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Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Rotating Ac Machines

Rotating AC machines use electromagnetic induction to convert between electrical and mechanical energy. There are two types - synchronous machines which use an external DC power source for the rotor's magnetic field, and induction machines which induce current in the rotor via magnetic induction. Faraday's law of induction states that a voltage is induced in a coil of wire when there is a change in the magnetic flux passing through the coil. A rotating loop of wire cutting perpendicular lines of magnetic flux will induce a voltage in the loop proportional to the angular velocity and magnetic flux density. Applying balanced three-phase currents to a stator with evenly spaced coils produces a rotating magnetic field whose speed is determined by the frequency of the currents and number of pole pairs.

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Jules Kouam
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117 views5 pages

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Rotating Ac Machines

Rotating AC machines use electromagnetic induction to convert between electrical and mechanical energy. There are two types - synchronous machines which use an external DC power source for the rotor's magnetic field, and induction machines which induce current in the rotor via magnetic induction. Faraday's law of induction states that a voltage is induced in a coil of wire when there is a change in the magnetic flux passing through the coil. A rotating loop of wire cutting perpendicular lines of magnetic flux will induce a voltage in the loop proportional to the angular velocity and magnetic flux density. Applying balanced three-phase currents to a stator with evenly spaced coils produces a rotating magnetic field whose speed is determined by the frequency of the currents and number of pole pairs.

Uploaded by

Jules Kouam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF ROTATING AC MACHINES

Introduction
Rotating AC machines are generators that convert mechanical energy to AC electrical energy
and motors that convert AC electrical energy to mechanical energy.
There are two major classes of ac machines-synchronous machines and induction machines.
Synchronous machines are motors and generators whose magnetic field current is supplied by
a separate de power source, while induction machines are motors and generators whose field
current is supplied by magnetic induction (transformer action) into their field windings. The
field circuits of most synchronous and induction machines are located on their rotors.

I.1. INDUCED VOLTAGE FROM A MAGNETIC FIELD (emf)


Any electric circuit crossed by a magnetic flux can be the seat of a voltage on its
terminals if this flow varies according to time. This tension is called an induced e.m.f
I.1.1. FARADAY’S LAW
Faraday’s law states that if a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, a voltage will
be induced in the turn of wire that is directly proportional to the rate of change of the flux
with time. The equation is
݀߮
e=−
݀‫ݐ‬
Where e is the voltage induced in the turn of the coil and φ is the flux passing through it. If
the coil has N turns and if a flux passes through them all, then the voltage induced across the
whole coil is

ௗఝ ௗேఝ
‫݁ܰ = ܧ‬ ↔ E = −ܰ ௗ௧
↔ E=− ௗ௧

ௗΦ
Then E = − ௗ௧ with Φ = Nφ

Where Φ is a total flux of the N turns of the coil


I.1.2. induced voltage on a conductor moving in a magnetic field
Let us consider a wire length L moving at the speed v in a constant induction B
During elementary displacement dx, the wire "cuts" an elementary flux:
dΦ = B dA = B ldx
It will thus appear on its terminals an e.m.f. of value:

dΦ dx
e= = ‫ܤ‬. ݈. = ‫ܤ‬. ݈. ‫ݒ‬
dt dt

I.1.3. Induced Voltage in a Simple Rotating Loop


If the rotor of this machine is rotated, a voltage will be induced in the wire loop.
Let consider de figure below.
The loop of wire shown is rectangular, with sides ab and cd perpendicular to the plane of the
page and with sides be and da parallel to the plane of the page.
The magnetic field is constant and uniform, pointing from left to right across the page.
To determine the total voltage et on the loop, we will examine each segment of the loop

• Segments ab and cd,


In these segments, the velocity of the wire is tangential to the path of rotation, while the
magnetic field B points to the right, as shown in Figure 2b. The quantity v x B points into the
page, which is the same direction as segment abo Therefore, the induced voltage on these
segmente of the wire is:

݁௔௕ = ‫ ܤ݈ݒ‬sin ߠ௔௕ and ݁௖ௗ = ‫ ܤ݈ݒ‬sin ߠ௖ௗ


• Segments bc and da.
In these segments, the quantity V x B points into the page, and in the second half of these
segments, the quantity V x B points out of the page. Since the length l is in the plane of the
page, v x B is perpendicular to l for both portions of the segment. Therefore the voltages in
segment are zero:
eୠୡ = eୢୟ = 0
The total induced voltage on the loop et is the sum of the voltages on each of its sides:
e୲ = eୟୠ + eୠୡ + eୡୢ + eୢୟ
e୲ = vlB sin θୟୠ + vlB sin θୡୢ

