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Learning Module 3. Circular Functions (10 hours)

Lesson 3. 3.1 Angles in a Unit Circle

2.1.1 Conversion of degree to radian and vice versa
2.1.2 Arc length and area of the sector
3.2Circular Functions on real numbers
3.3 Graphs of Circular functions
3.3.1 Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent functions
3.3.2 Graphs of cotangent, secant and cosecant functions
3.4 Application to word problems specifically in the field of marine engineering

Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes

Competence: Graph the six trigonometric functions.

Course Outcomes:
1. Apply skills learned in Trigonometry to solve problems in the maritime field specifically in
Marine engineering and navigation.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Recall definition of angles in trigonometry.
2. Differentiate between
2.1 positive and negative angles
2.2 linear and angular measures of arcs.
3. Illustrate
3.1 a unit circle
3.2 an angle in standard position
3.3 co-terminal angles
3.4 the six circular functions
4. Convert degree to radian and vice versa.
5. Determine the domain and range of the different circular functions.
6. Graph the six circular functions.
7. Enumerate the properties (amplitude, period, and phase shift) of the circular function from the
given graph or from the given equation.
8. Solve problems involving circular functions.

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Overview

This lesson will prepare us for graphing the six trigonometric functions. Basic lessons on angle
measures in relation to arcs of circles will be dealt with. In addition, this part of the module will
also be focused on the conversion of degree to radian and vice versa and most importantly the
unit circle will be discussed comprehensively because the full understanding of the unit circle is
very fundamental to the success of learning how to graph the six trigonometric functions. Finally,
graph of the six functions will be tackled in detail to prepare you later for its application in your
major subject such as electronics and physics.

Discussion

3.1 Angles in the Unit Circle

 Angles in Trigonometry

Let us recall that an angle in trigonometry is defined as the amount rotation an

initial side has taken counterclockwise or clockwise. The direction of rotation will tell
whether the angle is positive or negative. It is positive angle if the direction of rotation is
counterclockwise and negative if it is clockwise. in Figure 3.1.1 is a positive angle
because the direction of rotation is counterclockwise and in Figure 3.1.2 is a
negative angle because the direction of rotation of the initial side is clockwise. See the
figures below.

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 Angles in Standard Position
An angle is in standard position if it is on the Cartesian coordinate plane and the
initial side is the positive x-axis and its vertex is the point of origin. The examples are given in
the figure above. Alpha (α), beta (β), tau (τ), and (θ) in figure 3.1.3 are in standard position.
 Conversion of Degree to Radian and Vice Versa
 Convert Degree to Radian
Let us derive a conversion factor for converting degree to radian unit of measure. In
lesson 1, the radian measure has already been defined. Now let us recall that the arc of any
circle measures 360o and the length of that arc or the circumference of a unit circle is 2 π,
then we say that.

2π = 360o
(2π = 360o) MPE
=1
1= Symmetric Property of Equality
1= Simplifying Fractions
is the conversion factor that we will multiply to convert degree unit of measure to the
radian unit of measure.

While if we multiply the same equation above by

(2π = 360o)
1=
1=

 is the conversion factor to be used to convert degree to radian and

 is the conversion factor for converting radian to degree.

Illustrative Example 3.1.1

Convert the following to radian.

1. 120o 2. 60o
120o ( )= rad 60o ( ) = rad

3. 125o 4. 200o
125o ( ) = rad 200o ( ) = rad
Note: The radian measure may be express without the value by multiplying it to the value of
which is approximately 3.14.16.

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 Convert Radian to Degree
Illustrative Example 3.1.2:

Convert the following to degree.

1. rad 2. rad

rad ( ) = 270o rad ( ) = 120o

3. rad 4. rad

rad ( ) = 225o rad( ) = 150o

 Coterminal Angles
Two angles are coterminal if they are in standard position and they have the same terminal
sides.

Illustrative Example 3.1.3:

Find the coterminal angles of the following within the
domain.
D = {x/-360o <x 360o} or {x/-2π <x 2π}

1. 50o
-360o + 50o = -310o

Since the domain is limited, there is only one angle

coterminal to 50o, otherwise there will be infinite
number of angles that can be coterminal with 50o.
2. -130o

-130o + 360o = 230o

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3. rad

= rad - 2π rad

= rad - rad

=- rad

4. - rad

=- rad + 2π rad

=- rad + rad

= rad

 Arc Length and Area of a Sector

Do you remember in your high school you have studied circle and its properties? Let us
recall some basic parts and properties of a circle. It is basic knowledge that any circle
measures 360o and 2π in radian.
 Arcs of a circle are classified into minor arcs and major arcs. Minor arcs are arcs whose
measure is less than 180o and major arcs are those whose measures are greater than 180o. But
those which are exactly 180o are called semicircles.
In figure 3.1.9 arcs CE, BC,BE,BD, BA and BD are minor arcs while arcs BAE and DAC are
major arcs and arcs DBE and EAD are semicircles.
 Central Angle is an angle whose vertex is the center of a circle and the sides are radii of a
circle. Angle BPC, angle BPD and angle CPE are central angles in figure 3.2.2. The measure of
the central angle is equal to the measure of the subtended arc. For angle BPC the subtended
arc is arc BC.

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 Arc length is the linear measure of an arc.

In a circle with radius r, the length s of an arc is equal to:

s= (2πr)

s = rθ
θ should be in radian.

Given: r = 5cm radius of a circle

θ = 60o measure of the subtended central angle
Find: s=? length of the intercepted arc

Solution:
Convert first the measure of the central angle into radian measure.

60o ( )= rad

Solve for s:

s = rθ s = 5cm ( rad) s= cm or s = 5.23599 cm s = 5.s cm

 What is the measure of the central angle subtended by the arc whose length is 4.5 m in a circle
with radius 12.5 m?
Given: s = 4.5 m length of the intercepted arc
r = 12.5 m radius of the circle
find: θ=? measure of the central angle
Solution:

s = rθ θ= θ= θ = 0.36 rad

 The Circular Function

 Functions of Any Angle
In lesson 1 we define the six trigonometric functions
of an acute angle only. This time let us give the
definitions of the six functions that will apply to any
angle be it oblique, acute, or right angle.
Let us consider the coordinate plane when defining
the six trigonometric functions. From the previous
lessons, we know that if an angle terminates in
quadrant 1, the measure regardless of the direction of
rotation, the coordinates of the terminal point will
always be positive. If angle θ is in quadrant 1,
therefore, we will have the triangle in figure 3.2.1 as
the basis of our new definition.
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Notice that if a perpendicular is dropped from point P to the x-axis, a right triangle is formed.
The side of the triangle that will be the basis of the definition are:
x = abscissa=adjacent side
y = ordinate = opposite side
r= radius=hypotenuse
From this part of the right triangle the definition of the functions of θ are:
Functions of θ

Sin θ = = Cot θ = =

Cos θ = = Sec θ = =

Tan θ = = Csc θ = =

 Reference Angle

If the angle θ is in the second quadrant, there exists

angle α wherein when a perpendicular is dropped from
the terminal point to the x-axis.
Sin θ = = sin α (See figure 3.2.2)

The functions of θ may be negative but the functions of

the acute angle α are always positive. Therefore, we say
that the absolute value of the functions of θ is always
the same with the functionsof α, thus we will call the
acute angle alpha (α) as the reference angle ofθ.
To summarize, the following relationship of theta (θ) in the 4 quadrants is shown below.

