AIR CONDITIONING

REFRIGERATION AND
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

CONCEPT AND SYSTEM

DESIGN

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AIR CONDITIONING
OPERATION

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RELATED PHYSICS
IN
RAC

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REFRIGERATIONS

• Process of
reducing and
maintain the
temperature

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 REFRIGERATION AND AIR
CONDITIONING
• Exchange of Heat
• Transfer of Heat From a Space
to Refrigerant and Vice Versa

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LE SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL
d’UNITES (SI)
Mass
- amount of material
in a substance
measure in grams or
kilograms

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 SI
• Force
- a push or pull

Weight
- measure of the force
exerted on the body by
the gravitational pull of
the earth

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 SI
• Kilogram force (kgf)
- the force of gravity of
an object having a mass
of 1 kg

• Newton
- mass 1kg, acceleration
1 m/s2

gravity = 9.807 m/s2

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 SI
• Pressure
- force per unit
area
P = f/a

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PRESSURE
• kgf/cm2
• Pascal (Pa)
• Pound per square
inch (psi)

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PRESSURE
• The deeper the
more pressure
• The pressure is the
weight of column of
water above the
diver

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PRESSURE
• Atmospheric
pressure – layer of
gas around the earth
about 20km
thickness
• Agreed unit of
pressure is Pascal
(Pa) or bar
• 0 meter, 1bar=1atm

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MANIFOLD GAUGE
• A device for
measuring:
– pressure
– temperature

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GAUGE
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Refrigerant

• 0 b = 1atm
• absolute pressure =
gauge pressure +
atmospheric pressure
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QUIZ
• If atmospheric
pressure is 1 b, why
is the gauge show 0
at rest?

• relative pressure or
gauge pressure

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Zul_ACRMV110321 16
THE PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE
RELATIONSHIP
• In a balloon there is
two pressure:
– Internal pressure
– External pressure or
atmospheric pressure

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Pressure-Temperature
• At atmospheric
pressure the internal
and external pressure is
equivalent
• Pressure uniformly
distributed

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Pressure-Temperature
• Increase the
internal pressure
and the water start
to boil
• At 1 b pressure, the
temperature is 100
C

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Pressure-Temperature
• External pressure
smaller – 0.7 b
• The internal
pressure need less
pressure to
overcome external
pressure
• At 0.7 b external,
water boil at 90C

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CONCLUSION

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 CONCLUSION
• Every time the pressure changes, the
temperature also changes
• At every pressure, there is a
corresponding boiling point

• This is call pressure-temperature

relationship

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 HEAT
• A SENSATION OF TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENTS
• BRAIN IS MAKING COMPARISON
BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF HEAT

• The palm of our hand is between

30°C~33°C

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 UNIT OF HEAT
• Calorie (cal)
-1g water, 1°C = 1 cal
• Joule (J)
- 1g water, 1°C = 4.187J
• British thermal unit (Btu)
- 1lb, 1°F = 1Btu

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HEAT TRANSFER

• Water and air

“touch” indirectly
• Heat passes from
hotter to colder

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HEAT TRANSFER

• The amount of heat

gained by the air is
exactly equal to that
lost by the water

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HEAT TRANSFER
• Only if there is
temperature
difference
• Heat always flows
from the hotter
body to the colder
body

• In financial industry, the rich

didn’t always give to the poor

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BOILING OF WATER

• Water boil at 100°C

• If we keep boiling,
temperature of
water will stabilizes

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BOILING OF WATER
CHANGE OF STATE
• Liquid state to
gaseous state
(steam)
• The water vaporizes

• The temperature
does not increase
further…

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BOILING OF WATER
• Temperature
increase from t0 –
t2

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BOILING OF WATER
• At t2-t3, the
temperature is 100°C
• Changing from liquid to
vapor
• When liquid evaporates,
it absorb heat- latent
heat of vaporization

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 0C
• 0C, Ice melting
• Temperature
constant - fusion

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 0C
• 0C, Ice melting
• t0-t1 – solid state
to liquid state

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 0C
• No more ice
• Temperature start
to increase

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0C - 100C
• Temperature t2
=100 C
• Latent heat of
fusion –solid to liquid

