A BROADBAND META SURFACE-BASED PRINTED MIMO

ANTENNA FOR C-BAND AND X-BAND APPLICATIONS

A Dissertation

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
PRIYANKA SHARMA
ROLL NO 251951001

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Dr. DEEPAK SOOD

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, University

Institute of Engineering and Technology
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (136119)
February 2022
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the thesis, entitled “A
Broadband Meta surface-Based Printed MIMO Antenna for C-Band and X-Band
Applications for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Electronics &
Communication Engineering is an authentic record of my own work carried out under
the supervision of Dr Deepak Sood, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, University Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. The matter presented in this thesis has not been
submitted by me for the award of any other degree/diploma in this or in any other
University/Institute.

Further, I declare that where other’s ideas or words have been included, I have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered
to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that
any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can
also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

I hereby agree to indemnify UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY and its Teaching Staff against any and all losses incurred in
connection with the processing related to any claim of plagiarism and/or copyright
infringement. Further, the responsibility of this act of plagiarism or infringement, if
proved, will be borne solely by me.

Paste Color Photograph

Date 17 -11-2021 Priyanka

Sharma
i
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “A Broadband Meta surface-Based Printed
MIMO Antenna for C-Band and X-Band Applications ” submitted by Priyanka
Sharma, Roll No. 251951007 to the Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering of University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kurukshetra
University, Kurukshetra for the award of the Degree of Master of Technology in
Electronics & Communication Engineering with is a bona-fide research work carried
out by her under my supervision and guidance. Her thesis has reached the standard of
fulfilling the requirements of regulations relating to degree.

I wish her success in all his future endeavors.

(Dr. Deepak Sood)

Thesis Supervisor
Asst. Prof., ECE
UIET, KUK

This is to certify that Ms. Priyanka Sharma is a bona fide student of Master of
Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering under class Roll No.
251951007. The dissertation is, in our opinion worthy for consideration for the award
of Master of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering.

(Dr. Deepti Choudhary) (Dr. Nikhil Marriwala)

M.Tech. Coordinator Faculty In-charge
ECE, UIET, KUK ECE, UIET, KUK

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the beginning I thank my God, Baba Balak Nath ji for giving me the
opportunity to come in contact with a very supportive and caring mentor and also
to this Institute and the ECE department’s all faculty members and helping me
through all my troubles.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my mentor and guide Dr. Deepak Sood,

Assistant Professor (ECE, UIET) for his invaluable encouragement and guidance
during every stage of this thesis work. I will always remember his thoughts,
solutions and critical reviews he has given throughout this work. I am thankful for
his endless support and guidance. His personal and academic virtues have greatly
shaped my approach towards life as well as studies.

I like to thank Dr. Nikhil Marriwala, Faculty In-charge, ECE, UIET, KUK and Dr.
Deepti Choudhary, M.Tech. Coordinator, ECE, UIET, KUK for providing the
necessary help whenever required.

I am also thankful to Dr. C. C. Tripathi, Prof. ECE & Director, UIET, Kurukshetra
University and other faculty members of the department for their continuous
support and encouragement.

I am greatly thankful to my parents, my sisters who provided me all possible

support in this work. I also thank my friends for their valuable support.

iii
ABSTRACT

These days’ filters are present in a wide variety of devices and are the basic components
of a microwave power transmission system, especially in wireless and mobile
communications. As we know, at microwave frequencies, lumped elements, as capacitors
and inductors, are too difficult to implement. In addition, the distance between the
components of the filter has to be taken into account. To solve these problem, we choose
to implement filters using microstrip technology. This technology is also cheap, easy to
manufacture and can be integrated in different circuits easily.
A Low pass filter is key component used at the transmitting end and the receiving side of
the RF communication system to get desired spectrum. It is also use to remove spurious
signals and the higher order harmonic of the central frequency. The wide range of
application of RF Filters include microwave communication, radar and satellite
communication, long-distance radio telecommunication etc.
Microwave software packages helps to reduce the cost of production, time in process to
achieve close-to-optimal results but also reduce cost involved in changing the features in
design. High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) simulation tool software is used to
design, optimize and for full wave electromagnetic field simulation of high-frequency
microstrip filters.
Different microstrip filter designs have been studied. Defected ground structure (DGS)
techniques to enhance the performance of filters reported by various researchers have
been reviewed to identify the research gaps. Two microstrip RF filters are designed and
their performance with and without DGS is analysed. The Dumbbell shaped and square
shaped open loop DGS with a slot on the middle section are used to improve the
performance of microstrip filters. At first a five section LPF is designed to present the
basic process of design of microstrip filters. In the second design, a 5 th order stepped
impedance LPF is designed and its performance improvement is achieved by using square
shaped open loop DGS with a slot in the middle section in the ground plane of the filter.
Further performance enhancement of 6th order stepped impedance LPF and dual band
BPF using square shaped open loop DGS with a slot in the middle section and dumbbell
shaped DGS respectively is achieved.

