Maths

KVS RO EKM/CLASS XII MATHS/Term-2
क ीय िव ालय सं गठन े ीय कायालय एणाकुलम

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN REGIONAL OFFICE, ERNAKULAM
STUDY MATERIAL – TERM II

MATHEMATICS – [041]
Based on Latest CBSE Exam Pattern for
Session 2021-22
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OUR PATRON
HONOURABLE DEPUTY
COMMISSIONER KVS RO
ERNAKULAM REGION
SHRI R. SENTHIL KUMAR
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TEAM OF TEACHERS WHO CONTRIBUTED……..

SL.NO. NAME OF THE TEACHER & KV
(Mrs./ Ms./ Mr.)

1 .Shiji Natarajan., KV Thrissur.
2 M.Narasimha Prabhu., KV1, Kasargod
3 Joseph Mathew, KV Kanhangad.
4 HariKrishnan , KV Peringome.
5 Sreelekha.S., KV Ernakulam.
6 Aleyamma Idicula , KV Ottappalam.
7 Jayasree Karthikeyan, KV INS Dronacharya
8 Sathy M.N.KV INS Dronacharya
9 T. Kumari Jaya, KV Ottappalam.
10 Shanu kumar, KV Thrissur.
11 S. Shibi, KV, Idukki.
12 Santosh. B.
13 Annamma Mathew.
14 Maya,KV, SAP, Peroorkada.
15 Sudha Sankar, KV Kavarathi
16 Darly John, KV Adoor S1
17 Sreekumar. R..KV Adoor S2.
18 Sreekumar. U, KV Chenneerkara.
19 Geetha Kumari. R. KV Kollam.
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20 Sreedevi. P.G., KV NTPC, Kayamkulam..
21 Mercy Mathew, KV Port Trust, Kochi..
22 Ramadevi.M. , KV Ramavarmapuram.
23 Gracy Franklin, KV1, Kochi.
24 Mini Antony, KV1, Kochi.
25 Beena V, KV1, Calicut
26 Sreejith S.,KV1, Calicut
27 Kunjamma Pius, KV2, Calicut
28 A. Rajalakshmy, KV1, Palakkad.
29 Sinimol, KV1, Palakkad.
30 Preema Paul.A, KV Kannur
31 Shanvia Stanley V, KV Kannur.
32 Madhusudanan Nair.V.M, KV Pattom S1.
33 B Sivakumar. KV Pattom S2.
34 Jayamohanan.K.,.KV Pattom S2.
35 Letha. K.Nair., KV AFS Akkulam.
36 Sreelatha Vinuraj, KV Pangode.
37 Sunitha Sanalkumar.,KV Pangode.
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CHAPTER-WISE CO-ORDINATION:
SL.NO. NAME OF THE CO-ORDINATOR
1. Mrs. Renuka. A., KV Ezhimala
2. Mrs. Mini. S., KV Kalpetta.
3. Mrs.Bindu T K , KV Adoor S1
4. Mrs.Beena Prince, KV Port Trust, Kochi.
5. Mrs.Jyolsna K P,, KV1, Calicut
6. Mr. Hari Kumar. P.S., KV Pattom S1
REVIEW & COMPILATION.

SL.NO. NAME OF THE COMMITTEE MEMBER.
1. Mr.Krishnadas,KV Kanjikode.
2. Mrs. Laly Paulose, KV Kanjikode.
3. Mr. Mohan Kumar, KV No.2, Kochi..
4. Mrs. Preetha. M.KV No.2, Kochi.
5. Mr. Johnson I.C.,KV Keltron Nagar..
6. Mrs. Beena Joseph., KV, CRPF, Pallipuram.
*****************
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FOREWORD.
The CBSE stresses the point that the Syllabus in the subject of Mathematics has undergone changes
from time to time in accordance with growth of the subject and emerging needs of the society. Senior
Secondary stage is a launching stage from where the students go either for higher academic education
in Mathematics or for professional courses like Engineering, Physical and Biological science,
Commerce or Computer Applications. The present revised syllabus has been designed in accordance
with the present day situations where the World had a major shift in the field of Digitalisation of
Educational field due to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic.
Since CBSE adopted a Semester system of Evaluation in Class XII. The 50% evaluation has been
completed as Term I. The remaining 50% of the evaluation will be done from the Topics as follows:
MATHEMATICS CLASS XII (CODE : 041)
CURRICULUM FOR TERM - II
One Paper
Max Marks: 40.
NO. UNITS CHAPTER MARKS
I CALCULUS 7. Integrals 18
8. Application of Integrals
9. Differential Equations.
II VECTORS & 3 D GEOMETRY. 10. Vectors. 14
11. Three Dimensional Geometry.
III PROBABILITY 13. Probability. 8
TOTAL MARKS 40
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 10
TOTAL ASSESSMENT 50
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 10 MARKS
Periodic Test 5 Marks
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Mathematics Activities: Activity file record 5 Marks

+Term end assessment of one activity & Viva
Note: For activities NCERT Lab Manual may be referred.
“Learning is not attained by chance, it must be

sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.”
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CHAPTER 7 – INTEGRALS
Points to remember
1. GENERAL DEFINITION OF INTEGRALS
2. SYMBOLS AND ITS MEANINGS
3. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETRATION OF INDEFINITE INTEGALS
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4.PROPERTIES OF INTEGRALS
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5.STANDARD INTEGRALS
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6.PARTIAL FRACTIONS
7. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
8. INTEGRATION OF SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
9.INTEGRATION BY PARTS
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10. INTEGRATION OF SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM
11. AREA FUNCTION
The area of this shaded region is a function of x.
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The function of x by A(x). The function A(x) as Area function and is given by
12.FIRST FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
13.SECOND FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
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14.PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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MIND MAPPING
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Multiple Choice questions
1. ∫ dx is equal to
a. π b. c. 2 d.
√
2. ∫ equals
a. 2π b. c. 4 d.
3. ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 dx equals
a. 2 b. ¾ c. 0 d. -2
4. ∫ 𝑒 ( − ) dx is equal to
a. +C b. 𝑒 +C c. +C d. +C
5. ∫ equal to
a. 2 b. log2 c. 0 d.
6. ∫
𝛑
a. b. c. d. 0
𝟑
7. ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑒 )𝑑𝑥
𝒂. 𝑒 b. c. d. 0
8. ∫ 𝑥 (1 − ) dx equals to
a. –x+C b. + x + C c. – x2 + C d. 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒

9. ∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
a. tan-1 x + + C b. tan-1 x - + C
𝑐. cot-1 x + + C d. cot-1 x - + C
a. tan-1( )+c b. tan-1( )+c

√ √ √ √
c.tan-1( )+c d. tan-1( )+c

√ √ √
11. ∫ dx equal to
a. tan-1( )+c b. tan-1( )+c
√ √ √
𝑐. tan-1( )+c d. tan-1( )+c

√ √ √ √
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12. The value of ∫ √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 is

a.0 b. 1 c. -1 d. none of these
a. log │e − e │ b. log │𝑒 − 𝑒 │
C . log │𝑒 + 𝑒 │ d. log │𝑒 + 𝑒 │
14. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
a. [ 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔│𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥│ ] + c b. [ 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔│𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥│ ] + c
C . [ 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔│𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥│ ] + c d. [ 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔│𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥│ ] + c
15. ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 equals

a. 1 b. 0 c. 2 d. -1
16. ∫ │𝑥│𝑑𝑥 is
a. 2 b. −1 c. 1 d. 0
17. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑥
a. - log2 b. c. log2 d. none of these
18. ∫ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|𝑑𝑥 is
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. -1
19. ∫ dx is
a. 2 b. √2 c. 1 d. -√2
( )
20. The value of ∫ 𝑑𝑥 is
√
a. 2 b. √2 c. 1 d. -√2
21. If f(a+b-x) = f(x) then ∫ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
a. ∫ 𝑓(𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
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d. None of the above
22. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
a. tan-1(e-x) + C b. tan-1(ex) + C c. tan-1 x + C d. none of

these
23. 𝜋 ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 is equal to

a. π + 191 b. 91 π c. 1 d. 0
√
24. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√
a. tan√𝑥 + c b. x√𝑥 + c c. 2tan√𝑥 + c d. sec√𝑥 tan√𝑥
𝛑
25. ∫ (4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝟔
a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. none of these
SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. Evaluate ∫ dx
2. Write the value of ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫ √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate ∫
√
5. Evaluate ∫
6. Evaluate ∫ sec (7 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
7. Evaluate ∫(𝑒 + 𝑒 )𝑑𝑥
8. Evaluate ∫( 𝑎 )𝑑𝑥
9. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
10. Evaluate ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11. Evaluate ∫ dx
12. Evaluate ∫ dx
13. Evaluate ∫
14. Evaluate ∫
√
√
18. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
19. Evaluate ∫ dx
√
20. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + log 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)𝑑𝑥
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21. Evaluate ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
22. Evaluate ∫ [𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

23. If ∫ (3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘)𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑘.
26. If ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎.
2 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find ∫ dx
( )
2. Find ∫ dx
( )
( )
5. Find ∫
6. Find ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√
7. Find ∫ dx
8. ∫ dx
( )( )
9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
∝
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
∝
11. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√
12. ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
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14. Evaluate∫ √4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15. Prove that ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
| |
16. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
17. Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
18. Evaluate∫ 𝑒 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
19. Evaluate ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥
20. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑥
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
Integrate
1. 𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
5. tan (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Integration by substitution
6. 𝑑𝑥
7. 𝑥 √𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥
8. 𝑑𝑥
√
9. 𝑑𝑥
.
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/
10. (√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
11. 𝑑𝑥
12. 𝑑𝑥
√
13. √5 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
14. 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
( )
15. 𝑑𝑥
16. 𝑑𝑥
√
17. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
18. ∫
19. If ∫ (3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘)𝑑𝑥 = 0,Find k.
20. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√
3 MARKS QNS (INTEGRATION)

∝
QN.1 Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
∝
QN.2. Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )( )
QN.3
QN.4
QN.5
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QN.6
QN.7
QN.8
QN.9
QN.10
QN.11
QN.12
QN.13
QN.14
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QN.15
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
INTEGRATE THE FOLLOWING ( 5 MARKS FOR EACH QUESTIONS)
1.∫ dx
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2. ∫ dx
3.∫ dx
√
4∫ dx
√
5. ∫ dx
( )
6.∫ dx
7.∫ sin dx
8.∫ dx
9.∫ dx
10.∫
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
( )
( )
2. Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )
3. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√
4. Evaluate ∫ dx
√ √
5. Find ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 dx.
6. Evaluate ∫ dx
7. Evaluate ∫ ⌈𝑥 − 𝑥⌉ 𝑑𝑥.
8. Evaluate ∫
( )
9. ∫ dx
√
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 sin 4 x  4 
e
x
10. Evaluate  dx
 1  cos 4 x 
√
11. Evaluate∫ 𝑒 dx
12.Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13.𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
14.Evaluate ∫ |𝑥 − 5|dx
15.If the value of ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 0, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎.
CASE STUDY –INTEGRATION
Case Study – 1:
Q1) If f(x) is a continous function defined on [0, a] , then
f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx
On the basis of the above information , answer the following questions

( )
(i) ∫ ( )
dx is
( )
a a
(A) (B) − (C)2a (D) − 2a
2 2
(ii) If f(x) = , then f − x is
1
(A)f(x) (B) − f(x) (C) (D)2f(x)
f(x)
(iii) The integral of ∫ 𝑑𝑥
π π
(A) (B) − (C)0 (D)1
2 2
(iv) If g(x) = log (1 + tanx) , then g − x is
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1 1
(A) log2 − g(x) (B)g(x) − log2 (C) (D) log2 − g(x)
g(x) − log2 2
(v) The integral of ∫ ∫ log (1 + tanx)dx is
(A) log2 − (B) log2 (C) log2 (D) log2
Case Study – 2:
Q2) For any function f(x) , we have
∫ f(x) dx = ∫ f(x) dx + ∫ f(x) dx + ⋯ + ∫ f(x) dx ; where a < c <

c < ⋯.< c < b
On the basis of the above information , answer the following questions
(i) ∫ |x| dx
(A)1 (B)2 (C) − 1 (D)0
(ii) ∫ |x − 1| dx
(A)2 (B)1 (C) − 1 (D)0
(iii) ∫ |cosx| dx
π π
(A) (B)2 (C) (D)0
2 4
(iv) ∫ [𝑥] dx ; where [𝑥] is the greatest integer function

(A)2 (B)1 (C) − 1 (D)0
(v) ∫ |2x − 1| dx
29 19 9
(A)29 (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2
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Case Study – 3:
Q3) For any function f(x) , we have
2 f(x) dx ; if f is an even function

f(x) dx =
0 ; if f is an odd function
A function is said to be even if f(−x) = f(x) and odd if f(−x) = −f(x)
Based on the above information , answer the following questions
(i) The function f(x) = x sinx is
(A)Even (B)Odd (C)neither odd or even (D)none of these
(ii) ∫ x sinx dx =
π π π
(A) (B) − (C) (D)0
2 2 4
/
(iii) If f(x) = |sinx| , then ∫– / f(x) dx is
π
(A)2 (B) (C)1 (D)0
2
(iv) ∫ x sinx dx
(A) − π (B)2 π (C)π (D)0
/
(v) ∫– /
f(x) dx 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = sin|x| + cos|x|
(A)2 (B)4 (C)1 (D)0
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Case Study – 4:
Q4) In a classroom , teacher explains the properties of a particular curve by saying

that this particular curves has beautiful up and downs. It starts at I and heads
down until π radian , and then heads up again and closely related to sine function
and both follow each other, exactly radians apart as shown in figure.
Based on the above information , answer the following questions

(i) Name the curve , about which teacher explained in the classroom.
(A) cosine (B)sine (C)tangent (D)cotangent
(ii) Area of curve explained in the passage from 0 to is

1 1
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C)1 sq. units (D)2 sq. units
2 3
(iii) Area of curve discussed in classroom from to is

(A)2 sq. units (B) − 2 sq. units (C) 3 sq. units (D)
− 3 sq. units
(iv) Area of curve discussed in classroom from to 2π is

(A)1 sq. units (B)2 sq. units (C) 3 sq. units (D)4 sq. units
(v) Area of curve discussed in classroom from 0 to 2π is

(A)1 sq. units (B)2 sq. units (C) 3 sq. units (D)4 sq. units
Page 30 of 234
Case Study – 5:
Q5) The given integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 can be transferred into another form by
changing the independent variable ‘x ‘ to ‘t’ by substituting 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡)
Consider 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑔′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Thus 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑡
This change of variable formula is known as Integration by
substitution.
𝟏
(i) ∫𝐱 dx
𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱
(A)log |1 + logx| + C (B) log x (C)log |x +
xlogx| (D)log |x + logx|
𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝐱
(ii) ∫ 𝐝𝐱
𝟏 𝐱𝟐
𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝐱
(A) +C (B) +C (C) +
𝟏
C (D) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱+C
𝐬𝐢𝐧 √𝐱
(iii) ∫ dx
√𝐱
(A) − 2 𝐬𝐢𝐧 √𝐱 + C (B)2 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝐱 + C (C) − 2 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝐱

+C (D)√𝐱 + C
(iv) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(A)log|𝑒 + 𝑒 |+C (B)log|𝑒 − 𝑒 |+C (C)𝑒

+C (D)𝑒 +C
√𝐱
(v) ∫ 𝐱 𝑑𝑥
√
(A) e (B)2(e − 1) (C) e − 1 (D) e + 1
Page 31 of 234
CASE STUDY 6:
The given integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 can be transformed into another form by changing
the independent variable x to t by substituting x = g(t)
Consider 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Put x = g(t) so that = g'(t)
d(x) = g'(t) dt
Thus 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑔 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
This change of variable formula is one of the important tools available in the
name of integration by substitution
(i) ∫ 2𝑥 sin (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 is equal to
a) cos(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
b) −cos (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
c) sin(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
d) −sin (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
( )
(ii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
a) −𝑠𝑖𝑛(tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
b) −𝑐𝑜𝑠(tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
d) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
(iii)∫ 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
√
( )
a) +C
( )
b) +C
( )
c) +C
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d)None of these
(iv) ∫ dx is equal to
( )
a) sinx + C
b) +C
c) (1 + cosx) +C
d) None of these
CASE STUDY 7:
There are many practical applications of definite integration. Definite integrals

can be used to determine the mass of an object if its density function is known.
We can also find work by integrating a force function , and the force exerted on
an object submerged in a liquid. The most important application of definite
integration is finding the area under the curve.
Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a,b] and F be an

antiderivative of f, then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)] = F(b) - F(a)
It is very useful because it gives us a method of calculating the definite integral

more easily.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
a)
b)
c) 9
d)
√
(ii) ∫ is equal to :
a)
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b)
c)
d)
(iii)∫ (𝑥 + 1 )𝑑𝑥 is equal to :
a) -1
b) 2
c) 1
d) 3
(iv)∫ 𝑑𝑥 is equal to :
a)
b)
c) log
d) log(2)
CASE STUDY 8:
∫ f(x)dx = ∫ f(x)dx + ∫ f(x)dx where a < c < b .
Based on the above information answer the following.
(i) ∫ | 𝑥 + 2 |𝑑𝑥
a) 29
b) 20
c) 25
d) 19
(ii) ∫ | 𝑥 − 5 |𝑑𝑥
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a) 10
b) 9
c) 8
d) 11
(iii)∫ | 3𝑥 − 2 |𝑑𝑥
a)
b)
c)
d)
(iv) ∫ (| 𝑥 − 1 | + | 𝑥 − 2 | + | 𝑥 − 3 |)𝑑𝑥
a)
b)
c)
d)
CASE STUDY 9:
''The integration of the product of two functions = (first function ) x ( integral of

the second function ) - Integral of [(differential coefficient of the first function) x
(Integral of the second function)]''. This is found quite useful in integrating
product of functions .
(i)∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
a) tan 𝑥+ + +𝐶
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b) tan 𝑥− − +𝐶
c) tan 𝑥+ +𝐶
d) tan 𝑥− + +𝐶
(ii) ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
a) x log x - x + C
b) x log x + x + C
c) log x - x + C
d) None of these
(iii) ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
a) x tan x + log |sec x| + C
b) x tan x - log |sec x| + C
c) tan x - log |sec x| + C
d) None of these
(iv) ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
a) log 2x − +C
b) log 2x + +C
c) log 2x − +C
d)None of these
CASE STUDY 10:
∫ 𝑒 (𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + C
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= 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 + C
(i) ∫ 𝑒 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
a)−𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
b) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
c)𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
d)None of these
(ii) ∫ 𝑒 − is equal to:
a) +𝐶
b) +𝐶
c) +𝐶
d) None of these
(iii)∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
a) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝐶
b) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝐶
c)−𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝐶
d)None of these
(iv)∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:

( )
a) 𝑒 +𝐶
b) 𝑒 +𝐶
c) 2𝑥 𝑒 + 𝐶
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d)None of these
ANSWER KEY- MCQ

𝝅
1. d.
𝟒
𝝅
2. b.
𝟏𝟐
3. c. 0
𝒆𝒙
4. a. +C
𝒙
5. b. log2
𝛑
6. a.
𝟑
7. c.
𝒙𝟑
8. a. –x+C
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
9. b. tan-1 x - + C
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
10. d. tan-1( ) +c
√𝟐 √𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱
11. a. tan-1( ) +c
𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑
12. a. 0
𝟏
13. d. log │𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝒆 𝒂𝒙
│
𝒂
14. a. [ 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔│𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥│ ] + c
15. b. 0
16. c. 1
𝛑
17. A. - log2
𝟐
18. c. 2
19. d. -√𝟐
20. A. 2
𝒂 𝒃 𝒃
21. B. ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
22. b. tan-1(ex) + C
23. d. 0
24. c. 2tan√𝒙 + c
25. c. -1
Page 38 of 234
ANSWERS: SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥| + 𝑐
√
5. −𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝑐
6. tan(7 − 4𝑥) + 𝑐
7. + +𝑐
8. +𝑐
9. 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
10. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
11. −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
12. 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥| + 𝑐
13. tan ( ) + 𝑐
14. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
15. +𝑐
16. −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
17. 2 sin √𝑥 + 𝑐
( )
18. +𝑐
( )
19. +𝑐
20. 𝑒 log 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
21. 0
22. 2
23. -2
24. Log2
25. Log( )
Page 39 of 234
ANSWERKEY 2 MARKS
1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −∫ 𝑑𝑥
=∫ −∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
Page 40 of 234
Page 41 of 234
6 Log (secx+tanx)=t
1
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Secx dx=dt
𝑡 1
𝑡𝑑𝑡 = + 𝑐 = [log (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)] + 𝑐
2 2
7 √tanx √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sinx cosx . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Tanx=t
Sec2x dx=dt
∫ √ dt=2√𝑡+c=2√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+c
8. ∫ dx=∫
( )
dx =log(𝑒 + 𝑒 )+c
( )
9 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
x +logx=t
(1+ ) dx=dt
𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
𝑡 (𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) )
𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = + 𝑐 = +𝑐
3 3
10.
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ∝ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 1 − (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ −1)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ +𝑐
Page 42 of 234
11. 1 1 1 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑐
√9 − 25𝑥 3 − (5𝑥) 5 3
12 ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. −∫ . 𝑑𝑥 =logx. − ∫ 𝑥 dx=
logx. − +𝑐
13 Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 + 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 +
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + tan 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑐
14 𝑥 𝑥
4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4−𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝜋
2 2
15
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16
17
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑠𝑒𝑐 +𝑥
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 4 4
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑐0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2
=0 - - 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
−1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
18
𝑒 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −(𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
= −(0 − 1) = 1
Page 44 of 234
19
20 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛
( )
𝑑𝑥
( )
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥-------(1)
𝐼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (1 − 𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (1 − (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (1 − 𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥-------(2)
2𝐼 = 0,
𝐼=0
Page 45 of 234
Answer key 2 marks

1. tanx+c
2. − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 or −3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + +𝑐
3. +𝑐
4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − +𝑐
5. 𝑥 − +𝑐
6. (tan 𝑥 )^2 + 𝑐
( ) /
7. + (𝑥 − 4) + 𝑐
8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∣ 1 − 𝑒 ∣ +𝑐
9. 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
/
10. (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) +𝑐
11. tan +𝑐
√ √
12.sin +𝑐
√
√
13. √5 − 𝑥 + sin +𝑐
√
14.𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐
( )
15. +𝑐
16.−√32 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
17.tan ( )
18.π/4
19.k=-2
20.π/2
Page 46 of 234
ANSWERS OF 3 MARKS
QN .1
QN.2
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QN.3
QN 4
Page 48 of 234
QN.5
QN .6
Page 49 of 234
QN.7
Page 50 of 234
QN 8
QN 9
QN.10
Page 51 of 234
QN 11.
Page 52 of 234
QN12.
QN .13
Page 53 of 234
QN 14.
QN 15.
Page 54 of 234
Answer key 4 Mark
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
Page 56 of 234
6.
We have
7.
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8.
Page 58 of 234
9.
10.
Page 59 of 234
ANSWERS 5 marks
1.2log|x| -1/4 log|𝑥 − 1| -3/4 log|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
2. √
tan ( √ tanx) + c
3. . tan ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + )+c
4. −2√1 − 𝑥 +cos √ 𝑥 + 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
5. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + tan + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|tan | +c
6.
7. a ( - 1)
8. 𝜋a
9. log9
10. ( – log2)
5 MARKS ANSWERKEY
( )
1. + 8𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 16 + (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑐
2. 𝑒 +𝐶
3. log(2x2+6x+5)+ tan (2x + 3) + C
4. 2
5. (1 + cos5x) +C
6.
7.
Page 60 of 234
𝟏 𝒙𝟓
8. log +c
𝟏𝟓 𝒙𝟓 𝟑
9.
10. excot2x+c
11. -𝑒 sec ( )+c
12. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 - (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑥 |)+c

13. 1- log2
14. 9
15.
Answer key case study

Case Study – 1:
(i)(A) (ii) (B) − f(x) (iii) (C)0 (iv) (A) log2 − g(x) (v) (C) log2
Case Study – 2:
(i)(A)1 (ii) (B)1 (iii) (B)2 (iv) (B)1 (v) (B)
Case Study – 3:
(i)(B)Odd (ii) (D)0 (iii) (A)2 (iv) (B)2 π (v) (B)4
Case Study – 4:
(i)(A) cosine (ii)(C)1 sq. units (iii) (A)2 sq. units (iv) (A)1 sq. units
(v) (D)4 sq. units