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 CONCLUSION
• Water changes from solid to liquid at
constant temperature 0C by
absorbing heat – LATENT HEAT OF
FUSION
• Water changes from liquid to vapor at
constant temperature 100C by
absorbing heat – LATENT HEAT OF
VAPORISATION

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 CONCLUSION
• To evaporate, water needs energy
(heat)

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AMOUNT OF HEAT

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 AMOUNT OF HEAT
• 2 and 4 - latent heat
• 1,3 and 5 - sensible heat

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REFRIGERATING MACHINE &
CYCLE

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HEAT TRANSFER

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 REFRIGERATION CYCLE

• 1. Evaporator
• 2. Compressor
• 3. Condenser
• 4. Expansion device

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EVAPORATOR
• Evaporate the
refrigerant in the
tube
• Changes from liquid
to vapor
• Absorbed heat from
the surrounding
• Cooling

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EVAPORATOR
• 1. evaporator inlet
• 2. evaporator outlet
• 3. tube
• 4. fin

• An evaporator must
be exposed to the
space to absorbed
heat

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COMPRESSOR
• To compress the
refrigerant
• Increase pressure
and temperature
• Lp - cold
• Hp - hot

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CONDENSER
• The condenser is hotter
than the ambient
temperature
• Hotter temperature
always give up heat

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CONDENSER
• 1. condenser inlet
• 2. condenser outlet
• 3. tube
• 4. fin

• Vapor to liquid

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EXPANSION DEVICE
• Connect condenser
and evaporator
• Drop the pressure
from hp to lp thus
dropping the
temperature

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EXPANSION DEVICE
• Capillary tube
• Thin copper tube
• Interior diameter
and length is fixed

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REFRIGERATION CYCLE
refrigerator

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REFRIGERATION CYCLE
refrigerator

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REFRIGERATION CYCLE
refrigerator

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REFRIGERATION CYCLE
refrigerator

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 REFRIGERATION CYCLE operation

• R22 enter evaporator as liquid

• Room heat will “evaporates” the R22
• Room will become colder
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 REFRIGERATION CYCLE operation

• R22 is vaporize by the interior room heat

• R22 vapor then “suct” by the compressor
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 REFRIGERATION CYCLE operation

• R22 enter condenser as hp vapor

• Hot R22 gives up heat to the ambient –
“condensation”
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 REFRIGERATION CYCLE operation

• At condenser outlet vapor had turn to liquid

• Hp liquid will enter the expansion valve
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WINDOW UNIT

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WINDOW UNIT

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WINDOW UNIT

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SPLIT UNIT

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SPLIT UNIT - internal

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SPLIT UNIT - external

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SPLIT UNIT

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OPERATING CONDITION - hp

• High pressure
16.3b
• High
temperature
45°C

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OPERATING CONDITION - lp
• Low pressure 4.8b
• Low temperature
5°C

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NORMAL OPERATING CONDITION

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 PSYCHROMETRIC Chart
• These training require the use of CIBSE
psychrometric charts and /or data tables,even
though presentation is done by using Daikin
Psychrometric diagram viewer.

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PSYCHROMETRIC Chart

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 PSYCHROMETRIC Chart
• Dry bulb is the temperature measured by ordinary
thermometer
• Wet bulb is the temperature measured by ordinary
thermometer whose glass bulb is covered by a wet cloth
sock.
• Relative Humidity is the actual amount of moisture in the
air
• Grains of moisture is the unit of measurement of the
amount of moisture in the air
• Dew point temperature is the temperature at which
moisture condenses on a surface

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 PSYCHROMETRIC Application

1. Air in a room is at 22°C db and 15° wb

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REFRIGERANTS

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Zul_ACRMV110321 75
 The Stratosphere
• The Earth's stratosphere is stretched 7-30
miles above the surface.
• The ozone layer is located approximately 20-
40 miles above the earth's surface.
• The ozone layer shields us from the UV-B
radiation of the sun.
• The ozone layer absorbs and scatters
ultraviolet light from the sun.