iv
CONTENTS

Page No.
Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgments iii
Abstract v
Contents v
List of Figures vii
List of Tables x
Abbreviations xi
1. INTRODUCTION 1-20
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Motivation 5
1.3 Defected Ground Structure 6
1.3.1 Slotline 8
1.3.2 Electromagnetic band gap structure 8
1.3.3 Defected Ground Structure 9
1.3.4 Application in Microwave Circuits 12
1.4 Microstrip based filter design 13
1.4.1 Microstrip Line 13
1.4.2 Losses in Transmission Lines 16
1.4.3 Coupled Lines 18
1.4.4 Different Topology for Microstrip LPF 19
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 21-27
2.1 On the basis of LPF 21
2.2 On the Basics of DGS Technique 22
2.3 On the Basis of DGS Technique used in LPF 22
2.4 On the Basis of BPF 25
2.5 On the Basis of DGS Technique used in BPF 26
2.6 Research Gaps Identified 27
2.7 Objectives 27
3. PROCESS OF WORKFLOW 28-31
3.1 Simulation Tool Used HFSS 28
3.2 Process overview 28
3.3 Designing steps of filter 29
Steps for simulating and analysing the results of
3.4 30
microstrip filter
3.5 Design Equations 30
30
3.5.1 Design Equations for LPF

v
4. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS 32-49
4.1 Five section Low Pass Filter design 32
4.1.1 Design Structure of the Filter 32
4.1.2 Design of low pass filter with specifications 32
4.1.3 Simulated Results 33
4.2 Fifth order Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filter 34
4.2.1 Design Structure of the Filter 34
4.2.2 Design of low pass filter with specifications 35
4.2.3Simulated Results 36
Modified 5th order Stepped Impedance Low Pass
4.3 37
Filter with DGS
4.3.1 Design Structure of the Filter 37
4.3.2 Simulated Results 38
4.4 6th order Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filter 39
4.4.1 Design Structure of the Filter 39
4.4.2 Design of low pass filter with specifications 40
4.4.3 Simulated Results 40
Modified 6th order Stepped Impedance Low Pass
4.5 42
Filter with DGS
4.5.1 Design Structure of the Filter 42
4.5.2 Simulated Results 43
4.6 Dual Band BPF 44
4.6.1 Design Structure of the Filter 44
4.6.2 Design of band pass filter with specifications 45
4.6.3 Simulated Results 45
4.7 Dual Band BPF with dumbbell shaped DGS 47
4.7.1 Design Structure of the Filter 47
4.7.2 Simulated Results 47
5. MEASUREMENTS & CHARACTERIZATION 50-51
5.1 Fabrication & Testing 51
6. REFERENCES 52-55

vi
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No Figure Title Page No

1.1 Block diagram of a basic radio receiver 1

1.2 RF/microwave spectrums 2

1.3 Broadcast Electromagnetic Spectrum 3

1.4 Microstrip filter linkage 3

1.5 The DGS unit 9

1.6 Various types of DGSs 10

1.7 Periodic DGSs 10

1.8 HCR DGS low pass filter 12

1.9 Basic Microstrip Line Structure 14

1.10 Coupled Line Structure 18

1.11 Even Mode of a Pair of Coupled Microstrip Lines 18

1.12 Odd Mode of a Pair of Coupled Microstrip Lines 19

1.13 Stepped-impedance low pass microstrip filters 19

1.14 L-C Ladder Type of Low pass Filters Using Open-Circuited 20

Stubs

1.15 Semi-lumped Lowpass Filters Having Finite-Frequency 20

Attenuation Poles
Layout filter of 6th order microstrip line low pass filter on
2.1 21
ADS
2.2 DGS unit and return loss of antenna with DGS unit 22

2.3 Fractal low pass filter and its simulated result 23

The 3D view of proposed LPF and its measured and
2.4 23
simulated results
2.5 Geometry of the proposed filter 24

vii
2.6 Layout of the improved HCR DGS cell and its simulated 24
results

2.7 Measured and simulated performance of cross-shape DGS 25

using a single cell
Layout of proposed five pole LPF and performance of five
2.8 25
pole DGS LPF
2.9 Design of UWB composite BPF with 2 short-circuited stubs 26
on a grounded FR4 Epoxy dielectric substrate.
S-parameter of the proposed switchable dual-band bandpass
2.10 26
filter
Physical topology, photograph and simulated and measured
2.11 27
results of proposed BPF
3.1 HFSS Solution Process 29

4.1 Geometry of designed five section Low Pass Filter 32

4.3 Low Pass filter frequency response for 2.4 GHz cut off 33
frequency

4.4 Electric and Magnetic field representation & current 33

distribution of the filter
4.5 Geometry of 5th order Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filter 35

4.6 Frequency response of 5th order stepped impedance LPF for 36

2 GHz cut off frequency

4.7 Electric and Magnetic field representation and current 36

distribution of the filter
4.8 Geometry of 5th order Stepped impedance LPF using DGS 37

4.9 Comparison of frequency response of 5th order Stepped 38

Impedance LPF with DGS and without DGS

4.10 Electric and Magnetic field representation and current 38

distribution of the filter
4.11 Geometry of 6th order Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filter 39
4.12 Frequency response of 6th order stepped impedance LPF for
40
2.4 GHz cut off frequency

4.13 Electric and Magnetic field representation & current 41

distribution of the filter

viii
4.14 (a) Geometry of 6th order Stepped impedance LPF using 42
DGS, (b) Bottom view of the filter

4.15 Comparison of frequency response of 6th order Stepped 43

Impedance LPF with DGS & without DGS

4.16 Electric and Magnetic field representation & current 43

distribution of the filter
4.17 Geometry of designed dual-band BPF 44
Frequency response of 6th order Stepped Impedance LPF for
4.18 45
2.5 GHz cut off frequency