Case Study – 5:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝐱
(i)log |1 + logx| + C (ii) (B) +C (iii) (C) − 2 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝐱 + C
(iv) (A)log|𝑒 + 𝑒 |+C (v) (B)2(e − 1)
Answers
CASE STUDY 1:
(i) b) −cos (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
(ii) b) −𝑐𝑜𝑠(tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
( )
(iii) a) +C
(iv) b) +C
CASE STUDY 2:
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(i) b)
(ii) d)
(iii) b) 2
(iv) c) log
CASE STUDY 3:
(i) a) 29
(ii) b) 9
(iii) b)
(iv) c)
CASE STUDY 4:
(i) d) tan 𝑥− + +𝐶
(ii) a) x log x - x + C
(iii) b) x tan x - log |sec x| + C
(iv) a) log 2x − +C
CASE STUDY 5:
(i) c)𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
(ii) a) +𝐶
(iii) c) −𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝐶
(iv) a) 𝑒 +𝐶
Page 62 of 234
CHAPTER -8.
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
Leaning outcomes
 Area under the simple curves
 Area of the region bounded by a curve and a line
Standard form of curves
 Parabolas
 Ellipse
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 Circle
 Sine curve
 Cos curve
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 Modulus function
Area under simple curves
 The area A of the region bounded by the curve y=f(x), x-axis and the line x=a and x=b is given by A
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
 The area A of the region bounded by the curve x=f(y), y-axis and the line y=c and y=d is given
By A = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
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 The area A of the region bounded by the curve y=f(x), x-axis and the line x=a and x=b is given by A =
|A1|+ A2
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MIND MAP
Area Under Single Curves
The area under a curve between two points can be found by doing a definite integral
between the two points
To find the area under the curve y=f(x) between x=a and x=b, integrate y=f(x) between
the limits of a and b.
Parabola and Line Circle and Line
Area between the Modulus of a Ellipse and Line

Linear Function and Lines
One mark questions

1 Write an expression for finding the area of the shaded region
2 Write an expression for finding the area of the shaded region 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 , y axis and between y=0
and y=2a
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3 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = x and the lines x = 1, x = 4 and x – axis in
the first quadrant
4 Find the area of the region bounded by y=x+1, x-axis ,x=2 and x=3
5 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x and the line x = 3
6 Find the area bounded by the curve y = sinx between x = 0 and x = π/2
7 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x² and the line y = 4.
8 Find the area bounded by the curve y² = 4ax and the line y = 2a and the y-axis
9 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=1/x , x- axis and between x=1 and x=4
10 The area of the region bounded by the curve y² = x, the y-axis and between y = 2 and y = 4 is 56/3
sq units. State true or false.
11 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=√𝑥 − 1 and between the line x=1 and x=5
12 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=IxI and between the line x=0 and x=2
13 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=x3 ,x-axis and the line x=1
14 Find the area of region bounded by the lines x=2 and the parabola y2 = 8x
15 Area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 1and the line x = 0 and x = 1
16 Find the area bounded by y=x2 ,the x-axis and the line x=-1 and x=1
17 Find the area bounded by the curve x=2y+3 y axis and the lines y=-1 and y=1
18 Find the area bounded by the line y=x ,x=3 and x-axis
19 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=xIxI, the x-axis and the ordinates x=1 and x=3
20 If the area above the x-axis, bounded by the curve y= 2kx and x=0 and x=2 is ‘ then find the
value of k
Answers
1. ∫ (𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ dx
2
3. y = x is the equation of parabola and x = 1, x = 4 and x – axis in the first quadrant
Req. area = =14/3 sq units
4. Area=∫ (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 =7/2sq.units

5. Area=2∫ √4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=8√3 sq units
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/
6. Area= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =1squnits
7.
8.
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9. Area=∫ 1/𝑥𝑑𝑥=log 4 sq units

10.
11.Area=∫ √𝑥 − 1dx=16/3 squnits

12.Area = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =2 sq units
13.Area= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=1/4 sq units
14.Area=2∫ √8𝑥 dx=32/3sq units
15. Area=∫ √1 − 𝑥 dx=𝜋 sq units
16.
Area=2 ∫ 𝑥 dx=2/3 sq units
17.
Area =∫ (2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦=6sq units

18. Area =∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥=9/2 sq units
19. Area= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=26/3 sq units
20. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = , then k=1
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(2 MARK QUESTIONS)
1) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and the lines x=1 and x=4 and the x- axis in the
first quadrant.
2) Find the area of the region bounded by y2 =9x, x= 2, x =4 and the x-axis in the first quadrant.
3) Find the area of the region bounded between the line x=4 and the parabola 𝑦 = 16𝑥.
4) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4xand the line x = 3.
5) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 and the line x=a
6) Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 4y, y =2, y = 4and the y-axis in the first quadrant.
7) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve axis y2 = 4x, y-axis and the line y = 3.
8) Find the area under the given curve y =x2,x =1, x=2and x-axis.
9) Find the area under the given curve y =x4, x =1, x =5 and x-axis.
10) Find the area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle x2 +y2 =4 and the lines x = 0 and x= 2 .
11) Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x= 2𝝅’.
12) Find the area under the curve y = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 above x axis and between the lines x= 0 and x = 2.
13) Write an expression for finding the area of the smaller part of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 cut off by the line x=1.
14) Write an expression for finding the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥, the y axis and
between y=0 and y =2a.
15) Find the area of the region bounded by the line x+2y=8, the x axis and the lines x=2 and x=4.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
16) Find the area lying between 𝑦 = 4𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and y = 2.
(Ans=2/3 square units)
17) Find the area of the region bounded between the line x=4 and the parabola
𝑦 = 16𝑥 in the first quadrant. (Ans=64/3 square units)
18) Find the area bounded by the curve y=𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 between and
(Ans=4 square units)
19) Find the area of the region bounded by the line y – 1=x, the x axis and the ordinates x= −2 and x = 3.
(Ans=17/2 square units)
20) Find the area bounded by the curve y=𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 between and x= 𝝅 .
(Ans=2 square units)
Page 71 of 234
Answers
1)
Here y2 = 4x is a right-handed parabola having its vertex at the origin and x = 1, x = 4 are the lines
parallel to the y-axis at x = 1 to x = 4 units’ distance.
Similarly, y2 = 4x contains even power of y and is symmetrical about the x-axis.
So, the required area = Area of ABCD
2) Same process as above finds the area as 16 −4√2 square unit.

3) The region bounded by the parabola y2 = 16x and the line x = 4 is the area OACO.
The area OACO is symmetrical about x-axis
Area of OACO = 2(Area of OAB)
Area of OACO =
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So, area = 128/3 square units.

4) Same process as above finds the area as 8√3 square unit.
5) Draw the figure and find the area = 8/3 𝑎 square units.
6)
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7)
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So, area = 9/4 square units.

8) Equation of the curve (parabola) is
……. (i)
Required area bounded by curve (i), vertical line and axis
= = = = sq. units
9) same process as above find the Area = 3124/5 square unit.
10) Equation of the circle is ………. (i)
………. (ii)
Required area = = =
= = = sq. units
11) for i.e., graph is in first and second quadrant.
And for i.e., graph is in third and fourth quadrant.
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Required Area = 2∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =2 [− cos 𝑥] = 2 [-cos 𝜋 − − cos 0]

= 2 [ 1+1] =4 square unit
12) Area = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥2 + 7 𝑑𝑥 = + 7𝑥 = 8/3 +14 =50/3 square units
13) Draw a circle of radius2 units and centre as origin.
2 ∫ √4 − 𝑥 dx.
14) ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
15)
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(3 MARK QUESTIONS)
1) Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse

2) The area between and is divided into two equal parts by the line find
the value of
3) Find the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded
by and
4) Find the area bounded by the curve y = 𝑥 the axis and the ordinate and
5) Find the area bounded by the curve y= x |𝑥|, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 axis and the ordinates and
6) Find the area bounded by the line y=x, the x−axis and the ordinates x=−1 and x=2
7) Find the area of the region bounded by the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
8) Find the area of the region bounded by the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16
9) Find the area of the region bounded by the line y=3x+2, the x axis and the ordinates
x=−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.
10) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 ,latus rectum and the x axis.
11) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 8𝑥 ,latus rectum and the x axis.
12) Find the area bounded by the y axis, y=cos 𝑥 and y=sin 𝑥 between 0 to 𝜋/2.
13) Find the area enclosed by the curve x=3cos 𝑡,y=2sin 𝑡.
14) Write the expression for finding the area of the minor segment of the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
cut off by the line x = a/2.
15) Sketch the graph of y =|𝑥 − 5| and evaluate ∫ |𝑥 − 5| dx. What does this value represent?
Answers
1) Equation of ellipse is ………. (i)
Area of region bounded by ellipse (i) = Total shaded area
= 4 x Area OAB of ellipse in first quadrant

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= [ At end B of arc AB of ellipse; and at end A of arc AB ; ]
= =
= =
= sq. units.
2) Equation of the curve (parabola) is ……(i)
Now area bounded by parabola (i) and vertical line is divided into two equal parts by
the vertical line
Area OAMB = Area AMBDNC
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3) Equation of the curve (parabola) is
………. (i) ………. (ii)
Here required shaded area of the region lying in first quadrant bounded by parabola (i),
and the horizontal lines and is
= = =
= = = = sq. units.
4) Equation of the curve is Y

To find: Area OBN ( for ) and Area OAM ( for )
Required area = Area OBN + Area OAM
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= = sq. units.
5) Equation of the curve is
if ……….(i)
And if ………..(ii)
Required area = Area ONBO + Area OAMO
= sq. units.
6) Now, we have to find the area bounded by the line y = x, the x – axis and the ordinates x =
-1, x = 2. So, the graph of this situation is,
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So, we have the area of bounded region = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = |(𝑥 /2) | + (𝑥 /2)
= ½ +2 = 5/2 square units.
7)
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8) Find the area same process as above and find 16𝜋 square units.
9)
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So, area is 13/3 square units.
10)
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11) Same process as above find area as (a=2) 32/3 square units.
12)
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13) x=3cos 𝑡,y=2sin 𝑡 then x/3 = cos 𝑡 and y/2 = sin 𝑡
Then + = 1 is an ellipse. Same as question number 1 find area =6𝜋𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
14)
15)
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5 Marks Questions
1. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0, the curve 𝑥 = √𝑦
and 𝑦-axis.
2. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the 𝑦-axis, the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the circle
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 32, using integration.
3. sing integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| + 1, 𝑥= −3, 𝑥 =
3, 𝑦 = 0
4. Using integration, find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥2 = 4𝑦 and the line𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 2.
5. Using integration, find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥
6. Find the area of the region: {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 4, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2}
7. Find the area of the region: {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 1 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦}.
 Find the area of the region included between the parabola 𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2.
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3.
4.
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CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Consider the curve x2 +y2 = 16, and the line y = x in the first quadrant.
(i) Point of intersection of both the given curves is
(a) (0,4) (b) (0,2√2) (c) (2√2, 2√2) (d) (2√2,4)
(ii) Which of the following shaded portion represent the area bounded by the giventwo
curves
a)
d) none of these
√
(iii) The value of the integral ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
(iv) The value of the integral ∫ √ √16 − 𝑥 is
(a) 2 (𝜋 − 2) (b) 2((𝜋 − 8) (c) 4(𝜋 − 2) (d) 4 (𝜋 + 2)
(v) Area bounded by the two given curves is
(a) 3𝜋 sq.units (b) sq units (c) 𝜋 sq units (d) 2𝜋 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Page 92 of 234
Location of three houses of a society is represented by the points A (-1,0), B(1,3) and C (3,2) as
shown in the figure. Based on the above information answer the following questions
(i) Equation of the line AB is
(a) Y = (x +1) (b) Y = (x -1)
(c ) Y = (x +1) (d) Y = (x -1)
(ii) Equation of line BC is
(a) Y= x − (b) Y= x − (c) Y= x+ (d) Y= x +
(iii) Area of region ABCD is
(a) 2 sq units (b) 4 sq units (c) 6 sq units (d) 8 sq units
(iv) Area of ∆ ADC is
(v) Area of ∆ ABC is
3 Ajay cut two circular pieces of card boards and placed one upon other shown in the figure.The circle
represents the equation (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑦 = 1,while other represents equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1,
Based on the above information , answer the following
(i) Both the circular pieces of card board meet each other at
(a) x = 1 (b) x = (c) x = (d) x =

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(ii) Graph of given two curves can be drawn as
(a) (b)
(d) None of these
(iii) Value of ∫ 1 − (𝑥 − 1) dx is
(a) −√ (b) + √ (c) + √ (d) − √
(iv) Value of ∫ / √1 − 𝑥 dx is
(a) +√ (b) + √ (c) − √ (d) − √
(v) Area of hidden portion of lower circle is
(a) ( + √ ) sq units (b) ( - √ ) sq units (c) ( + √ ) sq units (d) ( - √ ) sq units
4 Graphs of two functions f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x given below
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Based on the above informtion,answer the following questions
(i) In [0,𝜋] the curves f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x intersect at x =
(a) (b) (c) (d) 𝜋
/
(ii) Value of ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 dx is
(a) 1− (b) 1+ (c) 2− (d) 2+

√ √ √ √
/
(iii) Value of ∫ / cos 𝑥 dx is
(a) 1− (b) 1+ (c) 2−√2 (d) 2+√2

√ √
(iv) Value of ∫ sin 𝑥 dx is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) -2
/
(v) Value of ∫ sin 𝑥 dx isDIFFERE
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
5 Consider the following equation of curves 𝑦 = 4 x and straight line x+y=3
Based on the above information answer the following questions
(i) The line x +y = 3 cuts the X- axis and Y axis respectively at
(a) (0,2), (2,0) (b) (3,3), (0,0) (c) (0,3 ), (3,0) (d) (3,0),(0,3)
(ii) Point(s) of intersection of two given curves is (are)
(a) (1,-2 ),(9,6 ) (b) (2,1), (-6,9 ) (c) (1,2), (9,-6 ) (d) None of these
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(iii) Value of the integral ∫ (3 − 𝑦)dy
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
(iv) Value of area bounded by two given curves is
(a) 56 sq units (b) sq units (c) sq units (d) 31 sq units
………………………………………………………………..
ANSWERS
1 (i) c (ii) b (iii) d (iv) a (v) d
2 (i) a (ii) c (iii) d (iv) a (v) b
3 (a) b (ii) c (iii) a (iv) c (v) d
4 (i) c (ii) a (iii) a (iv) c (v) b
5 (i) d (ii) c (iii) d (iv) c
Page 96 of 234
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Teaching Points & Mind Mapping

One mark questions - 25
Two marks questions - 25
Three mark questions - 15
Five marks questions - 10
Case study questions - 5
Page 97 of 234
Contents
Differential Equations .................................................................................................... 99
Order of a Differential Equation ................................................................................ 99
Degree of a Differential Equation ............................................................................... 99
Solution of a Differential Equation ............................................................................. 99
General and Particular Solution of a Differential Equation ........................................ 99
Methods of solving first order ,first degree Differential Equations ............................ 99
1. Differential equations with variable separable ................................................ 100
2. Homogeneous differential equations ............................................................... 100
3. Linear differential equations ............................................................................ 100
Mind Mapping .............................................................................................................. 101
An equation containing an independent variable, dependent variable and derivative of
dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called a differential
equation. .................................................................................................................... 101
1 Mark Questions ......................................................................................................... 102
ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 103
2 Marks Questions ........................................................................................................ 106
SOLUTIONS.......................................................................................................... 107
3 Marks Questions ........................................................................................................ 110
ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 112
5 Marks Questions ........................................................................................................ 118
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS ...................................................................................... 123
CASE STUDY I ..................................................................................................... 123
ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 124
CASE STUDY II.................................................................................................... 124
ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 125
CASE STUDY III .................................................................................................. 126
ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 126
CASE STUDY IV .................................................................................................. 127
ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 127
CASE STUDY V ................................................................................................... 128
ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 129
Page 98 of 234
CASE STUDY VI .................................................................................................. 129

ANSWERS ............................................................................................................. 130
An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to

independent variable (variables) is known as a differential equation .If there
is only one independent variable, then we call it an ordinary differential
equation.
Order of a Differential Equation
Order of a differential equation is defined as the order of the highest
order derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the independent
variable involved in the given differential equation
Degree of a Differential Equation
Degree of a differential equation, when it is a polynomial equation in
derivatives is defined as the highest power (exponent) of the highest order
derivatives involved in the given differential equation.
Solution of a Differential Equation
A function which satisfies the given differential equation is called its
solution.
General and Particular Solution of a Differential Equation
The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of
the differential equation is called general solution and the solution free from
arbitrary constants is called particular solution.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Methods of solving first order ,first degree Differential Equations
Page 99 of 234
1. Differential equations with variable separable

Variable separable method is used to solve an equation in which
variables can be separated completely i.e. terms containing y
should remain with dy and terms containing x should remain
with dx
eg: y dx =x dy can be solved as =
Integrating both sides

logx =logy +log c
=c
x=cy is the solution

2. Homogeneous differential equations
A differential equation which can be expressed in the form
=f(x,y) where f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree
zero is called homogeneous differential equation
Example : (x2 +xy) dy=(x2 +y2)dx
To solve this, we substitute y=vx and =v +x
3. Linear differential equations

A differential equation of the form +Py =Q where P
and Q are constants or functions of x only is called
first order linear differential equation .
Its solution is given as y 𝑒 ∫ =∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ dx +c
Example : +3y =2x has solution
y 𝑒∫ =∫ 2𝑥𝑒 ∫ dx +c
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y𝑒 =2∫ 𝑥 𝑒 dx +C
Mind Mapping
An equation containing an independent variable, dependent variable and derivative of dependent variable
with respect to independent variable is called a differential equation.
Differential Equation with Variable Solution of

Separable Differential Equation
Ordinary Differential A function in variables
Suppose a first order and first degree
Equation differential equation is involved in the
differential equation
A differential equation 𝑑𝑦
= 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) will be a solution of
involving derivatives of the 𝑑𝑥
differential equation, if
dependent variable with
Then, expressed it as this function and its
respect to only one
derivatives satisfies the
independent variable is 𝑑𝑦
called an ordinary = ℎ(𝑦). 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
differential equation.
If h(y) ≠ 0, then separating the variables, Eq. General Solution of a
(ii) can be written as Differential Equation
1 A solution of a
Order of a Differential 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
ℎ(𝑦) differential equation,
Equation which contains
On integrating both sides, we get the required
arbitrary constant is
The order of the highest solution of given differential equation.
called General Solution
order derivative of
or primitive solution of
dependent variable with Homogeneous Differential Equations
respect to independent
variable involved in a A function F(x,y) is said to be homogeneous
Particular Solution of a
differential equation is function of degree n, if F(x,y)= 𝑥 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ℎ Differential Equation
called the order of
differential equation. A differential equation of the form = The solution of a differential equation
obtained by giving particular values to
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) the arbitrary constants in the general
solution, is called the particular
solution. In other words , the solution
Is called a homogeneous differential equation free from arbitrary constants is called
Degree of a Differential particular solution
Equation
Solution of Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations
The highest power (positive
integral index) of the highest Differential Equation A first order and first degree differential equation in which
order derivative involved in a
the degree of dependent variable and its derivative is one
differential equation, when it is To solve homogeneous and they do not get multiplied together is called a linear
a polynomial equation in differential equation, firstly differential equation.
derivative, i.e. all powers are
integers, is called the degree of put y=vx and =𝑣+
Type I A differential equation of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 , where P
a differential equation. 𝑥 and Q are constants or functions of x only is called linear
differential equation, whose solution is given by
Page 101 of 234
In given differential
𝑦. (𝐼𝐹) = 𝑄. (𝐼𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶,
1 Mark Questions.
1. The order of the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves, y =
A𝑒 +B𝑒 is ---------
2. Write the degree of the differential equation + 3x =0
3. Write the degree of the differential equation x +y +𝑥 =0
4. Write the degree and order of the differential equation + sin =0
5. The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation of fourth
order are ----
6. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of third
order are……..
7. Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential equation =0
8. Find the product of the order and and degree of the differential equation x + +𝑦
=0
9. The sum of order and degree of the differential equation y = + 1+ is----------
10. Write the order and degree of the differential equation y = px + 1 + 𝑝 ,where p =
11. The degree of the differential equation +3 = 𝑥 log is-------
12. The degree of the the differential equation 1 + = is……..
13. An integrating factor of the differential equation + y tanx = secx is ….
14. The solution of the differential equation cos x sin y dx +sinx cosy =0 is……
Page 102 of 234

15. Solve the differential equation =
16. Solve the differential equation (3xy+𝑦 )dx + (𝑥 +xy)dy =0
17. Find the general solution of the differential equation =𝑒
18. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (-2,3) given that the slope of the tangent
to the curve at point (x,y) is
19. The order and degree of the differential equation − +𝑥 =0
20. The solution of +y=𝑒 ,y(o ) =0 is
21. Find the particular solution of the differential equation +2y tanx =sin x, given that y=0,
when x=
22. Solve =
23. Solve =
24. Write the solution ofthe differential equation =2
25. Solve cos(x+ y)dy =dx
ANSWERS
1. 2, as there are two arbitrary constants and we have to differentiate twice.

2. Degree1
3. Degree 3
4. Order 1.Degree is not defined as the equation cannot be written as a polynomial in
derivatives.
5. 4
6. 0
7. Sum =3
3 =0
Order 2, degree 1
8. Order 2,degree 2
Page 103 of 234
Product =4
9. Order 1, degree 3, sum =4
10. Order 1, degree 2
11. Not defined,as equation cannot be represented as a polynomial of derivatives
12. 3
1+ = . ∴ degree is 3
13. sec x
p =tanx
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = log sec x
I F =𝑒 =secx
14. sinxsiny =C
Given equation can be written as cot x dx +cot y dy =0
On integration we get, log|sin 𝑥| + log |sin 𝑦| = k
⇒ log|sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦| = k ⇒ |sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦| = 𝑒 ⇒ sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = ±𝑒
⇒ sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 =C
15. log =x-y+C
( )
Given equation is =
( )
⇒ dy= dy
⇒ log =x-y+C
16. 2𝑥 𝑦 + 4𝑥 y =C
=-
Put y=vx
On integrating,we get 2𝑥 𝑦 + 4𝑥 y =C
17. 𝑒 =𝑒 +C
𝑒 dx=𝑒 dy⇒ ∫ 𝑒 dx =∫ 𝑒 dy⇒ 𝑒 =𝑒 +C

Page 104 of 234
18. =𝑥 +C
= ⟹ ∫ 𝑦 dy=∫ 2𝑥dy⟹ =𝑥 +C
19. Order 2 ,degree 4
+𝑥 = ⟹ +𝑥 =
Order 2 ,degree 4
20. y =x𝑒
I.F =𝑒 ∫ =𝑒
Solution is y =x𝑒
21. I F =𝑠𝑒𝑐 x
Solution is y =cos x-2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 x
22. y=𝑡𝑎𝑛 (x+1) +C
23. y=log |𝑥 + 1|+C
∫ 𝑑𝑦 =∫ dx =log |𝑥 + 1|+C
24. =x+C
2 dy = dx ⟹ ∫ 2 dy =∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ =x+C
25. tan = y +C
The given equation is = cos (x+y)
Put x+y =z
Differentiating w.r.t.x,we get +1=
Given equation becomes = 1 + cos z = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
=dy⟹ y + C or tan =y+C
Page 105 of 234

2 Marks Questions
1. Write the degree and order of the differential equation

( )3 + 2 + +y = 0
2. Find the degree and order of the differential equation
( ) + cos ( ) = 0
3. Write the order and degree of the differential equation
1+ =
4. Verify that y = A cosx – B sinx is a solution of the differential equation

+y =0
5. Write the integrating factor in the differential equation
(xlogx) + y= 2 logx
6. Write the general solution of the equation
=
7. Solve the differential equation
+ =0
=𝑒 +𝑥 𝑒
= sin (x+y)
10. Find the integrating factor of

+ ysecx = tan x
11. Show that the differential equation given by
𝑥 = 𝑥 - 2𝑦 + xy is homogeneous.
12. Solve =
13. Write the integrating factor of the differential equation
+ y cot x = 2x + 𝑥 cotx
14. Write the degree and order of the differential equation.

,
𝑦 ,,, + 𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0
15. Solve the equation 𝑥 = -𝑦 .

Page 106 of 234
16. Solve 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 tany dx +𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 tanx dy = 0.