Note that ߠ௔௕ = 1800 - ߠ௖ௗ , and recall the trigonometric identity sin ߠ௖ௗ = sin (1800-ߠ௖ௗ )
Therefore, the induced voltage becomes
e୲ = 2vlB sin θ
Also, the tangential velocity v of the edges of the loop can be expressed as
‫߱ݎ = ݒ‬
Where r is the radius from axis of rotation out to the edge of the loop and ߱ is the angular
velocity of the loop. Substituting these expressions we have
e୲ = 2rωlB sin ωt
Notice also that the area A of the loop is just equal to 2rl. Therefore,
e୲ = ωAB sin ωt
Finally, note that the maximum flux through the loop occurs when the loop is perpendicular
to the magnetic flux density lines. This flux is just the product of the loop's surface area and
the flux density through the loop.
∅௠௔௫ = ‫ܤܣ‬
Therefore, the final form of the voltage equation is
e୲ = ∅௠௔௫ ω sin ωt
In general, the voltage in any real machine will depend on three factors:
I. flux in the machine
2. The speed of rotation
3. A constant representing the construction of the machine (the number of loops, etc.)
I.2. THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
To understand the concept of the rotating magnetic field, we will apply a set of currents to the
stator of Figure 4 and see what happens at specific instants of time. Assume that the currents
in the three coils are given by the equations
i1 ( t ) = Iˆ sin ωt

i2 ( t ) = Iˆ sin (ωt − 2π 3) ,

i3 ( t ) = Iˆ sin (ωt − 4π 3) .

These windings will thus create at the point M the respective flux densities B1(t), B2(t), B3(t)
B1(θ, t) = k i1(t) cos(θ) = k Î cos ωt cos(θ)

 2π 
B2(θ, t) = k i2(t) cos(θ +42π/3) = k Î cos  ωt −  cos(θ + 4π/3)
 3 

 4π 
B3(θ, t) = k i3(t) cos(θ + 2π/3) = k Î cos  ωt −  cos(θ + 2π/3)
 3 
The resulting field at the point M will be:
B (t) = B1(t) + B2(t) + B3(t)
 2π   4π 
B (θ,t) = k Î cos ωt cos(θ) + k Î cos  ωt −  cos(θ + 4π/3) + k Î cos  ωt −  cos(θ + 2π/3)
 3   3 

But (cos a )(cos b )= 1 [cos(a + b ) + cos(a − b )]


2

B (θ,t) =
k Î
[cos(ωt + θ )+ cos(ωt − θ )] + k Î [cos(ω t + θ + 2π/3) + cos(ωt – θ – 6π/3 )]
2 2

k Î
+ [cos(ω t + θ – 2π/3) + cos(ωt – θ – 6π/3 )]
2
After simplification we obtains
3 ˆ
B (θ, t) = kI cos ( ωt - θ )
2
3
It is a bipolar rotating field which turns at the speed ω and whose amplitude is kÎ.
2

If the machine is having P pair of poles, the preceding result spreads:


3
B (θ, t) = k Î cos (ωt-pθ )
2
This result constitutes the Ferraris theorem:
If we supply with three-phase balanced system a whole of p coil by phase (p-pairs of poles by
phase) are displaced from each other by 120o , then these coil produce a magnetic field of
constant amplitude and whose turns to speed ω/p. A rotating field of opposite direction can
be obtained by permuting two phases.
This theorem is at the base of the operation of the three-phase asynchronous machines
(80 % of electric machines) and of the synchronous machines.

I.3. Speed of rotating magnetic field


The speed of the rotating magnetic field is determined by the frequency of the excitation
current ( f ) and by the number of poles present in the stator (2p). Hence this is a fixed
relationship which is dependent upon the frequency of the currents and number of poles for
which the three-phase winding is designated. In the case where the winding is designed for a
p pair of pole machine the relationship is:

60 f
NS = (in r/min)
p
(Eq.11)

NS (r.p.m.) is called the synchronous speed and all synchronous machines run at
their respective synchronous speeds. In Asynchronous machines the rotor cannot “catch up”
with the stator magnetic field and is in constant pursuit of it.

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