4.19 Electric and Magnetic field representation & current 46

distribution of the filter

4.20 Geometry of designed dual-band BPF with dumbbell shaped 47

DGS

4.21 Comparison of frequency response of dual-band BPF with & 47

without DGS

4.22 Electric and Magnetic field representation & current 48

distribution of the filter
Designed layout of 6th order microstrip Stepped Impedance
5.1 50
LPF with DGS
Top (left) & bottom (right) view of fabricated 6 th order
5.2 51
Stepped Impedance LPF with DGS
5.3 Experimental frequency response of 6th order Stepped 51
Impedance LPF with DGS

ix
LIST OF TABLES

Table No Table Title Page No

Design Parameter & corresponding values for
4.1 32
five section LPF
Design Parameters & corresponding values for
4.2 35
5th order stepped impedance LPF
Design Parameters & corresponding values for
4.3 40
6th order stepped impedance LPF
Design Parameters & corresponding values for
4.4 45
dual band BPF
4.5 Comparison based on Literature Review 49

x
 Abbreviations
LP Low Pass
HP High Pass
BP Band Pass
BS Band stop
DGS Defected ground structure
EBG Electromagnetic Bandgap
PBG Photoionic Bandgap
LPF Low pass filter
CPW Coplanar waveguide
EM Electromagnetic
GPA Ground plane aperture
FBW Fractional Bandwidth
ABSTRACT
The non-stop expansion of mobile terminals such as smartphones, tablets and other smart
electronic devices has plummeted the demand of data from 40% to 70% due to wide variety of data
consuming applications such as HD video streaming, Internet of vehicles, virtual reality and many
more. To meet this exceptionally growing demand, the fifth generation(5G) systems with peak
throughput of multi gigabits per seconds has been considered as a solution to it. The limited
channel capacity and restricted bandwidth in sub 6GHz band has compelled researchers to explore
the underutilized mm wave spectrum for 5G wireless communication systems. This transition to
mm wave region requires highest possible miniaturization without compromising antenna
performance. Also, the mm wave frequency band is highly vulnerable to weather phenomena
therefore, resulting in losses and high signal attenuation therefore, antenna engineers are requiring
meeting enhanced transmission in mm wave region which is being met using MIMO antenna
systems.

1
Introduction
RF and microwave components play important role in the basic RF stages of wireless transmitter
and receiver as they are used in these systems. Microwave components are widely used in antennas
and filters. The block diagram of a basic radio receiver is shown below which shows design and
analysis of these components. The function of an antenna is to convert RF signal from transmitter
to the propagating electromagnetic waves or vice versa in receiver. These individual components
are used in the practical microwave communication systems.

Fig 1.1- Block diagram of a basic Radio Receiver

Electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz may be
described by the term microwaves which correspond to wavelength (in free space) from 1

2
m to 1mm. As the frequencies above 30 GHz and up to 300 GHz have their wavelengths
in the millimeter range (1-10 mm) also known as millimeter waves. Electromagnetic
waves with wavelengths between 1μm (10-6 m) to 1mm is the infrared which is above
millimeter wave spectrum. Beyond the infrared spectrum is the visible optical spectrum,
the ultraviolet spectrum, and x-rays spectrum. Below the microwave frequency spectrum
is the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Depending on the technologies developed for the
exploitation of the specific frequency range, which is the frequency boundary between RF
and microwave, is somewhat arbitrary. That’s why, by extension RF/microwave
applications widely cover radio astronomy, communication, radar, navigation, sensing,
medical instrumentation, and many others in the frequency range of 300KHz to 300 GHz.
[16]

3
Fig 1.2-RF/Microwave Spectrums

Fig 1.3- Broadcast Electromagnetic Spectrum

4
Generations Of Mobile Networks

1G - First Generation

This was the first generation of cell phone technology . The very first generation of commercial
cellular network was introduced in the late 70's with fully implemented standards being established
throughout the 80's. It was introduced in 1987 by Telecom (known today as Telstra), Australia
received its first cellular mobile phone network utilising a 1G analog system. 1G is an analog
technology and the phones generally had poor battery life and voice quality was large without
much security, and would sometimes experience dropped calls . These are the analog
telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced
by 2G digital telecommunications. The maximum speed of 1G is 2.4 Kbps .

2G - Second Generation

Cell phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. The main difference
between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G
network are analog, while 2G networks are digital . Main motive of this generation was to provide
secure and reliable communication channel. It implemented the concept of CDMA and GSM .
Provided small data service like sms and mms. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks
were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa
Oyj) in 1991. 2G capabilities are achieved by allowing multiple users on a single channel via
multiplexing. During 2G Cellular phones are used for data also along with voice. The advance in
technology from 1G to 2G introduced many of the fundamental services that we still use today,
such as SMS, internal roaming , conference calls, call hold and billing based on services e.g.
charges based on long distance calls and real time billing. The max speed of 2G with General
Packet Radio Service ( GPRS ) is 50 Kbps or 1 Mbps with Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution ( EDGE ). Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-
known 2.5G and 2.75G was an interim standard that bridged the gap.

3G - Third Generation

This generation set the standards for most of the wireless technology we have come to know and
love. Web browsing, email, video downloading, picture sharing and other Smartphone
technology were introduced in the third generation. Introduced commercially in 2001, the goals set
out for third generation mobile communication were to facilitate greater voice and data capacity,
support a wider range of applications, and increase data transmission at a lower cost .