17. What is the number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation
Of fourth order?
18. Solve + y = 1.
19. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 =𝑥 𝑒 ,given y = 0 for x = 0 .
20. Solve = 4−𝑦 ,(-2 < y< 2)
SOLUTIONS
1) Degree = 3 , order = 2
2) Degree not defined, order =2
3) Squaring
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
1+ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Order = 2 , Degree=2
4) Y = A cosx – B sin X
= - A sin x – B Cos x
= - A cos x + B sin x
𝑁𝑜𝑤 , = - A cos x + B sin x + A cos– B sinx = 0
Therefore, it is a solution.
5) + y=
P= .
∫ ( )
IF = 𝑒 =𝑒 = log x
6) 𝑑𝑦 = dx
Integrating
tan-1y = tan -1 x + c
7) =
Integrating
log y = - logx + c
log ( xy ) = c
⇒ xy= 𝑒 = c .
Page 107 of 234

8) =𝑒 (𝑒 +𝑥 )
⇒𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 + 𝑥 )dx
Integrating
𝑒 = 𝑒 + +c
9) = sin (x + y ) ………..(1)
Put x + y = z
⇒1+ =
Therefore, (1) ⇒ = 1 + sin z
There fore
dz = dx
( )
Integrating ∫ dz = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
⇒∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧)dz =∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ tan z – sec z = x + c
⇒ tan ( x + y ) – sec ( x + y ) = x + c
( )
10). I .F = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒
= secx + tanx
11). =
F ( 𝜆𝑥, λ y) =
= 𝜆 F(x, y)
Therefore, the equation is homogeneous.
12). = …….. (1)
Put y = Vx
⇒ =V+x
(1) ⇒ v + x =
⇒v + x =1+V
Page 108 of 234
⇒ dv = 𝑑𝑥
Integrating
V = log x + c
⇒ = log x + c
13. If 𝑒 ∫
= e log (sin x )
= sin x
14. Degree not defined . order 3 .
15 y -5dy = -x -5dx.
Integrating
= +c
⇒ + =c
16. dy = dx
Integrating
log (tan y ) = ----log (tan x ) + c
⇒ log ( tan x tan y) = c
⇒ tan x tan y = 𝑒 = c
17. 4
18. If = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒
Solution is
y.𝑒 = ∫ 1 . 𝑒 dx
⇒𝑦𝑒 = 𝑒 + c
Page 109 of 234

19 . 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , Integrating
= + C……… (1), Put y = 0 , x = 0

⇒ =c
Therefore, (1) ⇒ = +
⇒ e =x +1
20 . 𝑑𝑦 = dx
Integrating
-1
sin = x +c
***************************************************
3 Marks Questions
1. Solve the differential equation Sec 2 x Tan y dx  Sec 2 y tan x dy  0
2.    
Solve the differential equation 1  e 2 x dy  1  y 2 e x dx  0
3. Solve the differential equation 3e Tan y dx  1  e

x
 x
 Sec 2
y dx  0
4. Find a particular solution of the differential equation
dy
x  x 2  1  1 given y = 0 when x = 2
dx
5. dy
Solve:  e x  y  x 2 e y
dx
Page 110 of 234

dy
 1  x  y  xy , given y = 0 when x = 1.
dx
7.
Solve the differential equation 1  x  dy  2 xy dx  Cotx dx
2
8. dy
Solve the differential equation x  y  x  xy cot x  0, x  0
dx
9.  e2 x
y  dx
Solve the differential equation     1, x  0
 x x  dy
1  x  dy
2
dx
 2 xy 
1
1 x 2
, given y =0 when x = 1
dy 
 3 y Cotx  Sin 2 x, given y = 2 when x =
dx 2
dy 
 yCotx  2 x  x 2Cotx, x  0 , given y = 0 when x 
dx 2
13.  dy 
Find the particular solution of the differential equation log    3 x  4 y given that
 dx 
y = 0 when x = 0
  
 x Sin 2 y  y  dx  xdy  0
x  , given y 

4
when x = 1
dy
2 xy  y 2  2 x 2 0 , given y = 2 when x = 1
dx
Page 111 of 234

ANSWERS
1) Solve the following differential equations

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
÷by𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0(Variables Separable)
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
is|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦| = 𝑐
2) (1 + 𝑒 )𝑑𝑣 + (1 + 𝑦 )𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 0
÷ing by (1 + 𝑒 )(1 + 𝑦 )
+ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (Variables Separable)
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (Variables Separable)

( )
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 =𝑐
3) 3𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
÷ing by 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 (1 − 𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (Variables Separable)
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
| |
3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 − 𝑒 | + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐(1 − 𝑒 )
( )
4) Find the particular solution of 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 1, 𝑦 = 0,when 𝑥 = 2.
=  𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
= = + +
( ) ( )( )
xly by 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
Page 112 of 234

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1)

Put 𝑥=0 1 = −𝐴 𝐴 = −1
𝑥=0 1 = 2𝐶 𝐶 = ½
𝑥 = −1 1 = 2𝐵 𝐵 = ½
½ ½
= + +
( )( )
½ ½
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ + + 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + ½ 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1| + ½ 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐
2𝑦 = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 1| + 2𝑐
( )( )
2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 2𝑐
2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +𝑐
Put 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
0, = 𝑙𝑜𝑔¾ + 𝑐
𝑐 , = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + +𝑙𝑜𝑔
( )
2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
( )
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
5) =𝑒 + 𝑥 𝑒
= 𝑒 𝑒 +𝑥 𝑒
=𝑒 (𝑒 + 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑑 (𝑒 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Soln is ∫ 𝑒 𝑑 = ∫(𝑒 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 =𝑒 + +𝑐
6) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
= 1(1 + 𝑥) + 𝑦(1 + 𝑥)
= (1 + 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑥)
= (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Soln is ∫ = ∫(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1,  𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 1 + + 𝑐
Page 113 of 234
0= +𝑐
𝑐=
Particular solution is 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑦| = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3
7) (1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥

÷ing by (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
+ 𝑦=
𝑃= ,𝑄 =
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒∫ 𝑑𝑥
=𝑒 ( ) = (1 + 𝑥 )
Soln is 𝑦, 𝑖𝑓 = ∫ ∅ , 𝑖𝑓𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐
8) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = 𝑥
+𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 1
𝑃 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, 𝑄 = 1
IF = 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒∫
= 𝑒( )
=𝑒
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Soln is 𝑦, 𝑖𝑓 = ∫ ∅ , 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
÷ing by 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + +
√
9) Solve the D. E − =1
√ √
Page 114 of 234
√
− =
√ √
√
− +
√ √
√
ie + =
√ √
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
√
𝑃= , 𝑄=
√ √
∫
IF = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒 √ =𝑒 √
Soln is 𝑦, 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ ∅ , 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥
√
𝑦𝑒 √ =∫ 𝑒 √ 𝑑𝑥
√
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √
𝑦𝑒 √ = 2√𝑥 + 𝑐
10) (1 + 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 = , given 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1

+ =
( )
𝑃= ,𝑄 =
( )
IF = 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒∫
=𝑒 = (1 + 𝑥 )
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
( )
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥+𝑐
Put 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥+𝑐
𝑐 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 1=
∴ 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥=
11) + 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥, given𝑦 = 2𝑥 =

𝑃 = −3𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
IF = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒 ∫
| | | |
=𝑒 =𝑒
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
Page 115 of 234
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
Put 𝑦 = 2, 𝑥 =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑐
2 × 1 = −2 × 1 + 𝑐
𝑐=4
𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 4
= +4
xly by 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑦 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
12) + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, given𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 =

𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, 𝑄 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
IF = 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒∫
=𝑒 | |
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
Put 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑂= ×1+𝑐
−𝜋
𝐶=
4
Soln is 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −
13) Find the particular solution of the D.E 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦, given 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0
=𝑒
= 𝑒 𝑒
= 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
ie. 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Page 116 of 234
∫𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= +𝑐
𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, = +𝑐
𝑐= − =
= −
−3𝑒 = 4𝑒 −7
14) 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0,given𝑦 = when 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑦 = [𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]𝑑𝑥
Put = 𝑉, 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑥  =𝑣+𝑥
( )
𝑉𝑥 = =
𝑉+𝑥 = 𝑉 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣
𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣
= 𝑑𝑣
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Soln is ∫ = − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣 + 𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 +𝑐
𝑦 = ,𝑥 = 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝑐
Soln is 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1
15) 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2when𝑥 = 1

2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥
= →1
= 𝑉, 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑥  = 𝑣+𝑥
 ( )
𝑉 + 𝑥 = =
𝑉+𝑥 =
𝑥 = −𝑉
−
is = 𝑑𝑣
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Soln is ∫ = −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| = 2 × +𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| = +𝑐
𝑦 = 2, 𝑥 = 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = −2 + 𝑐 0 = 2 + 𝑐
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| = +2
5 Marks Questions
1. Show that the differential equation 2𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is

homogeneous. Find the particular solution given that x=0 when y=1.
Ans : For proving 2𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is a homogeneous equation
by putting x = vx, y =vy
2𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = _________________(1)
𝑓(𝑣𝑥, 𝑣𝑦) = = = f(x,y), so the function is homogeneous.
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
 = v+y
Substitute in (1)
v+y =
y = -v (take lcm)
y =
2𝑒 = (on integrating )

𝑑𝑦
 2𝑒 𝑑𝑣 = − +𝑐
𝑦
2𝑒 = −log y + 𝑐 substitute x =0, y=1
2x 1 = c , c=2
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2𝑒 = −log y + 2
2𝑒 + log y = 2
2. Solve: − 3𝑦 cot 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥;.Find the particular solution when

𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = .
Ans: 𝑝 = −3 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥, Q = sin 2x
IF = 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒∫ =𝑒 ( )
=𝑒
 IF = cosec x
3
 solution is y(cosec 3 x) =  sin2x . cosec 3 x dx

y(cosec 3 x) = 2 dx
y(cosec 3 x) = 2 =-2/t
y(cosec 3 x) = -2 cosecx +c
Put the value of x and y, c = 4
y(cosec 3 x) = -2 cosecx +4
3. Find the particular solution of the differential equation

(1 + e2x)dy + (1 + y2)ex dx = 0, given that y = 1, when x = 0.
Ans: (1 + e2x)dy = - (1 + y2)ex dx

 =- dx
( )
 =- dx
( )
tan -1 y = - tan-1 ex + C
 = - +C
 =C
tan -1 y = - tan-1 ex +
( )
4. If y(x) is a solution of = -cosx , y(0) = 1, then find the value of y ( )?
( )
( )
Ans:  = -cosx
( )
 =-
( )
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 =-
( )
On integrating
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑦 )= - 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) +c
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑦 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) =log c
𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) (2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = logc
(1 + 𝑦) (2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = c,
put the value of x = 0, y = 1,then c = 4
(1 + 𝑦) (2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 4________(1)
put x = π/2 in (1)
(1 + 𝑦) (2 + 1) = 4
y = 4/3 - 1
 y = 1/3
5. Solve the Differential Equation ( 1 + x2) + y = tan-1x.
Ans: ( 1 + x2) + y = tan-1x.
 + =
𝑝 = 𝑄 =
IF = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒
Sol is y 𝑒 = 𝑒 . dx
Put tan-1x = t
y𝑒 = 𝑒 .t dt
y𝑒 = t et - 𝑒 dt
y𝑒 = t et - 𝑒 +c
y𝑒 = tan-1x 𝑒 -𝑒 +c
y𝑒 + 𝑒 = tan-1x 𝑒 +c
𝑒 ( y + 1) = tan-1x 𝑒 +c
6. Solve the Differential equation (x2 -1) + 2xy = .

Ans: (x2 -1) + 2xy =
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 + =
( )
𝑝 = 𝑄 =
( )
IF = 𝑒 ( )
= x2-1
 y(x2-1) = x2-1. dx =  𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
 y(x2-1) =log +c
7. In a bank Principal increases at the rate of r % per year. Find the value of r if Rs.
100 double itself in 10 years ( given log 2 =0.6931).
Ans: = xp
 = x dt
 = x dt
log p = +c __________(1)
P = 100, t = 0
Log 100 = c substitute in (1)
log p = +log 100 __________(2)
P = 200, t = 10
log 200 = +log 100 log 2 =  r =10 log 2 = 6.931%
8. Solve the differential equation xdy – y dx = 𝑥 + 𝑦 dx.

Ans: x dy – y dx = 𝑥 + 𝑦 dx
 x dy – y dx = 𝑥 + 𝑦 dx
 x dy = y dx + 𝑥 + 𝑦 dx
 = put y =vx
√
v+x = = 𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣
 =
√
 log (𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣2 )= log x + logc
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 log ( + 1 + )= log x + logc
 log ( + )= log x + logc
 log ( ) )= log x + logc
 log ( ) )= logc
𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = c x2
9. Find the particular solution of the Differential Equation

( tan-1 y -x ) dy = ( 1+ y 2)dx, given that x =0, y =0.
Ans : ( )=
( )
 − =
 = +
p= Q=
IF= 𝑒
solution = 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒 . dy= 𝑒 .t dt
𝑥 𝑒 = tan-1y𝑒 -𝑒 +c
 𝑥𝑒 =(tan-1y−1)𝑒 +c, put x =0, y = 0, c =1
 𝑥𝑒 =(tan-1y−1)𝑒 +1
10.Find the general solution of the differential equation
Ans:
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






CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

CASE STUDY I
A Veterinary doctor was examining a sick cat brought by a pet lover. When it was brought to the
hospital, it was already dead. The pet lover wanted to find its time of death. He took the temperature
of the cat at 11.30 pm which was 94.6F. He took the temperature again after one hour; the
temperature was lower than the first observation. It was 93.4F. The room in which the cat was put is
always at 70F. The normal temperature of the cat is taken as 98.6F when it was alive. The doctor
estimated the time of death using Newton law of cooling which is governed by the differential
equation: ∝ (𝑇 − 70), where 70F is the room temperature and T is the temperature of the object at
time t. Substituting the two different observations of T and t made, in the solution of the differential
equation = 𝑘 (𝑇 − 70) where k is a constant of proportion, time of death is calculated.
1. State the degree of the above given differential equation.

2. Which method of solving a differential equation helped in calculation of the time of death?
a) Variable separable method
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b) Solving Homogeneous differential equation

c) Solving Linear differential equation
d) all of the above
3. If the temperature was measured 2 hours after 11.30pm, will the time of death change?
(Yes/No)
4. The solution of the differential equation = 𝑘 (𝑇 − 70) is given by,
a) log | T – 70| = kt + C
b) log | T – 70| = log |kt |+ C
c) T – 70 = kt + C
d) T – 70 = kt C
5. If t = 0 when T is 72, then the value of c is
a) -2
b) 0
c) 2
d) Log 2
ANSWERS
1. Degree is 1
2. Variable separable method
3. No
4. log | T – 70| = kt + C
5. log 2
CASE STUDY II
In a college hostel accommodating 1000 students, one of the hostellers came in carrying Corona
virus, and the hostel was isolated. The rate at which the virus spreads is assumed to be proportional
to the product of the number of infected students and remaining students. There are 50 infected
students after 4 days.
Page 124 of 234

1. If 𝑛(𝑡)denotes the number of students infected by Corona virus at any time t, then maximum
value of 𝑛(𝑡) is
a) 0
b) 100
c) 500
d) 1000
2. is proportional to
a) 𝑛(1000 − 𝑛)
b) 𝑛 (100 + 𝑛)
c) 𝑛(100 − 𝑛)
d) 𝑛(100 + 𝑛)
3. The value of 𝑛(4) is

a) 1
b) 50
c) 100
d) 1000
4. The most general solution of differential equation formed in given situation is
a) log = 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑐
b) log = 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑐
c) log = 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑐
d) None of these
5. The value of 𝑛 at any time is given by:

a) 𝑛(𝑡) =
b) 𝑛(𝑡) =
c) 𝑛(𝑡) =
d) 𝑛(𝑡) =
ANSWERS
1. (d) 1000
2. (a) 𝑛(1000 − 𝑛)
3. (b) 50
4. (c) log = 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑐
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5. (a)𝑛(𝑡) =
CASE STUDY III
Polio drops are delivered to 50K children in a district. The rate at which polio drops are given is directly
proportional to the number of children who have not been administered the drops. By the end of 2nd week
half the children have been given the polio drops. How many will have been given the drops by the end of
𝒅𝒚
3rd week can be estimated using the solution to the differential equation 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐤(𝟓𝟎 − 𝐲) where x denotes
the number of weeks and y the number of children who have been given the drops.
1. State the order of the above given differential equation.

2. Which method of solving a differential equation can be used to solve = 𝐤 (𝟓𝟎 − 𝐲).?
a) Variable separable method
b) Solving Homogeneous differential equation
c) Solving Linear differential equation
d) All of the above
𝒅𝒚
3. The solution of the differential equation 𝒅𝒙= 𝐤 (𝟓𝟎 − 𝐲) is given by,
a)log | 50 – y| = kx + C
b) - log | 50 – y| = kx + C
c)log | 50 – y| = log| kx |+ C
d)50 – y = kx + C
4. The value of c in the particular solution given that y(0)=0 and k = 0.049 is :
a) log 50
b) log 1/50
c) 50
d) -50
5. Which of the following solutions may be used to find the number of children who have been given
the polio drops?
a) 𝑦 = 50 – 𝑒
b) 𝑦 = 50 − 𝑒
c) 𝑦 = 50 (1 – 𝑒 )
d) 𝑦 = 50 𝑒 – 1)
ANSWERS
1. Order is 1
2. (a) Variable separable method
3. (b) - log | 50 – y| = kx + C
4. (b) log 1/50
5. 𝑦 = 50 (1 – 𝑒 )
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CASE STUDY IV
A thermometer reading 80°F is taken outside. Five minutes later the thermometer reads 60°F.
After another 5 minutes the thermometer reads 50°F. At any time t the thermometer reading be
T°F and the outside temperature be S°F.
1. Ifλ is positive constant of proportionality, then is

a) λ (T− S)
b) λ (T+ S)
c) λTS
d) −λ (T− S)
2. The value of T(5) is

a) 30°F
b) 40°F
c) 50°F
d) 60°F
3. The value of T(10) is

a) 50°F
b) 60°F
c) 80°F
d) 90°F
4. Find the general solution of differential equation formed in given situation.

a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡 + 𝑐
b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑇 − 𝑆) = − λ𝑡 + 𝑐
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆 = 𝑡𝑇 + 𝑐
d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑇 + 𝑆) = 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑐
5. Find the value of constant of integration c in the solution of differential equation formed in
given situation.
a) log (60 - S)
b) log (80 + S)
c) log (80 - S)
d) log (60 + 5)
ANSWERS
1. (d) −λ (T− S)
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2. (d) 60°F
3. (a)50°F
4. (b)𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆 = 𝑡𝑇 + 𝑐
5. (c) log (80 - S)
CASE STUDY V
It is known that, if the interest is compounded continuously, the principal changes at the rate equal
to the product of the rate of bank interest per annum and the principal. Let 𝑃 denotes the principal
at any time 𝑡 and rate of interest be 𝑟 % per annum.
1. Find the value of

a)
b)
c)
d) 𝑃𝑟
2. If 𝑃 be the initial principal, then find the solution of differential equation formed in given
situation.
a) log =
b) log =
c) log = 𝑟𝑡
d) log = 100𝑟𝑡
3. If the interest is compounded continuously at 5% per annum, in how many years will ₹100
double itself?
a) 12.728 years
b) 14.789 years
c) 13.862 years
d) 15.872 years
Page 128 of 234

4. At what interest rate will ₹100 double itself in 10 years? (𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 0.6931).
a) 9.66%
b) 8.239%
c) 7.341%
d) 6.931%
5. How much will ₹1000 be worth at 5% interest after 10 years? (𝑒 .

= 1.648)
a) ₹1648
b) ₹1500
c) ₹1664
d) ₹1572
ANSWERS
1. (b)
2. (a) log =
3. (c) 13.862 years
4. (d)6.931%
5. (a)₹1648
CASE STUDY VI
( , )
If the equation is of the form = or =𝐹 , where 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) are homogeneous
( , )
functions of same degree in 𝑥 and 𝑦, then put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and =𝑣+𝑥 so that the dependent
variable y is changed toanother variable v and then apply variable separable method.
1. The general solution of𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 is:

a) tan = log|𝑥| + 𝑐
b) tan = log|𝑥| + 𝑐
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 log|𝑥| + 𝑐
d) 𝑥 = 𝑦 log|𝑦| + 𝑐
2. Solution of the differential equation2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 is :

a) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
b) + =𝑦 +𝑐
c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
d) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
3. Solution of the differential equation(𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is

Page 129 of 234
a) − log 𝑥 = 𝑐
b) + log 𝑥 = 𝑐
c) − log 𝑥 = 𝑐
d) + log 𝑥 = 𝑐
4. General solution of the differential equation = log + 1 is:

a) log(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑐
b) log 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
c) log = 𝑐𝑥
d) log 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑦
5. Solution of the differential equation 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑒 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥is :

a) 𝑒 − sin 𝑥 = 𝑐
b) 𝑒 + sin 𝑥 = 𝑐
c) 𝑒 − sin 𝑥 = 𝑐
d) 𝑒 + sin 𝑥 = 𝑐
ANSWERS
1. (b) tan = log|𝑥| + 𝑐
2. (d)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
3. (d) + log 𝑥 = 𝑐
4. (c) log = 𝑐𝑥
5. (a) 𝑒 − sin 𝑥 = 𝑐
******************************
Page 130 of 234

CHAPTER – I0.
VECTOR ALGEBRA
1. TEACHING POINTS.
2. MIND MAPPING- FOR QUICK REVISION.
3. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY.
4. ONE MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY.
5. TWO MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY.
6. THREE MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY.
7. FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY
8. CASE STUDY WITH ANSWER KEY.
TEACHING POINTS
DEFINITION OF Vectors
Definition of Scalars
Position Vector
Dc’s and Dr’s
Types of vectors
 Zero Vector
 Unit Vector
 Unit vector in the direction of 𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗ or 𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗ + 𝒄⃗
 Collinear Vectors
 Coinitial vectors
 Equal Vectors
 Negative of a Vector
 Unit Vectors along the coordinate axes.
Addition of Vectors- Triangle law of addition / parallelogram law of
addition
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Vector joining two points
Section formula and mid point formula
Dot product of vectors
Properties of dot product of vectors
Projection of vectors on a line
Page 131 of 234
Perpendicular vectors
Finding the angle between the two vectors
Finding I𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗I, I𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗ + 𝒄⃗I, I𝒂⃗ - 𝒃⃗I
Expressing dot product in rectangular coordinates.