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Stratosphere Location

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Zul_ACRMV110321 78
 What is ozone?
The ozone molecule contains three oxygen
atoms, hence O3 is ozone.
How is ozone produced?
It is formed when oxygen absorbs solar
radiation
O2 +h(<240nm)  O+O
O+ O2  O3
Ozone reacts with various other
chemicals, and thus is highly reactive.
Ozone also absorbs incoming UV
radiation
O3 + h(Zul_ACRMV110321
<320nm)  O2+O 79
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 Why is the ozone layer
important?

• Ozone acts as the Earth’s protective shield

against the Sun’s harmful Ultraviolet
radiation (UV radiation).
• Without the ozone layer, life would not exist
on Earth!
• The natural development of the ozone layer
permitted life to evolve above water.

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 THE PROBLEM
• The Ozone Layer that has been protecting us
from harmful ultraviolet light from the sun is
being destroyed rapidly.
• It has been discovered from the early 1980’s
that the ozone layer has been depleted
particularly over the Antartic region creating
what is popularly known as the “Ozone Hole”

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Ozone “Hole” Over Antartica

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 Effects of Ozone Depletion

• Damage to aquatic organisms and the

Earth’s food chain
• Decrease of grain and crop production
• Skin Cancer
• Increase In Eye Diseases (Cataract)

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 Damage to Aquatic Organism
• Destruction of the Marine Food Chain

In order to understand the above,

we need to understand what is the
“Marine Food Chain”.

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 Decrease of grain and
crop production

• ground-level ozone damages plant tissue

• interferes with the ability of plants to
produce and store food, making them more
susceptible to disease, insects, other
pollutants, and harsh weather.

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 Increase in Skin Cancer
• UV-B light that passed through without ozone
protection can cause skin cancer

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More Skin Cancer Photos

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 Increase In Eye Diseases (Cataract)

• Exposure to UV-B Light increases the chances

of us getting Eye Disease such as cataract.

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Eye Disease (Cataract)

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Eye Disease (Cataract)

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What is the CAUSE of
OZONE DEPLETION?

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 CHLORO-FLUORO-CARBONS (CFC)

• CFC consists of the atoms of Chlorine, Fluorine

and Carbon hence the name ‘CFC’.
• For over 50 years, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
were thought of as miracle substances. They are
stable, nonflammable, low in toxicity, and
inexpensive to produce. Over time, CFCs found
uses as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing
agents, and in other smaller applications

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 HYDRO-CHLORO-FLUORO-CARBONS (HCFC)

• HCFC consists of the atoms of Hydrogen,

Chlorine, Fluorine and Carbon hence the
name ‘HCFC’.
• One of the most common refrigerant used
in residential and small commercial system
is HCFC-22 or R22

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 HYDRO-FLUORO-CARBONS (HFC)

• HFC consists of the atoms of Hydrogen,

Fluorine and Carbon hence the name ‘HFC’.
• One of the most common refrigerant used
to replace R12 is R134a which is a HFC
compound

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 WHERE CFC IS COMMONLY FOUND?

• Refrigerant such as R11, R12, R22 and other

similarly structured refrigerant contained CFC.
• We will refer to REFRIGERANTS in more detail
later… IN SESSION 6

Let us continue with CFC being the

cause of OZONE DEPLETION….

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 CFCs AND HCFCs in the
Stratosphere
CFC's and HCFC's, when released into the
atmosphere deplete the Ozone layer.
The chlorine in these compounds is the culprit.
When a chlorine atom meets with an Ozone
molecule, it takes one Oxygen atom from the
Ozone. This forms a compound called Chlorine
Monoxide (ClO) and leaves an O2 molecule.

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 CHLORINE IS THE CULPRIT

• Chlorine Monoxide will collide with another

Ozone molecule, release its Oxygen atom,
forming two O2 molecules, and leave the
chlorine free to attack another Ozone
molecule.

• A single Chlorine atom can destroy

100,000 Ozone molecules!!!

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 OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) is a

measurement of CFC's , HCFC's and other
REFRIGERANTS ability to destroy ozone.
CFC's have the highest ODP.

HFC's (e.g. R-134A) do not contain chlorine

and have no Ozone Depletion Potential.