The 3G standard utilises a new technology called UMTS as its core network architecture -
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. This network combines aspects of the 2G network
with some new technology and protocols to deliver a significantly faster data rate. Based on a set
of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and networks
that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 ( IMT-2000 ) specifications
by the International Telecommunication Union. One of requirements set by IMT-2000 was that
speed should be at least 200Kbps to call it as 3G service.

3G has Multimedia services support along with streaming are more popular. In 3G, Universal
access and portability across different device types are made possible (Telephones, PDA's, etc.).
3G increased the efficiency of frequency spectrum by improving how audio is compressed during a
call, so more simultaneous calls can happen in the same frequency range. The UN's International
5
Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard requires stationary speeds of 2Mbps and mobile
speeds of 384kbps for a "true" 3G. The theoretical max speed for HSPA+ is 21.6 Mbps.

Like 2G, 3G evolved into 3.5G and 3.75G as more features were introduced in order to bring about
4G. A 3G phone cannot communicate through a 4G network , but newer generations of phones are
practically always designed to be backward compatible, so a 4G phone can communicate through a
3G or even 2G network .

4G - Fourth Generation

4G is a very different technology as compared to 3G and was made possible practically only
because of the advancements in the technology in the last 10 years. Its purpose is to provide high
speed , high quality and high capacity to users while improving security and lower the cost of
voice and data services, multimedia and internet over IP. Potential and current applications include
amended mobile web access, IP telephony , gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video
conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

The key technologies that have made this possible are MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
and OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). The two important 4G standards
are WiMAX (has now fizzled out) and LTE (has seen widespread deployment). LTE (Long Term
Evolution) is a series of upgrades to existing UMTS technology and will be rolled out on Telstra's
existing 1800MHz frequency band. The max speed of a 4G network when the device is moving is
100 Mbps or 1 Gbps for low mobility communication like when stationary or walking, latency
reduced from around 300ms to less than 100ms, and significantly lower congestion. When 4G first
became available, it was simply a little faster than 3G. 4G is not the same as 4G LTE which is very
close to meeting the criteria of the standards. To download a new game or stream a TV show in
HD, you can do it without buffering .

Newer generations of phones are usually designed to be backward-compatible , so a 4G phone can

communicate through a 3G or even 2G network. All carriers seem to agree that OFDM is one of
the chief indicators that a service can be legitimately marketed as being 4G. OFDM is a type of
digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different
frequencies. There are a significant amount of infrastructure changes needed to be implemented by
service providers in order to supply because voice calls in GSM , UMTS and CDMA2000 are
circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call
network. And again, we have the fractional parts: 4.5G and 4.9G marking the transition of LTE (in
the stage called LTE-Advanced Pro) getting us more MIMO, more D2D on the way to IMT-2020
and the requirements of 5G .

5G - Fifth Generation

5G is a generation currently under development , that's intended to improve on 4G. 5G promises

significantly faster data rates, higher connection density, much lower latency, among other
improvements. Some of the plans for 5G include device-to-device communication, better battery
consumption, and improved overall wireless coverage. The max speed of 5G is aimed at being as
fast as 35.46 Gbps , which is over 35 times faster than 4G.

Key technologies to look out for: Massive MIMO , Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications etc.
Massive MIMO, millimeter wave, small cells, Li-Fi all the new technologies from the previous
decade could be used to give 10Gb/s to a user, with an unseen low latency, and allow connections
for at least 100 billion devices . Different estimations have been made for the date of commercial
introduction of 5G networks. Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feel that 5G should be
rolled out by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands
6
 MIMO

 SISO - Single Input Single Output

 SIMO - Single Input Multiple output
 MISO - Multiple Input Single Output
 MIMO - Multiple Input multiple Output
MIMO - SISO

The simplest form of radio link can be defined in MIMO terms as SISO - Single Input Single
Output. This is effectively a standard radio channel - this transmitter operates with one antenna as
does the receiver. There is no diversity and no additional processing required

The advantage of a SIS system is its simplicity. SISO requires no processing in terms of the
various forms of diversity that may be used. However, the SISO channel is limited in its
performance. Interference and fading will impact the system more than a MIMO system using
some form of diversity, and the channel bandwidth is limited by Shannon's law - the throughput
being dependent upon the channel bandwidth and the signal to noise ratio.
MIMO - SIMO

The SIMO or Single Input Multiple Output version of MIMO occurs where the transmitter has a
single antenna, and the receiver has multiple antennas. This is also known as receive diversity. It is
often used to enable a receiver system that receives signals from several independent sources to
combat the effects of fading. It has been used for many years with short wave listening / receiving
stations to combat the effects of ionospheric fading and interference.

7
SIMO has the advantage that it is relatively easy to implement although it does have some
disadvantages in that the processing is required in the receiver. The use of SIMO may be quite
acceptable in many applications, but where the receiver is in a mobile device such as a cellphone
handset, the levels of processing may be limited by size, cost and battery drain.

There are two forms of SIMO that can be used:

 Switched diversity SIMO:   This form of SIMO looks for the strongest signal and
switches to that antenna.
 Maximum ratio combining SIMO:   This form of SIMO takes both signals and sums
them to give a combination. In this way, the signals from both antennas contribute to the
overall signal.
MIMO - MISO

MISO is also termed transmit diversity. In this case, the same data is transmitted redundantly from
the two transmitter antennas. The receiver is then able to receive the optimum signal which it can
then use to receive extract the required data.