θ=α quadrant 1 θ = 180o + α quadrant 3

θ = 180o – α quadrant 2 θ = 360o- α quadrant 4

Illustrative Example 3.2.1:

1. Find the other five functions of θ if Sin θ = .

Since sin θ has a positive value, the location of the

terminal side of θ is on the quadrant where the y
value or the ordinate is positive. The locations of
the terminal side of θ if its sine is positive are in
quadrant 1 and 2. (See figure 3.2.3)

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Solve for x:
Functions of θ in Quadrant 1 Functions of θ in Quadrant 2
x= 4; y = 3; r=5 x= -4; y = 3; r=5
x=√ since the missing
part is one of the legs. Cos θ = = Cos θ = =
x=√ 3 Tan θ = = Tan θ = =
x= √2 Cot θ = = Cot θ = =
x=√ Sec θ = = Sec θ = =
x= 4 Csc θ = = Csc θ = =

2. Find Cos θ if Tan θ = and θ isin Quadrant 3.

First, we locate the terminal side of θ in

Quadrant 3 and draw the reference triangle.

Solve for r:
√
r=√ + Cos θ = = ( )
√ √

√ √
r=√ 2 + Cos θ = ( )
=
r= √ + 22
r = √3
r=√ ( )
r = 3√
 The Unit Circle

A unit circle is a circle with radius equal to 1 unit. If the reference angle (θ) is in a unit circle
then r = 1, then the definition of the 6 trigonometric function of the reference angle theta (θ)
is modified into:

Definition of the Six Trigonometric Function (reference angle θ is in

the unit circle)
r=1
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
Sin θ = 𝑟
= =y Cot θ = 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥 𝑟
Cos θ = 𝑟
= =x Sec θ = 𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑦 𝑟
Tan θ = Csc θ = =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

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Illustrative Example 3.2.2:

1. Find the values of sin 240o, tan 240o, cos (-30o) and csc (-30o).

Solution:

First let us locate the terminal side of the angle 210o and -30o in the coordinate plane. 210o is
positive, so terminal side is in quadrant 3 rotating counterclockwise and since -30o is negative,
terminal side is in quadrant 4 rotating clockwise. See figure 3.2.5.

Figure 3.2.6b shows that reference angle of 240o is 60o and -30o is 30o. From the previous
lesson, 30o-60o-90o right triangle, we determine the length of the legs if hypotenuse r = 1, the
coordinates of A and B are:
√ √
A = (- ,- ) and B = ( ,- )

So the value of:

√ √
Sin 240o = y = cos (-30o) = x =

√
Tan 240o = = = √3 csc (-30o) = = = -2

Or we can express the angles in radian so we can also say that:

√ √
Sin ( ) = Cos ( )=

Tan ( ) = √3 Csc ( ) = -2

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2. Find the value of Sin ( ) and cos ( ).

terminates in quadrant in the third quadrant and the reference triangle is , and we
know that the signs the coordinates in quadrant 3 are both negative (-, -).

How do we know that our angle terminates in quadrant 3? We reduce it into angles between
0 to 2π -2 = - = this terminates on the third quadrant. Then the reference
angle is found by simply choosing from 0 to , in this case since is a multiple of , then the
angle with the same absolute value of is also .

√
Sin ( ) = - sin ( ) = ; Cos ( ) = - cos ( ) =

3. Find the value of Tan ( ).

-4 = - = this angle terminates in quadrant 1 so the signs of all its functions

are positive because coordinates in quadrant 1 are all positive (+, +) at the same time the
reference angle is also .
√
Tan( ) = Tan ( )= = = √3

We can now determine the coordinate of the terminal points of the unit circle for the special
angles. See figure 3.2.7.

Since the coordinates of the

terminal points are known,
it will be easy to find the
value of the six
trigonometric functions of
the special angles that will
be very useful for us in
sketching the graph of the
functions.

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 The Graph of the Circular Functions

 The Graph of Sine, Cosine and Tangent

 The Graph of y = Sin (x)

Let us recall that if the angle θ is in the unit circle sin θ = y and cos θ = x. It will be easy to
construct the table of values for y = sin (x) and y = cos (x) knowing the coordinate of the
terminal points of θ.

The first thing to do is we construct the table of values for y = sin (x).

Table 3.1 Values of y =Sin (x)

We convert the value of the function in decimal form so that it will be easy to graph. Let us
plot each point in the coordinate plane. The sketch of y = sin (x) is shown below.

2 3
X 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
√3 √3 √3 √3
y = sin (x) 0 0 -1 0
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
y = sin (x)
in decimal 0 0.5 0.866 1 0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.866 -1 -0.866 -0.5 0
form

Let us identify the properties of the graph of the sine function.

Properties of the graph of y = sin (x).

1. The value of y = sin (x) returns to zero (0) its initial value at x =2π. It means that it will start
all over again passing the same values until it reaches x = 4π. This property is referred to as
“periodic”. The graph of the sign function is periodic and the value of x wherein the
functiongoes back to its initial value is called the period of the graph. The period of the
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graph is 2 π. It means every 2 π it will accomplish one complete wave. The graph of the sine
function is called a sinusoid.
2. The highest value that the function y = sin (x) have is 1. This is called the amplitude of the
graph. The amplitude of the graph of y = sin (x) is 1.
3. Domain of y = sin (x) is ‫׀‬R = a set of real numbers while its range is [-1, 1].

 The graph of y = cos (x)

Construct the table of values of y = cos (x).

Table 3.2 The Values of y = cos (x)

Based on the equation, we will simply multiply by 3 the values we found in y = sin (x). The
domain remains the same, only the range will change.
2 3
X 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3

√3 √3 √3 √3
y = cos (x) 1 0 1
2 2 0 2 2 -1 2 2 2 2
y = cos (x)
in decimal 1 0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.866 -1 -0.866 -0.5 0 0.5 0.866 1
form
Properties of y = cos (x)
1. It is periodic. Period is at 2π
2. Amplitude is equal to 1.
3. Domain is a set of real numbers and range is [-1,1].
4. The cosine wave is also called a sinusoid.

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Graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx

Illustrative Example 3.3.1

1. Graph y = 3 sin (x)

Construct the table of values for y = 3 sin

(x).
Based on the equation, we will simply
multiply by 3 the values we found in y = sin (x).
The domain remains the same, only the range
will change.

Table 3.3 Values of y = 3 sin x

Plot the points in the coordinate plane.

2 3
X 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3

y = sin (x) 0 0.5 0.866 1 0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.866 -1 -0.866 -0.5 0

y = 3 sin (x) 0 1.5 2.598 3 2.598 1.5 0 -1.5 -2.598 -3 -2.598 -1.5 0

This time let us graph y = 3 sin (x)with y = sin (x) to compare the two graphs.
Properties of the Graph y = 3 sin (x)

1. It is periodic. Period is at 2π.

2. The amplitude instead of 1 it is now 3.
3. The domain is still a set of real numbers, but the range becomes [-3,3]
2. y = 2 cos (x)

Construct the table.

Table 3.4: Values for y = 2 cos (x)

Plot the points in the coordinate plane.

2 3
X 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
y = cos (x) 1 0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.866 -1 -0.866 -0.5 0 0.5 0.866 1

y = 2cos (x) 2 1.732 1 0 -1 -1.732 -2 -1.732 -1 0 1 1.732 2

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Properties of the graph of y = 2 cos (x)

1. It is periodic. Period is at 2 .
2. The amplitude change to 2.
3. Domain is still set of real numbers. Range
becomes [-2, 2].
The two given examples shown us that
multiplying a to the function only change the
amplitude of the graph. The other properties
remain the same.

 Graph in one coordinate plane y = sin (x), y = -2 sin (x) and y = 0.5 sin (x).

Let us not construct the table anymore.

From the graph of y = sin (x), let us
construct the graph of the other two
functions.

Properties of y = -2 sin (x)

1. It is still periodic with period at 2π

2. Amplitude is 2. The negative sign affects
the graph by going down to negative
values first before going up.
3. The domain is still sets of real numbers
and the range is [-2,2].

Properties of y =0.5 sin (x)

1. It is still periodic with period at 2π
2. Amplitude is 0.5.
3. Domain is still the same, but range becomes [-0.5,0.5].
Based on the given examples, the factor a only affects the graph’s amplitude. If a > 1 the graph
stretched vertically and if a<1 it shrunk vertically.
 Graph y = sin (2x)

Construct the table.

