Unit Code and Name: SPH 2202 - Thermal Physics I
Unit Code and Name: SPH 2202 - Thermal Physics I
Unit Code and Name: SPH 2202 - Thermal Physics I
NB: Supplement your learning from the lecture and lecture notes by independent study and discussions.
Page 2 of 5
Course outline
Course assessment
NB: Supplement your learning from the lecture and lecture notes by independent study and discussions.
Page 3 of 5
Definition of important terms and theorems
Wall - the boundary that separates a thermodynamic system from its surrounding. It can be:
o Diathermic or adiabatic (figure below) – a diathermic wall permits flow of heat (while
preventing the flow of matter) and an adiabatic wall does not permit flow of heat and also
prevents the flow of matter.
NB: Supplement your learning from the lecture and lecture notes by independent study and discussions.
Page 4 of 5
Thermodynamic state - a set of thermodynamic variables that can be used to fully define the
status of a thermodynamic system.
The state of a thermodynamic system depends on whether or not there is an interaction (via
matter and energy exchange) between it and its surrounding. Its state remains unchanged when
there is no interaction between it and its surrounding. Otherwise, its state undergoes a change
whenever there is an interaction between it and its surrounding.
Thermal interaction – energy exchange between two thermodynamic systems that are in
physical contact. Such systems are therefore said to be in thermal contact.
Thermodynamic process – when a thermodynamic system changes from one state to another
as a result of the exchange of energy with the surrounding (or other systems).
Initial state - the state of a thermodynamic system at the beginning of a thermodynamic process
Final state – the state of a thermodynamic system and at the end of a thermodynamic process.
End states – collective term for the initial and final states of a thermodynamic process.
State space - a path traced out by the locus of all the states that the system goes through during
a thermodynamic process.
A state space is constructed by the independent parameters of a thermodynamic system. For
instance, if pressure (P) and volume (V) are the independent parameters in a given
thermodynamic system, the state space may be represented by a P-V diagram as illustrated
below:
NB: Supplement your learning from the lecture and lecture notes by independent study and discussions.
Page 5 of 5
i. Mechanical equilibrium when all the forces either in its interior or between it and its
surrounding are balanced.
ii. Chemical equilibrium when, in addition to being in a state of mechanical equilibrium, it
does not undergo any chemical reaction or transfer of matter through, say, diffusion.
iii. Thermal equilibrium when, in addition to being in a state of mechanical and chemical
equilibrium, it does not undergo any changes in its state variables.
iv. Thermodynamic equilibrium after it attains mechanical, chemical and thermal
equilibrium.
o If the conditions given for each equilibrium type are not satisfied, a change of state must
take place until equilibrium is reached.
o When a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium its parameters are such that if one of them
is changed the system accommodates the new value (of the parameter that changed) by
changing some other of its parameters. For instance, if it’s the pressure that changes, the
system may change, say the volume, to accommodate the new value of the pressure.
Equation of state
NB: Supplement your learning from the lecture and lecture notes by independent study and discussions.