The advantage of using MISO is that the multiple antennas and the redundancy coding /
processing is moved from the receiver to the transmitter. In instances such as cellphone UEs,
this can be a significant advantage in terms of space for the antennas and reducing the level of
processing required in the receiver for the redundancy coding. This has a positive impact on
size, cost, and battery life as the lower level of processing requires less battery consumption.

MIMO

Where there is more than one antenna at either end of the radio link, this is termed MIMO -
Multiple Input Multiple Output. MIMO can be used to provide improvements in both channel
robustness as well as channel throughput

8
An acronym for Multiple-In, Multiple-Out, MIMO communication sends the same data as
several signals simultaneously through multiple antennas, while still utilizing a single radio
channel. This is a form of antenna diversity, which uses multiple antennas to improve signal
quality and strength of an RF link. The data is split into multiple data streams at the
transmission point and recombined on the receive side by another MIMO radio configured with
the same number of antennas. The receiver is designed to consider the slight time difference
between receptions of each signal, any additional noise or interference, and even lost signals.
By transmitting the same data on multiple streams, the MIMO radios introduce redundancy
into data transmission that classic single antenna setups (SISO: Single In, Single Out) can’t
provide. This gives MIMO systems several advantages over typical SISO configurations:
1. MIMO radios can utilize the bounced and reflected RF transmissions (known as
multipath propagation) to improve signal strength even without clear line-of-site, since
MIMO radios receive and combine multiple streams of the same data that are received
at slightly different time intervals. This is particularly useful in urban environments,
where signal degradation between single antennas without clear line-of-site is a major
issue. Urban environments provide plenty of reflection paths for MIMO signals to take
between the transmit and receive radios.

2. Overall throughput can be improved, allowing for greater quality and quantity of video
or other data to be sent over the network.

3. By utilizing multiple data streams, issues such as fading caused lost or dropped data
packets can be reduced, resulting in better video or audio quality.

4.
5.
9
 6. Figure 2: Example of a 4X4 MIMO system, where four antennas from the transmit radio
communicate with four antennas on the receive radio to improve link connection
strength and bandwidth.

One of the key advantages of MIMO spatial multiplexing is the fact that it can provide additional
data capacity. MIMO spatial multiplexing achieves this by utilizing the multiple paths and
effectively using them as additional "channels" to carry data.

The maximum amount of data that can be carried by a radio channel is limited by the physical
boundaries defined under Shannon's Law.

Shannon's Law and MIMO spatial multiplexing

This is true for data that can be passed along a specific channel in the presence of noise. The law
that governs this is called Shannon's Law, named after the man who formulated it. This is
particularly important because MIMO wireless technology provides a method not of breaking the
law but increasing data rates beyond those possible on a single channel without its use.

Shannon's law defines the maximum rate at which error free data can be transmitted over a given
bandwidth in the presence of noise. It is usually expressed in the form:

C = W log2(1 + S/N)
Where C is the channel capacity in bits per second, W is the bandwidth in Hertz, and S/N is the
SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)

To take advantage of the additional throughput capability, MIMO utilizes several sets of antennas.
In many MIMO systems, just two are used, but there is no reason why further antennas cannot be
employed and this increases the throughput. In any case for MIMO spatial multiplexing the
number of receive antennas must be equal to or greater than the number of transmit antennas.

To take advantage of the additional throughput offered, MIMO wireless systems utilize a matrix
mathematical approach. Data streams t1, t2, . . . Tn can be transmitted from antennas 1, 2, . . . n.
Then there are a variety of paths that can be used with each path having different channel
properties. To enable the receiver to be able to differentiate between the different data streams it is
necessary to use. These can be represented by the properties h12, travelling from transmit antenna
one to receive antenna 2 and so forth. In this way for a three transmit, three receive antenna system
a matrix can be set up:

r1 = h11 t1 + h21 t2 + h31 t3

r2 = h12 t1 + h22 t2 + h32 t3
r3 = h13 t1 + h23 t2 + h33 t3
Where r1 = signal received at antenna 1, r2 is the signal received at antenna 2 and so forth.

In matrix format this can be represented as:

[R] = [H] x [T]

10
MIMO beamforming smart antennas

Beamforming techniques can be used with any antenna system - not just on MIMO systems. They
are used to create a certain required antenna directive pattern to give the required performance
under the given conditions.

Smart antennas are normally used - these are antennas that can be controlled automatically
according to the required performance and the prevailing conditions.

Smart antennas can be divided into two groups:

 Phased array systems:   Phased array systems are switched and have several pre-defined
patterns - the required one being switched according to the direction required.
 Adaptive array systems (AAS):   This type of antenna uses what is termed adaptive
beamforming and it has an infinite number of patterns and can be adjusted to the
requirements in real time.

A few examples of user’s groups who are taking advantage of MIMO systems:
 First responders who often operate in chaotic, changing situations and can’t rely on
cellular networks or other existing fixed infrastructure to be operational when needed
due to natural disasters, power outages, overloaded networks, or other issues.

 Broadcast television production, such as live sports or news broadcasts, where the
story may change during broadcast and video transmission locations must move
without notice, or where the shoot might involve multiple, simultaneous areas of
interest. Eliminating long, expensive cable runs is another major advantage for this
market.

