4th Year-Computer Communication Engineering-RUC Digital Control Course

Stability Analysis Techniques

In this section the stability analysis techniques for the Linear Time-Invarient (LTI) discrete
system are emphasized. In general the stability techniques applicable to LTI continuous-time
systems may also be applied to the analysis of LTI discrete-time systems (if certain
modifications are made).

4.1 Stability

To introduce the stability concept, consider the LTI system shown in Fig. 4.1. For this
system;

where zi are the zeros and pi the poles of the system transfer function. Using the partial-
fraction expansion and for the case of distinct poles, we may write C(z) as;

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Where CR(z) contains the terms of C(z) which originate in the poles of R(z). The first n terms
are the natural-response terms of C(z). If the inverse z-transform of these terms tend to zero
as time increases, the system is considered as stable and these terms are called transient
response. The z-transform of the i-th term is

Thus, if the magnitude of pi is less than 1, this term approaches zero as k approaches infinity.
Note that the factor (z - pi) originate in the characteristic equation of the system, that is, in

The system is stable provided that all the roots lie inside the unit circle in the z-plane.

4.2 Bilinear Transformation

Many analysis and design techniques for continuous time LTI systems, such as the Routh-
Hurwitz criterion and Bode technique, are based on the property that in the s-plane the
stability boundary is the imaginary axis. These techniques cannot be applied to LTI discrete-
time system in the z-plane, since the stability boundary is the unit circle. However, through
the use of the following transformation;

( )
( Transforming from z-plane to L-plane)
( )

Or

( Transforming from L-plane to z-plane)

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The unit circle of the z-plane transforms into the imaginary axis of L-plane. This can be seen
through the following development. On the unit circle in the z-plane,

and then substitute in the transformation formula;

which will result in;

Thus it is seen that the unit circle of the z-plane transformation into the imaginary axis of the
L-plane. The mapping of the primary strip of the s-plane into both the z-plane (z=esT) and
the L-plane are shown in Figure 4.2. It is noted that the stable region of the L-plane is the left
half-plane.
Let the jL be the imaginary part of L. We will refer to L as the L-plane frequency. Then;

and this expression gives the relationship between frequencies in the s-plane and frequencies
in the L-plane. Now, for small values od real frequency (s-plane frequency) such that T is
small,

Thus the L-plane frequency is approximately equal to the s-plane frequency for this case. The
approximation is valid for those values of frequency for which tan(T/2)  T/2. Now for;

The error in this appromimation is less than 4 percentage.

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Figure 4.2 Mapping from s-plane to z-plane to L-plane

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4.3 The Routh – Hurwitz Criterion

The Routh-Hurwitz criterion may be used in the analysis of LTI continuous-time system to
determine if any roots of a given equation are in the RIGHT half side of the s-plane. If this
criterion applied to the characteristic equation of an LTI discrete time system when expressed
as a function of z, no useful information on stability is obtained. However, if the
characteristic equation is expressed as a function of the bilinear transform variable (L), then
the stability of the system may be determined using directly applying the Routh-Hurwitz
criterion. The procedure of the criterion is shown briefly in Table 4.1.

Example 4.1:
Consider the system shown in Figure 4.3, check the system stability using Routh-Herwits
criterion.

The Open-Loop function is;

( ) [ ]
( )
After obtaining the z-transform,
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

Using Bilinear transformation;

( )
( ) ( ) Therefore;
( )

( )

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4.4 Jury’s Stability Test

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4.5 ROOT LOCUS

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