Table 3.4 Values of y = sin (2x)
This time it is the value of x that an integer is being multiplied to

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2 3 3
x 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
2 3
2x 0 2 3 4
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3

y=sin 2x 0 0.866 0 0.866 0 0.866 0 0.866 0 0.866 0 0.866 0 0.866 0 0.866 0

Let us see what property of the graph is affected by

this operation.

Properties of y = sin (2x)

1. The graph is still periodic. But thistime the period
change to π At 2 π two complete wave has been
done.
2. The amplitude remains as 1.
3. Domain is still set of real numbers and range is
still the interval [-1,1].

 Graph y = -2 cos (2x)

Construct the table of values for y = -2 cos (2x).

Table 3.5 Values for y = -2 cos (2x)
2 3 3
X 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3

2 3
2x 0 2 3 4
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3

y = cos (2x) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

y =-2 cos (2x) -2 -1 0 1 2 1 0 -1 -2 -1 0 1 2 1 0 -1 -2

Notice that we insert the multiples of in between the multiples of and so that we can sketch the
correct shape of the graph. See figure 3.3.6.

Plot the points in the coordinate plane.

Properties of the graph y=-2 cos (2x)

1. It is still periodic, but the period is π It means

every π, one complete wave is done.
2. The amplitude is 2.
3. The Domain is still the set of real numbers.
Take notice that the graph of y = 2 cos (2x) and y = -2 cos (2x) are mirror image of each other,

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and they have the same properties. It means that each point on the graph of y = 2 cos (2x)
corresponds to a point in the graph of y = -2 cos (2x).

Let us make a summary of what we learned from the given examples about the graph of the sine
and cosine function.
1. The graph of the sine and cosine function is the same. It is called a sinusoid.
2. Both graphs are periodic. The period can be determined by the formula .
If 0< < 1, the graph is stretch horizontally but if > 1 it shrunk horizontally.
3. The amplitude of the graph is determined by a. If <1, then the graph is shrunk vertically and
if a > 1 it stretched vertically.
4. The domain is a set of real numbers while the range is the interval [-a, a].

 Graph of y = a sin b(x-c) + d and y = a cos b(x-c) + d

Illustrative Example 3.3.2

1. Graph y = sin x and y = sin (x - )

Construct the table.

2 3 3
x 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
y=sin (x) 0 0.5 .866 1 .866 0.5 0 -0.5 -.866 -1 -.866 -0.5 0 0.5
2 3
x- - 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
y=sin (x) -0.5 0 0.5 .866 1 .866 0.5 0 -0.5 -.866 -1 -.866 -0.5 0

Table 3.6 values for y = sin (x) and y = sin ( )

Plot the points in the coordinate plane.

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Properties of y = sin (x- ) is the same as that of y = sin (x). The only difference is y = sin (x- )
shifted to the right of y = sin (x).

2. Graph y = 2 Sin (x - )+2

a. Construct the table for y = 2 Sin (x - )+2

2 3
x 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
y = sin (x - ) -0.5 0 0.5 .866 1 .866 0.5 0 -0.5 -.866 -1 -.866 -0.5
y = 2 sin (x - ) 1.73
-1 0 1 2 1.732 1 0 -1 -1.732 -2 -1.732 -1
2
y = 2 sin (x - ) 3.73
1 2 3 4 3.732 3 2 1 0.268 0 0.268 1
2
Plot the points in the coordinate plane.

Figure 3.3.9 shows that y = 2 Sin (x - ) + 2 is simply y = 2 Sin (x - ) which shifted 2 units
above. The shape and the properties are the same for the two graphs. So, the value of 𝖨d𝖨 tells the
number of units the graph is being shifted vertically. If 𝖨d𝖨 > 0, it is shifted upward and if 𝖨d𝖨 < 0, it
is shifted downward.

 Graph of Tangent and Cotangent

Illustrative Example 3.3.3

1. Graph y = tan (x)
a. Construct the table of values for y = tan (x).

Table 3.8 Values for y = tan (x)

2 3
x 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3

y=tan(x) 0 .57735 1.732 ∞ -1732 -.57735 0 .57735 1.732 ∞ -1.732 -.57735 00

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Plot the points in the Cartesian coordinate
plane.

Properties of the graph of y = tan (x)

1. It is periodic. Period is at π. The points on

the graph marks the end of each cycle.
2. There is no amplitude because there is no
maximum or minimum point.
3. Domain {x R: cos (x) 0} = {x R:
x , k is an odd integer}
Range is [-∞, +∞].
4. Every where k is an odd number, it is
asymptotic to x = where k is an odd
number.

2. Graph y = - tan (2x)

a. Construct the table for y = -tan (2x).

Table 3.9: Values for y = -tan (2x)

2 3 3
X 0
3 2 3 3 2 3 2

2 3
2x 0 2 3 4
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3

y =- tan (2x) 0 -1.732 ∞ 1.732 0 -1.732 ∞ 1.732 0 -1.732 ∞ 1.732 0 -1.732 ∞ 1.732 0

b. Plot the points in the coordinate plane.

Properties of = (2 )

1. It is periodic. Period at .

2. Domain { os }={ , } (See Figure 3.3.10 in the

next page).
3. Asymptotes is at = shows that at every = , tangent is undefined.

4. Range [ , ].

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 Graph of Cotangent, Secant and Cosecant

Illustrative Example 3.3.4
1. Graph = (2 )

a. Construct the table for = (2 )

2 3 3
x 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
2 3
2x 0 2 3 4
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
y=cot (2x) ∞ .57735 0 -.57735 ∞ .57735 0 -.57735 ∞ .57735 0 -.55735 ∞ .57735 0 .57735 ∞

y = ½ Cot 2x) ∞ .28868 0 -.28868 ∞ .28868 0 -.28868 ∞ .28868 0 -.28868 ∞ .28868 0 .28868 ∞

Properties of y = ½ Cot (2x)

1. It is periodic. Period is at .
2. Domain: {x R: sin (x) 0} = {x R:x }
3. Range: [- , ]

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2. Graph y = Sec (x)

a. Construct the table for y = sec (x).

We know from the previous lessons that sec (x) = ( )

. Let us construct the table by
recalling the values for y = cos (x).

Table 3.11 Values for y = Sec (x)

2 3
X 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
y = cos (x) 1 0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.866 -1 -0.866 -0.5 0 0.5 0.866 1
y = Sec
1 1.1547 2 0 -2 -1.1547 -1 -1.1547 -2 0 2 1.1547 1
(x)

Plot the points in the coordinate plane.

Properties of the graph of y = sec (x)

1. The graph of y = cos (x) and y = sec (x) intersects at (0,1), ( , -1) and at (2 , 1) or
at x = k where k is an integer and y = cos (x) is either 1 or -1 because the reciprocals
of 1 or -1 is still 1 or -1.
2. The x-intercept of y = cos (x) is also the vertical asymptotes of y = sec (x) because the
value of x where y = cos (x) is zero (0) is also where y = sec (x) is undefined. At this
case, x-intercept of y = cos (x) is at and or at where k is odd integer.
Vertical asymptotes are at x = .

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3. Domain: {x R: Cos (x) 0} = {x R: x }

3. Graph y = Csc (x)

a. Construct the table for y = Csc (x).

Since csc (x) = , we will find the values of csc (x) from sin (x). Table 3.12 shows the
( )
values for y = csc (x).
Table 3.3.12 Values for y=Csc (x)
0 2 3 2
X 3 2 3 3 2 3
y = sin (x) 0 0.5 0.866 1 0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.866 -1 -0.866 -0.5 0

y = csc (x) 2 1.1547 1 1.1547 2 -2 -1.1547 -1 -1.1547 -2

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Properties of the graph of y = csc (x)
1. The graph of y = sin (x) and y = csc (x) intersects at ( ,1), and ( , -1) or at x = where k is
an odd integer or where y = sin (x) is either 1 or -1 because the reciprocals of 1 or -1 is still 1
or -1.
2. The x-intercept of y = sin (x) is also the vertical asymptotes of y = csc (x) because thevalue of x
where y = csc (x) is zero (0) is also where y = csc (x) is undefined. At this case, x-intercept of y
= csc (x) is at 0, and 2 or where k is an integer.
Vertical asymptotes are at x = .
3. Domain: {x R: sin (x) 0} = {x R: x } and k is an integer.