Law enforcement or military users who need to operate their own separate communication
networks on dedicated radio bands. This includes intra-team communication among small
groups, as well as larger networks that include ground vehicles, UAV / UGV systems, and more
Standard MIMO Configurations

MIMO radio systems utilize multiple antennas to send and receive multiple data streams at once.
The number of antennas needed is defined by the radio manufacturer based on what they
determine will work for optimal transmission and reception with their hardware and software.
Typical configurations are:
 2X2 MIMO (two transmit antennas, two receive antennas)
 3X3 MIMO (three transmit antennas, three receive antennas)
 4X4 MIMO (four transmit antennas, four receive antennas)
 8X8 MIMO (eight transmit antennas, eight receive antennas)
Antenna Polarization Choices

MIMO radio systems can take advantage of multiple types of antenna polarization schemes to
improve diversity, which is one of the keyways MIMO systems are able to provide robust
connectivity even challenging environments that would prove difficult for single antenna radio
11
 systems.
All antennas have a specific polarization direction, which is determined by their design and
represents the oscillation direction of the electromagnetic radio waves as they propagate from
the antenna’s radiating element. The ‘electric’ portion of the electromagnetic wave is only half
of the transmitted signal, with a magnetic wave that oscillates at a 90-degree angle at the
opposite timing of the electrical wave. As the electrical wave rises the magnetic wave falls,
and vise-versa for each cycle.
Polarization types can be broken down into two key types: “linear polarization” and
“circular polarization”:
 Linear polarization occurs in a straight line, and can be vertical, horizontal, or at any
angle such as 45 degrees. The electrical wave of the antenna’s signal oscillates up and
down along the axis of this straight line.

Figure 6: Example of linear polarization, with the radio wave’s electrical field oscillating on a
single plane, in this case vertically.

Circular polarization, instead of occurring on a single plane, rotates as it leaves the antenna.
Imagine a spiral corkscrew radiating out of the antenna. Circular polarization can either rotate left
(counterclockwise) or right (clockwise). One revolution is completed for each wavelength of the
transmission. Antennas that are circularly polarized are often better suited for operating in
inclement weather conditions, as they can more easily pass-through rain and other atmospheric
disturbances compared to linear polarized antennas

12
Figure 7: Examples of linear cross polarization (left) and circular polarization (right)

LITERATURE SURVEY
Microwave Antennas plays an important role in the modern communication system as
they help in meeting the demand of faster communication these days. The conventional
antennas are not applicable at microwave or higher frequencies, so we need special
antennas which we call as MIMO antenna system. There are different ways to enhance
the performance capabilities of such antennas. One of the popular techniques is to
incorporate metamaterials to improve the gain and isolation between the MIMO antenna
elements

Various antennas and their characteristics have been studied in the view of determining
the importance of metamaterial and based upon this study the literature survey has been
presented over here and at the end the problem is identified.

Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design

A compact size two-port MIMO antenna is proposed for sub-6 GHz 5G applications is

proposed by Ajay Kumar Dwivedi. The proposed MIMO has a wide impedance
bandwidth of 3.3–4.2 GHz (900 MHz) with FR-4 substrate having attributes (or=4.4,
tan=0.019, and thickness of 0.8 mm. The isolation between the antenna elements is less

13
 than −15 dB and radiation efficiency is greater than 95% for the whole operating
bandwidth within the proposed compact configuration.

Fig. 1 Schematic layout and dimensional specifications of the proposed antenna

4 Scattering parameters plot of the 2 port MIMO antenna

A four element MIMO antenna using single-layered meta surface is presented, supporting mm-
Wave 5G applications is proposed by. The proposed antenna system is realized using 0.787 mm
thick Rogers RT Droid 5880 substrate. Each MIMO element is composed of a 1 × 2 antenna array
with a parallel feeding network. While the meta surface comprises of 9×6-unit cell array, where
each unit cell is a Circular Split Ring (CSR) shaped resonator The antenna operates at the mm-
Wave frequency band ranging from 24.55 to 26.5 GHz. The incorporation of the meta surface layer
enhanced the gain thus attaining a peak measured gain of 10.27 db. Additionally, isolation is also
improved by 5dB after the employment of meta surface.

14
. Stepwise design progression (a) Single antenna (b) 1 2 element array (c) MIMO antenna system
(d) MIMO antenna with meta surface.

b) S-parameter curves.

[1] The metasurface based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a wideband
operation for millimeter-wave 5G communication systems is proposed by Daniyal Ali Sehrai in
2021.The MIMO antenna of size 24 × 24 mm2 with operational bandwidth of proposed antenna
15
ranges from 23.5 to 29.54 GHz. The peak gain achieved is 7dB which is further improved up to
10.44 dB by employing a 2×2 metasurface and efficiency of more than 80% is also observed.

[2] The metasurface based coupling suppression for wideband MIMO antenna is proposed by X.
Zou in 2021. The working bandwidth of proposed antenna improves from 21.7% to 25.4%, mutual
coupling is suppressed to less than −20 dB, gains mostly improve, and radiation patterns are
modified.

[3] Metasurface based single-layer wideband circularly polarized MIMO Antenna for 5G
millimeter-wave systems is proposed by N Hussain in 2020. The antenna consists of a truncated
corner patch and a metasurface (MS) of a 2 × 2 periodic square metallic plates. Simulated and
measured results show that the single-layer metasurface antenna has a wide 10 dB impedance
bandwidth of 23.4 % (24.5 - 31 GHz) (23.4 %) and overlapping 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 16.8
% (25 - 29.6 GHz). The antenna also offers stable radiation patterns with a high radiation
efficiency (>95%) and a flat gain of 11 dB.

