interesting approach was taken by Mohamad Anwar et al [9], in 2019,
using audio steganography by using Lifting Wavelet Transform(LWT) and dynamic key. The
researchers aimed to create an android application in which frame marking would be done
and by using Dynamic Key confidential data will be encrypted and then embedded to the
audio using LWT. Then during the decryption time, there will be no need to manually enter
the Dynamic key value, the message could be decrypted using a marked frame. During the
testing phase, it can be seen the audio loss can be up to 20% by using this approach and also
as mentioned in the research, this project is under development stage, so further research
would be needed.
Joydwip Mohajon et al [10] in 2018, took the same approach as [7] of using Genetic
Algorithm but applying with K-bit symmetric security key. In their research, they applied
genetic algorithm-based to embed the message in the audio and for security improvement
they used K-bit security key such that for comparing message bits it can generate around 8-15
Most Significant Bit(MSB) positions. Not much detail was given on whether they developed
their encryption or they were using already existed ones.
In LSB, there were so many different and interest approach taken to enhance and use it
effectively. Other interesting and recent approaches are discussed in [11] , [12] , [13], [14],
[15] , [16]. Through these researches, it can be concluded that LSB on its own is not secure
enough because of its low robustness and low embedding rate and is vulnerable to stego-
analysis. Therefore, another approach must be taken for fail-safe situations.

• Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

Another approach which can be taken is using DWT to embed the data in audio. In
comparison to LSB based approach, this approach is quite novel and many researchers have
turned their attention to make this approach more approachable and effective.
The basic functionality of DWT can be that it can divide the message into high and low-
frequency parts. In the high parts, specifics of the edge components are stored while the
lower part stores the signal majority part of the signal information which is again divided into
two parts. For every division, the DWT algorithm is applied in the vertical direction and then
horizontal direction [17].
In 2014, B.Geethavani et al[18] proposed the idea of using audio steganography in DWT
algorithm and for increasing the security the author applied the Blowfish Algorithm.
The steps taken by the author can be explained as:
Sender’s end
1. Take the message M.
2. Apply the Blowfish algorithm to encrypt the message M into cypher text C.
3. By using the DWT, embed the cypher text C into sample audio of .wav extension.
4. Transmit the stego audio S to the receiver.
Receiver’s end
1. To extract the stego audio S, the median noise filter is applied.
2. Inverse DWT is applied to S.
3. Blowfish decryption process is applied to decrypt the information.
4. The receiver gets the message.

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 Interestingly, Rupayan Das et al[19], in 2017, proposed to enhance the audio steganography
by applying DWT over a signal. Then the cryptoanalysis of the original, stego audio and
hidden data is done. The block diagram of the author’s proposed idea is shown below.

Fig 4. Block diagram

Even though several kinds of research are being done in DWT but there are some drawbacks
of DWT too like the audio distortion is more in comparison to LSB leading to more
inaccurate data [20]. But there are certain advantages of using DWT such as it provides time-
frequency representation.
• Echo Hiding
Another type of audio steganography is echo hiding. The idea of using echo hiding in audio
steganography was first proposed in 1996. In echo hiding, data gets embedded to audio
signals via short echo to the host signal. The echo 's nature is a distortion that's applied to the
host audio. Hence, the challenge of the Human Auditory System(HAS) susceptibility issue to
additive noise is avoided. In this system, the data can be shielded by three echo signal
perimeters: Initial amplitude, the delay (offset) and the decay rate such that the echo is not
audible [21].

Methodology
Since by reviewing the other researches mentioned it can be said that Audio Steganography
using LSB is convenient and easy to apply, also, it provides less data loss and audio distortion
but it is vulnerable to steganalysis []. Hence in this research, we are proposing a java GUI
application applying LSB based audio steganography on the secret text message and to
enhance its security we are using bit AES encryption. By applying AES encryption, we are
taking a security measure, just in case if any hacker or phreaker gets to know that there is
data embedded in the audio and somehow they extract the data, they will still get the
encrypted data unable to make sense of, which will maintain the confidentiality of the data.