 Application of Circular Function

 Simple Harmonic Motion

There are many motions and behavior in nature which are repetitive or periodic. Periodic motion
which are modeled by sine and cosine function are called simple harmonic motion. Some of these
unimpeded motions of objects are oscillation, vibration, rotation, and motion due to water waves
are real-life and natural events that acts as simple harmonic motion.

 Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion

The displacement y (directed by the height or length) of an object behaving in a simple

harmonic motion with respect to time t is given by one of the following equations:

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y = a sin b (t – c) + d or y = a cos b (t – c) + d
where:
 Amplitude = 𝖨a𝖨 = ½ (M-m) the maximum displacement above and below the rest position
or central position or equilibrium, where M is the maximum height and m is minimum
height.
 Period = the time required to complete one cycle (from one highest or lowest point to
the next)
 Frequency = the number of cycles per unit of time
 c is the horizontal shift in time.
 d is the vertical shift in displacement.
Illustrative Example 3.4.1

Solve the following problem.

1. A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up and down in simple harmonicmotion. At
start, the weight is pulled down 5 cm below the resting position and then released. After 8
seconds, the weight reaches its highest location for the first time. Find the equation of the
motion.
Let us identify what are given. The “at the start, the weight is pulled down 5 cm” tells usthat.

Given: t = 0 when y =-5

8s is ½ of the period to accomplish 1 complete wave.
Find: Equation of the motion

Solution: If y = -5 at t = 0 then the equation is =

Solve for b:
( )=8 =8 8b = b=

So, the equation is: y = -5 cos

2. A signal buoy in Laguna Bay bobs up and down with the height h of its transmitter (in ft)above
sea level modeled by ( ) = + at time t (in seconds). During a small squall, its
height varies from 1 ft to 9 ft above sea level, and it takes three secondsfromone 9 ft height to
the next. Find the values of the constants a, b and d.

Given: M = 9 ft.
M = 1 ft
= 3.5 s period
Find: a=? amplitude b =? d=?

Solution:
 Solve a:
a = (M-m) = (9ft-1 ft) = (8ft) = 4 ft. amplitude
a = 4 ft
 Solve for b:
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Since it took 3.5 s from one 9 ft height to the next the period is 3.5 s.
= 3.5 s 3.5 b = 2 b= ( )= b=
 Solve for d:
Because the lowest point is 1 ft above sea level and the amplitude is 4, then d = 5.

References

Textbook:

T1- Baltazar, Ethel Cecille M. (2014). Plane & Spherical Trigonometry Text/Workbook. C & E
Publishing Inc.
T2- Calingasan, R.M. (2013). Trigonometry: a work text. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
T3- Mamhot, M.R. [et.al]. (2012). Plane trigonometry: a calculator approach. Purely Books Trading
and Publishing Corporation.
T4- Young, Cynthia. (2010). Trigonometry 2nd edition. NJ, USA. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.

References:

R1 -Tungcab, R.G. [et.al]. (2011). Trigonometry: work text. Philippines. Grand books Publishing,
Inc.
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach. Philippines. Rex
Book Store, Inc.
R3– Sarmiento, A. C. E. [et. al]. (2009). Plane and spherical trigonometry.Philippines. Books
Atbp.Publishing Corporation
R4 – Tupas, S.V. (2004), Plane and spherical trigonometry for maritime students, Phil.: Bencel 2
Press, Inc.
R5 – Rider, Paul R. (1971). Plane and spherical trigonometry. New York: The Macmillan Company
(By special arrangement with Macmillan Company printed in the Philippines by Cacho
Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong Metro Manila
R6 – Salumbides, Jr., E.N., and Romero, R.C., (1963) Trigonometry plane and speherical. Q.C.,
Phil.: Royal Publishing House
R7 – Tayao, A.G., Oronce, O.A., Plazon, L.M., Jauco, M.C. (1992) Secondary mathematics book

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IV.Philippines: REX Book Store
R8 – Reyes, Edgardo A. (1963). Plane trigonometry simplified and integrated. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines. National Book Store

Online Sources:

Trigonometry: Sine Bar applications 221 ToolingU. (2008). Retrieved from:https:

//www.toolingu.com/class/120075/trigonometry-sine-bar-applications-221

Bulk carrier images with no copyright:

https://www.google.com/search?q=bulk+carrier+images+with+no+copyright

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Checkpoint

Activity 1. Warm-Up
You try this…
A. Convert the following to radian. Show your complete solution.

1. 80o 2. -145o 3. 155o 4. -425o

B. Convert the following radian measure to degree measure.

1. rad 2. rad 3. rad 4. – 32 rad

C. Solve the following problem. Show your complete solution.

1. Find the length of the arc in a circle whose radius is 10 cm and subtends a central angle
of rad.

2. Find the measure of a central angle θ in a circle of radius 10 m whose arc length is 10π.

D. Find the angle between 0o and 360o or between 0 rad to 2π rad that is coterminal to the
given angle below.

1. -1400o 2. 3. 451o 4. - rad

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Do This

Activity 2 Follow Up
A. Answer as indicated. Show your complete solution including illustration.

1. Find the six functions of θ = .

2. Find the other 5 functions of the given angle if its sin θ = - . <θ< 2
3. If cos θ = and <θ<2

B. Enumerate the properties of the graph of the following equations. Show your complete
solutions.

1. y = 2 sin 3x 3. y = 2 tan (x + )
2. y = - cos 2 (x - ) 4. y = 2 + 4 cos (x + )

C. Graph the following functions.

1. y = 2 sin 3x 3. y = 2 + 4 cos (x + )
2. y = - csc x

D. Solve the following problem. Show your complete solution.

1. Find a function that describes a simple harmonic motion with the following properties:
Sine function; displacement zero at t =0; moving up initially; amplitude = 6 cm;
period = 4 sec.

2. A point P moving in a simple harmonic motion makes 10 complete revolutions every 1

sec. The amplitude of the motion is 2 m. Assuming that P is at its minimum
displacement with respect to the equilibrium when t = 0 and there is a vertical shift
of 2 m downward, find a sine function that describes the path traced by P in terms of
time t.

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Assessment

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully and write the letter that corresponds to your
answer in the space provided before each number.

_______1. Which of these angles is coterminal with rad?

a. rad c. rad

b. rad d. rad

_______2. Which of these is equivalent to 120o in radian?

a. rad c. rad

b. rad d. rad

_______3. If rad is converted to degree, it will be equal to

a. 108o c. 98o
b. 90o d. 68o
_______4. Two angles in standard position which have a common side are called _____.
a. congruent angles c. coterminal angles
b. supplementary angles d. quadrantal angles
_______ 5. Which of these is the length of the arc in a circle whose radius is 10cm and subtends a
central angle whose measure is 75o?
a. 13.09 cm c. 50 cm
b. 10.9 cm d. cm

_______ 6. Which of these is the coordinate of the terminal point of a central angle whose
measure is ?

a. (0,1) c. (0.866,0.5)
b. (0.5, 0.866) d. (1,0)
_______ 7. Which of these is the definition of Sin in the unit circle?
a. Sin =x c. Sin =y
b. Sin = d. Sin =

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______ 8. If the coordinate of terminal point of a central angle whose measure is is(-0.5,
0.866), then which of these is the value of cos ?

a. 0.5 c. 0.866
b. -0.5 d. -0.866
______ 9. In which quadrant will the angle whose measure is -330o terminates?
a. quadrant 1 c. quadrant 2
b. quadrant 3 d. quadrant 4
______10. Which function of -330o is negative?
a. sine c. cosine
b. tangent d. none of these
_______11. Which of the following is the value of Sin ?

b. 0.5 c. 1.732
c. 0.866 d. 0.57735
_______12. If sin θ = , then in which quadrants is the possible location of its terminal side?
a. Quadrant I and III c. Quadrant I and II
b. Quadrant I and IV d. Quadrant II and III
_______13. If is a central angle in the unit circle, then which of these is the coordinatesof the
terminal point of = ?

a. (-0.866,0.5) c. (-0.866, -0.5)

b. (0.866, -0.5) d. (0.866,0.5)
_______14. Which of these is the graph of y = Sin 2 (x)?

a. c.

b. d.