16
[4] A Metasurface-Based Low-Profile Array Decoupling Technology to Enhance Isolation in
MIMO Antenna Systems is proposed by Z Wang in 2020. The proposed design consists of two
patch antennas with a short edge-to-edge distance of approximately 0.06 λ are surrounded by the
period split ring resonator (SRR) elements. A high-isolation MIMO array with the advantages of a
low profile and a compact size is realized with this design.

Mutual-Coupling Reduction Using Meta surface Corrugations for 28 GHz MIMO

Applications

An efficient method for improving the mutual coupling between two antipodal-Fermi based
tapered slot antennas is presented. This is achieved using metamaterial-based corrugations, acting
as a meta surface shield, etched on edge side of the substrate. An array of split ring resonator
(SRR) unit cells is incorporated into the design to suppress leakage from the side walls and to
improve the isolation. The effect of meta surface corrugations results in a mutual coupling
improvement of 12-15 dB over a frequency band from 27 to 32 GHz. Moreover, the radiation
characteristic of the proposed antenna is not affected, leading to a higher gain, and improved total
efficiency with low mutual coupling. The proposed antenna is suitable candidate for 28 GHz
17
 MIMO systems. The measured isolation of the prototype antenna varies from –37.1 to –49.8 dB
along with a measured gain of 16.13-17.92 dB over an operating frequency band from 27 to 32
GHz.

Meta surface-based single-layer wideband circularly polarized MIMO antenna for 5G

millimeter-wave systems NIAMAT HUSSAIN1

A meta surface-based wideband CP MIMO antenna with a single-layer

configuration having low-profile and low-cost characteristics for 5G mm-wave
applications is presented. The fabricated single-element antenna has a compact
size of 1.0λ0 × 1.0λ0 × 0.041λ0: The MIMO antenna offers good diversity
performance showing high isolation between antenna elements (< -30 dB), low
envelope correlation coefficient (0.015), and channel capacity losses (0.19
bits/s/Hz) with a diversity gain of 9.91dB.

meta surface patch

z

h SMA
x

(a)
A
y
p
x
w g
tic
w A
wife

Feed point

(b) (c)

18
FIGURE 2. Antenna geometry: (a) side view of antenna, (b) top view of patch, and (c)
top view of the patch with MS.

A low-profile high-gain filtering antenna for fifth generation systems based on nonuniform meta
surface
a low-profile filtering antenna based on nonuniform meta surface for fifth generation (5G)
systems at 3.5 GHz is proposed by Jiwoong Park1. The antenna and the meta surface are printed
on Rogers RO4003C (εr = 3.38, tan δ = 0.0027) and Taconic TLX-9 (εr = 2.5, tan δ = 0.0019),
respectively. Measured results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 3.24 to 3.8
GHz (15.91%) below −10 dB with a stable gain having a maximum value of 10.43 dBi and
good radiation patterns.

19
A Low-Profile Broadband Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna Based on Characteristic Mode
Analysis

A low-profile and broadband meta surface antenna is proposed for circular polarization radiation is
proposed by Xi Gao
The measurement results show that the proposed antenna has 10 dB impedance bandwidth of
4.8–6.35 GHz and 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 4.85–6 GHz. Moreover, the antenna gain is 6.8–
9.7 dBic in the whole axial-ratio bandwidth.

20
 2.1 Research Gaps Identified
Based upon the study of the literature following research gaps have been identified:
 Slow decay of Attenuation
 Low Roll-off rate
 Poor Impedance matching

2.2 Objective
Therefore, the objective of the work is to achieve better gain and improved isolation using
meta surface.

21
PROCESS OF WORKFLOW
SIMULATION TOOL-HFSS
The Ansys/Ansoff HFSS (High frequency Structure Simulator) version 13 is used for
designing and simulating the designed microstrip filter and antenna. For 3D full wave EM
field simulation, it is a standard simulation tool and is mainly for the high frequency
design. It was introduced in the year 1990. This tool is a combination of simulation,
automation, visualization, and solid modelling. The HFSS software can be used to
accurately solve the three-dimensional electromagnetic problems. This software offers art
solver (multiple state) technologies i.e., it uses Finite Element Method (FEM), brilliant
graphics and adaptive meshing to provide us superior performance and provide proper
understanding to the problems. It also provides option to user to select the solver as per
their simulation requirement.

3.1 Process Overview

The solution process of HFSS is shown in Fig. 4.1. The first step is to draw the geometric
model which is to be analyzed, then assign material to the geometric model. In the next
step, assign source and provide boundary conditions. In this simulator, under the part of
boundary definitions, a port is required to define and to stimulate the structure. After
modeling the structure, the solution is set up. In the next step, assign the solution
frequency then add frequency sweep which will generate the solution frequency across
the frequency ranges. After this set up, the far-field validate the model. At the end, the
parameters which can be analyzed as S-parameters, Y-parameters, Z-parameters, VSWR,
gain, directivity etc. and user can analyze these various parameters in the graphical,
tabular or smith chart forms.