I. Basic Terms Defined

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 1. JAVA
In 1995, Sun Microsystem launched Java technology. For the first time, it was applied
on Netscape web browser and then in 1996, Java Development Kit(JDK) and Standard
Edition(SE) was launched. One thing that made Java distinct from other programming
languages of that time was that it was introduced keeping the security perspective in mind.
Java offers various many security features. It provides access control like public, private and
protected variables, supports automatic garbage collection and removed pointer as a datatype
[22].
One of the java framework used in this project is Java Cryptographic Architecture(JCA)
which is as the name suggests is a framework to access and develop cryptographic functions.
JCA provides an array of APIs for cryptographic services like Digest Message
Algorithms(DMA), message authentication codes (MACs), key generators and symmetric
bulk encryption. JCA contain two types of package one is Java.Security Kit and another is
javax.crypto. Java.Security Kit contains classes which are not related to export controls such
as MessageDigest and Signature, on the other hand, javax.crypto contains the export controls
like Cipher and Key Agreement [23].
JCE provides a good structure and implementation for encryption techniques such as key
generation and agreement, message authentication etc. These are all the attributes which
provide better security. MACs provide data integrity as well as authenticity, which can help
to detect tampering of data during the transmission of data over any network. By using these
codes, the user can easily implement signatures and encryption in their code development
[24].

2. Least Significant Bit (LSB)

There are multiple types of methods in steganography. One of the most used methods is LSB
based steganography. This method is easy to implement and messages can be hidden quite
secretly. The distortion rate in LSB is very low in comparison to other approaches. The basic
plan is to change the lowest bits of the audio file with the message’s bits [27].

As shown above, the 1 bit is MSB(Most Significant Bit) and 0 is the LSB(Least
Significant Bit)

Let us assume the message is 0f 10 bits, which will make several bytes used
= 10 bytes

Suppose the message value in binary is 1110101011 then the new binary will be

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Based on the theory stated above the whole message gets embedded into the audio.

3. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Officially, NIST confirmed the development of AES on September 12, 1997. It was
originated from the Rijndael algorithm and declared as the new encryption algorithm by the
Federal Information Processing Standards(FIPS), and replaced the previous encryption
algorithm i.e Data Encryption Standard(DES). AES encryption can use encryption keys of
128, 192 and 256 bit to encode and decode the data.
In general, AES is a symmetric block cypher which enciphers and deciphers data in a block
such as for 128 bits N = 4, where N is the number of blocks. Similarly, N = 4,6 and 8 for
b b k

128, 192 and 256 respectively bits where N is key length and number of the rounds is
k

depended on the key length. For N = 4,6 and 8, number of rounds are N = 10,12 and 14
k r

respectively.
When the message or encrypted message stored in the input array is arranged orderly bit by
bit in an array, then the encoding or decoding process starts. The last step is a copy of an
array of bites via input array to output array(which is either the message or encrypted
message depending on what the input is). The algorithm can be presented as

Fig 5. AES algorithm

Via substitution, table functions independently over every byte and that’s how non-linear byte
type substitution takes place. Then every point in the box is represented in its hexadecimal form
calculated using the intersection of row and column index.

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Fig 6. Sub-bytes Conversion
The Shift rows start shifting cyclically.

Fig 7. The shift row conversion

Then the output of shifted rows is mixed with columns by the Mix column matrix

Fig 8. Conversion Matrix

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 Fig 9. Mix Coloumns Alteration
The last step is called Addround Key Conversion. In this step, the round key is added using the
XOR gate.

Fig 10. Addround Key Conversion

By using the reverse of this process AES decryption takes place.
So, while doing this research the main question we came over was

Why AES Encryption and how safe it is?

Some encryption algorithms are quite effective in some scenarios but in some scenarios, they are
not. For eg. RSA is very effective for large data but for small data, it’s not much effective. Hence,
we found out that for the most number of scenarios AES Encryption is more suitable. Second, it
is easy to implement. According to OWASP organisation, many encryptions are not easy to
implement which in result causes vulnerabilities, which later on hackers exploit [25].
In the matter of safety, it can be said on AES, the brute force attack cannot be implemented as it
will take approximately 1100 * 10 combinations to fully break the encryption, which is next
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to impossible. That is the reason which makes AES most widely used encryption algorithm in
the world [26].

II Flow Diagram
• Embedding Process
The embedding process of this proposed project is done in Java GUI. The working of the
embedding process is explained in the steps below:
Step 1: The user will select an audio file of .wav or .au extension in which the message
needs to be embedded. Select the next button.
Step 2: Then the output directory will be selected in which the stego-audio will be saved.
Select the next button.
Step 3: Enter the message or select a .txt file which needs to be encrypted and embedded.
Select the next button.
Step 4: In this step, the user needs to set a key of a minimum of 4 characters. It’s better to
set a long key for strong security. Select the encrypt button. An AES-256 bit encrypted
message will be shown. Select ok and then next.
Step 5: Verify all the details and select next.
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 Step 6: The embedding process is completed. Play the input or output audio to verify.
Then select finish.