Cross product of vectors
Properties of Cross product of vectors
Expressing cross product in rectangular coordinates.
Unit vector perpendicular to two given vectors.
Angle between two vectors
Area of parallelogram when adjacent sides are given.
Area of parallelogram when diagonals are given.
Area of a triangle
Area of a rectangle ABCD, when position vectors of A,B,C,D are given.
MIND MAPPING- FOR QUICK REVISION.
Position vector of a point P(x, y, z) is given as 𝑶𝑷⃗ (= 𝒓)⃗ = x ̂ +y ̂ +z 𝒌 and its

magnitude by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 .
The scalar components of a vector are its direction ratios, and represent its
projections along the respective axes.
The magnitude (r), direction ratios (a, b, c) and direction cosines (l, m, n) of any
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
vector are related as: l = , m= , n=
𝒓 𝒓 𝒓
l2 +m2 +n2 =1 but a2 +b2 + c2 ≠ 1 in general
The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 𝟎⃗.
The vector sum of two coinitial vectors is given by the diagonal of the
parallelogram whose adjacent sides are the given vectors.
The multiplication of a given vector by a scalar λ, changes the magnitude of the
vector by the multiple |λ|, and keeps the direction same (or makes it opposite)
according as the value of λ is positive (or negative).
𝒂⃗
For a given vector 𝒂⃗, 𝒂 = |𝒂| gives the unit vector in the direction of 𝒂⃗.
The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the points P and Q
whose position vectors are respectively, in the ratio m : n
𝒎𝒃⃗ 𝒏𝒂⃗
(i) internally, is given by
𝒎 𝒏
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𝒎𝒃⃗ 𝒏𝒂⃗
(ii) externally, is given by .
𝒎 𝒏
𝒂⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 ̂ + 𝒂𝟐 ̂ + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌 and 𝒃⃗ = 𝒃𝟏 ̂ + 𝒃𝟐 ̂ + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌 are parallel or collinear iff
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
= =
𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑
Dot product Cross product
𝒂⃗ . 𝒃⃗ = |𝒂⃗| 𝒃⃗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒂⃗⨯𝒃⃗ = |𝒂⃗| 𝒃⃗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒏 where 𝒏 is

perpendicular to both 𝒂⃗, 𝒃.
𝒂⃗ . 𝒃⃗ = 𝒃⃗ . 𝒂⃗ ( commutative property) 𝒂⃗⨯𝒃⃗ ≠ 𝒃⃗ ⨯ 𝒂⃗ (not commutative)
If 𝒂⃗ ꓕ 𝒃⃗ 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂⃗. 𝒃⃗ = 𝟎 If 𝒂⃗ ǁ 𝒃⃗ , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂⃗⨯𝒃⃗ = 𝟎
𝒂⃗. 𝒂⃗ = |𝒂⃗|𝟐 𝒂⃗⨯𝒂⃗ = 𝟎

𝟐 𝟐
𝒂⃗. 𝒃⃗ = (𝒂⃗)𝟐 + 𝒃⃗ + 𝟐𝒂⃗. 𝒃⃗
If 𝒂⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 ̂ + 𝒂𝟐 ̂ + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌 If 𝒂⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 ̂ + 𝒂𝟐 ̂ + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌
𝒃⃗ = 𝒃𝟏 ̂ + 𝒃𝟐 ̂ + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌 𝒃⃗ = 𝒃𝟏 ̂ + 𝒃𝟐 ̂ + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌
Then ̂ ̂ 𝒌
𝒂⃗. 𝒃⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 Then 𝒂⃗⨯𝒃⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑
Geometrical meaning projection of Geometrical meaning

⃗
𝒂⃗.𝒃
𝒂⃗ 𝒐𝒏 𝒃⃗ = ⃗ 𝒂⃗⨯𝒃⃗ = 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂
𝒃
parallelogram with 𝒂⃗, 𝒃⃗
represent the adjacent sides.
̂. ̂ = ̂. ̂=𝒌.𝒌=1 ̂ ⨯ ̂ = ̂ ⨯ ̂ = 𝒌 ⨯ 𝒌 = 𝟎⃗
̂. ̂= ̂.𝒌= ̂.𝒌=0 ̂ ⨯ ̂ = 𝒌 , ̂ ⨯𝒌 = ̂ , 𝒌 ⨯ ̂ = ̂
̂⨯ ̂=-𝒌, 𝒌⨯ ̂=- ̂, ̂⨯𝒌=- ̂
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY.
Page 133 of 234

Que
stion
NO Question Marks
1 If 𝒂⃗ is a unit vector and (𝒙⃗ − 𝒂⃗). (𝒙⃗ + 𝒂⃗) =8 , then find |𝒙⃗|
1) 3 2) 9 3) -3 4) 7 1
2 𝐈𝐟 𝛉 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝒂⃗ and 𝒃⃗ , and 𝒂 ⃗. 𝒃⃗ = 𝒂 ×⃗ 𝒃⃗

then 𝜽 is equal to
𝝅 𝝅
1) 0 2) 𝟒
3) 𝟐
4) π
3 Area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C and D with position vectors - ̂ + 𝟐 ̂

𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+4𝒌, ̂ + 𝟐 ̂ +4𝒌, ̂ - 𝟐 ̂ +4𝒌, and - ̂ - 𝟐 ̂ +4𝒌, respectively is
𝟏
1) 𝟐
2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
1
4 The position vector of a point which divides the line joining the points having
position vectors ̂ + ̂ +2𝒌 and - ̂ + ̂ +𝒌 internally in the ratio 1:3 is :
𝟐 ̂ 𝟒 ̂ 𝟕𝒌 ̂ 𝟑 ̂ 𝟒𝒌 𝟐 ̂ 𝟑 ̂ 𝟓𝒌
1) 𝟒
2) 𝟒
3) 𝟒
4) None of these
5 √𝟐 ⃗
If 𝒂⃗ and 𝒃⃗ are vectors such that |𝒂⃗| =3, 𝒃⃗ = 𝟑 and 𝒂 × 𝒃⃗ =1, then the angle
between 𝒂⃗ and 𝒃⃗ is
1) π/2 2) π/3 3) π/6 4) π/4
6 The angle between the vectors 𝒂⃗ = ̂-2 ̂ +3𝒌 and 𝒃⃗ =3 ̂-2 ̂ -𝒌 is
1) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟐 2) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟓 3) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟔 4) None of these 1

𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
7 The direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ are
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) ,- ,- 2) , , 3) ,- , 4) - ,- ,-
√𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑
8 Write the value of ̂. ( ̂ × 𝒌)+ ̂. ( ̂ × 𝒌)+ 𝒌. ( ̂ × ̂).
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 3
Page 134 of 234

9 𝟏
If the vectors 𝒂⃗ and 𝒃⃗ are such that |𝒂⃗| =𝟐 , 𝒃⃗ =
𝟒
and 𝒂⃗ × 𝒃⃗ =
𝟏
, then find
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝒂⃗ . 𝒃⃗
1) 0 2) -1 3) 3 4) 1 1
10 Find the projection of the vector 2 ̂ +3 ̂ +2 𝒌 on the vector ̂ + 𝟐 ̂ + 𝒌

𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
1) 𝟑
√𝟔 2) 𝟑
√𝟐 3) 𝟐 √𝟔 4) 𝟑 √𝟑
1
11 Find the area of parallelogram having diagonals 3 ̂+ ̂-2𝒌 and ̂ − 𝟑 ̂+4𝒌
𝟓√𝟑 1
1) 𝟐
2) 2√𝟑 3) 5√𝟑 4) 5√𝟐
12 Using vectors find the area of the triangle with vertices A(1,1,2) B(2,3,5) and
C(1,5,5)
√𝟑𝟏 √𝟔𝟏 √𝟐𝟏 √𝟓𝟏

1) 𝟐
2) 𝟐
3) 𝟐
4) 𝟐
13 If the vectors 5 ̂ +2 ̂ -𝒌 and 𝜶 ̂ - ̂ + 5𝒌 are orthogonal vectors, then the value of

𝜶 is
1) 3/5 2) 5/7 3) 7/5 4) 2/5

1
14 Magnitude of the vector 𝑷𝑸⃗ , joining P(2,3,0 ) and Q (1, -2, -4) is
1) √𝟑𝟒 2) √𝟐𝟔 3) 3√𝟐 4) √𝟒𝟐 1
15 If |𝒂⃗| =3, 𝒃⃗ =4 and 𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗ =1 then 𝒂⃗ − 𝒃⃗ is equal to
1) 7 2) 17 3) 12 4) 8 1
16 If 𝒂⃗ , 𝒃⃗ and 𝒄⃗ are any three mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes

k then 𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗ + 𝒄⃗ is equal to
1) k 2) √𝟐 k 3) √𝟑 𝒌 4) 2k 1
17 Given 𝒂⃗ = ̂ +2 ̂ -3𝒌 and 𝒃⃗ =3 ̂- ̂ +2𝒌 , the angle between the vectors 𝒂⃗ +𝒃⃗ and 𝒂⃗ -
𝒃⃗ is
1) 450 2) 900 3) 600 4)300 1
18 Find the direction cosines of the vector 𝒂⃗ = ̂+ ̂ -2𝒌
Page 135 of 234

1) (1,1,-2) 2) (
𝟏 𝟏
, ,-
𝟐
) 3) (
𝟏 𝟏
, ,-
𝟐
) 4) (
𝟏
,
𝟏
,-
𝟐
) 1
√𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔
19 The value of |𝒂⃗ × ̂|2 +|𝒂⃗ × ̂|2 + 𝒂⃗ × 𝒌 2

is
1) |𝒂⃗|2 2) 2|𝒂⃗|2 3) 3|𝒂⃗|2 4) None of these 1
20 The vector 2 ̂ + ̂ -𝒌 is perpendicular to ̂ − 𝟒 ̂ + 𝜶𝒌 if 𝜶 is equal to
1) 10 2) -4 3) -2 4) -3 1
21 The angle between 𝒂⃗ and 𝒃⃗ is

𝟓𝝅
and the projection of 𝒂⃗ on the vector 𝒃⃗ is
𝟔
𝟔
- then |𝒂⃗| =
√𝟑
√𝟑
1) 6 2) 3) 12 4) 4
𝟐 1
22 The non-zero vectors 𝒂,⃗ 𝒃⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄⃗ are related by 𝒂⃗ = 𝟖 𝒃⃗ and 𝒄⃗ = −𝟕 𝒃⃗

. Then the angle between 𝒂⃗ and 𝒄⃗ is
1) π 2) 0 3) π/4 4) π/2
1
23 The projections of a vector on the three co-ordinate axes are 6,-3, and 2
respectively. The direction cosines of the vector are:
1) 6/7,-3/7 ,2/7 2) - 6/7,-3/7 ,2/7 3) -6/7,3/7 ,2/7 4) 6,-3,2

1
24 The vector of magnitude 7 units in the direction of ̂ -2 ̂ +2 𝒌 is
1) 7 ̂ -14 ̂ +14𝒌 2) 7 ̂ +2 ̂ +2𝒌 3)

𝟕
̂-
𝟏𝟒
̂+
𝟏𝟒
𝒌 4) None of these 1
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
25 If p( ̂ + ̂ +𝒌) is a unit vector, then find p
1)
𝟏
2) -
𝟏
3) √𝟑 4) -√𝟑 1
√𝟑 √𝟑
ANSWERS
QUESTION CORRECT OPTION
NO.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 1
5 4
6 1
7 2
8 3
9 4
10 1
11 3
Page 136 of 234
12 2
13 3
14 4
15 1
16 3
17 2
18 2
19 2
20 3
21 4
22 1
23 1
24 3
25 1
ONE MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY.
1 If O be the origin, 𝑂𝑃⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ − 4𝑘 and 𝑂𝑄⃗ = 5𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 , then 𝑃𝑄⃗ is equal 1
to:
2 Speed and density are __________ quantities whereas force and velocity are 1
__________ quantities.
3 If |𝑎⃗| = √26 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = 45 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ is __________ 1
4 Find the value of 𝜆 such that the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 𝜆𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 1
are orthogonal
5 The direction cosines of 3𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ + 12𝑘 1
6 If 𝑥𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 5𝑘 and −𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 are perpendicular to each other, the value of 1
x is equal to ________________
7 If 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0⃗ and |𝑎⃗| = 3, 𝑏⃗ = 5, |𝑐⃗| = 7. Find the angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ 1
8 Find the value of 𝜆 for which the vectors 3𝚤̂ − 6𝚥̂ + 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ + 𝜆𝑘 are 1
parallel.
9 Vectors that are parallel to the same line, irrespective of their magnitudes and 1
directions are called ___________ Vectors
10 For what value of 𝜆 the vectors 2𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 and 𝜆𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ − 8𝑘 are collinear? 1
11 If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are three vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑎⃗| = 2, 𝑏⃗ = 3, 1

|𝑐⃗| = 5 then find the value of 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐⃗
Page 137 of 234

12 If 𝑎⃗ = 5𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = 7𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 then the unit vector in the direction of 1
𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ is ______
13 Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P 1
and Q whose position vectors are 6𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 and 1𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 respectively
internally in the ratio 2:3
14 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 then find 𝑐⃗ such that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 3 1
15 Find the area of parallelogram ABCD whose side AB and diagonal AC are given by 1
the vectors 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝚤̂ + 5𝑘 respectively
16 Find the magnitude of two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗, having the same magnitude and 1
such that the angle between them is 45° and their scalar product is
√
17 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = −𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 then the unit vector perpendicular to 1

𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗ is ______________
18 Find 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 if 2𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 27𝑘 × 𝚤̂ + 𝜆𝚥̂ + 𝜇𝑘 = 0⃗ 1
19 If the vector from origin to A and B are 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ + 𝑘 1
respectively find the area of triangle OAB.
20 The scalar product of the vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 with unit vector along the sum of the 1
vectors 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘is equal to 1. Find 𝜆
21 For any vector 𝑎⃗, the value of (𝑎⃗ × 𝚤̂) + (𝑎⃗ × 𝚥̂) + 𝑎⃗ × 𝑘 is equal to 1
22 The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ + 5𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 1
respectively. Find the unit vector parallel to one of the diagonals. Also find the
area
23 If 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗ is perpendicular to 7𝑎⃗ − 5𝑏⃗ and 𝑎⃗ − 1
4𝑏⃗ is perpendicular to 7𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗ , find the angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ ___________
24 The magnitude of the vector product of the vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 with a unit vector 1
along the sum of the vectors 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 is √2 . Find 𝜆
25 Find 𝜆 when the projection of 𝑎⃗ = 𝜆𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 1

is 4 units
Answer Key
1. 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘
Page 138 of 234
2. Scalar, Vector
3. 9
4. 𝜆 = −
5. ,− ,
6. 2, -5
7.
8. 𝜆 =
9. Collinear
10. 𝜆 = −4
11. -19
12. 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘
13. 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘
14. 𝑐⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘
15. √42 sq. units
16. |𝑎⃗| = 1, 𝑏⃗ = 1
17. 𝚤̂ − 𝑘
√ √
18. 𝜆 = 3, 𝜇 =
19. √229
20. 1
21. 2(𝑎⃗)
22. 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and area is 11√5 sq. units
23.
24. 1
25. 𝜆 = 5
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ + 9𝑘 , find a unit vector parallel to 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 2
2. Write a vector of magnitude of 15 units in the direction of vector 𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 . 2
3. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ = 4𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 and 𝑐⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 , find the vector of 2
magnitude 6 units which is parallel to the vector 2𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗ + 3𝑐⃗.
4. If 𝑎⃗ = 5𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 7𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝛿𝑘 , find 𝛿 such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗ are 2

orthogonal.
5. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 . 2
Page 139 of 234

6. Find the position vector of a point which divides the join of points with position 2
vectors 𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗ and 2𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ externally in the ratio 2:1.
Find the area of the parallelogram having diagonals 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ .
7. 2
8. If the points with position vectors 10𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂, 12𝚤̂ − 5𝚥̂ and λ𝚤̂ + 11𝚥̂ are collinear, find 2
the value of λ.
9. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎⃗ – 𝑏⃗ , if 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 2

3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 .
10. If the vertices A, B, C of a ∆ABC have position vectors (1, 2, 3), (– 1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2
2) respectively, what is the magnitude of ABC.
11. 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 , 2𝚤̂ + 5𝚥̂ , 3𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 and 𝚤̂ − 6𝚥̂ − 𝑘 are position vectors of the points 2
A, B, C and D, find the angle between 𝐴𝐵⃗ and 𝐶𝐷⃗ .
12. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors 𝑎⃗ +𝑏⃗ and 𝑎⃗ –𝑏⃗, where𝑎⃗ = 2
3𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 and𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 .
2
If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0 ,find the value
13. of 𝑎. 𝑏 + 𝑏. 𝑐̂ + 𝑐̂ . 𝑎 .
14. If a, b and c are three vectors of magnitudes 3,4 and 5 respectively and each one is 2
perpendicular to the sum of the other two vectors, find 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗.
15. Find the projection of 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ on 𝑎⃗, where 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 and 2
𝑐⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘.
16. Show that the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 3𝚤̂ – 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 5𝑘 and 𝑐⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 4𝑘 form a 2
right triangle.
17. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(3, 1,1), B (2, 3, 5) and C(1, 1, 5). 2
18. If two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ are such that |𝑎⃗| = 2, |𝑏⃗| = 1 and𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 1, then find the value of 2
(3𝑎⃗ − 5𝑏⃗). (2𝑎⃗ + 7𝑏⃗).
19. The dot product of a vector with vectors 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 3𝑘, 𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 and 2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘, 2
are respectively 0, 5 and 8. Find the vector.
20. If 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0 and |𝑎⃗| = 3, |𝑏⃗| = 5 and |𝑐⃗| = 7, show that the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 2
𝑏⃗ is 60.
ANSWERS (2 mark questions)
Page 140 of 234

1. + +
2. 5𝐼 − 10𝐽 + 10𝐾
3. 2𝐼 − 4𝐽 +4𝐾
4. 𝛿 = ±√73
5. 𝜃 = cos (− )
6. 3𝑎⃗ + 4𝑏⃗
7. 5√3
8. 8
9. 𝜋
2
10. 10
𝜃 = cos
√102
11. 𝜃 = 180
12 2 2 1
𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 𝑘
3 3 3
13. -
14. 5√2
15 2
16 -
17 A=2√6
18 0
19 𝐼 + 2𝐽 + 𝐾
20 600
Page 141 of 234

Q.NO MARKS
Q1 3
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS.
Q2 3
Q3 3
SR. ANSWERS
Q4 3
NO
Q5 3
1 𝜋
Q6 3
2 
c = 5 î + 2 ˆj + 2 k̂
Q7 3 3 3 3
Q8 3 3 𝜃 = 600
Q9 3
4 1
Q10 3
5 -
Q11 3
6 𝜋
Q12 3
3
Q13 3
7 𝜋
Q14 3 3
Q15 3 8 2𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ + 4𝑘
9
2 𝑏⃗ - 𝑎⃗
10 𝜋
3
11 𝜋
4
12
Position Vector of R = 3𝑎⃗ + 5𝑏⃗
13 2 2 1
± ( 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 )
3 3 3
14 0
Page 142 of 234

15 8
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. 5
Show that the points A, B and C with PVs 2 𝚤⃗ − 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ , 𝚤⃗ − 3𝚥⃗ − 5𝑘⃗ and
3 𝚤⃗ − 4𝚥⃗ − 4𝑘⃗ respectively are the vertices of a right triangle. Also find
the remaining angles of the triangle
2. If 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐̂ are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find value of 5
2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐̂
3. If with reference to the right-handed system of mutually perpendicular 5
unit vectors,𝚤̂, 𝚥 ,and 𝑘 , 𝛼⃗=3𝚤⃗ -𝚥⃗ , 𝛽⃗ =2𝚤⃗ +𝚥⃗ - 3𝑘⃗ , then express 𝛽 in the
form 𝛽⃗ = 𝛽⃗1 + 𝛽⃗ 2 .Where 𝛽1 is parallel to 𝛼⃗ and 𝛽2 is perpendicular to
𝛼⃗.
4. 5
Let 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ +2 𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ = 3𝚤̂ − 2 𝚥̂ + 7𝑘 and 𝑐⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 . Find a 𝑝⃗
which is perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ and 𝑝⃗ . 𝑐⃗= 15.
5. 5
Find a unit vector perpendicular to both of the vector’s 3𝑎⃗ + 2𝑏⃗ and
3𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗,where 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘
6. The scalar product of the vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 with a unit vector along the 5
sum of vectors 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 and 𝛼𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 is equal to 1 .Find the
value of 𝛼.
7. 5
Given that vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ form a triangle such that 𝑎⃗ = 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗. Find
p,q,r,s such that area of triangle is 5√6 where 𝑎⃗ = 𝑝𝚤̂ + 𝑞𝚥̂ + 𝑟𝑘, 𝑏⃗ =
𝑠𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ = 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 .
8. 5
If𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ , are three vectors such that 𝑎⃗+𝑏⃗+𝑐⃗ = 0 then, find the value
of 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐⃗ +𝑐.⃗ 𝑎⃗ ,if |𝑎| = 3, |𝑏| = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑|𝑐| = 2
9 Points L, M , N divides the sides BC, CA, AB of a triangle ABC in the 5
ratios 1:4 , 3:2 , 3:7 respectively. Prove that 𝐴𝐿⃗ + 𝐵𝑀⃗ + 𝐶𝑁⃗ is a vector
parallel to 𝐶𝐾⃗ where K divides AB in the ratio 1:3
Page 143 of 234

10 The magnitude of the vector product of the vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 with a 5
unit vector along the sum of vectors 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 and 𝛼𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 is
equal to √2.Find the value of 𝛼.
ANSWERS (5 Mark Questions)

1.
cos ; cos
√ √
2.
√6
3. 3 1 1 3
𝛽1 = 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ ; 𝛽2 = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 3𝑘
2 2 2 2
4. 1
(160𝚤̂ − 5𝚥̂ + 70𝑘 )
3
5. ̂ ̂
- +2 −
√ √ √
6. 𝛼=1
7. P=8 then s=5; p=-8 then s=-11 ;q=4; r=2
8.
-
9 𝐴𝐿⃗ + 𝐵𝑀⃗ + 𝐶𝑁⃗ =
⃗ ⃗– ⃗
and 𝐶𝐾⃗ =
⃗ ⃗– ⃗
10 𝛼=1
CASE STUDY
CASE STUDY1:
Solar Panels have to be installed carefully so that the tilt of the roof, and the direction to the sun,
produce the largest possible electrical power in the solar panels.
A surveyor uses his instrument to determine the coordinates of the four corners of a roof where
solar panels are to be mounted. In the picture , suppose the points are labeled counter clockwise
from the roof corner nearest to the camera in units of meters P1 (6,8,4) ,
P2 (21,8,4), P3 (21,16,10) and P4 (6,16,10)
Page 144 of 234

1. What are the components to the two edge vectors defined by 𝐴⃗= PV of P2 – PV of P1 and 𝐵⃗= PV of P4
– PV of P1? (where PV stands for position vector)
2. Write the vector in standard notation with 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ (where 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ are the unit vectors along the
three axes).
3. What are the magnitudes of the vectors𝐴⃗and 𝐵⃗and in what units?
4. What are the components to the vector 𝑁⃗, perpendicular to 𝐴⃗and 𝐵⃗and the surface of the roof?
5. What is the magnitude of 𝐴⃗and its units? The sun is located along the unit vector 𝑆⃗= ½ 𝑖̂-6/7𝑗̂ +1/7
𝑘̂. If the flow of solar energy is given by the vector 𝐹⃗ = 910 S in units of watts/meter2, what is the dot
product of vectors 𝐹⃗ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑁⃗ , and the units for this quantity?
6. What is the angle between vectors F⃗and S⃗? What is the elevation angle of the sun above the plane of
the roof? (cos 51° =0.629)
ANSWERS
1. 15, 0, 0 : 0, 8, 6
2. Answer 1:- 5i+0j+0k Answer 2:- 0i+8j+6k
3. Answer : 15 unit , Answer :√8 + 6 =√64 + 36=√100 = 10 unit
4. N⃗ =A⃗×B⃗
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
N= 15 0 0 = -15(6j-8k) = -90j+120k ; Answer -90 , 120
0 8 6
5. – (90) + 120 =√8100 + 14400 =√22500=150
Answer of second part: F⃗= 910 ( ̂ − ̂

+ ) = 455ı̂– 780ȷ̂+ 130k.
The dot product is just F⃗ ∙ N⃗= 455×(0) -780×(-90) + 130×120 = 85,800 watts.
Page 145 of 234
6. From the definition of dot product: F⃗∙ N⃗= |F⃗||N⃗|cos θ

Then since | F⃗| = 910 and | N⃗| = 150 and F⃗ ∙ N⃗= 85,800 we have
cos θ = (85800/(910x150)) = 0.629 and so θ =cos (0.629) which is 0.8905 rad and is 51°.(using
cosine table)
This is the angle between the normal to the surface and the incident solar rays.
The compliment of this is the elevation of the sun above the plane of the roof or 90-51 = 39°.
CASE STUDY 2
Ginni purchased an air plant holder which is in the shape of a tetrahedron. Let A, B, C and D are the
coordinates of the air plant holder where A (1, 1, 1), B (2, 1, 3), C=(3, 2, 2) and D = (3,3,4).
Based on the above information, answer the following questions

1. Find the position vector of AB..
a. -i-2k
b. 2i+k
c. i+2k
d. -2i-k
2. Find the position vector of AC.
a. 21-j-k
b. 2i+j+k
c. -2i-j+k
d. î+2j+k
3. Find the position vector of AD
a. 2i-2j-3k
b. i+j-3k
c. 3i+2j+2k
d. 2i+2j+3k
4. Area of ∆ABC=
a. √11/2 sq. units

b. √14/2 sq. units
Page 146 of 234
c. √13/2
d. √17/2 sq. units
5. Find the unit vector along 𝐴𝐷⃗

a. 1/√17(2𝚤̂ + 2ȷ̂ +3k)
b. 1/√17(3𝚤̂ + 3ȷ̂ +2k)
c. 1/√11(2𝚤̂ + 2ȷ̂ +3k)
d. (2𝚤̂ + 2ȷ̂ +3k)
ANSWERS
1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (b)
5. (a)
CASE STUDY 3
Team A,B,C went for playing a tug of war game. Teams A, B, C, have attached a rope to a
mental ring and its trying to pull the ring into their own area(learn areas shown below).
Team A pulls with force F1=4𝚤̂+0ȷ̂ KN
Team B →F2=-2ı̂+4ȷ̂ KN
Team C →F3=-3𝚤̂–3ȷ̂ KN
Based on the above information, answer the following.

1. Which team will win the game?
a. Team B
b. Team A
c. Team C
d. No one
2. What is the magnitude of the teams combined force?

a. 7 KN
b. 1.4 KN
c. 1.5 KN
d. 2 KN
3. In what direction is the ring getting pulled?
a. 2.0 radian
b. 2.5 radian
c. 2.4 radian
Page 147 of 234
d. 3 radian
4. What is the magnitude of the forces of Team B?
a. 2√5 KN
b. 6 KN
c. 2 KN
d. √6KN
5. How many KN force is applied by Team A?
a. 5 KN
b. 4 KN
c. 2 KN
d. 16 KN
ANSWERS
1. a. Team B
2. b. 1.4 KN
3. c. 2.4 KN
4. a. 2√5 KN
5. b. 4 KN
CASE STUDY 4:
A class XII student appearing for a competitive examination was asked to attempt
the following questions.
Let a⃗, b⃗and c⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 non zero vectors.
1. If a⃗and b⃗are such that|a⃗ +b⃗|=|a⃗ − b⃗| then
a. a⃗ _|_ b⃗
b. a⃗||b⃗
c. a⃗= b⃗
d. None of these
Page 148 of 234

2. If a⃗= 𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ ,b⃗=2𝑖̂+𝑗̂+3𝑘̂ then evaluate (2a⃗ +b⃗ )∙[(a⃗ +b⃗ )×(a⃗−2b⃗ )]
a. 0
b. 4
c. 3
d. 2
3. If a⃗and b⃗are unit vectors and  be the angle between them then |a⃗ −b⃗ | is
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛
b. 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
c. 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
d. 𝑐𝑜𝑠
4. Let a⃗, b⃗and c⃗be unit vectors such that a⃗ .b⃗=a⃗ ∙c⃗ =0 and angle between b⃗and c⃗is
𝜋/6 then a⃗=
a. 2(b⃗ × c⃗)
b. -2(b⃗ × c⃗)
c. ±2(b⃗ × c⃗)
d. 2(b⃗ ± c⃗ )
5. The area of the parallelogram formed by a⃗and b⃗as diagonals is

a. 70
b. 35
c. √70/2
d. √70
ANSWERS
1. (a) |a⃗ +b⃗|2=|a⃗ −b⃗|2=>2.a⃗∙b⃗ =0, a⃗_|_ b⃗
Page 149 of 234

2. (a) 0
3. (b) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4. (c)±2(b⃗ × c⃗)
5. (c)√70/2 sq units
Page 150 of 234

CASE STUDY 5:
Ishaan left from his village on weekend. First, he travelled up to temple. After this, he left
for the zoo. After this he left for shopping in a mall. The positions of Ishaan at different
places is given in the following graph.