22
 Select the solver

Draw the geometry model

Assign Material

Assign source and boundary conditions

Yes
Computing
Set up an
other
emission test
quantities

No

Set up solution criteria and refine the

Generate the solution

Insert S-parameters solution: View

solution and manipulate basic field

Fig.3.1: HFSS Solution Process

23
 3.2 Designing steps of antenna

1. Initially, a single patch antenna as shown in Fig 1 (A) is designed on a 1.6mm thick FR4
substrate material that has a dielectric constant of 4.4 to resonate at 5.8 GHz.
2. The antenna in Fig 1(A) generates a linear polarization, to generate circular polarization
the corners of the patch are truncated as shown in Fig 1 (B).
3. Both the antennas shown in Fig 1(A) and 1 (B) are designed on a 1.6mm thick FR4
substrate material.
4 In the third step, an additional 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate material is placed on top of the
antenna shown in Fig 1(B). This additional substrate is called superstrate.
5 On top of the superstrate, 5x5 (25) meta cells are placed, as shown in Fig 1 (c).
6 Since the meta surface superstrate is placed on top of the antenna in Fig1(B), the
performance of the antenna changes, so the radiating patch is modified whilst changing
the dimensions of the meta surface to enhance the performance of antenna.
7 The modified patch is shown in fig 1(D), from this figure, it can be observed that a strip
line is added to the edge of the patch to have a good impedance matching.
8 Various parametric analysis has been performed to find the dimensions of the metasearch
so that it enhances the performance of the antenna.
9 The single patch antenna is then duplicated to make it MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output)
antenna as shown in Fig 1 (E), the meta surface is also duplicated as shown in Fig 1(F).
10 The antenna shown in Fig 1 (B) has a very low impedance and axial ratio bandwidth, so
to enhance the antenna performance a meta surface is used.
11 The side view of the design is shown in fig 2 and the exploded view of the final MIMO
antenna is shown in Fig 3.

24
Fig . Proposed Antenna Design Procedure (a) Normal Patch, (b) Corner truncated patch, (c) meta
surface, (d) modified patch, (e) Two Patches (MIMO) (f) Two meta surfaces

Fig 2. Side view of the antenna

25
Fig 3. Exploded view
3.1 Steps for simulating and analyzing the results of MIMO antenna

1. First analysis setup is created to analyze the different parameters of designed

filter and desired frequency is assigned.

2. Then add the frequency sweep which is used to generate the solution frequency

across the frequency ranges.

3. After this, design is validated and analyzed report is created.

4. At the end, rectangular plot is used to analyze the gain.

5. Various other parameters like axial ratio, radiation pattern is obtained.

26
The design procedure and optimization of the proposed single-layer CP meta surface antenna

Design equations

The initial patch dimension (w) may be predicted as:

Where c is the light velocity and εeff is the effective dielectric constant of the substrate.

27
where Z0 represents the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, Wa is the width of the
feedline. εr is the dielectric constant and εreff is the effective permittivity. The length and width
of the feed network are calculated by using the equations given below.

CHAPTER 4
RESULT & DISCUSSION
MIMO antenna design

28
Exploded View of the proposed MIMO Antenna

Top view of substrate

29
Top view of superstate

Patch dimensions

30
Meta cell dimensions

Design specifications
PARAMETER VALUE
Overall Antenna Dimension 30 x 60 mm
Substrate Thickness 1.6mm
Dielectric substrate FR4
Superstrate Thickness 1.6 mm
Feed Line length 4.5 mm
Feed Line width 2 mm

S parameters

31
 XY Plot 2 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

0.00
MY1: -10.0000

m1 m2

-10.00
S-Parameters (dB)

-20.00

Curve Info
-30.00 dB(S(1,1))
Name X Y Setup1 : Sweep
m1 5.7500 -10.0438 dB(S(2,2))
Setup1 : Sweep
-40.00 m2 7.7600 -9.9588
dB(S(1,2))
Setup1 : Sweep

-50.00
5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00
Freq [GHz]

Axial ratio(dB)
XY Plot 4 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

6.00
Curve Info
5.00 dB(AxialRatioValue)
dB(AxialRatioValue)

Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

4.00
MY1: 3.0000

m1 m2
3.00
Name X Y
m1 5.5947 2.9955
2.00 m2 6.8563 3.0002

1.00

0.00
5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00
Freq [GHz]

Peak gain (dBiC)

XY Plot 3 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

6.25
Curve Info
5.00
dB(RealizedGainRHCP)

dB(RealizedGainRHCP)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'
3.75

2.50

1.25

0.00

-1.25

-2.50
5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00
Freq [GHz]

Radiation pattern @ 5.8GHz

32
Radiation pattern @ 6.5GHz

Radiation pattern @ 7.4GHz

33
Simulated results

Frequency Bandwidth Gain (dB) Axial Ratio Polarization Isolation(dB)

Range (GHz) (GHz)
5.75-7.76 2.01 5.5 5.5-6.8 Right Hand <-25dB
Circular
Polarization
(RHCP)

Applications
• 5.8 GHz Wi-Fi
• Satellite X-Band applications (7-7.7 GHz)
• Difference between proposed and existing

34
Existing Proposed
Designed for Ka Band applications Designed for C, and X-Band applications
Bandwidth= 1.95 GHz Bandwidth= 2.01
Linear Polarization Circular Polarization
Transmission Line feed Coaxial Feed
54 Meta cells used 54 Meta cells used
Air gap is used between the two substrates No air gap used

35
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