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_____15. Which of these is the amplitude of y = 3 cos (x)?
a. 3 c. 2
b. 1 d.
_____16. Which of these is the amplitude of the given graph below?

a. 2 c. ½
b. 2 d.
______17. Which of these is the period of the graph in #16?
a. 2 c.
b. d. 2

______18. Which of these is the equation of the graph in #16?

a. y = - Cos x c. y = -2 cos x

b. y = - Cos 2 x d. y = -2 cos 2 x

______19. Which of these is the graph of the sine function that is shifted units to theright of y =
sin x?

a. c.

b. d.

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_____20. Which of these is the equation of the graph in # 19?
a. y = sin ( x + ) c. y = 3 + Sin x

b. y = -3 + sin x d. y = sin (x - )

_____21. Which is the equation of the graph at the right?

a. y = tan x c. y = - tan x
b. y = tan (2x) d. y = -2 tan x

_____22. An object attach to a coiled spring is pulled down 10 cm from its rest position and then
released. If the time of oscillation is 3 seconds, which of thefollowing function that
describes a simple harmonic motion with the given properties?
a. y = 10 sin ( t) c. y = -10 sin ( t)

b. y = -10 cos ( t) d. y = 10 cos ( t)

______23. Given the graph of the displacement d in meters of an object at time t in seconds that
moves in simple harmonic motion; what is the maximum displacement of the object from
rest position?
Displacement

(d) in meters

Time (t)

in seconds

a. 2 m c. 3 m
b. 4 m d. cannot be determined.
______24. What is the time required for 1 oscillation? (Refer to the graph in #23)
a. 3.14 s or c. 2 s
b. 6.28 s or 2 d. 4 s
______25. Which of these is the function that describes the graph in #23?
a. y = 4 sin (2t) c. y = -4 sin (2t)
b. y = 4 cos (2t) d. y =-4 cos (2t)

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Learning Module 4. Oblique Triangle
Lesson 4. 4.1The Sine and Cosine Law
20 hours
4.2The four cases of Solving Oblique Triangle when
4.2.1 Case I (AAS or SAA)
4.2.2 Case II (SSA) – The Ambiguous Case
4.2.3 Case III (SAS)
4.2.4 Case IV (SSS)
4.3 Verbal Problems Involving Solution on Oblique Triangles

Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes

Competence: Solving oblique triangles.

Course Outcomes: Apply skills in solving (right and oblique) triangle to solve problems in the
maritime field, specifically in maritime.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Define oblique triangle.
2. State the sine and cosine law in their different forms.
3. Identify the case and the formula to be sued based on the given parts.
4. Solve for the missing parts of the oblique triangle using the sine and cosine law.
5. Solve word problems involving oblique triangle.

Overview

We are now in lesson 4 Oblique triangle. This lesson will mainly talk about the process in
finding the missing parts of oblique triangle which are the acute and obtuse triangle. The
problems on oblique triangle will be classified into four cases and identify the sets of formula
derived from the sine and cosine law to be used to solve each case to make it easy for us to go
about the problem. Lastly, we will use what we learned and solve word problems involving
oblique triangle.

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Discussion

4.1 Sine and Cosine Law

In the previous lessons we have already discussed the different types of triangles. And we
focused on right triangle and its solution. This time we will pay attention to oblique triangle which
are the acute triangle and the obtuse triangle. As we go along, we will recall the properties of the
acute and obtuse triangle as we need them to solve our problem.

The Law of Sines

Let us draw acute triangle ABC and obtuse triangle ABC and label them accordingly as shown in
figure 4.1.

Now let us derive the sine law based on the figures above.
From acute triangle ABC,
Sin A = h = c sin A but Sin C = h = a sin C

From the obtuse triangle ABC,

Sin A = h = c sin A but Sin C = h = a sin C

Therefore, h = c sin A = a sin C or c sin A = a Sin C

(c sin A = a Sin C)

Simplifying the equation =

or = equation 1 (by Symmetric Property of Equality)

We can also show that: c Sin B = b Sin C by drawing a perpendicular from vertex A to side a so that
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we will arrive to:

= equation 2. If we combine equation 1 and 2, we will have the law of sineswhich is:

= =

If we state this in words, we say:

The law of sines: The sides of a triangle is proportional to the sines of their opposite angles.

The Law of Cosines

Let us derive the law of cosines from figure 4.2. We start by showing the Pythagorean relationship
among sides of the acute triangle ABC and obtuse triangle ABC.
From figure 4.2a we get: From Figure 4.2b we get:
= + ( ) = + ( + )
= + 2 + (squaring b-x and b+x) = + +2 +
= ( + )+ = ( + )+ +2
2 but = +
but = + = + +2
= + 2
= = = ( )
= Substitute x by or (Since C is obtuse, its cosine is negative)
( ) = + +2 ( )
= + = + 2
2 ( )
= + 2

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Similarly, we can also show that:
= + 2 and = + 2

So, the law of cosines for sides are:

= + 2 ; = + 2 ; = + 2

To find the angles, we transform the formula to these forms:

Cos A =

Cos B =

Cos C =

If we state, the law of cosines in words we say:

 Law of Cosines: The square of any side of a triangle equals the sum of the square of the other
two sides minus twice the product of these two sides times the cosine of their included angle.

4.2 The Four Cases of Oblique Triangle

The problems in solving oblique triangle can be classified into four cases based on the three
given parts. These are:
Case I One side and two angles are given (SAA or AAS) Law of
Case II Two sides and the angle opposite one of them are given (SSA) Sines
Case III Two sides and the included angle are given. (SAS) Law of
Case IV The three sides are given. (SSS) Cosines

 Case I One side and two angles are given (SAA or AAS).
As stated, above case I can be solved by law of sines.

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Illustrative Example 4.2.1

1. Given: A = 32o; B = 75o; c = 15.25

Find: C=? a =? b =?
Solution:
Let us draw first the required triangle. Since
the sum of the two given angles is greater than
90o and A and B are acute angles therefore the
required triangle is an acute triangle.

How do we identify that the problem is case I?

Two angles are given, and the name of the sides
is not the same as any of the two given angles. If
the angles are named ABC, all the letters are given, two capital letters for angles and a small letter
for sides.
The given satisfies case I therefore we solve using the law of sines. But which among C, a, and
b can be solved first? Since we wil use law of sines, we need an angle and its opposite sideto be
given but we do not have that unless we solve for C first because side c is already given. So the
first part to be solve for case I is always the third angle.

Solve for C:

Recall that the sum of the measure of the three interior angles of any triangle is 180o or in
symbols: A + B + C = 180o when A, B and C are angles of a triangle
C = 180o – (A + B)
C = 180o – (32o + 75o)
C = 180o – 107o
C = 73o
Solve for a:
You may want to solve for b first. Yes, you may. This time you can choose which side to solve
first after finding angle C. It is also correct to solve for side a first. In solving for a, we need to
choose the formula:

= so that we can solve for a by transforming the formula this way:

a sin C = c Sin A by cross multiplication or we multiply by the least common denominator Sin A Sin C.

(a sin C = c Sin A)

Solving for a:

a= Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)

we can use this formula now to find a.