(i) Position vector of B is
(a) 3𝚤̂ + 5𝚥̂ (b) 5𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ (c) −5𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ (d) −5𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂
(ii) Position vector of D is
(a) 5𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ (b) 3𝚤̂ + 5𝚥̂ (c) 8𝚤̂ + 9𝚥̂ (d) 9𝚤̂ + 8𝚥̂
(iii) Find the vector 𝐵𝐶⃗ in terms of 𝚤̂, 𝚥̂.
(a) 𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ (b) 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ (c) 2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ (d) 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂
(iv) Length of vector 𝐴𝐷⃗ is
(a) √67 units (b) √85 units (c) 90 units (d) 100 units
(v) If 𝑀⃗ = 4𝚥̂ + 3𝑘, then its unit vector
(a) 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 (b) 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 (c) − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 (d) − 𝚥̂ − 𝑘
Page 151 of 234

ANSWERS
1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (a)
Page 152 of 234

CHAPTER11-THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
Page 153 of 234

*Note :
Page 154 of 234

Angle between two lines, angle between two planes and angle between a
line and a plane are deleted.
Things to remember :
Direction Cosines of a line
A directed line l passing through origin making angles α, β, γ with x, y and z axes
respectively are called direction angles. Cosine of these angles namely cos α, cos β, cos γ
are called direction cosines of the directed line l.
Direction cosines of a line are denoted by l,m,n
l = cos α ,m = cos β , n = cos γ
If l, m and n are the direction cosine of a line then l2 + m2 + n2 = 1.
Direction ratios of a line
Any three numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line are called the
direction ratios of the line. Direction ratios of a line are denoted as a,b,c .
l = ak, m = bk, n = ck, k being a constant.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝒍= ± 𝒎= ± 𝒏= ±
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
The sign to be taken for l, m and n depend on the desired sign of k, either a positive or
negative.
The direction ratios of the line segment joining the points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2)
may be taken as x2–x1, y2–y1, z2–z1.
Equation of line in space :
1) (a) Equation of a line passing through a point with position vector 𝒂⃗ and parallel to
a given vector 𝒃⃗ is 𝒓⃗ = 𝒂⃗ + 𝝀 𝒃⃗.
(b) Equation of a line passing through the point (x1, y1, z1) and having direction ratios a, b,
𝒙 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 𝒛𝟏
c is = =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
(c) Equation of a line passing through the point (x1, y1, z1) and having direction cosines l,
m, n is = =
𝒍 𝒎 𝒏
Page 155 of 234

2) (a) Equation of a line passing through two points with position vectors 𝒂⃗ and 𝒃⃗ is
𝒓⃗ = 𝒂⃗ + 𝝀( 𝒃⃗ − 𝒂⃗ ) .
𝒙 𝒙𝟏
(b) Equation of a line passing through two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is =
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟏
𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 𝒛𝟏
=
𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟏
Equation of Plane :
1) (a) Equation of a plane in normal form is 𝒓⃗. 𝒏 = 𝒅 where d is the distance of the
plane from the origin and 𝒏 is the unit vector normal to the plane through the
origin .
(b) Equation of a plane which is at a distance of d from the origin ad the direction ratios of
the normal to the plane as a , b , c is ax +by + cz = d .
(c) Equation of a plane which is at a distance of d from the origin ad the direction cosines
of the normal to the plane as l , m , n is lx +my + nz = d .
2) (a) Equation of a plane through a point with position vector 𝒂⃗ and perpendicular to
the vector 𝒏⃗is (𝒓⃗– 𝒂⃗). 𝒏⃗ = 𝟎 .
(b) Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given line with direction ratios a, b, c and
passing through the point (x1, y1, z1) is a(x-x1) +b(y-y1) + c(z-z1) = d .
3) Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points (x 1, y1, z1) , (x2, y2,
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
z2) and (x3 , y3, z3) is 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒛𝟏
4) Equation of a plane that cuts the coordinate axes at (a ,0,0) , (0 ,b ,0) and (0 ,0 ,c)
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
is + + =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
5) (a) Equation of a plane passing through the intersection of the two planes 𝒓⃗. 𝒏𝟏⃗ =
𝒅𝟏 and 𝒓⃗. 𝒏𝟐⃗ = 𝒅𝟐 is 𝒓⃗. (𝒏𝟏⃗ + 𝝀 𝒏𝟐⃗) = 𝒅 𝟏 + 𝝀 𝒅 𝟐 where λ is any non zero
constant .
(b) Equation of a plane passing through the intersection of the two planes a1 x +b1 y + c1 z =
d1and a2 x +b2 y + c2 z = d 2 is
(a1 x +b1 y + c1 z = d1 ) + λ (a2 x +b2 y + c2 z = d 2 ) = 0
Distance Formula :
Page 156 of 234

1) Distance between the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is given by 𝒅=
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐
2) (a) The Shortest Distance between the Skew Lines 𝒓⃗ = 𝒂⃗𝟏 + 𝝀 𝒃⃗𝟏 and 𝒓⃗ =
(𝒂𝟐⃗ 𝒂𝟏⃗). 𝒃𝟏⃗𝜲 𝒃𝟐⃗
𝒂⃗𝟐 + 𝝁 𝒃⃗𝟐 is 𝒅 =
𝒃𝟏⃗𝜲 𝒃𝟐⃗
(b) The Shortest Distance between the Skew Lines = =
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝒛 𝒛𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
and = = is 𝒅=
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 (𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 )𝟐 (𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟏 )𝟐 (𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟏 )𝟐
3) The distance between the parallel lines 𝒓⃗ = 𝒂⃗𝟏 + 𝝀 𝒃⃗ and 𝒓⃗ = 𝒂⃗𝟐 + 𝝁 𝒃⃗ is

𝒃⃗ 𝜲(𝒂𝟐⃗ 𝒂𝟏⃗)
𝒅 =
𝒃⃗
4) (a) The distance of a point whose position vector is 𝒂⃗ from the plane 𝒓⃗. 𝒏 = 𝒅 is
|𝒅 − 𝒂⃗. 𝒏|
(b) The distance from the point (x1, y1, z1) to the plane ax +by + cz - d =0 is
𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄𝒛𝟏 + 𝒅

𝒅=
𝟐
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Page 157 of 234

1. Find the direction cosines of the normal to YZ plane.

2. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line = = cuts the XY
plane.
3. Write direction ratios of the line x=--3, =
4. Write the cartesian equation of a plane at a distance 5√3 units from the
origin and normal to it , which is equally inclined to co-ordinate axes
5. Write the sum of the intercepts cut off by the plane 𝑟⃗.(2i+j-k) -5=0 on the
axes.
6. Write the distance of the point (3,-5, 12) from the x-axis.
7. Find the co-ordinates of the point which is the reflection of the point (1,-2,3)
in the XZ plane.
8. If the cartesian equation of a line is = = , write its vector

equation.
9. . Write the cartesian equation of a plane passing through (a,b,c) and
parallel to the plane 𝑟⃗.(i+j+k) = 2
10. Find the angle between the planes 𝑟.⃗(i^- 2j-2k)=1 and 𝑟⃗.(3i-6j+2k) =0
Page 158 of 234

11. Find the cartesian equation of a plane with intercepts 3,-4,2 on x,y and z
axes.
12. Find the distance between the planes 2x-y+2z=5 and 5x-2.5y +5z=20
14. Find the vector equation of a line passes through (-1,3,5) and parallel to the
line = ,z= 2
15. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2,-3,4) on the y-
axis.
16. Find the value of k such that the planes x-2y+4z=10 and 18x+17y+kz=50
are perpendicular P is a point on a line joining (3,2,-1) and (6,2,-2) . If x co-
ordinate of P is 5, find its Y co-ordinate.
17. Find the distance of the plane𝑟⃗ . (2i+3j-6k)+2 =0 from the origin.
18. Write the vector equation of a line passing through ( -1,5,2) and
perpendicular to the plane z=0 .
19. Write the vector equation of a line passing through ( -1,5,2) and
perpendicular to the plane z=0 .
20. . If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular, find the
value of k .
21. Write direction cosines of a line parallel to z-axis.
22. If the line = = is parallel to the plane 3x-2y+cz=14,find the value
of c
Page 159 of 234

23. The equation of a line is = = ,find the direction cosines of of a line

parallel to the given line.
24. If α,β, ϒ are the direction angles of a line, find the value of sin 2α + sin2β+sin2ϒ
25. If a line makes angles 90 0 and 600with the positive direction of x and y axes
,find the angle which it makes with positive direction of z -axis.
ANSWERS
1)1,0,0. 2) (0,0,0) 3)0,3,-1
4)x+y+z=15 5) 5/2 6)13
7) (1,-2,-3) 8)𝑟⃗=3i-4j+3k+𝜇(−5𝑖 + 7𝑗 + 2𝑘)
9)x+y+z-a-b-c-2=0
10) cos (11/21) 11)4x-3y+6z=12 12) 1
13)𝑟⃗ =-i+3j+5k+ 𝜇(2𝑖 + 3𝑗)
14) (0,-3,0) 15) 4 16)2
17) 2/7 18)𝑟⃗ =-i+5j+(4 + 𝜇)𝑘 19) x-3z-10=0
20) -2/3 21)0,0,1 22)-2
23)-2/7,3/7,6/7 24) 2 25) π/6
Page 160 of 234

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the value of k so that the lines x = -y = kz and x – 2 = 2y + 1 = -z + 1 are
perpendicular to each other.
2. The x – coordinate of a point on the line joining the points P (2, 2, 1 ) and
Q (5, 1, -2) is 4 . Find its z- co ordinate
3. Check whether the lines passing through (1, 1, 2) and (3,5,1) is parallel to
the line through (4, 2,-1) and (2, -2 , 0)
4. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the line passing through the points
(3, -2, -5) and ,(3, -2, 6)
5. Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin
2x + 3y + 4z -12=0
6. Check if the planes 7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and 3x - y – 10z + 4 =0 are parallel or

perpendicular. If they are neither parallel nor perpendicular find the angle
between them.
7. Find the coordinates of the point, where the line through (5, 1, 6 ) and ( 3, 4, 1)
crosses the YZ- Plane.
8. Find the distance of the point (– 2, 4, – 5) from the line = =
9. If a line makes angles α, β, γ with the positive directions of the coordinate axes,
then calculate the value of sin2α + sin2 β + sin2 γ is
10. If a line in the xz-plane makes an angle 30 degrees with x-axis, then find the
direction cosines of the lines
Page 161 of 234

11. If the equation of a line is x = ay + b, z = cy + d, then find the direction ratios of the
line and a point on the line.
12. If A(8,3,2),B(7,1,4) and C(5,3,5) are the vertices of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶. Find ABC
13. Find the equation of a line passing through the points P( -1, 3,2) and Q(-4,2,-2).
Also ,if point R(5, 5, 𝛼) is collinear with P and Q then find the value of 𝛼
14. Find the unit vector normal to the plane 2x + 3y + 6z = 4
15. Find angle between two planes 3x – 6y +2z = 7 and 2x + 2y -2z = 5
16. Show that the plane𝑟⃗. 𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ − 5𝑘⃗ = 13 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑟⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘⃗ + 𝜇(4𝚤⃗ +
8𝚥⃗ − 20𝑘)⃗ are perpendicular to each other
17. Find the co ordinates of the points where the line = = meets the plane
x–y+z–5=0
18. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 5, 2) and having direction
ratios 2,3,2 and find the distance of the plane from origin
19. Find the equation of the plane with intercepts 3, -4, and 2 on x , y and z – axes
respectively. Find the equation in vector form also
20. What is the distance between the planes 3x + 4y -7 =0 and 6x + 8y + 6 =0
Answers( 2 Marks)
Page 162 of 234

x y z x  2 y 1 z 1
  and  
1 The lines are : 1  1 1 / k 1 1/ 2 1
Since these lines are perpendicular 1x1 – 1/2x1-1/kx1=0
1 - ½ -1/k = 0 , k = 2
x  2 y  2 z 1
 
2 The equation of lines are 3 1 3
Any point n this line is ( 3k+2, -k+2, -3k+1 )
3k+2=4  k=2/3Z co ordinate = -3x2/3 + 1 =-2 + 1 = -1
3 The direction ratios of line joining (1, 1, 2) and (3, 5, 1) are 2,4,-1
The direction ratios of line joining (4, 2,-1)and (2, -2, 0) are -2,-4,1
Since the direction ratios are proportional they are parallel
x3 y2 z5

 
4 i) Cartesian equation : 3  3  2  2 6  5
  
ii) Vector Equation : a   (b  a)
   
3i  2 j  6k   (11k )
5 The direction ratios of the normal to the plane are: 2, 3, 4
The equations of the normal through origine is
= = ¸ = =
Any point on this line is ( 2k, 3k, 4k)
If this lies on the plane, it satisfies the equation of given plane and k=12 /29
Then the foot of the perpendicular is ( 24/29, 36/29, 48/29 ) `
6 Direction ratios of normals are 7, 5, 6 and 3, -1, -10
Since 7/3 ≠ 5/-1 ≠ 6/10 they are not parallel
Since 7 x 3 – 1 x 5 -10 x 6 ≠ 0 they are not perpendicular
Angle between the planes = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠

√ √
Page 163 of 234

7 The equation of the line passing through the points is = =
𝑥−5 𝑦−1 𝑧−6

= =
−1 3 −5
Any point on this line (5-2k, 1+3k, 6-5k)
The point where the line crosses YZ plane, x=0
k = 5/2
Putting this value we get the point as ( 0, 17/2, -13/2)
8 Here P (–2, 4, – 5) is the given point.
Any point Q on the line is given by ( 3-3, 5 + 4, 6-8)
𝑃𝑄⃗ = (3𝛾 − 1)𝐼 + 5𝛾𝐽 + (6𝛾 − 3)𝑘
Here PQ and the given line are perpendicular
Therefore (3𝛾 − 1)3 + 5𝛾. 5 + (6𝛾 − 3)6 = 0 and 𝛾 = 3/10
1 1 12
𝑃𝑄⃗ = ( )𝑖 + 𝑗 − ( )𝑘
10 10 10
Magnitude of PQ =
9 The direction cosines are cos𝛼, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 denoted by l , m , n
Now l2+m2 +n2=1
sin2𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 3 − 1 = 2
10 Since the line lies in xz plane and makes an angle 30 degrees with x-axis it will make
90-30 = 60 degrees with z axis. And 90 degrees with y axis as the x-z plane is
perpendicular to xz plane. Therefore the direction cosines are cos30,cos90, and
cos60
Ie√3/2,0,1/2
11 Using both the conditions =𝑦 =𝑦
= =
Page 164 of 234

Direction ratios of the given line are a, 1, c and a point on the given line and the
point on the given line is (b,0,d)
12 direction ratios of BA are 8-7, 3-1, 2-4, ie 1, 2,-2
direction ratios of BC are 5-7, 3-1, 5-4 ie -2, 2, 1
the angle between these two sides cos 𝜃 = =0

√ √
Hence the angle is a right angle
13 The equation of the line passing through P and Q is = =
Since the given point is collinear with the points P and Q ,
R(5, 5, 𝛼) satisfies the equation so substituting in the given equation we get the answer to
be 𝛼 = 10
14 Vector normal to plane is 2i + 3j + 6k
Therefore unit vector =2/7i + 3/7j + 6/7k
15 direction ratios of normal to the planes are respectively 3, -6, 2 and 2 ,2,-2
Angle between planes cos 𝜃 =
=
√
16 Direction ratios of normal to the plane are 1, 2, -5
Direction ratios of the line are 4, 8, -20 ie 1, 2, -5
They are proportional and hence normal and line are parallel
Therefore line and plane are perpendicular
17 Any point on the line = = is (3k + 2, 4k – 1, 2k + 1 )
This point satisfies this equation x – y + z – 5 = 0 this gives k=0
Therefore the point of intersection is (2, -1, 2)
18 The equation of the plane is 2( x- 1) + 3 ( y – 5 ) + 2 ( z – 2) = 0
2x + 3y + 2z -21 = 0
(xi +yj + zk )(2i + 3j +2k) = 21
Page 165 of 234

𝑟⃗. ( )=
√ √
19 Equation is + + =1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
− + =1
3 4 2
4x – 3y + 6z = 12
The vector form is 𝑟.⃗ (4𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 ) = 12
20 put x = 1 in the first equation then y = 1, ( 1, 1, 0 ) is a point on the first plane
Now using the formula for distance , distance from point to plane is= 2
Two Mark Questions
1. The points A(1,2,3), B(-1,-2,-3)and C(2,3,2) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

Then find the equation of CD.
2. Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of from the origin
√
and its normal vector from the origin is 2𝚤̂- 3𝚥̂ +4𝑘
3. If the line = = lies in the plane x+3y-cz+d =0 ,then find the values of c and
d.
4. If the plane passes through the point (1,1,1) and is perpendicular to the line
= = , then find the perpendicular distance of this plane from the origin
5. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line = = crosses the XY-
plane
6. If the line drawn from the point (-2,-1,-3) meets a plane at right angles at the point
(1,-3, 3), find the equation of the plane.
Page 166 of 234

7. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (-1,3,2) and
perpendicular to the planes x+2y+3z=5 and3x+3y+z=0
8. Find the intercepts made by the plane 2x-3y+5z=15 on the co-ordinate axes
9. Find the distance of the point (2,1,-1) from the plane x-2y+4z-9=0.
10. Find the vector equation of the line which passes through the point (-2,4,-5)and
parallel to the line = =
11. Let P(3,2,6) be a point in the space and Q be a point on the line
𝑟⃗=(𝚤̂- 𝚥̂ +2𝑘 )+µ(−3 𝚤̂-+𝚥̂ +5𝑘 ), then find the value of µ for which 𝑃𝑄⃗ is parallel to
the plane x-4y+3z=1
12. Find the point of intersection of the of the line 𝑟⃗= (2 𝚤̂- 𝚥̂ +2𝑘 )+𝜆(3 𝚤̂-+4𝚥̂ +2𝑘 ) and
the plane line 𝑟⃗. (𝚤̂- 𝚥̂ +𝑘 )= 5
13. Find the value of k so that the lines x=-y=kz and x-2= 2y+1=-z+1 are perpendicular
to each other
14. Let A(3,5,-4) , B(-1,1,2) and C(-5,-5,-2) are the vertices of ∆ABC. Find the direction
cosines of the median through the vertex A
15. Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and parallel to XZ
plane.
16. If the z co-ordinate of a point P on the join of A(2,2,1) and B(5,1,-2) is -1 , then find
the x co-ordinate of the point P
17. Show that the points 𝚤̂- 𝚥̂ +3𝑘 and3(𝚤̂+ 𝚥̂ +𝑘) are equidistant from the plane 𝑟⃗. (5 𝚤̂-
+2𝚥̂ -7𝑘 +9=0 and lies on opposite side of it
Page 167 of 234

18. Find the vector equation of the perpendicular drawn from the point (1,-2,3) to the
plane 2x-3y+4z+9=0
19. Find the equation of the plane parallel to the line = = , which contains
the point (5,2,-1) and passes through origin.
20. The equation of a line is 5x-3 = 15y+7 = 3-10z .Write the direction cosines of the
line
ANSWERS( 2 Marks )
1.Let D(a,b,c) A (1,2,3) B(-1,-2,-3)
Midpoint of AC = Midpoint of BD
(3/2,5/2,5/2) = (-1+a /2, -2+b /2,-3+c /2 )
a=4, b=7 , c=8 D(4,7,8)
Equation of CD is = = D (a,b,c) C(2,3,2)
= =
̂ ̂
2.𝑛⃗=2𝚤̂- 3𝚥̂ +4𝑘 , 𝑛 = 𝑛⃗/| 𝑛⃗| , 𝑛 =
√
̂ ̂
Vector equation of the plane is 𝑟⃗. 𝑛 = d ,𝑟⃗. ( )=
√ √
3.Since the line lies in the plane , (2,1,-2) is a point on the plane x+3y-cz+d =0
2+3x1-++2c+d=0 , 2c+d=-5
d.r’s of the plane are 1,3, -c , d.r’s of the line are 3, -5, 2
1x3+3x-5+-cx2=0 , c= - 6 and d=7
Page 168 of 234

4. Equation of the plane is A(x-x1) +B(y-y1) +C(z-z1) =0 , 3(x-1)+0(y-1)+4(z-1)=0 , 3x+4z-7=0
D= | |=
5. Equation of the line is = = =λ
Any point on the line is (2λ+3 , -3λ+4, 5λ+1)
The point at which the line crosses the XY plane , z co-ordinate=0 , , 5λ+1 = 0 , λ = -1/5
Then the point is (13/5 , 23/5, 0)
6. d.r’s of the normal to the plane are 3 , -2 , 6
Then the equation of the plane is A(x-x1) +B(y-y1) +C(z-z1) =0
3(x-1) -2(y-+3) +6(z-3) =0 , 3x-2y+6z-27=0
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧−2

7.Equation of the plane is 1 2 3 = 0 , 7x- 8y +3z +25=0
3 3 1
8. 2x-3y+5z=15 , - + =1 , , + + =1
/
Intercepts are 15/2 , -5 , 3
9.
D= | |, | | , | |=
√ √ √ √
10.d.r’s of the required line are 3 , -5 , 6
Cartesian equation of the line is = =
Vector equation of the line is line 𝑟⃗= (−2 𝚤̂+4𝚥̂-5𝑘 )+𝜆(3 𝚤̂--5𝚥̂ +6𝑘)
11. let Q ( -3µ+1 , µ-1 , 5µ+2 )
𝑃𝑄⃗ = (-3µ-2) i+(µ-3) j +(5µ-4) k
D,r’s of PQ are -3µ-2 , µ-3, 5µ-4
d.r’s of the normal to the plane are 1 , -4 , 3
since PQ perpendicular to the normal ,( -3µ-2) -4( µ-3)+3( 5µ-4)=0 , , µ= ¼
12.Let the point of intersection be P ( (3λ+2 , 4λ-1, 2λ+2)
Page 169 of 234

Since P lies on the plane x-y+z-5=0 , 3λ+2- 4λ+1+ 2λ+2-5=0 , λ=0
P( 2, -1, 2)
13.The given lines = = and

/
/
= =
/
Since the lines are perpendicular 1x1 + -1x1/2 + 1/k x-1 =0 , k=2
14. Midpoint of BC is M (-3,-2,0) A(3,5,-4)
d.r’s of AM are -6 , -7 , 4
d.c’s of AM are , ,
√ √ √
B(-1,1,2) M C(-5,-5,-2)
B C
M(-3,-2,0)
15.Since the plane is parallel to the XZplane , it’s equation is y=k , where k is a constant
Since y-intercept is 3 ,it passes through the point (0,3,0). Therefore k=3Hence the equation
of the plane is y=3
16.Let P divides AB in the ratio k: 1.Then P( =, , )
Since the z co-ordinate of P = -1, = -1 , k=2
Then x co-ordinate of P is 4
17.We can show that midpoint of the line joining (1,-1 3) and (3,3,3) lies on the given plane
Midpoint M( 2, 1, 3)
Equation of the given plane is 5x+2y-7z+9=0, put M in it
5x2+2x1-7x3 +9=0
Therefore the given two points lie on opposite sides of the plane and equidistant from the
plane
18. d.r’s of the perpendicular are 2 , -3 , 4
Equation of the perpendicular is = =
Page 170 of 234

= =
19.Equation of the plane passes through the origin is Ax+By+Cz =0………(1)
d.r’s of the given line are 1 , 3 , 2
Since the plane is parallel to the line , normal and the line are perpendicularA+3B+2C=0
Since eq(1) passes through the point (5, 2, -1) , 5A+2B-C=0
= = , A = -7 , B=11 , C = -13
Equation of the plane is 7x-11y+13z=0