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Zul_ACRMV110321 107
 Global Warming Potential
• Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a
measurement of chemicals including
CFC's , HCFC's and other
REFRIGERANTS ability to contribute
to Global Warming. CFC's have the
highest ODP and high GWP.

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 How Do Refrigerants Affects GWP?

• When released directly into the atmosphere. Most

of the refrigerants in use today have some level of
GWP. Some are very high.
• System efficiency. In many cases the energy
(electricity) used to operate a refrigeration system
comes from the burning of fossil fuels. The carbon
dioxide released in this process affects climate
change. The more efficient the refrigeration
system, the less carbon dioxide released.

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Zul_ACRMV110321 110
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 REFRIGERANT
• A heat carrier
• Working fluid to vaporizes and
condenses as it absorb/gives off heat
• Types of refrigerant
- primary
- secondary

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 PRIMARY REFRIGERANT
• Refrigerant used in vapor compression
systems
• Halocarbon
- contain chlorine, fluorine and bromine

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 PRIMARY REFRIGERANT
• Inorganic compound
- an early refrigerants

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 PRIMARY REFRIGERANT
• Hydrocarbon
- suitable for petroleum and petrochemical industry

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REFRIGERANT 22
• FREON 22
• FORANE 22
• SUVA 22
• Monochlorodifluoromethane
CHCLF2

• Whatever the names is, R22

evaporates at -42C at
atmospheric pressure

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 REFRIGERANT 22
• CHCLF2 – 2 atoms of fluorine
- 1 atoms of hydrogen + 1

CCL2F2
- 2 atoms of fluorine
- 0 atoms of hydrogen + 1
- R 12

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REFRIGERANT 22

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REFRIGERANT 22

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QUIZ
• Why do you think
the R22 gauge reads
-42C at 0 bar?

• At atmospherics
pressure R22
evaporates at -42C

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DANGER!

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 REFRIGERANTS
• Selection
- inexpensive
- nonpoisonous
- non corrosive
- non flammable
- stable
- high latent heat of vaporization
- easy to condense and vaporize
- easy to detect leaks

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SELECTIONS

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REPLACEMENT
• ODP
• GWP
• Compositions

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REPLACEMENT

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SECONDARY REFRIGERANTS
• Fluid that carry heat from a substance
being cooled to the evaporator
• Change in temperature but does not
change phase
• Water
• Brines
• Anti freezes – solution of water and
glycol or calcium chloride
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 MOTOR
SINGLE PHASE

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor

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 SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor
• Run (operating)
- large dimension, low capacitance  30F
• Starting
- small dimension, large capacitance (can
exceed 100 F)
- 5 seconds, 20 start-ups/hour

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor

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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor

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 SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor
• V=IR (Voltage=Amps x Resistance)
• 240V, 2A
• Xc =240/2, = 120
• C =1/(2**Hz*Xc) = 1/(6.28*50*120)
= 0.00002652 F
= 26.52 F

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 SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
capacitor

• Normally 14 times of Amperage

• 2*14 = 28 F, if 10% 30.8 F or 25.2 F
• If out of range; change capacitor

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THREE PHASE

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
point

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 THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
point

• P =3*V*I*
=1.732*220*1.7*0.8 = 520W

=1.732*380*1*0.8 = 520W

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
point

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
point
• 145W loss as heat
• 375W/520W= 0.72

• 72% useful
• 28% loss

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
point

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
point

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- delta 

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- delta 

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- star Y

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- star Y

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- ?

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THREE PHASE MOTOR- connections

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 Protection Devices

FUSE FOR FUSE FOR

DISTRIBUTION MOTORS

THERMAL
OVERLOAD RELAYS

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 Thermal Relay

Combination of a thermal overload

relay with a contactor

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Electromagnetic Overcurrent
Relay

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Contactor - Breaker

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Isolator - Breaker

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COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION
DEVICES

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COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION
DEVICES

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COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION
DEVICES

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 SWITCHES
• Manual switch-on pushbutton S1

• Manual switch-off pushbutton S2

• Manual on-off pushbutton

S3

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 SWITCHES
• Emergency stop pushbutton
• Color: Red – large mushroom head
pushbutton

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 Limit switches
• Normally open contact
• Operated by mechanical sensor (cam roller) S1 S1
1 1

• Normally open contact

• Operated by level
S1
1
• Normally open contact
• Operated by temperature
S1 
• Normally closed contact 1

• Operated by pressure

S1 P
• 1

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 Other switches

• Normally open contact

• Operated by electromagnetic
• Operating equipment designation: KM (contactor); KA (relay)

A1
11

KM1
KM1

14
A2

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ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS & WIRING

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 DIRECT ON LINE (D.O.L.)

