Introduction

The fascination of nanotechnology comes from the ability to control material properties by assembling such
materials at the nanoscale Nanotechnologies contribute to almost every field of science, including physics,
materials science, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering.The fundamental properties of a
material can dramatically change when its dimensions are reduced nanometer scale Metal. Richard Feynman, for
the first time, proposed the idea of nanotechnology by suggesting the development of molecular machines.
He lectured, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", referring to the big potential that is hidden in the
smallest dimensions of matter in 1959.Norio Taniguchi's paper in 1974 where the term "nanotechnology"
was first used in a scientific publication.The emergence(golden era) of nanotechnology began in 1980s by
the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1982 and of fullerenes in 1985 the beginnings of
commercial applications of nanostructure materials was in the early 2000s.

Nano structure

Nanomaterials have gained importance in technological advancement due to their exceptional

Types of nanostructures
Nanostructure material must have at least one dimension in the range of 1–100 nm.1) NMs can be further divided
into four classes based on dimesnsions. Zero-dimensional nanomaterials (0D) have all their dimensions in
nanoscale, i.e., sized below 100 nm. One-dimensional nanomaterials (1D) are materials with one dimension not in
nanoscale while the other two dimensions are in nanoscale. Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D) contain only one
dimension in nanoscale while the other two are not. Three-dimensional materials have various dimensions beyond
100 nm 3D NMs combine multiple nanocrystals in different directions.
Nanowire
The synthesis of one-dimensional nanomaterials has grown impressively in the last two decades.

A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometre (10 −9 metres). It can also be defined as
the ratio of the length to width being greater than 1000. Alternatively, nanowires can be defined as structures that
have a thickness or diameter constrained to tens of nanometers or less and an unconstrained length. At these
scales, quantum mechanical effects are important which coined the term "quantum wires". Many different types of
nanowires exist, including superconducting (e.g. YBCO[1]), metallic (e.g. Ni, Pt, Au, Ag), semiconducting (e.g. silicon
nanowires (SiNWs), InP, GaN) and insulating (e.g. SiO2, TiO2). Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating
molecular units either organic (e.g. DNA) or inorganic (e.g. Mo6S9−xIx).

Metallic nanowire
Metallic nanowires are one-dimensional entities of metals of either single crystalline or polycrystalline nature.1
Metallic nanowires have many unique properties that are not seen in their bulk counterparts, such as good thermal
and electrical conductivity, high aspect ratio, low sheet resistance, excellent optical transparency, etc. In the past two
decades, research into 1D metallic NWs has encouraged breakthrough technologies in a variety of fields. One
dimensional (1D) nanoscale structures, such as nanowires, nanowhiskers, nanorods, nanobelts and nanoribbons,
have been attracting a great research interest in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Over the past few
years, nanowires have been widely applied in nanodevices,nanosensors,nanolasers and nanoprobes. Researchers
have long recognized that the 1D nanostructure is an appropriate system to investigate the dependence of electrical
and thermal transport or mechanical, magnetic properties on dimensionality and size reduction.

In the past two decades, including flexible transparent conductive films and electrodes, optoelectronic devices,
molecular electronics, solar cells, touch screens, biomedical science, chemical sensors, heat transfer enhancement,
etc. In particular, the fabrication of metallic nanowires has been tackled recently for the development of transparent
flexible electrodes. One of the very important advanced arguments is the need to obtain materials available from low-
cost solution-based processes. including flexible transparent conductive films and electrodes. conductive polymer
nanocomposites , touch sensors , photovoltaic (PV) cells , electrochromic devices (ECD) , wearable optoelectronic
devices , and thermal energy storage. Metallic nanowires may also provide a unique model system to experimentally
probe physical phenomena such as quantized conductance and localization effects.

Over the past few years, nanowires have been widely applied in nanodevices , nanosensors , nanolasers , and
nanoprobes. Researchers have long recognized that the 1D nanostructure is an appropriate system to investigate the
dependence of electrical and thermal transport or mechanical, magnetic properties on dimensionality and size
reduction .These scientific discoveries will provide much valuable information for the fabrication of practical
nanoscale machines and novel materials.metal nanowires stems from both basic research interests and their
potential as interconnects in nanoelectronic systems and optical nanometallic communicating channels, as well as
biological spectroscopic enhancers.

silver nanowires
Ag nanowires have been used in various applications such as catalysis, surface-enhanced Raman scattering

(SERS), photonic crystals, microelectronics , and biological nanosensors. silver catalysts have become increasingly
important in the selective oxidation of olefins for the synthesis of industrially interesting products such as epoxides