/ / /
20. Equation of the line is = =
/ / /
D.r;s of the line are 1/5 , 1/15 , 1/-10 . These can be written as
a =3 , b=1 , c= -3/2
d,c;s of the line are , ,
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:
1 Find the direction cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are A (3,5,-4) 3
, B(-1,1,2) and C (-5,-5,-2)
2 Find the sum of the intercepts made by the plane 2x + y –z = 5 on the coordinate 3
axis
3 If A ( 6,-6,0) B(-1,-7,6) C (3,-4,4) and D (2,-9,2) be four points in space . Show that 3
AB is perpendicular to CD
4 Find the vector and Cartesian equation of a line passing through (-1,0,2) and 3
parallel to the vector2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘
5 Find the equation of the line passing through origin and parallel to Z –axis. 3
6 Find the equation of line passing through (1,2,3) and midpoint of the line joining 3
(2,-1,3) and (1,2,5)
7 The equation of a line is 3x+1 = 6y -2 = 1-z Find the fixed point through which it 3
passes and its direction ratios.
Page 171 of 234

8 Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (4,-7,3) on the y axis 3
9 Find the distance of a plane x – 2y – 2z = 12 from origin. Also find the direction 3
cosines of the normal to the plane.
10 Find the direction cosines of perpendicular from the origin to the plane 𝑟̅ . (2𝚤̂ − 3
3𝚥̂ − 6𝑘) +5 =0
11 Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin 3
and which is normal to the vector: 3𝚤̂ + 5𝚥̂ − 6𝑘.
12 Find the equation of the line passing through the point P(2,-1,3) and perpendicular 3
to the lines . →= 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 + 𝜆 2𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and→= 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 + µ(𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ +
2𝑘 )
13 Find the value of ,𝜆 so that the lines = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 3
are perpendicular to each other
14 Find the coordinates of the point where the line = = meets the plane 3
x+y+4z = 6.
15 Show that the lines = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 𝑧 intersect. Also, find 3

the point of intersection
16 Find the equation of the plane containing the lines = = and = 4
= Also show that these are coplanar.
17 Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 to the line𝑟̅ 4
= 𝚥̂ + 2𝑘+λ (𝚤̂ + 2 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘) .Also find the length of the perpendicular.
18 Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0,-1,0),(1,1,1) and 4
(3,3,0).
19 Find the equation of plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes 4
x+2y+3z =4 and 2x+y-z+5 =0 and perpendicular to the plane 5x+3y+6z+8 =0.
20 Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 3x –y+2z-4= 4
0 and x +y+z-2 = 0 and the point (2, 2, 1)
21 Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4
3𝑧 + 4 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 1 = 0 and making equal intercepts on the
coordinate axes.
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22 Find the equation of the plane passing through the points 4
(-1,2,0) (2,2,1) and parallel to the line = =
23 Find the distance of the point (1,-2,3) from the plane 4
x-y+z=5 measured parallel to the line = =
24 Find the distance of the point (-2,3,-4) from the line = = measure 4
parallel to the plane 4x + 12y - 3z+1 =0
25 Find the equation of the plane passing through the point 4
( -1,3,2) and perpendicular to each of the plane
x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x+ 3y + z = 0
ANSWERS (3 Marks )
1 Direction ratio of AB -4,-4,6
Direction cosine of AB , ,
√ √ √
Direction ratio of AC 8,10,-2
Direction cosine of AC
√ √ √
Direction ratio of BC -4,-6,-4
Direction cosine of BC , ,
√ √ √
2 2x + y –z = 5
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+ + =1
5/2 5 −5
Sum of intercepts =5/2
3 To prove AB is perpendicular to CD
Prove that 𝐴𝐵 . 𝐶𝐷 =0
dr of AB is -7,-1,6 , dr of CD is -1,-5,-2
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AB.CD = 7+5-12 =0
4 𝑎=−𝚤̂ + 2𝑘 𝑏 =2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘
𝑟̅ = −𝚤̂ + 2𝑘 + λ(2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘)
= -
5 dr’s of z-axis is 0,0,1
required equation is = =
6 Midpoint of (2,-1,5) and (1,2,3) is ( , , 4)
Dr of line joining midpoint and (1,2,3) is ½, ,1
Equation of the line is𝑟̅ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 + λ( 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘)
7. 𝑥 − (− ) 𝑦 − 1/3 𝑧 − 1
= =
1/3 1/6 −1
( , , 1) drs (2,1,-6)
8 Point on y-axis is (o,-7,0)
Length of the perpendicular = 5
9 x – 2y – 2z = 12
x – 2y – 2z 12
=
√9 √9
+ + =4
Distance is 4 and the direction cosines are 1/3,-2/3,-2/3
10 ( , , )
11 r.(
̂ ̂
) =7
√
12 →= 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘
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→= 𝑏1 𝑋 𝑏2
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟̅ = 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 + λ(𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 𝑘)
13 1 − 𝑥 7𝑦 − 14 5𝑧 − 10
= =
3 2𝜆 11
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−2
= = → (𝑖)
−3 2𝜆/7 11/5
7 − 7𝑥 𝑦 − 5 6 − 𝑧
= =
3𝜆 1 5
𝑥−1 𝑦−5 𝑧−6
= = → (𝑖𝑖)
− 1 −5
(i) And (ii) are perpendicular
-3(− )+ (1) + (-5) =0
𝜆 = 7
14 = = =𝜆
X = 2𝜆 − 1 , 𝑦 = 3𝜆 − 2, 𝑧 = 4𝜆 − 3
(x,y,z) lies onthe plane x+y+4z = 6.
2 𝜆 − 1 + 3𝜆 − 2 + 4(4𝜆 − 3) = 6
𝜆 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (1,1,1)
15 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

= = = 𝜆
2 3 4
X= 2𝜆 + 1, 𝑦 = 3𝜆 + 2, 𝑧 = 4𝜆 + 3
= = 𝑧=k
X=5k+4,y =2k+1, z=k
Lines intersect means 2 𝜆 + 1 = 5𝑘 + 4
3𝜆 + 2 = 2𝑘 + 1
𝜆 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −1
4𝜆 + 3 = 𝑘 this equation is true for
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𝜆 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −1
Hence lines are intersecting and the point of intersection is (-1,-1,-1)
16 Equation of the plane containing the given lines
𝑥+3 𝑦−1 𝑧−5

−3 1 5 =0
−1 2 5
x-2y+z =0
(-3,1,5) and (-1,2,5) are points on the line
Equation of the plane satisfies these points so the lines are coplanar.
17. Let P be the given point and Q be the foot of the perpendicular on the line𝑟̅ =
𝚥̂ + 2𝑘+λ (𝚤̂ + 2 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘)
Any point on the line is (λ,2λ+1,3λ+2)
dr’s of PQ is λ-1,2λ-5,3λ-1
PQ is perpendicular to the line
(λ-1) +(2 λ-5)2 +(3 λ-1)3 =0 , λ = 1
Foot of the perpendicular is (1,3,5) Length of the perpendicular is √13
18 Equation of plane passing through given three points
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 =0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
So equation is4x-3y+2z-3=0
19 Equation of the plane passing through the intersection of planesx+2y+3z -4

+λ(2x+y-z+5) =0
(1+2λ)x +(2+λ)y +(3-λ) -4 +5λ =0→ (𝑖)
(i) is perpendicular to 5x+3y+6z+8 =0
(1+2 λ)5 +(2+ λ)3+(3- λ)6=0
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λ=
substitute the value of λ in (i) the equation of plane is
51x+15y+50z+173=0
3x –y+2z-4+ λ (x +y+z-2) = 0
20 (3+ λ)x+(-1+ λ)y+(2+ λ)z-4-2 λ=0→ (𝑖)
(i) contains the point(2,2,1)
(3+ λ)2+(-1+ λ)2+(2+ λ)-4-2 λ=0 , λ =
Equation of plane is7 X- 5y +4z -8 = 0
21 Equation of palne through the intersection of planes
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 4 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 1 = 0 is
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 4 + λ(3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 1) = 0
(2+3 λ)x +(1+4 λ)y +(-3+8 λ)z +4- λ=0
λ−4 λ−4 λ−4

= =
2+3λ 1 + 4 λ −3 + 8 λ
So λ=1
Equation of the plane is 5x+5y+5z+3=0
22 equation of the plane passing through the points
(-1,2,0) (2,2,1) and parallel to the line = =
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧
3 0 1 =0 X- 4y -3z +9 = 0
1 1 −1
23 Equation of line parallel to the given line and passing through given point is
= =
X= 2 λ +1, y= 3 λ-2, z= -6 λ+3
2 λ +1-( 3 λ-2) -6 λ+3 =5 , λ =1/7
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X= 9/7,y=-11/7, z= 15/7
Distance is 1 unit
24 Any point on the given line is (3 λ -2, , )
Dr’s of line passing through the given point is
3 λ, ,
Equation of the plane is 4x + 12y - 3z+1 =0
4(3 λ) +12( ) – 3( ) =0 , λ=2
Coordinate of the point is (4,5/2,2) and the distance is
17/2 units
25 𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧−2

Equation of the plane is 1 2 3 =0
3 3 1
7x-8y+3z+25=0
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

1. Find the Vector and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the
points (2, 2, -1), (3,4,2) and (7,0,6). Also, find the vector equation of a
plane passing through (4,3,1) and parallel to the plane obtained above
2. Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A
(1,8,4) to the line joining B (0, -1,3) and C (2,-3,-1).
3. (a) Find the image of the point (1,6,3) in the line: = =
(b) Also, find the length of the segment joining the given point and its
image
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4. Find the vector equation of the plane that contains the

line r⃗ =(i^+j^)+λ(i^+2j^−k^) and the point (-1, 3, -4). Also find the length of
the perpendicular from the point (2,1,4) to the plane, thus obtained.
5. Find the vector equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the
planes:
r⃗ ⋅(i^+2j^+3k^) – 4 = 0,
r⃗ ⋅(2i^+j^−k^) + 5 = 0
and which is perpendicular to the plane r⃗ ⋅(5i^+3j^−6k^) + 8 = 0
6. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (2,3, -1) and
parallel to the planes:
r⃗ ⋅(3i^+4j^+2k^) = 5 and r⃗ ⋅(3i^−2j^−2k^) = 4.
7. Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular Q drawn from P(3,2,1)
to the plane 2x – y + z + 1 = 0. Also, find the distance PQ and the image of
the point P treating this plane as a mirror.
Find the co-ordinates of the point P, where the line through A(3, -4,-5) and B
(2, – 3, 1) crosses the plane passing through three points L(2,2,1), M(3,0,1)
and N(4, -1,0).
9. Find the equation of the plane through the line = = and parallel
to the line: = =
10. Find the distance of the point (1,-2,3)) from the plane measured parallel to
the line whose direction cosines are proportional to 2,3,-6
ANSWERS: (5 Marks)
1. 𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧+1
Required equation is 3 − 2 4 − 2 2 + 1 =0
7−2 0−2 6+1
Expanding the determinant and reduce the equation we get 5x+2y-3z-17=0
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Vector form is 𝑟 . (5i+2j-3k)-17=0
Vector equation of plane passing through (4,3,1) and parallel to the above
plane is 𝑟̅ . ( 5i+2j- 3k) = (4i+3j+k).( 5i+2j- 3k) = 23
2. Let D be the foot of the perpendicular
Equation of line BC is 𝑟̅ = -j+3k + t( 2i-2j -4k )
Therefore any point D on the line is ( 2t, -1-2t, 3- 4t)
Since AD is perpendicular to BC, (2t-1)x2 + ( -1-2t-8)x(-2) + (3-4t-4)x(-4)=0
Solving we get t= -5/6
So the required point D is ( -5/3,2/3, 19/3)
3. P(1,6,3)
R(a,b,c)
Q is the foot of the perpendicular from P
Therefore Q is ( t,2t+1,3t+2)
PQ is perpendicular to the line = = , so we have
( t-1)x1 + (2t+1-6)x2 +( 3t+2-3)x3=0
t = 1
Q is ( 1,3,5)
Using midpoint formula image is (1,0,7)
Required distance PR = 2√13 using distance formula
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4. 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−0

Equation of the plane is −1 − 1 3−1 −4 − 0 =0 expanding the
1 2 −1
determinant
x-y-z=0 that is 𝑟̅ .(i-j-k)=0 Perpendicular distance from (2,1,4) is

√
=√3
5. Required equation is x+2y+3z-4 + t( 2x+y-z +5)=0-------------------(1)
Normal vector is (1+2t)I + (2+t)j +(3-t)k
Normal vector of given plane = 5i+3j-6k
Since planes are perpendicular (1+2t)x5+(2+t)x3 +(3-t)x(-6)=0
t= 7/1
Equation (1) becomes 33x+45y+50z =41
Vector form 𝑟̅ .(33i+45j+50k) =41
6. Point (2,3,-1)
Normal vectors of given plans are 3i+4j+2k and 3i-2j-2k
Therefore equation is 𝑟̅ = (2i+3j-k) +t [(3i+4j+2k)x(3i-2j-2k)]
𝑟̅ = (2i+3j-k) +t ( 2i- 6j +9k)
P(3,2,1)
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7.
R(a,b,c)
Q be the foot of the perpendicular from P ( it lies on the plane)
Equation of PQ is 𝑟 = (3i+2j+k) +t( 2i-j+k)
Point Q is (3+2t,2-t, 1+t)
Since Q lies on the plane 2( 3+2t) – (2-t)+ (1+t) +1=0
t= -1
therefore Q is (1,3,0)
Using distance formula PQ = √6 units
Using mid pointformula image is (-1,4,-1)
8. Equation of line AB is 𝑟̅ = 3i-4j-5k+t( -i+j+6k)
Any point on AB is (3-t,-4+t, -5+6t
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1

Equation of plane is 3 − 2 0 − 2 1 − 1 =0
4 − 2 −1 − 2 0 − 2
2x +y+z -7 =0
Since the point on AB lies on the plane 2(3-t)-4+t-5+6t-7=0
t=2therefore required point is(1,-2,7)
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𝑥−1 𝑦−4 𝑧−4

Required equation is 3 2 −2 =0 expanding the determinant
2 4 1
10x-7y +8z -14=0
10. P(1,-2,3)
Q(a,b,c)
Let Q(a,b,c) be the point on the given plane x-y+z = 5
Since, PQ is parallel to the given line, equation of PQ is 𝑟̅ = i - 2j + 3k + t(2i + 3j – 6k)
Therefore, any point Q on PQ is given by (1 + 2t, -2 + 3t, 3 - 6t)
Since Q lies on given plane we have 1 + 2t – (-2 + 3t) + 3 – 6t =5
Solving we get t = 1/7
Therefore, Q is ( 9/7, -11/7, 15/7)
Hence the required distance PQ = 1 unit (using distance formula)
Case Study Questions
QUESTION 1
Two colleges A and B organised a football match for collecting funds for helping
the rehabilitation of flood victims. A team from each college is chosen.
Remaining students of college A and B are respectively sitting on the plane
Page 183 of 234
represented by the equationr⃗ ⋅(𝚤̂ - 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 )=4and r⃗ ⋅(2𝚤 -𝚥̂ + 𝑘 )= 8to cheer up
the team of their respective colleges.
(i) The cartesian equation of the plane on which students of college A are seated
is
(a) x - 2y +z = 4 (b) 2x + y +z = 4 (c) x + y + 2z = 7 (d) x + y + z = 7
(ii) The magnitude of the normal to the plane on which students of college B are
seated, is
(a) √5 (b) √6 (c) √3 (d) √2
(iii) The intercept form of the equation of the plane on which students of school
B are seated, is
(a) + + =1 (b) + + =1 (c) + + =1 (d) + + =1

( )
(iv)If Martin,a student of college B is sitting at the position where the plane
crosses X-axis, then position of Martin is
(a)(4,-8,4) (b) (4,-8,0) (c) (4,0,0)(d)none of these
(v) The distance of the plane, on which students of college B are seated, from
(1,1,1) is
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(a) √5 units (b) √6 units (c) 6 units (d) √2 units
ANSWER i(a) ii (b) iii(b) iv(c) v(b)
QUESTION 2
Anu made a cuboidal fish tank having coordinates O (0,0,0) ,A(1,0,0), B(1,2,0)
C(0,2,0) ,D(1,2,3), E0,2,3),F(0,0,3) and G(1,0,3)
Based on the above information ,answer the following questions.

1.Direction cosines of AB are
(a) < 1,1,0 > (b) < 0,2,0 > (c) <0,1,0> (d) none of these
2.Equation of diagonal OD is
(a) = = (b) = = (c) = = (d) none of these
3.Equation of plane OABC is

(a) x= 0 (b) y = 0 (c) z = 0 (d) none of these
4.Equation of plane ABDG is
(a) x= 1 (b) y = 2 (c) z = 3 (d) none of these
5.The lines AB and OD are
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(a)parallel (b)intersecting (c) skew lines (d) perpendicular
ANSWERi(c) ii (a)iii(c) iv (a) v (c)
QUESTION 3
The equation of motion of a rocket are: x = 4t, y = -2t, z = 4t, where the time 't'
is given in seconds, and the distance measured is in kilometres.

(i) What is the path of the rocket?
(a)Straight line (b)circle (c) parabola (d) hyperbola
(ii) If the line = = is parallel to the equation of path of rocket ,then k is
(a) 4(b) -4(c)3 (d) none of these

(iii) The coordinates of the point where the rocket crosses the plane 2x-y+z=7is
(a) (2,-4,4) (b) (3,-6,6) (c) (2,-1,2) (d) none of these
(iv)At what distance will the rocket be from the starting point (0, 0, 0) in 10
seconds?
(a)40km (b) 60km (c) 30km (d) 80km

(v) If the position of rocket at certain instant of time is (3, -6, 6), then what will
be the height of the rocket from the ground, which is along the xy-plane?
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(a)4 km (b) 3km (c) 2km (d) 6 km
ANSWER i(a) ii(b) iii(c)iv(b) v(d)
QUESTION 4
A student drew 2 skew lines as shown below with their points through which
they pass and their directions 𝑏 ⃗ and 𝑏 ⃗ . The equations of these two lines
𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙 are given by = = and = =
Based on the information ,answer the following
1.The vector 𝑏⃗ x 𝑏 ⃗ equals
(a) 5𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 7𝑘 (b) 4𝚤̂ −5𝚥̂ − 6𝑘 (c)𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 (d) none of these
2.The vector 𝑀𝑁⃗ equals
(a) 4𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 8𝑘 (b) 5𝚤̂ − 6𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 (c)5𝚤̂ + 5𝚥̂ + 5𝑘 (d) none of these
3.The shortest distance between these two lines 𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙 is
(a) √2 units (b) √3 units (c) √5 units (d) none of these
4.Thelines = = and = = are
(a)parallel (b)intersecting (c) skew lines (d) perpendicular
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5. The shortest distance between the lines = = and = = is
(a) √2 units (b) √3 units (c) √5 units (d) none of these
ANSWERi(a) ii(c)iii(b) iv (a) v(b)
QUESTION 5
A mobile tower stands at the top of a hill. Consider the surface on which tower
stands as a plane having points A(0, 1,2), B(3, 4, -1) and C(2, 4, 2) on it. The
mobile tower is tied with 3 cables from the point A, Band C such that it stands
vertically on the ground. The peak of the tower is at the point (4,0,2), as shown
in the figure.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions
(i) The equation of plane passing through the points A, Band C is

(a) 3x -4y +z = 0 (b) 3x -2y + z = 0 (c) 3x +2y +z =0(d) 4x -3y +3z =0
(ii)The height of the tower from the ground is
(a) 6 units (b) 2 units (c)√14 units (d) 14 units
(iii)The equation of line of perpendicular drawn from the peak of tower to the
ground is
(a) = = (b) = = (c) = = (d) none of these

Page 188 of 234
(iv) ) The coordinates of foot of perpendicular drawn from the peak of tower to
the ground are
(a)(1,2,3) (b) (1, 2,0) (c) (1,2,1) (d) (-2,0,2)
(v) If Q is the reflection of the point P (4,0,2) in the plane containing the points
A ,B,C ,then the coordinates of Q is
(a)(1,2,3) (b) (1, 2,0) (c) (1,2,1) (d) (-2,4,0)
ANSWER i (b) ii(c) iii (b) iv(c) v(d)
Page 189 of 234

CHAPTER 13
PROBABILITY
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Event: A subset of the sample space associated with a random experiment is called an
event or a case.
e.g. In tossing a coin, getting either head or tail is an event.
Equally Likely Events: The given events are said to be equally likely if none of them is
expected to occur in preference to the other.
e.g. In throwing an unbiased die, all the six faces are equally likely to come.
Mutually Exclusive Events: A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive, if the

happening of one excludes the happening of the other, i.e. if A and B are mutually exclusive,
then (A ∩ B) = Φ
e.g. In throwing a die, all the 6 faces numbered 1 to 6 are mutually exclusive, since if any
one of these faces comes, then the possibility of others in the same trial is ruled out.
Exhaustive Events: A set of events is said to be exhaustive if the performance of the

experiment always results in the occurrence of at least one of them.
If E1, E2, …, En are exhaustive events, then E1 ∪ E2 ∪……∪ En = S.
e.g. In throwing of two dice, the exhaustive number of cases is 6 2 = 36. Since any of the
numbers 1 to 6 on the first die can be associated with any of the 6 numbers on the other die.
Complement of an Event: Let A be an event in a sample space S, then the complement of

A is the set of all sample points of the space other than the sample point in A and it is
denoted by A’or A¯.
i.e. A’ = {n : n ∈ S, n ∉ A]
Note:
(i) An operation which results in some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.
(ii) An experiment in which the outcomes may not be the same even if the experiment is
performed in an identical condition is called a random experiment.
Probability of an Event
If a trial result is n exhaustive, mutually exclusive and equally likely cases and m of them are
favourable to the happening of an event A, then the probability of happening of A is given by
Note:
(i) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
(ii) Probability of an impossible event is zero.
(iii) Probability of certain event (possible event) is 1.
(iv) P(A ∪ A’) = P(S)
(v) P(A ∩ A’) = P(Φ)
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(vi) P(A’)’ = P(A)

(vii) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ S)
Conditional Probability: Let E and F be two events associated with the same sample
space of a random experiment. Then, probability of occurrence of event E, when the event F
has already occurred, is called a conditional probability of event E over F and is denoted by
P(E/F).
Similarly, conditional probability of event F over E is given as
Properties of Conditional Probability: If E and E are two events of sample space S and G
is an event of S which has already occurred such that P(G) ≠ 0, then
(i) P[(E ∪ F)/G] = P(F/G) + P(F/G) – P[(F ∩ F)/G], P(G) ≠ 0
(ii) P[(E ∪ F)/G] = P(F/G) + P(F/G), if E and F are disjoint events.
(iii) P(F’/G) = 1 – P(F/G)
(iv) P(S/E) = P(E/E) = 1
Multiplication Theorem: If E and F are two events associated with a sample space S, then
the probability of simultaneous occurrence of the events E and F is
P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P(F/E), where P(F) ≠ 0
or
P(E ∩ F) = P(F) . P(F/F), where P(F) ≠ 0
This result is known as multiplication rule of probability.
Multiplication Theorem for More than Two Events: If F, F and G are three events of sample
space, then
Independent Events: Two events E and F are said to be independent, if probability of

occurrence or non-occurrence of one of the events is not affected by that of the other. For
any two independent events E and F, we have the relation
(i) P(E ∩ F) = P(F) . P(F)
(ii) P(F/F) = P(F), P(F) ≠ 0
(iii) P(F/F) = P(F), P(F) ≠ 0
Also, their complements are independent events,
i.e. P(E¯ ∩ F¯) = P(E¯) . P(F¯)
Note: If E and F are dependent events, then P(E ∩ F) ≠ P(F) . P(F).
Three events E, F and G are said to be mutually independent, if
(i) P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P(F)
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(ii) P(F ∩ G) = P(F) . P(G)

(iii) P(E ∩ G) = P(E) . P(G)
(iv)P(E ∩ F ∩ G) = P(E) . P(F) . P(G)
If atleast one of the above is not true for three given events, then we say that the events are
not independent.
Note: Independent and mutually exclusive events do not have the same meaning.
Baye’s Theorem and Probability Distributions

Partition of Sample Space: A set of events E1, E2,…,En is said to represent a partition of the
sample space S, if it satisfies the following conditions:
(i) Ei ∩ Ej = Φ; i ≠ j; i, j = 1, 2, …….. n
(ii) E1 ∪ E2 ∪ …… ∪ En = S
(iii) P(Ei) > 0, ∀ i = 1, 2,…, n
Theorem of Total Probability: Let events E1, E2, …, En form a partition of the sample space
S of an experiment.If A is any event associated with sample space S, then
Baye’s Theorem: If E1, E2,…,En are n non-empty events which constitute a partition of
sample space S, i.e. E1, E2,…, En are pairwise disjoint E1 ∪ E2 ∪ ……. ∪ En = S and P(Ei) >
0, for all i = 1, 2, ….. n Also, let A be any non-zero event, the probability
Random Variable: A random variable is a real-valued function, whose domain is the sample
space of a random experiment. Generally, it is denoted by capital letter X.
Note: More than one random variables can be defined in the same sample space.
Probability Distributions: The system in which the values of a random variable are given
along with their corresponding probabilities is called probability distribution.
Let X be a random variable which can take n values x1, x2,…, xn.
Let p1, p2,…, pn be the respective probabilities.
Then, a probability distribution table is given as follows:
such that P1 + p2 + P3 +… + pn = 1
Note: If xi is one of the possible values of a random variable X, then statement X = xi is true
only at some point(s) of the sample space. Hence ,the probability that X takes value x, is
always non-zero, i.e. P(X = xi) ≠ 0
MIND MAPPING
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ONE MARK QUESTIONS(MCQ)
QUESTIONS
1 If A and B be two events such that P(A) = 0⋅2, P(B) = 0⋅4 and P(A ∩ B) = 0⋅08, then
P(A | B) is
(A) 0⋅02 (B) 0.2 (C) 0⋅4 (D) 0⋅08
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2 A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. If 2 balls are drawn from the bag at random
without replacement, then the probability of getting exactly one red ball is
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
(A) , (B) (C) (D)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
3 Two dice are thrown once. Given that two numbers appearing on the dice are different,
find the probability of the event ‘the sum of numbers on the dice is 6’.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
(A) (B) (C) (D)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
4 A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two
cards are drawn (one-by-one without replacement) and both are found to be diamonds. Find
the probability of the lost card being a diamond card.