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a=

Calculator keys to press to solve for a.

o o
a = 15.25 x sin 32 ’’ sin 73 ’’ =
a = 8.45052 ora = 8.45

Solve for b:

Although we already have side a, it would still be much safer to use because angle C is
computed using simple arithmetic so there is less chance of making mistakes whereas side a is
solved using complicated computations so there is more chance of getting a wrong answer although
you may check your answers using the two options. These options are:
a. =

Transform the formula.

b=

We do not need to go through the properties of equalities again. We only need to remember that
the pair of the unknown side or angle in the cross multiplication is always the denominator of the
transformed formula. In this case, the pair of b is sin C so sin C becomes the denominator and the
other pair is the numerator.

b=

Calculator keys to press to solve forb.

o o
b = 15.25 x sin 75 ’’ sin 73 ’’ =
b= 15.40343 orb = 15.40

b. =

b=

b=

Calculator keys to press to solve for b.

o o
b = 8.45 x sin 75 ’’ sin 32 ’’ =
b= 15.40248 or b = 15.40
There is a little difference but when rounded off they are equal. It means we solved side a
correctly.
Answers: C = 73o; a = 8.45; and b=15.40
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Take note that since angle C and angle B are almost equal, the value of side c and side b are
also almost the same and the shortest side is side a because angle A is also the smallest angle. This
is one of the properties of a triangle.

2. Given: A = 100032’; C = 48o10’; b = 110

Find: B=? a=? c=?
Solution:
Since there is an obtuse angle given,we are
shore that the required triangle is an obtuse
triangle.
Solve for B:

B = 180o – (A + C)
B = 180o – (100032’ +48o10’)
B= 180o – 148o42’ B =31o18’

Solve for a:

= a= a=

a = 208.16628 or a = 208.2

Solve for c:

= c= c= c = 157.76069 or c = 157.8

Answers:

B = 31o18’ a = 208.2 c = 157.8

You may check your answer for side c using the other formula: = .

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 Case II Two sides and an angle opposite any one of them (SSA)
The Ambiguous Case

Case II is tagged as ambiguous

case because there are three
possibilities for its solution. It is not
always that there is only one
solution, or one triangle is formed.
There are times wherein there is no
solution, or no triangle is formed
from the given parts or there are two
solution, or two triangles is formed
from the given parts. When will
these happen?

 There is NO solution if the given side represented by a is too short to intersect the
other given side represented by b to form a triangle. This usually happens when:
 the given angle is an acute angle represented by A and the side opposite it (side a) is
less than h or c Sin A. (c represents the other given side. Or when solving for C it is
found that Sin C is greater than 1. We know from previous lesson that the maximum
value for sine is 1.
 the given angle is an obtuse angle represented by A and the side opposite it side
a is less than the other given side c.

 There are TWO solutions if the given angle A is an acute angle and side a is greater
than c Sin A but less than c or if sin C is less than 1 and greater than sin A.

 Other possibilities have ONE solution.

Illustrative Example 4.2.2
1. Given: A = 102035’; a = 10.25; b = 25.45
Find B =? C =? c =?

Solution:

Let us find out first if there are no solutions

or two solutions or one solution. What is
the relationship between b and c sin B? Let
us find out.

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0
2. Given: B = 26 25’; c = 20.4; b = 15.5
Find A =? C =? a =?

Solution:

Let us find out first if there are no

solutions or two solutions or one
solution. What is the relationship
between b and c sin B? Let us find out.

b? c Sin B 15.5? 20.4 sin 26o25’

15.5 > 9.07587
b < c since 15.5 < 20.4

This satisfies the conditions for oblique triangle to have two solutions. The two solutions are
Triangle ABC, and it means that there are two triangle A1BC1 as seen in figure 4.7 above oblique
triangle that can be formed from the given parts.

Solve for C and C1:

= Sin C = Sin C = sin C = 0.58554 C = 35o50’28”

C = 35o50’ but Sine is also positive in quadrant 2

so C1 = 180o – C C1 = 180o - 35o50’ C1 = 144o10’

Solve for A and A1:

A = 180o – (B + C) A1 = 180o - (B + C1)

A = 180o – (26o25’ + 35o50’) A1 = 180o - (26o25’ + 144o10’)
A = 180o – 62o15’ A1 = 180o – 170o35’
A = 117o45’ A1 = 9o25’

Solve for a and a1:

= a1 =

a= a1 =

a= a1 = 5.70021
a1 = 5.7
a = 30.83264 or a = 30.8

Answers: A = 117o45’ A1 = 9o25’ C = 35o50’ C1 = 144o10’ a = 30.8 a1 = 5.7

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o
3. Given: C= 56 b = 21 c = 26
Find: B=? A=? a=?

Solution:
Solve for B:
= sin B =

sin B =

Sin B = 0.66961
B = 42o2’12”
B = 42o
Solve for A:

A = 180o – (B + C)
A = 180o – (42o + 56o)
A = 180o – 98o
A = 82o

Solve for a:

= a= a= a = 31.05646 a =31

Answers: B = 42o A = 82o a = 31

 Case III Two sides and the include angle (SAS)
In this case, the given are two sides and the angle between these two sides. It is called the
included angle. It is easy to tell that the given are SAS. The three letters that is used to name the
triangle are all there. If it is triangle ABC, and side a and b are given, the given angle should be
angle C. If triangle ABC is drawn, angle C is found between side a and b. This time law of cosines
will be used for case III. Illustrative examples are given below.

Illustrative Example 4.2.3

1. Given: B = 92o
a=8
c = 10
Find: A =? C=? b=?
Solution:
Let us draw the required triangle.
Solve for b:
We use law of Cosines for sides to find b.

b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac Cos B
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b = 8 + 10 – 2(8)(10) Cos 92o
2 2 2

b2 = 64 + 100 – 160 Cos 92o

b2 = 164 – 160 Cos 92o
b2 = 169.58392
b =√ 3 2
b = 13.02244
b = 13Since b is opposite the obtuse angle it is also the longest side
Solve for A:
We use law of cosines for angles.

Cos A =

Cos A = = = = 0.78846
( )( )

A = 37o57’29” or A = 38o
Solve for C: We may check our answer using the
C = 180 – (A + B) o formula:Cos C =
C = 180o – (38o + 92o) Cos C =
( )( )
C = 180o – 130o Cos C =
o ( )( )
C = 50
cos C = = = 0.63942
C =50o15’4”
C = 50o which is the same with our answer above
Answer: A = 38o C = 50o b = 13

 Case IV Three sides are given (SSS)

We still use the law of cosines to solve the oblique triangle of this type. Since all the
sides are given, we will surely use law of cosines for angles to find the three angles. The
illustrative example is given below.

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Illustrative Example 4.2.4

1. Given: a = 15 b = 17 c = 19
Find: A =? B=? C =?

Solution:
Solve for A:

Cos A =
Cos A = ( )( )
Cos A =
Cos A = =0.65789

A =48o51’38”
Solve for B:

Cos B = Cos B =
( )( )
Cos B = Cos B = = 0.52105

B = 58o35’50”

Solve for C: Let us check our answer using the formula:

C = 180o – (A + B) Cos C =
o o o
C = 180 – (48 51’38” + 58 35’50”) Cos C = ( )( )
o o
C = 180 – 107 27’28” Cos C =
o
C = 72 32’32” Cos C = = 0.30000

C =72o32’32”

Answers: A = 48o51’38” B = 58o35’50” C = 72o32’32”

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4.3 Verbal Problems Involving Solution of Oblique Triangle

Let us solve the following verbal problems. These problems involve solution of oblique triangle. So,
expect that situations will always form either acute or obtuse triangle. We have four cases in solving
oblique triangle and we will be using the law of sines or law of cosines depending on the cases the
problem belongs.
Let us solve the illustrative examples below.
Illustrative Example 4.3.1
1. From a ship sailing due east a lighthouse bears 45o. After sailing 5 nautical miles, the light house
bears 291o. How far is the lighthouse from the two points of observation?
Let us identify the given in the problem.
Given: S = 45o bearing of the lighthouse from a ship.
S1 = 291o bearing of the lighthouse from the same ship after sailing 5 nautical miles
l = 5 naut. Mi. distance travelled by the ship.
Find: s =? Distance of the lighthouse from the ship at the start
s1=? Distance of the lighthouse from the ship after sailing 5 naut. mi.
Solution:
Since the given are two angles and a side,
this is case I. Therefore, we use the law of
sines.
S1 is found by subtracting 291oby 270o.
S1 = 291o- 270o = 21o
We need to find the third angle L before we
can solve for the two required (s and s1).
L = 180o – (S + S1)
L = 180o – (45o + 21o)
L = 180o – 66o
L = 114o
Solve for s: Solve for s1:

= =

s= =

s= s1 =
s = 3.87 n.m. s1 = 1.961 n.m.

s= 4 n.m s1 = 2 n.m.