and aldehydes. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) combine high electrical conductivity with low optical extinction in the
visible, making them a cheap and flexible component of transparent conductive layers , strain and pressure sensors,
temperature sensors, substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and conductive layers in
photoelectrodes for solar water splitting.Silver nanowires with well-defined dimensions represent a particular class of
interesting nanostructures to synthesize and study because bulk silver exhibits the highest electrical and thermal
conductivity among all metals. Silver is also an important material that has been used in a rich variety of commercial
applications, and the performance of silver in these applications could be potentially enhanced by processing silver
into 1D nanostructures (rather than as zero-dimensional (0D) nanoparticles) with controllable dimensions and aspect
ratios. For example, the loading of silver in polymeric composites could be greatly reduced if nanoparticles were
replaced by nanowires having higher aspect ratios. Silver nanowires are amongst such very important nanowires
studied recently, because of having the highest electrical and thermal conductivities properties among all metals as
well as interesting plasmonic properties dependent on the morphology of the silver nanostructure . A large number of
effective chemical methods have been demonstrated to prepare silver nanowires, for example, porous or solid
templatedirected synthesis, biomimetic synthesis , molecular self-assembled directed synthesis , polyol process and
wet chemical synthesis. however, no simple method has yet been found to fabricate nanowires over large areas in
arbitrary material combinations as the actual mechanism of the formation of nanowires is still a mystery. Fortunately,
during these different and feasible approaches, the polyol process provides an impactful way to explore.silver
nanowires have potential applications in various fields including optical devices , catalysts, biologic nanosensor and
photonic crystals . In particular, they are added to electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for the purpose of
electrical conductance improvement of ECAs because they can establish perfect conductive networks under the low
content of conductive fillers.silver nanowires have garnered a significant amount of research attention because of
their high electrical and thermal conductivities. They have been used in many applications, such as optical polarizers,
photonic crystals, catalysts , microelectronics and surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS).

Synthesis
Metallic NWs have been synthesized by means of different shape-controlled techniques, such as template method,
hydrothermal method, electro-deposition method , ultraviolet (UV) irradiation route, wet reduction method , chemical
vapor deposition (CVD) etc.These methods include the hydrothermal method, microwave-assisted process,
electrochemical technique, UV irradiation technique, template technique. When compared to these methods, the
polyol approach appears as the most promising synthetic procedure regarding ease of mass production, cost and
simplicity.In recent studies, many strategies have been reported for the synthesis of silver nanowires. The most
widely used methods for generating silver nanowires are various chemical routes, such as polyol process, wet
chemical synthesis, hydrothermal method , ultraviolet irradiation photoreduction technique , electrochemical
technique DNA template and porous materials template . However, there have been few reports about the synthesis
of uniform silver nanowires by adding controlling agents to the mixture solution in a solvothermal method.

Over the past years, many strategies have been developed for synthesizing silver nanowires with controllable sizes.
The most widely used methods for generating silver nanowires are various chemical routes, such as the polyol
process, wet chemical synthesis , the hydrothermal method , ultraviolet irradiation photoreduction
techniques ,electrochemical techniques, DNA templates and porous materials templates. Among these methods, the
polyol process is an effective route to synthesize silver nanowires. The addition of trace amounts of salts to the polyol
synthesis has been shown to influence the final morphology of the products. For examples, Xia et al. have reported
that the presence of FeCl3 and CuCl2 facilitates the growth of silver nanowires in a conventional polyol process. The
anion can reduce the concentration of free Ag+ in the initial stage, and the cation can scavenge the adsorbed atomic
oxygen from the surface of seeds. In addition, silver nanowires have also been fabricated via a microwave-assisted
polyol process by adding a trace amount of NaCl into the solution. However, there have been few reports about the
synthesis of silver nanowires with adjustable diameters by adding exotic agents to the solution in a solvothermal
method. In this paper, we report the fabrication of silver nanowires through a solvothermal method by reducing silver
nitrate (AgNO3) with ethylene glycol (EG) and using PVP as an adsorption agent. Template synthesis has been
adopted to prepare nanowires with different templates to prepare structures such as nanochannel glass membranes,
anodized aluminum substrates, and various polymeric membranes.

Xia’s group has successfully synthesized various silver nanostructures, including nanocubes, nanowires, and
nanotetrahedrons, through a chlorion-contained polyol process, known as ‘seed oxidative etching’. In this work, we
demonstrate an extensive parametric study on self-seeding polyol synthesis of Ag nanowires. We examined effects
of temperature, injection rate, polymer to AgNO3 ratio, and sodium chloride (NaCl) amount. Moreover, we
investigated a novel parameter that has not been reported yet: the effect of solution stirring rate.

Deposition
Spray coating was realized by atomizing the dispersion and dispatching the liquid droplets onto a substrate.

The most common route is to synthesize Ag nanowires followed by deposition on different substrates using methods
such as electrostatic spraying , doctor blading , electroless deposition , Meyer bar coating , ink jet printing and spin
coating. Filling of the pores of such membranes with long aspect ratio nanowires has been accomplished by high-
pressure metal melt injection and electrodeposition.these networks are deposited on small scales using processes
which are not compatible with an industrial setting (i.e., vacuum filtration, rod or spin coating).

The spray of AgNWs solution was studied and based on different spray systems: airbrush, ultrasonic spray
nozzle, electrostatic spray system and industrial atomizing spray nozzle. These systems used a conic spray beam,
and the surface coated was <100 cm2. Despite these various spray approaches, to the best of our knowledge, only
one paper reported a spray coating on the substrate surface around 250 cm 2.In this study ultra-long Ag nanowires
with diameters in the range of 80–120 nm and lengths up to 10–50 μm are successfully prepared by electroless
deposition (reduction) in hot ethylene glycol (EG) at 160°C (polyol method). spray deposition of Ag NWs has been
shown to produce uniform films of silver nanowire, spin coating.

Fabrication
Solarcell (1)

Fabrication of Transparent Electrodes(2)

high performance transparent heaters based on Ag nanowires(3)

Light-Emitting Diodes Fabrication(4)