𝟏𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟑
(A) (B) (C) (D)
𝟓𝟎 𝟒 𝟓𝟎
5 Two cards are drawn at random and one-by-one without replacement from
a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that one card
is red and the other is black.

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝟑
(A) (B) (C) (D)
𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏
6 If A and B are two independent events with P(A)= 1/3 and P(B) =1/4 , then P(B′/ A) is
equal to
(A)1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 3/4 (D) 1
7 There are two bags, I and II. Bag I contains 3 red and 5 black balls and Bag II
contains 4 red and 3 black balls. One ball is transferred randomly from Bag I to
Bag II and then a ball is drawn randomly from Bag II. If the ball so drawn is
found to be black in colour, then find the probability that the transferred ball is
also black.
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(A) 5/8 (B) 3/8 (C) 1/2 (D) 20/29
8. A bag contains 3 white, 4 black and 2 red balls. If 2 balls are drawn at random
(without replacement), then the probability that both the balls are white is
(A) 1/18 (B) 1/36 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/24
9 Find P[(B | A) + P( A | B)] if P (A ) = 3/10 P (B ) =2/5 P( A∪B) =3/5 .
(A) 7/12 (B) 5/12 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/24
10 Suppose that 5 men out of 100 and 25 women out of 1000 are good orators.
Assuming that there are equal number of men and women, find the probability of
choosing a good orator.
(A) 1/ 2 (B) 1/20 (C) 1/40 (D) 3/80
11 A and B are events such that P (A/B) = P (B/A) then which of the following is correct
(A) A ∁ B (B) A= B (C) A∩ 𝑩 = ∅ (D) P(A) = P (B)
12 If A and B are two events such that P(A) ≠ 0 and
P(B) ≠ 1 , then P (𝐴̅ /𝐵 ) =
𝟏 𝐏(𝐀𝐔𝐁 ) 𝑷(𝑨)
(A) 1- P(A/B) (B) 1- P(𝑨/𝑩) (C) (D)
𝐏(𝐁 ) 𝑷(𝑩)
13 Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of the
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numbers on the dice is less than 6, the probability of getting
(A) 1/8 (B) 2/5 (C) 1/5 (D) 5/18
14 The random variable X has the following probability Distribution
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X= x) k 3k \5k 2k k
Then the value of P(X ≥ 2) is
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 3/4 (D) 1
15 Two events E and F are independent. If P(E) = 0.3,P(EUF) = 0.5,
, then P(E | F) – P(F | E) equals
(A) 2/7 (B) 3/35 (C) 1/70 (D) 1/7
16 A bag contains 12 white pearls and 18 black pearls. Two pearls are drawn in succession without
replacement. The probability that the first pearl is white and the second is
black, is
(A) 32/145 (B) 28/143 (C) 36/145 (D) 36/143
17 I. Independent events and mutually exclusive events have one and the same meaning.
II. If E1, E2,....En represent partition of a sample space then more than one of them can
occur simultaneously.
(A) Only I is correct
(B) Only II is correct
(C) Both I and II are correct
(D) Both I and II are incorrect
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18 Let X denote the number of hours you study during a randomly selected school day. The
probability that X can take the values x, has the following form, where k is some
unknown constant.
0.1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑘𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
P(X=x ) =
𝑘(5 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Then, match the terms of column I with their respective values in column II.
Column-I Column-II
A. The value of k 1. 0.55
B. P(you study at least 2hours) 2. 0.3
C. P (you study exactly 2 hours) 3. 0.75
D. P(you study at most 2 hours) 4. 0.15
Codes
A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2
(b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 4 2 3 1
(d) 4 3 2 1
(A) (a) (B) (b) (C) (c) (D) (d)
19 If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will contain 53 tuesdays?
(A) 2/7 (B) 1/7 (C) 3/7 (D) 4/7
21 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and
reports that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
(A) 1/8 (B) 1/2 (C) 3/8 (D) 4/11
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23 A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.
(A) 1/8 (B) 3/8 (C) 5/8 (D) 7/8
24 The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when a pair of
dice is rolled is
(A) 0 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/36
25 A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.
(A) 1/8 (B) 3/8 (C) 5/8 (D) 7/8
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find P(A/B) if P(A)=0.4 , P(B)=0.8 and P(B/A)=0.6.
2. If 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = , then find 𝑃(𝐴̅/𝐵)
3. If A and B are independent events such that P(A) = y, P(B) = 2y and P(exactly one of A, B) =
, then find the value of y.

4. A die thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below.
A : 4 on the third throw
B : 6 on the first and 5 on the second throw.
Find the probability of A given that B has already occurred.
5. Given P(A) = , P(B) = , 𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵) = . Are the events A and B independent? Why ?
6. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event “number is even”
and B be the event “number is marked red”. Find whether the events A and B are
independent or not.
7. A family has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that at least
one of the children is a boy.
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8. A soldier fires three bullets at the enemy. The probability that the enemy will be killed by
one bullet is 0.7. What is the probability that the enemy is still alive?
9. In a school there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430,
10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student chosen randomly
studies in class XII given that the chosen student is a girl?
10. A bag contains 3 red and 7 black balls. Two balls are selected at random one by one
without replacement. If the second selected ball happens to be red, what is the probability
that the first selected ball is also red ?
11. One bag contains 3 red and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 6 red and 4 black balls. A ball
is transferred from first bag to the second bag and then a ball is drawn from the second bag.
Find the probability that the ball drawn is red
12. A town has two fire-extinguishing engineers, functioning independently. The probability
of availability of each engineer when needed is 0.95. What is the probability that neither
of them is available when needed?
13. If the events E and F are independent, prove that the events E’ and F’ are also
independent.
𝟑 𝟓
14. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 𝟕 anf 𝟕
respectively. Assuming the events ‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are
independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to the school in time.
15. An article manufactured by a company consists of two parts X and Y. In the process of
manufacture of part X, 8 out of 100 parts may be defective. Similarly, 5 out of 100 parts of
Y may be defective. Calculate the probability that the assembled product will not be
defective.
16. A speaks truth in 60% of the cases, while B in 90 % of the cases. In what percent of the
cases are they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact ?
17. P speaks truth in 60% of the cases, and Q in 90 % of the cases. In what percent of cases are
they likely to agree with each other in stating the same fact ?
18. Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of a pair of dice.
19. From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at random,
without replacement. Find the probability distribution of defective bulbs.
20. The probability distribution of a discrete random variable is given below: Find the value of k.
x 2 3 4 5
P(x) 5/k 7/k 9/k 11/k
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3 MARK QUESTIONS
1) Two dice are thrown. Find the probability of getting an even number on the first die , if
the outcomes on the two dice always exhibits a sum of 8.
2) A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining
the sum 8 given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
3) A fair die is rolled . Consider the following events A = { 2, 4, 6 } , B = { 4, 5 } and C = { 3,

4, 5, 6 } Find (i) P(A∪B/C) (ii) P( A∩B/C)
4) Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl . If a family has two
children , then what is the conditional probability that both are girls, given that
(i) the youngest is a girl
(ii) at least one is a girl
5) In a college, 70% students pass in Physics, 75% students pass in Mathematics and 10%
students fail in both . One student is chosen at random. What is the probability that
(i) he passes in Physics and Mathematics
(ii) he passes in Mathematics, given that he passes in Physics ?
(iii) he passes in Physics, given that he passes in Mathematics
6) A die , whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green, is tossed. Let A be the
event “number obtained is even” and B be the event “number obtained is red”. Find if A and
B are independent events.
7) A can hit a target 4 times out of 5 times, B can hit the target 3 times out of 4 times and
C can hit the target 2 times out of 3 times. They fire simultaneously. Find the probability that
(i) any two out of A, B and C will hit the target
(ii) none of them will hit the target
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8) A bag contains 5 white , 7 red, and 8 black balls. If 4 balls are drawn one by one without
replacement then find the probability that of getting all white balls.
9) A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game, if he gets a total of 6 and B
wins if she gets a total of 7. If A starts the game, then find the probability of winning the
game by in third throw of the pair of dice.
10) Three cards are drawn successively without replacement from a pack of 52 well
shuffled cards. What is the probability that first two cards are king and the third card drawn
is an ace?
11) Let bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A
die is thrown. If 1 or 2 appears on it , then bag A is chosen, other wise bag B . If two balls are
drawn at random from the selected bag, then find the probability of one of them being red
and another black.
12) A bag contains 2𝑛 + 1 coins. It is known that (𝑛 − 1) of these coins have a head on
both sides, whereas the rest of the coins are fair. A coin is picked up at random from the bag
and is tossed. If the probability that the toss results in a head is , determine the value of
𝑛.
13) A box contains 4 orange and 4 green balls, another box contains 3 orange and 5 green
balls, one of the two box is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the box, which is
found to orange. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first box.
14) An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers , 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probabilities of an accident for them are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15, respectively. One
of the insured person meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter
driver or a car driver ?
15) A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports that it
is 1 . Find the probability that it is actually 1.
16. Let three fair coins be tossed. Let A = {all heads or all tails},
B = {at least two heads}, and C = {at most two tails}.
Which of the following events are independent?
(a) A and C (b) B and C. (c) A and B
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17. Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of numbers on the dice was less than 6,
find the probability of getting a sum 3
18 A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below

A : 4 on the third throw
B : 6 on the first and 5 on the second throw.
19. Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture such that
E : Son on one end and F : Father in middle. Find (E |F)
20. An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True / False questions, 200
difficult True / False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult
multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the question bank,
what is the probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a multiple choice
question?
21. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event head appear on the coin
and B be the event 3 on the die.
Check whether A and B are independent events or not.
22. Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are and

respectively of both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that
(i) the problem is solved (ii) Exactly one of them solves the problem.
23. In a hostel 60% of the students read Hindi news paper, 40% read English news
paper and 20% read both Hindi and English news papers. A student is selected et
random.
(a) Find the probability that she read neither Hindi nor English news papers.
(b) If the reads Hindi news paper, find the probability that she reads English news
paper.
(c) If she reads English news papers, find the probability that she reads Hindi news
paper.
24. Probability that A speaks truth is 4/5. A coin is tossed. A report that a head appears. The
probability that actually there was head is:
25. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event
“number is even” and B be the event “number is marked red”. Find whether the
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events A and B are independent or not.
26. A die is thrown 6 times. If “getting an odd number” is a success, what is the
probability of (i) 5 successes (ii) at most 5 successes?
27. Ablack and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of
obtaining the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
28. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time
are 3/7 and 5/7respectively. Assuming that the events, ‘A coming in time’ and‘B
coming in time’ are independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to
the school in time.
29. Aspeaks truth in 80% cases and B speaks truth in 90% cases. In what percentage
of cases are they likely to agree with each other in stating the same fact?
30. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls.
One of the two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is
found to be red. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag.
5 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Three numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from first 7 natural
numbers. If X denotes the larger of the three numbers obtained, find the probability
distribution of X.
2. In a hockey match two teams A and B scored same number of goals up to the end of the
game, so to decide the winner, the referee asked both the captains to throw a die
alternately and decided that the team, whose captain gets a six first, will be declared the
winner. If the captain of team A was asked to start, find their respective probabilities of
winning the match.
4. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1
% of defective items, whereas the other two operators B and C produce 5% and 7%
defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B on the job 30% of the
time and C on the job for 20% of the time. All the items are put into one stockpile and
then one item is chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the
probability that it was produced by A?
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4. A problem in Mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving it

are 1/2,1/3,1/4. What is the probability in the following cases?
(i) that the problem is solved
(ii) only one of them solves it correctly
(iii) at least one of them may solve it
5. Three dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting three two’s, if it
is known that the sum of the numbers on the dice was six.
6. Suppose that 6% of the people with blood group O are left-handed and 10% of those
with other blood groups are left-handed. 30% of the people have blood group O. If a left-
handed person is selected at. random, what is the probability that he/she will have blood
group O?
7. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls while the other
contains 4 black and 3 white balls. A die is thrown. If it shows up 1 or 3, a ball is taken
from the 1st bag; but it shows up any other number, a ball is chosen from the second bag.
Find the probability of choosing a black ball.
8. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A win the game if he gets a total of 6 and B
wins if she gets a total of 7. If A starts the game, find the probability of winning the game
by A in the third throw of the pair of dice.
9. An unbiased die is tossed. If the result is head, a pair of dice is rolled and the sum of the
numbers obtained is noted. If the result is a tail, a card from a well shuffled pack of eleven
cards numbered 2,3, 4,…,12 is picked and the number on the card is noted. What is the
probability that the noted number is either 7 or 8
10. In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and loses a rupee for any other number when
a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he gets
a six. Find the probability distribution of the amount he wins /loses
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ONE MARK QUESTIONS (MCQ)

ANSWER KEY
1. (B) 0.2
𝟒
2. (C)
𝟕
𝟐
3 .(A)
𝟏𝟓
𝟏𝟏
4. (B)
𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝟔
5. (A)
𝟓𝟏
6. (C) 3/4
7. (D) 20/29
8. (C) 1/12
9. (A) 7/12
10. (D) 3/80
11. (D) P(A) = P (B)
𝟏 𝐏(𝐀𝐔𝐁 )
12. (C)
𝐏(𝐁 )
13. (C) 1/5
14. (B) 2/3
15. (C) 1/70
16. (C) 36/145
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17. (D) Both I and II are incorrect
18 . (D) (d)
19. (D) (d)
20. (C) (c)
21. (A) 2/7
22. (B) 1/2
23. (C) 3/8
24. (D) 1/36
25.(D) 7/8
TWO MARK QUESTIONS

ANSWER KEY
1. 0.3
2. 7/10
3. 𝑦 = ,
4. 1/6
5. Yes., since , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = P(A).P(B)
6. No, since, P(A ∩ B) ≠ P(A). P(B)
7. 1/3.
8. 0.027
9. 0.1
10.
11.
12. 0.0025
13. ---
14. 26/49
15.
16. 42%
17. 74%
18. .
x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 125/216 75/216 15/216 1/216
19. .
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x 0 1 2
P(x) 3/7 10/21 2/21
20. 32
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS
(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)
⎧ ⎫
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)
1) Sample space 𝑆 =
⎨(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)⎬
⎪(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)⎭
Let A = event of getting an even number on first die = {

(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6) }
B = event of getting a sum of 8 = { (2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)}
A∩B = { (2,6), (4,4), (6,2) }
P( getting an even number on the first die given that
the sum of numbers on the dice is 8) = P(A/B)
( ∩ )
=
( )
( ∩ )
( )
= ( )
( )
/
= =
/
Page 207 of 234

(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)

⎧ ⎫
⎪ (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) ⎪
⎪ ⎪
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)
⎨(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)⎬
⎪
⎪(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)⎪ ⎪
⎩(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)⎭
A = event of getting the sum 8
= { (2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2) }
B = event of getting a number less than 4 on the red die
(1,1), (1,2), (1,3),

⎧(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), ⎫
⎪ ⎪
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3),
=
⎨ (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), ⎬
⎪ (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), ⎪
⎩(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), ⎭
A∩B= { (5,3),(6,2)}
P( sum of numbers on the dice is 8 given that
number on the red die is less than 4) = P(A/B)
( ∩ )
=
( )
( ∩ )
( )
= ( )
( )
/
= =
/
3) S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
(( ∪ )∩ )
(i) P(A∪B/C) =
( )
(( ∪ )∩ )
( )
= ( ) where A∪B = { 2, 4, 5, 6 } and (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶) ={ 4, 5, 6 }
( )
/
= =
/
(( ∩ )∩ )
(ii) P( A∩B/C) =
( )
Page 208 of 234

(( ∩ )∩ )
( )
= ( ) where A∩B = { 4 } and (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { 4 }
( )
/
= =
/
4) Sample space S = { BB, BG, GB, GG }
Let A = event that both are girls = { GG }
B = event that the youngest is a girl = { BG, GG }
C = event that at least one is a girl = { BG, GB, GG }
A∩B = { GG } and A∩C = { GG }
( ∩ )
(i) P( family has 2 children given that the youngest is a girl) = P(A/B) =
( )
( ∩ )
( )
= ( )
( )
/
= =
/
( ∩ )
(ii) P ( family has 2 children given that at least one is a girl ) = P(A/C) =
( )
( ∩ )
( )
= ( )
( )
/
= =
/
5) A = students pass in Physics , then P(A) =
B = students pass in Mathematics , then P(B) =
C = students fail in both , then P(C) =
Page 209 of 234

From the Venn diagram n(A)+n(B)-n(A∩B)+10 = n(S) = 100
70 + 75 – n(A∩ 𝐵) + 10 = 100
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 155 − 100 = 55

( ∩ )
(i) P( passes in Physics and Mathematics) = P(A∩B) = = =
( )
( ∩ ) /
(ii) P(passes in Maths given that passes in Physics) = P(B/A) = = =
( ) /
( ∩ ) /
(iii) P( passes in Physics given that passes in Maths) = P(A/B) = = =
( ) /
6) Sample space, S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
A = { 2, 4, 6 } and B = { 1, 2, 3 } then A∩B = { 2 }
( )
P(A) = = = ,
( )
( )
P(B) = = =
( )
P(A) × P(B) = × =
( ∩ )
P(A∩B) = = ≠ P(A) × P(B)
( )
P(A∩B) ≠ P(A) × P(B) . Thus A and B are not independent events.
7) Let A = A hit the target, B= B hit the target and C= C hit the target
P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
Page 210 of 234

P(not A) = 1- P(A) =1− = , P( not B ) =1- P(B = 1 − = , and P( not C ) =1-

P(C) = 1 − =
(i) P( any two out A , B and C) = P( A and B and not C OR A and not B and C OR not A and
B and C)
= P(A).P(B).P( not C) + P(A).P( not B).P(C) + P( not A).P(B).P(C)
= × × + × × + × × = + + =
=
(ii) P( none of them hit the target) = P( not A and not B and not C)
= P(not A).P(not B).P(not C)
= × × =
8)
P ( 4 white balls ) = P ( 1st draw white and 2nd draw white and 3rd draw white and 4th
draw white )
= P( 1st white). P(2nd white ).P(3rd white).P(4th white)
= × × × =
Page 211 of 234

(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)

⎧ ⎫
⎪ (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) ⎪
⎪ ⎪
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)
⎨(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)⎬
⎪
⎪(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)⎪ ⎪
⎩(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)⎭
n(S) = 36
getting a total of 6 on the dice = { (1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1}
getting a total of 7 on the dice = { (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), (6,1) }
P( A win the game in a throw) = P ( getting a total of 6) = then
P( A loss the game in a throw) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 𝑤𝑖𝑛) = 1 − =
P( B win the game in a throw ) = P( getting a total of 7 on the dice) =
P( B loss the game in a throw ) = 1 − =
P( A win the game in the 3rd throw) = P ( A loss 1st throw and B loss 2nd throw and A
win the 3rd throw)
= × × =
10)
P( 1st draw king and 2nd draw king and 3rd draw ace) = P(1st king).P(2nd king).P(3rd ace)
= × × =
11) Let 𝐸 = the die shows 1 or 2
Page 212 of 234

𝐸 = the die shows 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
𝐸 = getting one red ball and one black ball from the selected bag
P(select bag A ) = P(𝐸 ) = =
P(select bag B) = P(𝐸 ) = =
× ×
P( getting one red and one black ball from bag A )=P(E/ 𝐸 ) = = × =
×
× ×
P( getting one red and one black ball from bag B ) = P(E/ 𝐸 ) = = × =
×
Thus P( getting one red ball and one black ball) = P(E) = P(𝐸 ) P(E/ 𝐸 ) + P(𝐸 )
P(E/ 𝐸 )
= × + × =
12) Number of coins with head on both sides = 𝑛 − 1
Then number of fair coins = (2𝑛 + 1) − (𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛 + 2
P( select coin with head on both sides) = P(𝐸 ) =
P(select a fair coin ) = P(𝐸 ) =
Let E = getting a head on the selected coin
P( getting head on a coin with heads on both sides)= P(E/ 𝐸 ) = =1
P( getting head on a fair coin ) =
P( getting head ) = P(E) = P(𝐸 ) P(E/ 𝐸 ) + P(𝐸 ) P(E/ 𝐸 )
= ×1+ ×
Page 213 of 234

63𝑛 = 62𝑛 + 31
𝑛 = 31
13) Let 𝐸 = select 1st box , then P(𝐸 ) =
𝐸 = select 2nd bag , then P(𝐸 ) =
A = getting an arrange ball
P(orange ball from 1st bag) = P(A/ 𝐸 ) = = ,
P( orange ball from 2nd bag) = P(A/ 𝐸 ) =
( ) ( / )
P( the ball is drawn from the 1st bag) = P(𝐸 /A) = ( ) ( / )
=
( ) ( / )
×
=
× ×
14) Let 𝐸 = select a scooter driver , then P(𝐸 ) = =
𝐸 = select car driver , then P(𝐸 ) = =
𝐸 = select truck driver , then P(𝐸 ) = =
A = an insured person meet with an accident
Given P(A/𝐸 ) = 0.01, P(A/𝐸 ) = 0.03, P(A/𝐸 )= 0.15
P ( a scooter driver or a car driver meet with an accident ) = P( 𝐸 /A or 𝐸 /A)
= P( 𝐸 /A ) + P( 𝐸 /A)
( ) ( / )
= ( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / )
+
( ) ( / )
( ) ( / )
( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / )
( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / )
= ( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / )
Page 214 of 234

. .
× . × . .
= = . . . = = 0.135
× . × . × . .
15) 𝐸 = the die shows 1, the P(𝐸 ) =
𝐸 = the die shows 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 , then P(𝐸 ) =
A = the person reports 1
P(A/𝐸 ) = P( the person reports 1 when he gets 1 on the die) = P( the person
speaks truth) =
P(A/𝐸 ) = P( the person reports 1 when he gets other number on the die)=P(he
speaks lie) =
(
) ( / ) ×
P( the person get actually 1) = P(𝐸 /𝐴) = = ( ) ( / ) ( ) ( /
= =
) × ×
16:The events can be written explicitly
A = {HHH, TTT},
B = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}
C = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH}
P(A ∩ B)=1/8
Also, P(A).P(B) = (2/8)(4/8) = 1/8 = P(A ∩ B)
So, A and B are independent.
17. Let E1 = Event that the sum of numbers on the dice was less than 6 and E2 =
Event that the sum of numbers on the dice is 3
Page 215 of 234

E1 = {(1,4),(4,1),(2,3),(3,2),(2,2),(1,3),(3,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,1)}
⇒n(E1)=10
E2={(1,2),(2,1)}⇒n(E2)=2
∴ Required probability =2/10=1/5
18. Total sample space = 216
19.
20. let E : easy question

F : multiple choice question
Total questions = 300 + 200 + 500 + 400= 1400
Page 216 of 234

21.
A : Head appear on the coin
B : 3 appear on the lice
Hence A and B are independent
22. Let E1 : A solves the problem

E2 : B solves the problem
P (E1) = and P (E2) =

(i) P (the problem is solved)= 1 – P (the problem is not solved)
(ii) P Exactly one of them solves the problem
23. Let E : Student read Hindi newspaper

F : Student read English newspaper
Page 217 of 234

24. . Let A be the event that the man reports that head occurs in tossing a coin and let E1 be
the event that head occurs and E2 be the event head does not occur.
P (E1) = , P (E2) =
P = P (A reports that head occurs when head had actually occur red on the coin) =
P = P (A reports that head occurs when head had not occur red on the coin)
By Bayes’ theorem,
P = =
25. Here, A : number is even i.e.,A = {2,4,6}

and B : number is red i.e.,B = {1,2,3}
∴ P(A) = 3/6=1/2 and P(B) = 3/6=1/2
And,
P(A ∩ B) = P(Number is even and red) = 1/6 .
Thus, P(A ∩ B) ≠ P(A). P(B)
[∵ 1/6≠1/2×1/2 ]. Hence, the events A and B are not independent
Page 218 of 234