Answers:
s = 4 n.m distance of the lighthouse from the second observation point
s1 = 2 n.m. distance of the lighthouse from the first observation point

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2. A tanker ship is 50 nautical miles NW of a pirates’ ship that is firing their guns at them with a
range of 25 naut. Miles. If the tanker ship is sailing 165o, what will be its bearing from the
pirates’ ship when its first come within range of the guns?

Given: T = 165o course of the tanker ship

t1 = 50 n.m. distance of the pirates’ ship from the tanker ship
t = 25 n.m. the gun’s firing range
Find: P=? bearing of the tanker’s ship from the pirates’ ship when it first come within range of
the guns.

Solution:

Solve for T1.

Since this is Case II SSA, the law of sines

will be used.

=
Sin T1 =

Sin T1 =
Sin T1 = 1
T1 = 90o

Solve for P.
If T1=900, therefore is 600 and is 750. Bearing of the tanker ship from the Pirate
ship when it first come within range of the guns is S 750 W or 2550.
3. A container and an aircraft carrier vessel leave a port.The container vessel sails NW at 26 knots
while the aircraft carrier vessel travelled in the direction of 17o at 32 knots. How far apart will they
be in three hours? What would be the bearing of the aircraft carrier vessel from the container
vessel?
Given: v = 26 knots (speed of the container vessel)
v1 = 32 knots (speed of the aircraft carrier)
= N 450 W or 3150 (course of the container vessel)
= 170 (course of the aircraft carrier)
Find: a =? (Distance travelled by the container vessel after 3 hours
c =? Distance travelled by the aircraft carrier after 3 hours.
p =? Distance between the two vessel after 3 hours
=? Bearing of aircraft carrier vessel from the container vessel

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Solution:

Let us draw the required triangle.

Solve for a:
= where, d = a = 26 knots (3 h)
2
= = (3 ) =

Solve for c:
= = = = 32 (3 )
32
= = (3 ) =

Solve for p:
The given are two sides and the included
angle (SAS) as shown in figure 4.13. We use law
of cosines for sides to find p.
2 = 2 + 2 2
=
or
2 = ( )2 + ( )2 2( )( ) 2
2 = 2 + 2 2 , 2 2
2 = ,2 , 2
= √ , 3 2
= 3
Or
Solve for C.

Cos C = = + and + =
=
So, =
Cos C = ( )( ) =2
, , = 2 =
Cos C = = 0.35385
,
o = is the bearing of the
C = 69 16’38”
aircraft vessel from the container vessel.
C = 69o
Answers: p = 90 n.m. distance between the two vessel after 3 hours
= is the bearing of the aircraft vessel from the container vessel.

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4. A triangular field has sides 103 m, 88 m and 142 m. Find the measure of the angle between the
sides whose measures are 88 m and 142 m.

Let us name the three vertices of the triangle as M, N and O.

Given: m = 103m
n = 88m
o = 142m

Find: M =? the angle between the sides n and o.

Solution:

Let us draw the required triangle MNO.

Solve for M:

Since the three sides are given,this is case IV

and it can be solved by the law of cosines for
angles.

Cos M =
( ) ( ) ( )
Cos M =
( )( )

M = 46o

, , ,
Cos M =
,

Cos M = 0.69218 M = 46o11’49”

Answers: M=46o the measure of the angle between the sides

n=88m
o=14m

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References

Textbook:

T1- Baltazar, Ethel Cecille M. (2014). Plane & Spherical Trigonometry Text/Workbook. C & E
Publishing Inc.
T2- Calingasan, R.M. (2013). Trigonometry: a work text. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
T3- Mamhot, M.R. [et.al]. (2012). Plane trigonometry: a calculator approach. Purely Books Trading
and Publishing Corporation.
T4- Young, Cynthia. (2010). Trigonometry 2nd edition. NJ, USA. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.

References:

R1 -Tungcab, R.G. [et.al]. (2011). Trigonometry: work text. Philippines. Grand books Publishing,
Inc.
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach. Philippines. Rex
Book Store, Inc.
R3– Sarmiento, A. C. E. [et. al]. (2009). Plane and spherical trigonometry.Philippines. Books
Atbp.Publishing Corporation
R4 – Tupas, S.V. (2004), Plane and spherical trigonometry for maritime students, Phil.: Bencel 2
Press, Inc.
R5 – Rider, Paul R. (1971). Plane and spherical trigonometry. New York: The Macmillan Company
(By special arrangement with Macmillan Company printed in the Philippines by Cacho
Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong Metro Manila
R6 – Salumbides, Jr., E.N., and Romero, R.C., (1963) Trigonometry plane and speherical. Q.C.,
Phil.: Royal Publishing House
R7 – Tayao, A.G., Oronce, O.A., Plazon, L.M., Jauco, M.C. (1992) Secondary mathematics book
IV.Philippines: REX Book Store
R8 – Reyes, Edgardo A. (1963). Plane trigonometry simplified and integrated. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines. National Book Store

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Online Sources:

Trigonometry: Sine Bar applications 221 ToolingU. (2008). Retrieved from:https:

//www.toolingu.com/class/120075/trigonometry-sine-bar-applications-221

Bulk carrier images with no copyright:

https://www.google.com/search?q=bulk+carrier+images+with+no+copyright

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Checkpoint

Activity 1. Warm-Up
You try this…
A. Tell whether the following belong to Case I, Case II, Case III or case IV. Write your answer
in the space provided.
Case Law of
1. Given: A = 25o B = 75o c = 15.9
1. ________ _________
Find: C=? a=? b=?
2. Given: B = 102o a = 10.5 b = 8.9
2. ________ _________
Find: C =?
3. Given: a = 105 b = 165 c = 97
3. ________ _________
Find: A =? B=? C=?
4. Given: B = 68o 25’ C = 85o 56’ a = 16.25
4. ________ _________
Find: b=?

B. Solve the problems in activity 1 A using law of sines or law of cosines. Show your
complete solution including illustration.

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Do This

Activity 2 Follow Up
A. Solve the following problems below. Show your complete solution including illustration.

1. A passenger vessel is 75o from a dock while a cargo vessel is found 210o from thepassenger
vessel. If the two vessels are 250 nautical miles apart, find the distanceof each vessel from
the port.

2. The two boats 15 nautical miles apart, subtends an angle of 100o from a lighthouse 7 naut. mi.
from one of them. Find the distance of the lighthouse from the other boat.

3. A search and rescue vessel with a speed of 25 knots leaves a port 20 nautical miles NE of a
gas carrier vessel in distress. After one and a half hours, its bearing is N15oE gas carrier vessel
in distress. In what direction is the search and rescue vessel sailing? How far it is from the
vessel in distress?

4. A post is inclined at an angle of 76o27’. 85 m from the base of the post away from the direction
of inclination, its top is sighted at an angle of 32o48’. Find the length of the pole.

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 Issue No. 1 Page 134 of 189
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
Iloilo, Philippines
MT
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(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

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STUDENT LEARNING MODULE
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Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Assessment

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully and write the letter that corresponds to
your answer on the space provided.