• -The stator connected directly to the main

supply
• -The motor starts with a high peak
• -Current peak 4 to 8 times of rated current
• -1 to 5 hp

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 D.O.L.
• Main circuit

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 D.O.L.
• Control circuit

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 D.O.L… forward reverse

X1
• Main circuit wiring diagram L1
1

2
L2
3
L3

F1

A1 A1
KM1 KM2
A2 A2

F2

U1 V1 W 1
X2

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 D.O.L… forward reverse

• Control circuit wiring diagram

F1
L1
S1

S2 KM1 S3 KM2
1 1 1

KM2 KM1

KM1 KM2
N
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D.O.L..block diagram

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 STAR DELTA (YΔ)

• -Motor having both ends of the three stator

brought out-6 terminal
• -First step with Star- (main voltage/√3)
• -Second step with delta-normal voltage

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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..power circuit

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STAR DELTA (YΔ).. Reverse rotation

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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..control circuit

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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..TNB control circuit

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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..TNB power circuit

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AUTO TRANSFORMER..control circuit

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AUTO TRANSFORMER..Power circuit

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SPECIFICATION

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POWER SUPPLY

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POWER SUPPLY

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Connection - fan

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Connection - condensing

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Connection - condensing

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Connection - condensing

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MOLLIER DIAGRAMS

P-h CHART
PRESSURE ENTHALPY CHART

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 WHY IN REFRIGERATION?
• To determine accurately what is going on
inside a refrigeration system
• Visualize the refrigerant behavior
• Calculating capacities of refrigeration
system
• Representing the condition of equipment at
any thermodynamic state.
• TROUBLESHOOTING…

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CLASSIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

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REFRIGERANT REGIONS

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CONSTANT PRESSURE LINE

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CONSTANT TEMPERATURE LINE

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ENTHALPY LINE

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Constant specific volume line

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ENTROPY LINE

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HOW TO PLOT A P-H CHART?

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 DATA FROM THE UNIT

Point Measurement bar °C

P1 Low pressure 3
P2 High Pressure 14
T1 Suction Temperature 0
T2 Discharge Temperature 70
T3 Condensing Temperature 40
T4 Expansion Valve Temperature 10
T5 Evaporating Temperature -6

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 P1

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 P2

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 T1

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 T2

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 T3

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 T4

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 T4

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ENTHALPY

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SUPERHEAT

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SUB COOLED

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HIGH HEAD

• Recycle cooling
medium
• High cooling medium
• Poor cooling medium
flow
• Fouled condenser
• Non-condensable

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OVER CHARGE

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LOW CHARGE
• System leak
• System incorrectly
charged

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LIQUID LINE RESTRICTION
• Filter dryer chocked
• Blocked particle inside
the system

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POOR COMPRESSOR
• Under sized compressor
• Unloaded compressor
• Wrong compressor pulley
sizes
• Bad compressor valves,
ring or pistons

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 MOLLIER Calculation
• Compression ratio=High pressure/Low pressure
• Flash gas=(h4-h4’)/(h1-h4’)
• Refrigerating effect=h1-h4
• Circulation rate of refrigerant=Refrigerating
capacity/refrigerating effect
• Power at compressor=circulation rate x (h2-h1)
• COP=Refrigerating capacity/power at compressor

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 LOAD
CALCULATION
RULE OF THUMB

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 POWER CONSUMPTION
• Calculate the electrical consumption
based on the unit selected.
• RM/kWh

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Ductulator

Duct section A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G

Air flow cfm
Friction rate in/100ft 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Round duct in
Rectangular duct in

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 ACRMV

[email protected]

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