Fig 11. Flow diagram of embedding

• Extraction Process
The extraction process is the reverse process of the embedding process. The steps were as
followed:
Step 1: Select a stego audio file from which message needs to be extracted. Then, select
next.
Step 2: Select the output directory in which the secret message fill will be extracted.
Then, select next.
Step 3: Enter the AED decryption key which was already decided between the sender and
receiver. Then, select next.
Step 4: If the encryption key entered is correct, then on the fourth step verify the contents
and click next. If the key is not correct the process will stop.
Step 5: The message will be extracted then decrypted. The user will be shown the output
and a file with name Secret.txt will also be saved in the directory selected in step 2.

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 Fig 12. Flow diagram of the Extraction process

Implementation
The proposed software is implemented in the MAC OSX operating system using JAVA 8 in
IntelliJ IDEA IDE(Integrated Development Environment).
In the method below we have used AES encryption in which BASE 64 is used for salting
and the secret key is taken from the sender.

Fig 13. AES Encryption Method

In the implementation, first of all, we have taken a sample audio named speechwav.wav
which is of 117 kb. This is the audio in which the message will be embedded.

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Fig 14 - Step 1- The audio file is selected

Then the message which will be encrypted and then embedded is either written or a file is
attached.

Fig 14 - Step 3- Enter the data to embed

After selecting the encryption key, the message is then encrypted into a cypher text shown
below

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Fig 15. Cypher text

The cypher key is then embedded into the audio file using LSB steganography.

A stego-audio of name speechwav1.wav of similar size 117 kb will be created and saved in the
selected directory.
To extract the message, the extract option is selected and after following the steps and inserting
the AES key, the output will be shown at the same time a secret.txt of 60kb file will be created
with the message.

Fig 16 - Step 5- Output of the extraction process

File Name File Size SNR(Sound to noise ratio) value MSE(Mean Square Error)

speechwav.wav(original) 117 kb 5.636014274227477 0.15479867783745405

speechwav1.wav(Stego) 117 kb 5.747632917700155 0.39344463122204887

Evaluation and Testing

Due to some time restrictions and error in program development, we had to make two Java
projects. One in which above stated audio steganography is implemented and in another one,
the testing of the audio is done. The evaluation and testing are done in this project. In this
project, the Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR value) and Mean Square Error(MSE) is calculated.

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SNR is a measurement which calculates the comparison between the desired audio signals
and the distorted audio signals. MSE calculates the square of the errors between the original
and the encrypted audio.
For testing, we have taken 5 sample audio files in which message “This is steganography” is
embedded and then SNR and MSE values are calculated.

Audio Extension Audio Audio SNR value(in dB) MSE Bit

Type Size(i Erro
n kb) r

Speechwav.wav Original 117 5.63601427422747 0.1547986778374540 0

7 5

Encrypte 117 5.74763291770015 0.3934446312220488

d 5 7

Clapred.wav Original 256 7.57663438748915 0.1589886446979317 0

75 5

Encrypte 256 7.61281188750589 0.3987338018000628

d 5

Ensoniq-ZR-76- Original 549 11.1970525714303 7.354646117922261E 1

01-Dope-77.mp3 7 -5

Encrypte 548 11.1969954449067 0.0085759233426624

d 76 44

file_example_1.a Original 1100 10.1075804587393 0.2354476600885391 482

u 28 2

Encrypte 618 10.4078248295949 0.4852294921875

d 65

file_example_2.a Original 2100 10.1756346976575 78.21623235940933 148

u 41 2

Encrypte 618 10.3268709976655 8.843994140625

d 27
From the evaluation, it can be concluded there is no data loss in wav audio file formats, in
mp3, very little is lost but in .au files a large amount of data is getting lost.

Limitations
The limitation of this project is, it is not much effective for .au extension file. Also, two
projects are implemented, one for audio steganography and one for evaluating the SNR and
MSE values.

Conclusion and Future Work

The proposed method enhances the security of audio steganography by applying the AES
encryption, using the concepts of both steganography and cryptography. Before embedding

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of data, the data is first converted into the encrypted text maintaining the authenticity of the
data during transmission.
So, in future work, the project should be enhanced in such a way that audio steganography
could be implemented for .au file extensions, and both the projects could be merge. Also,
another encryption algorithm can be tried accordingly.

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