NETWORKING NOTES :

: A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and other devices

to share data
and other resources (hardware and software resources)
: Network of networks makes the internet.
: The network that belongs to a single person or user is known as PAN.
: A WAN interconnects all the computers across the world.
: LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks; the
others have
emerged with technological advances.
: RJ-45 is a short term for Registered Jack-45. It is an eight-wire connector used
to connect computers
on LANs, especially Ethernets.
: Hub is a device used to connect several computers with each other.
: A switch is a device that transmits data to the computers in a LAN.
: A bridge is a device that links two segments together of the original network.
: A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks.
: Repeater is a device that amplifies a signal that is transmitted across the
network so that the signal is
received in the same way as it is sent.
: A router is a networking device that helps in forwarding packets from one machine
to another.
: Topology is a way of connecting several devices with each other on a network.
: When there is a point-to-point link between each computer in a network, it forms
mesh topology.
: There is a main cable which is connected to several workstations through taps.
Collision of data can
take place in bus topology.
: In ring topology, each workstation is connected with the predecessor node as well
as with the
successor node and, thus, forms a ring. Data is transmitted only in one direction.
: In tree topology, the main central hub is connected to the secondary hub through
which all devices
are connected with each other. Tree topology is just like a parent-child
relationship.
? How internet works
Our computers or smartphones get linked to the internet using phone line/Mobile
ISP
(Internet Service Provider) and usually become a part of LAN. This LAN is further
connected to ISP using a high speed phone line like T1 line (1.5mbps), whereas a
normal
phone line or modem typically handles 30,000 to 50,000 bits per second.
ISPs then connect to larger ISPs which maintain fibre optic backbones for an entire
region.
Backbones around the world are connected through fibre optic lines, undersea cables
or
satellite links. In this manner, every computer on the internet is connected to
each other
for communication and sharing of resources.
: WWW is a set of programs and protocols that allows the user to create and display
multimedia web
pages and is linked to the internet.
: URL stands for uniform resource locator that stores the address of a web page.
: A website is a collection of several web pages which are related to each other
through hyperlinks.
: A web server stores web documents and responds to the requests made by web
browsers.
: Web hosting is a service that is provided by the company to users to create web-
based applications.
: A web browser is a WWW client that navigates through the WWW and displays web
pages.
MEMORY BYTES :
? ARPANET was the first internet followed by NSFNET and other small networks.
? A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks.
? A backbone is a central interconnecting device that connects two or more
computers.
? Topology is a way of connecting computers physically or logically.
? Star topology uses a central hub where each computer indirectly connects with the
other computer on the
network.
? A set of rules that governs internet is called protocol.
? TCP protocol is responsible for sequential arrangement of packets.
? IP protocol is responsible for fragmentation of data into packets and sends those
packets in random order.
? FTP protocol is used to share files across networks.
? TELNET is a remote login where a user can login on another user�s system.
? HTTP is used for displaying web pages.
Computer Networks
5.29
? Web browser is an application program that helps in opening web pages.
? The first page of any website is known as home page.
? Communication media is a transmission media for transmitting data across the
network.
? Guided media is also known as wired media while unguided media is also known as
wireless media.
? LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN are the four types of networks.
? Viruses are malicious programs that can damage files, disks, file allocation
table, etc.
? Spams are unsolicited mails that eat up the disk space.
? Hub refers to a networking component which acts as a convergence point of a
network allowing the transfer of
data packets.
? Switch refers to a device which filters and forwards data packets across the
network.
? Web hosting service is a type of internet hosting service that allows individuals
and organizations to host their
own website and users with online systems to store information such as images,
videos, etc.
? A data channel is the medium used to carry information or data from one point to
another.