______1. If the given parts of the oblique are A, B and c, in which case does this belong?
a. Case I SAA c. Case III SAS
b. Case II SSA d. Case IV SSS
______2. Which of these formulas should be used to solve side b? (Refer to the given in #1)
a. = c. =

b. b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac Cos B d. b = √ + - 2ac Cos B

______3. If the given parts of the oblique triangle are A, b and c, which of these formulas should
be used to solve for side a?
a. = c. =

b. a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc Cos A d. a = √ + - 2bc Cos A

______4. In the problem, “One side of a triangular field is 78 m long and the two adjacent corners
form angles of 68o and 63o. Find the perimeter of the field?”. In which case will this
problem be classified?
a. Case I SAA c. Case III SAS
b. Case II SSA d. Case IV SSS
(For item #5-7, refer to problem #4)
______5. Which of these is the measure of the side opposite an angle whose measure is 68 o?
a. 93 m c. 96 m
b. 92 m d. 89

______6. Which of these is the measure of the side opposite 63o? (Refer to the choices in#5)

______7. Which of these is the perimeter of the triangular field?

a. 259 m c. 259 m2
b. 266 m d. 266 m2
_____8. If the given parts are of are a, b, and A, which of these formulas is to be used to
find B?
a. = c. =

b. b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac Cos B d. a = √ + 2

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 Issue No. 1 Page 135 of 189
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
Iloilo, Philippines
MT
S E C
E

(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

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OL
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LEGES
STUDENT LEARNING MODULE
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Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

_______9. In the problem, “A ship leaves a dock due north. After 34 nautical miles it changes
course toward S55oE. After 24 nautical miles in this new course, how far will it be
from the dock?”, which case does this belong?
a. Case I SAA c. Case III SAS
b. Case II SSA d. Case IV SSS
(For item # 10-12, refer to the problem in #9)
_______10. If the required triangle is named as where D represents the D, S represents
the first observation point and S1 represents the second observation point, which of
these represents the side that measures 34 nautical miles?
a. d c. s
b. s1 d. cannot be determined.
_______11. Which of these represents the side whose length is 24 nautical miles?
a. S1 c. s
b. s1 d. d
_______12. Which of these represents the angle whose measure is 55o?
a. S1 c. S
b. s1 d. D
_______13. Which of these represents the required in the problem?
a. d c. s
b. s1 d. S
_______14. Which of these formulas should be used to find the distance of the ship from the
dock?
a. = c. =

b. s2 = d2 + s12 – 2ds1 Cos S d. s1 = √ + 2

_______15. What is the distance of the ship from the dock?
a. 36 n. m. c. 28 n. m.
b. 32 n. m. d. 26 n.m.

II. Solve the following problem. Show your complete solution including illustration.

1. Two pulleys of the same elevation are 30 ft. apart and support a load. If the length of the rope
let off from one is 17 ft. and 21 ft from the other, what is the angle subtended by the pulleys
from the point where the load hangs?

2. Two lighthouses are 6 km apart. From a boat 3 km from one of them, the lighthouses subtend
an angle of 71o. How far is the boat from the other lighthouse?

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 Issue No. 1 Page 136 of 189
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
Iloilo, Philippines
MT
S E C
E

(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

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C
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OL
. T H

LEGES
STUDENT LEARNING MODULE
ST

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Oral Assessment (Midterm)

GROUP VIDEO PRESENTATION ON CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS AND OBLIQUE

TRIANGLES

DIRECTIONS: (This is an online oral video presentation)

A. Guidelines in making the group video presentation.

1. In this activity, you will work with a group of five (5) members.

2. Construct problems on solving oblique triangles as much as possible using maritime

situations. If you can create a problem on navigation with solving oblique triangle
then you will be given a higher rating/score.

3. Each group will construct five (5) problems. The description of the problems shall
cover the following topics/problems:

a. 1 Case 1 problem
b. 1 Case 2 problem
c. 1 Case 3 problem
d. 1 Case 4 problem
e. 1 Sine or Cosine Function problem

4. When done, make a video presentation (using PowerPoint as your visual/digital tool)
of the following worded problems and their solutions.

5. Submit the video presentation through email or Microsoft teams assigned class
submission.

6. Each group will be given 10 minutes to present their outputs.

7. During the presentation, present and discuss the solution for each problem. Present
this video via Google meet or Zoom with your instructor as the audience or with the
class if the internet connection is good.

B. Criteria for grading oral video presentation

Content ------------------------------------- 40%

Oral Presentation ------------------------------------- 45%
Organization ------------------------------------- 15%
100%
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 Issue No. 1 Page 137 of 189
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
Iloilo, Philippines
MT
S E C
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(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

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OL
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LEGES
STUDENT LEARNING MODULE
ST

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Scoring Rubric for Oral Video Presentation

CRITERIA Criteria Description Weight Score

Introduction is attention getting, lays out the problem well
5
and establishes a framework for the rest of the presentation.
The problems are constructed correctly and uses maritime
10
situation.
CONTENT (40%) The solutions of the five problems are correct and accurate.
10
The five problems included are as described in the
10
instruction.
There is no error in spelling and grammar. 5
Speakers use a clear, audible voice. 5
Delivery is poised controlled and smooth. 5
Good language skills and pronunciation are used. 5
PowerPoint is used as visual aid is well prepared,
ORAL 10
informative, effective and not distracting.
PRESENTATION
Information was well communicated. 10
(45%)
Length of presentation is within the assigned time limits. 5
Each member of the group participated well in the
5
presentation.
Speakers use a clear, audible voice. 5
Explanation of the problems’ solution is presented in a
10
ORGANIZATION logical sequence.
(15%) The type of presentation is appropriate for the topic and
5
audience.
TOTAL 100%

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 Issue No. 1 Page 138 of 189
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
Iloilo, Philippines
MT
S E C
E

(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

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LEGES
STUDENT LEARNING MODULE
ST

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

REQUIRED OUTPUT (Midterm)

Video Presentation

Make a 10-minute video presentation on Circular Functions and Oblique

Triangles.

1. The format of the presentation must be in PowerPoint converted into an mp4 format.
2. The video presentation content must be based on the guidelines in the oral
examination.
3. Provide enrichment/remedial activities if there is any.
4. The video will be graded using the rubric based on the criteria given below:

Criteria
Content -------------------- 45%
Technical Aspects -------------------- 40%
Creativity and elements of design ------- 15%
100%

Rubric for Grading Video Presentation on Circular Functions and Oblique Triangles

CRITERIA Criteria Description Weight Score

Introduction is attention getting, lays out the problem well
5
and establishes a framework for the rest of the presentation.
The content of the presentation is as described in the given
CONTENT (45%) guidelines. 15
Images and/or graphics relate well to content. 10
Language is used properly and effectively 15
Camera is stable, smooth movements and pans. 5
Subject is framed well; images are well composed and
7.5
clearly visible.
TECHNICAL Sound is clear and understandable. 7.5
ASPECTS (40%)
Video is edited effectively and flows well. 10
Titles and transitions are used effectively. 5
Project was submitted on time. 5
CREATIVITY & The design used is effective. 5
ELEMENTS OF The camera techniques used for the video and pictures
10
DESIGN (15%) enhance the effectiveness of the presentation.
TOTAL 100%
© All Rights Reserved
 Issue No. 1 Page 139 of 189
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
Iloilo, Philippines
MT
S E C
E

(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

R

C
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OL
. T H

LEGES
STUDENT LEARNING MODULE
ST

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

RESEARCH WORK (Midterm)

Answer the following questions.

1. What is Sinusoid? What are its properties and explain each? (20 points)
2. What is a unit circle? (10 points)
3. Look for the derivation of the sine and cosine laws and explain in your own words?
(20 points)

Write your answer in a short bond paper. Be sure that you write your references following
the APA format at the last page of your work. You may submit your research work via
messenger as private message, in Microsoft Teams, or you may bring it to school to be
submitted to your instructor or whatever is convenient for you.

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