26. Probability of getting an odd number is 3/6=1/2= p ( say)

Probability of getting an even number = 3/6=1/2 = q(say)
Also, n = 6.
(i) P(5 successes) = P(5) = 6C5 q1 p5

(ii) P(at most 5 successes)
= P(0) + P(1) + … + P(5) = 1 – P(6)
= 1 – 6C6 q0 p6
= 1 – 1/64=63/64
27. Let the events be as:

E : Sum of numbers is 8
F : Number of red die less than 4.
E : {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
F = {(1, 1), (2, 1), … (6, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), … (6, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), … (6, 2) (6, 3)}
and E ∩ F = {(5, 3), (6, 2)}
P(E) = 5/36, P(F) = 18/36
and P(E ∩ F) = 2/36.
Hence, P(E/F) = P(E∩F)P(F)=2/36 x 18/36= 2/18=1/9
28.We have : P(A) = Probability of student A coming to school in time = 3/7

P(B) = Probability of student B coming to school in time = 5/7
∴ P(A′)=1−3/7=4/7 and P(B ′)=1−5/7=2/7
∴ Probability that only one of the students coming to school in time
= P(A ∩ B ′) + P(A′∩B)= P(A)P(B ′) + P(A′))P(B)
[∵ A and B are independent => A and B ′
and A′ and B are also independent]

= (3/7)(2/7)+(4/7)(5/7)=26/49
29. P(A) = 80/100=4/5

and P( B) = 90/100=9/10
P(A′) = 1 – P(A) = 1 – 4/5=1/5
P(B ′) = 1 – P(B) = 1 – 9/10=1/10
∴ P(They are likely to agree) = P(Both speak the truth or both tell a lie)
Page 219 of 234

Hence, the reqd. percentage = 74%.
30. . Let A be the event hat ball drawn is red and let E1 and E2 be the events that the ball
drawn
is from the first bag and second bag respectively.
P (E1) = , P (E2) = ,
P = P (drawing a red ball from bag I) =
P = P (drawing a red ball from bag II) =
Therefore, by Bayes’ theorem,
P = P (red ball drawn from bag I) =
5 MARK QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
1. Let X denotes the larger of the three numbers

X = 3,4,5,6,7
n(S) = 35
𝟏 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟒
P (X=3) = 𝟑𝟓 P(X=4 ) =𝟑𝟓 P(X =5) = 𝟑𝟓 P(X = 6) = 𝟑𝟓 P(X = 7) = 𝟑𝟓
Page 220 of 234

X 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 𝟏 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓
𝟏
2. P ( A getting a six ) =
𝟔
𝟓
P (A not getting a six ) =
𝟔
𝟏 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏
P A wins ) = + × × + × × × × + ⋯∞
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝟔
=
𝟏𝟏
𝟓
P (B wins) =
𝟏𝟏
3.
𝑬𝟏 : 𝑰𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑨
𝑬𝟐 : 𝑰𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑩
𝑬𝟑 : 𝑰𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑪

𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
P(𝑬𝟏 ) = P(𝑬𝟐 ) = P(𝑬𝟑 ) =
𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
𝟏 𝟓 𝟕
P(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 ) = P(𝑨/𝑬𝟐 ) = P(𝑨/𝑬𝟑 ) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏(𝑬𝟏 )𝐏(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 ) × 𝟓
P(𝑬𝟏 /𝑨) = = 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟕 =
𝐏(𝑬𝟏 )𝐏(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 ) 𝐏(𝑬𝟐 )𝐏(𝑨/𝑬𝟐 ) 𝐏(𝑬𝟏 )𝐏(𝑨/𝑬𝟑 ) × × × 𝟑𝟒
𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎
4. Let A,B,C be the three events that when a problem in maths is given to three students
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
P(A) = P(B) = P(C) =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑷(𝑨 ) = 𝑷(𝑩 ) = 𝑷(𝒄 ) =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
(i) P ( that problem is solved ) = P (atleast one of them solve the problem )
= P (none of them solve it )’
= 1 - 𝑷(𝑨 )𝑷(𝑩 )𝑷(𝑪 )
Page 221 of 234

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
=1- . . =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒
(ii) P (only one of them solves it ) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)+ 𝑷 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) + 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= . . + . . + . .
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏𝟏
=
𝟐𝟒
𝟑
(iii) P atleast one of them solves it ) =
𝟒
5. Three dice are thrown , n(S) = 63 = 216
Let A be the event when the sum of the numbers on the dice is 6 and B be the event
getting three two’s
A = { (1,2,3) ,(1,1,4), (1,3,2)(1,4,1), (2,1,3),(2,2,2),(2,3,1),(3,1,2), (3,2,1),(4,1,1)}
n(A) = 10 and n(B) = 1
P (B/A ) = 1/10
6.
𝑬𝟏: 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝑶
𝑬𝟐: 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝑶
P(𝑬𝟏 ) = 𝟎. 𝟑 P(𝑬𝟐 ) = 𝟎. 𝟕
P(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 P(𝑨/𝑬𝟐 ) = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝐏(𝑬𝟏 )𝐏(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 ) 𝟎.𝟑×𝟎.𝟎𝟔 𝟗

P(𝑬𝟏 /𝑨) = = =
𝐏(𝑬𝟏 )𝐏(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 ) 𝐏(𝑬𝟐 )𝐏(𝑨/𝑬𝟐 ) 𝟎.𝟑×𝟎.𝟎𝟔 𝟎.𝟕×𝟎.𝟏 𝟒𝟒
7. Let 𝐸 be the event of selecting bag I and 𝐸 be selecting bag II
A be the event of getting a black ball
P(𝐸 ) = = P(𝐸 ) =
P(A/𝐸 ) = P(A/𝐸 ) =
P(A) = P(𝐸 ) 𝑃(A/𝐸 ) + P(𝐸 ) P( A / 𝐸 ) = × + ×
Page 222 of 234

8. A and B throws a pair of dice
A wins if he gets a total of 6
A = {(2,4),(1,5),(5,1),(4,2),(3,3) }
B wins if she gets a total of 7
B = {(2,5),(1,6),(6,1),(5,2),(3,4),(4,3)}
P(A) = 5/36 P(B) = 6/36
Required Probability = P(A’) P(B’) P(A)
= × × =
9. Let 𝐸 be the event of coin shows head and 𝐸 be coin shows tail
A be the event of noted number is 7 or 8
P(𝐸 ) = P(𝐸 ) =
P(A/𝐸 ) = P(A/𝐸 ) =
P(A) = P(𝐸 ) 𝑃(A/𝐸 ) + P(𝐸 ) P( A / 𝐸 ) =
10. X : the amount he wins/loses
X 1 0 -1 -3
P(X) 1/6 5/36 25/216 125/216
Page 223 of 234

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS BASED ON PROBABILITY

(XII MATHEMATICS)
1.Mr. John used to receive a large number of letters and his
secretary’s job is to sort it out and present the letters to Mr. John;
often letters arrive without sender’s details. A letter is known to
come from LONDON or CLIFTON or BOSTON and their respective
chances are in the ratio 2:3:5. It is not possible to identify from which
town the letter has come, as address of origin is not mentioned. On
the envelope only two consecutive letters ON are visible.
Page 224 of 234

(i)What is the probability that the letter has come from CLIFTON?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (c) (From the given ratio 2:3:5)
(ii)What is the conditional probability that two consecutive

letters ON are visible given that the letter has come from LONDON
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(The possible two consecutive letters from LONDON are

LO,ON,ND,DO,ON)
Answer: (b)
(iii)What is the probability that two consecutive letters ON are

visible?
(a) (b) c) (d)
Page 225 of 234

(The letter can be from any one of the three places and two
consecutive letters ON are visible. Let E1, E2 ,E3 be the event that
the letter came from LONDON ,CLIFTON and BOSTON
respectively& F be the event that two consecutive letters ON are
visible. P(F)=P(E1)P(F/ E1)+P(E2) P(F/ E2)+P(E3 ) P(F/ E3)
= ( )+ ( )+ ( )=
Answer: (d) `
(iv)What is the probability that the letter has come from BOSTON
given that two consecutive letters ON are visible.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
( Answer: (a) Using Baye’s theorem
(v)What is the probability that the letter has NOT come from
LONDON given that two consecutive letters ON are visible
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (b)
(1- P(letter came from London/two consecutive letters ON are visible.
1- P( E1 /F))
2.There are three categories of students in a class of 60 students:

A: Very hard-working students
B: Regular but not so hard working
C: Careless and irregular.
It is known that 10 students are in category A,30 in category B
and rest in category C. It is also found that probability of students
Page 226 of 234
of category A, unable to get good marks in the final exam is 0.002,

of category B it is 0.02 and of category C, this probability is 0.20 .
Based on the above information answer the following:
(i)If a student selected at random was found to be the one who

could not get good marks in the final examination, then the
probability that this student is of category C is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (b)
( Let A be the event that the student is in first category be the

event that the student is in second category and C be the event
that the student is in third category and F be the event that the
student is unable to score good marks in the final exam. Use
Baye’s theorem and find P(C/F)
P(A)= P(B) = P(C) = ,P(F/A) = , P(F/B) =
P(F/C) =
(ii)Assume that a student selected at random was found to be the

one who could not get good marks in the examination. Then the
probability that this student is either of category A or of category
B is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Page 227 of 234

Answer: (a)
(1-P(the selected student is from category C and is unable to

score good marks in final exam ))
(iii)The probability that the student is unable to get good marks
in the examination is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (b)
P(F)=P(A)P(F/A)+P(B)P(F/B)+P(C)P(F/C)
(iv)A student selected at random was found to be the one who
could not get good marks in the examination. The probability that
this student is of category A is
(a) b) (c) (d) None of these
Answer: (a) (using Baye’s theorem)
(v)A student selected at random was found to be the one who

could not get good marks in the examination. The probability that
this student is not of category A is
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)1
Answer: b) (P(Ac /F )=1-P(A/F))
3.Let 𝑋 denotes the number of colleges where you will apply after
your results and P (𝑋 = 𝑥) denotes your probability of getting
admission in 𝑥 number of colleges. It is given that
Page 228 of 234

𝑘𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1
2𝑘𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
P (𝑋 = 𝑥) = , where 𝑘 is a positive
𝑘(5 − 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 4
constant. Based on the above information answer the following.
(i)The value of 𝑘 is
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (d)
Soln.𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) =

0 + 𝑘 + 4𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 = 1
(ii)The probability that you will get admission in exactly one
college, is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (c) (We have to find P(X=1) =𝑘=
(iii)The probability that you will get admission in at most two

colleges, is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (b) (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑥 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 2))
Page 229 of 234

(iv)What is the probability that you will get admission in at least

2 colleges?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (d) (Find 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 4))
(v)What is the probability that you will get admission in more

than 4 colleges?
(a)0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
Answer: (a)0
4.A coach is training 3 players. He observes that the player A can
hit the target 4 times in 5 shots, player B can hit 3 times in 4 shots
and player C can hit 2 times in 3 shots.
(i) Let A: the event that the target is hit by A, B : the event that the
target is hit by B and C: the event that the target is hit by C
. Then, the probability that A,B and ,C all will hit ,is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (c)
P(A∩B∩C)=P(A)P(B)P(C)
(ii)What is the Probability that B,C will hit and A will lose?
Page 230 of 234

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (a)
P(𝐴 ∩B∩C) =
(iii)What is the Probability that ‘any two of A,B and C will hit?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (d)
P(any two of A,B and C will hit the target)=

P(ABCc)+P(ABcC)+P(AcBC)
(iv)What is the Probability that exactly one of them will hit the
target?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (a)
Hint:P(exactly one of them will hit the target)

=P(ABcCc)+P(AcBCc)+P(AcBcC)
(v)What is the Probability that none of them will hit the target?
(a) (b) (c) (d)0
Answer: (a)
P(None of them will hit the target )=P(A cBcCc)

=P(Ac ) P(Bc ) P(Cc )
Page 231 of 234

Since A,B,C are independent events their complements are also

independent. P(A)= P(B)= P(C)= P(Ac )= P(Bc ) = P(Cc ) =
5.The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified as follows: Of

people having COVID,90% of the test detects the disease but 10%
goes undetected. Of people free of COVID,99% of the test is judged
COVID negative but 1% are diagnosed as showing COVID positive.
From a large population of which only 0.1% have COVID ,One
person is selected at random, given the COVID PCR test,and the
pathologist reports him/her as COVID positive.
(i)What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested as COVID

positive’ given that the person is actually having COVID?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (d)
(It is given that of people having COVID, 90% of the test detect
disease.)
(ii)What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested as COVID
positive’ given that ‘he is actually not having COVID?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Page 232 of 234

Answer: (a)
(It is given in that Of people actually not having COVID, 1% are

diagnosed as COVID positive.)
(iii)What is the probability that the ‘person is actually not having
COVID’?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (b)
P(the person is actually having COVID)=0.1%= So

P(Ac)=1-P(A) =
(iv)What is the probability that the ‘person is actually having

COVID given that ‘the person is tested as COVID positive’?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (a)
Let E1 be the event that the person selected has COVID , E2 be the
event that the person selected is not having COVID and F be the
event that the selected person is tested as COVID positive.
( ) ( / )
P(E1/F) = .
( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / )
P(E1)= P(E2)= ,P(F/E1) = P(F /E2)=
(v)What is the probability that the ‘person selected will be

diagnosed as COVID positive?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Page 233 of 234

Answer : (b)
P(F)=P(𝐸1) 𝑃(𝐹/ 𝐸1) + 𝑃(𝐸2) 𝑃(𝐹/ 𝐸2)
Page 234 of 234

केंद्रीय विद्यालय संगठन
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
शिक्षा एवं प्रशिक्षण का आंचशिक संस्थान, चंडीगढ़

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, CHANDIGARH
STUDY MATERIAL
SESSION– 2021-22
CLASS – XII
MATHEMATICS(041)
TERM - II
KVS ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

SECTOR-33C, CHANDIGARH
E-MAIL– [email protected], Website- zietchandigarh.kvs.gov.in
Ph– 0172 2621302 & 2621364
KVS Zonal Institute of Education & Training Chandigarh

OUR PATRONS
1. Ms. Nidhi Pandey, IIS Commissioner, KVS
2. Dr. E. Prabhakar Additional Commissioner (Academics)
3. Mrs. Piya Thakur Joint Commissioner (Academics)
4. Sh. Satya Narain Gulia Joint Commissioner (Finance)
5. Sh. N. R. Murali Joint Commissioner (Training)
6. Sh. S. S Rawat Joint Commissioner (Personnel)

DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE
Our aim is to provide such brief study materials and sample papers to the student that not
only guides students to the path of success, but also inspires them to recognize and explore
their own inner potential. The Board exam preparation is based on three pillars – Concept
Clarity, Contextual familiarity and Application Expertise. Our innovative and dedicated
teaching materials ensure that every student gets a firm grip of each of these pillars so very
essential for these arduous preparations.
We also understand the importance of CBSE board exam as students' future goal depends
upon the performance in board exams. We know that in pandemic situation the students feel a
lot of pressure of performance in board exam. It is very important to develop the right exam
temperament in students so they can tackle the pressure & surprises easily. In this direction,
to release such brief study materials and sample papers will help to the students a lot.

INDEX
ITEM PAGE NO.
1. Term -2 Syllabus 2021-22 2
2. Blue Print/ Pattern of Question Paper 3
3. Study Material : Indefinite Integrals 4
4. Study Material : Definite Integrals 11
5. Study Material : Applications of The Integrals 17
6 Study Material : Differential Equations 20
7 Study Material : Vectors 26
8 Study Material : Three Dimensional Geometry 36
9 Study Material : Probability 43
RAJIV RANJAN
KVS ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATON AND TRAINING, CHANDIGARH
1
MATHEMATICS (Code No. 041)
SESSION – 2021-22
COURSE STRUCTURE
TERM - II
One Paper
Max Marks: 40
No. Units Marks
III Calculus 18
IV Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry 14
VI Probability 08
Total 40
UNIT III : Calculus

1. Integrals:
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by
dx dx 1
partial fractions and by parts, only simple integrals of the type  x2  a2 ,  x2  a2
,  a2  x2
dx ,
dx dx (px  q )dx (px  q )dx

 ax 2  bx  c ,  ax  bx  c
2
,  ax 2  bx  c ,  ax  bx  c
2
,  a 2  x 2 dx ,  x 2  a 2 dx to be
evaluated. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof).
Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.
2. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, parabolas; area of circles /ellipses
(in standard form only) (the region should be clearly identifiable).
3. Differential Equations : Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a
differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions
dy  y
of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree of the type:  f   .Solutions
dx x
dy
of linear differential equation of the type: + py = q, where p and q
dx
UNIT IV : Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
1. Vectors
RAJIV RANJAN
2
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a
vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point,
negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar,
position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation,
properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.
2. Three - dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector
equation of a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
Unit-VI: Probability
1. Probability
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability,
Bayes‟ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution.
RAJIV RANJAN
3
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
x n 1
 x dx  C
n
*
n 1 dx 1 x a
*  log  C, if x > a
* 1.dx  x  C x a
2 2
2a xa
dx 1 ax
1 1 *  log  C, if x > a
*  n dx   n  C a x
2 2
2a ax
x x
dx 1 x 1 x
1 *  tan 1  C,   cot1  C
* 2 x C x a
2 2
a a a a
x
1 x x
1 * dx  sin1  c = - cos-1  C
*  dx  loge x  C a2  x2 a a
x
*  ex dx  ex  C dx
*  log | x  x 2  a 2 | C
a x2 2
x
a
*  a x dx  C dx
loge a *  log | x  x 2  a 2 | C
x a2 2
*  sin xdx   cos x  C

x 2 2 a2
* x  a dx 
2 2
x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
*  cos xdx  sin x  C 2 2
x 2 2 a2
*  sec x dx  tan x  C
2 *  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2
*  cosec2 x dx   cot x  C x 2 a2 x
*  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sin 1  C
2 2 a
*  sec x. tan x dx  sec x  C
*  f1 (x)  f 2 (x)  .......... f n (x)dx
*  cos ecx. cot x dx   cosecx  C
=  f1 (x)dx   f 2 (x)dx  ..........   f n (x)dx
*  tan x dx   log cos x  C  log sec x  C
*   f ( x ) dx    f ( x ) dx  C
*  cot x dx = log | sin x | + C
*  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x |  C *  u.v dx  u. v .dx    v.dx  du

dx
.dx
 x 
=log tan    C
 2 4
*  cosec x dx  log | cosec x  cot x |  C
= – log | cosec x + cot x | + C

x
= log tan +C
2
RAJIV RANJAN
4
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Evaluate the following integrals :
2 cos x
1.  e3log x .x 4dx 2.  3 sin2 x dx
e5;ogx  e4 log x
3.  a  e3log x  e2 log x dx
4 log x
a dx 4.
5.  cos ec2 3  7 x  dx 6.  35 4 x dx
x 3
7.  sec2 4  5x  dx 8.  x 2  4x  3 dx
elog x
1
9.  x dx 10.  1  sin x dx
1
11.  1  cos x dx 12.  1  sin x dx
 
13.  1  cos 2x dx 14.  1  sin 2 x dx ,
4
x
2
x
15.  1  x  x dx 16. 
x3
dx
1 sin3 x  cos3 x
17.  sin2 x cos2 x dx 18.  sin2 x cos2 x dx
1 1  1  sin x 
19.  2x  3  2x  3
dx 20.   1  sin x  dx
tan
 
x2  1 x
21.  x  12 dx 22.  x3
dx
23.  sin2 x dx 24.  cos2 x dx
25.  sin3 x dx 26.  sin 4x cos3x dx
27.  cos 2x cos 4xdx 28.  tan

2
x dx
29.  cot2 x dx 30.  3x  2 dx
ANSWERS
2
1. x8  C 2.  cos ecx  C
3
x4 x3
3. C 4. C
x 3
RAJIV RANJAN
5
cot3  7 x  35 4 x
5. C 6. C
7  4log3
tan 4  5x 
7.  C 8. log x  C
5
9. 2 x  C 10. tan x  sec x  C
 x x
11.  cot x  cosecx  C 12. 2 sin  cos   C
 2 2
13. 2 sin x  C 14.  cos x  sin x  C
x  3 x  6   C
2 3/ 2 2 5/ 2 2
15. x  x C 16.
3 5 3
17.  2 cot 2x  C 18. secx  cosecx  C
19.
1
18
 
2x  33 / 2  2x  33 / 2  C 20.
 x
 C
4 2
x  3 x  6   C
2 2
21. x  2 log x  1  C 22.
x 1 3
1 sin 2x  1 sin 2x 
23. x  C 24. x  C
2 2  2 2 
1 cos3x  1  cos7x 
25.   3 cos x  C 26.   cos x   C
4 3  2 7 
1  sin 6x sin 2x 
27.   C 28. tan x  x  C
2 6 2 
 3x 
29.  cot x  x  C 30. 9 C

 log 3 
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

x2 3x  5
1.  x  5x  6
2
dx 2.  x  8x  7
2
dx
(3x  1).dx 5x  3
3.  5  2x  x 2
4.  x 2  4x  10
.dx
x 3 6x  7
5.  5  4x  x 2
.dx 6.  x  5x  4dx
7.  x  3 x 2  4x  3 dx 8.  5x  1 6  5x  2x2 dx
RAJIV RANJAN
6
x2
 x  4 4  3x  x dx  x  1x  2x  3 dx
2
9. 10.
3x  1 3x  2
11.  x  1x  2x  3 dx 12.  (x  1)2 (x  3) dx
x2  x  1 1
13.  x  12 x  2dx 14.  1  x 3 dx
x2  x  1 x 2  2x  8
15.  
x 2  1 x  2
dx 16.  (x  1)(x  2)dx
x4 dx
17. 

x  1 x 2  1
dx
 18.  sinx  sin2x
2sin2φ  cosφ
19.  6  cos2φ  4sinφ dφ 20.  sin4 x dx
21.  cos4 x.dx 22.  cosx.cos2x.cos3x.dx
23.  sin3x.cos3x.dx 24.  sin5 x.dx
sin8 x  cos8 x dx
25.  dx 26.  asin2x  bcos2x
1  2sin2 x.cos2 x
dx dx
27.  cosx(sinx  2cosx) 28.  5  4sinx
dx dx
29.  sinx  3cosx
30.  sinx  3cosx
2sinx  3cosx dx
31.  3sinx  4cosx dx 32.  1  tanx
dx
 1  cotx  x tan
2 1
33. 34. x.dx
 sin x  dx  logx dx
1 2 2
35. 36.
xe x
37.  sec3x dx 38.  x  12 dx
 2  sin2x  x  1  sin x  x
39.   e dx 40.   e dx
 1  cos2x   1  cos x 
x2  1  1 
 x  12 e dx  log(logx)  logx2 dx
x
41. 42.
x 1 2x
 x  13 e dx  1  x 2 .e dx
x x
43. 44.
RAJIV RANJAN
7
45.  e2xsin3x dx 46.  e x sin 2 x dx
dx dx
47.  sin(x  a).sin(x  b) 48.  cos(x  a).cos(x  b)
dx dx
49.  cos(x  a).cos(x  b) 50.  sin(x  a).cos(x  b)
51.  cosx  a .dx

x2  1
52.  dx
sinx  b  x4  1
x2  4 x2 1
53.  x 4  16 dx 54.  x 4  x 2  1 dx
1
55.  x 4  x 2  1 dx 56.  tan x dx
1 1
57.  sin4 x  cos4 x dx 58.  x 4  5x 2  16 dx
dx dx
59.  2x  3 4x  5
60.  (x 2  4) x 1
dx dx
61.  x  2 x  6x  5
2
62.  (1  x 2 ) 1  x2
ANSWERS
1 5
1. x 2  5x  6  log x   x 2  5x  6  C
2 2
2. 3 x 2  8x  7  17 log ( x  4)  x 2  8x  7  C
 x 1
3.  3 5  2x  x 2  2 sin1 C
 6 
4. 5 x 2  4x  10  7 log x  2  x 2  4x  10  C
 x2
5.  5  4x  x 2  sin1  C
 3 
 9
6. 6 x 2  9x  20  34 log  x    x 2  9x  20  C
 2
7. 1 x 2  4x  32  5 x  2  x 2  4x  3  1 log x  2  x 2  4x  3   C

3
3  2  2 
8.  5 6  5x  2x 2 2  21 2  4x  5  3  5 x  x 2  73 sin1 4x  5   C

3
6 4  8  2 32  73 
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8
  5  2x  3  25 1 2x  3 
3
1
9.  4  3x  x 2 2    4  3x  x  sin 
2
  C
3 2  4  8  5 
1 9
10. log x  1  4 log x  2  log x  3  C
2 2
11. log x  1  5log x  2  4log x  3  C
11 x 1 5  1 
12. log   C
4 x  3 2  x 1
1
13.  log x  1   3 log x  2  C
x 1
1 1 1  2x  1 
14. log1  x  log1  x  x 2  tan 1 C
3 6 3  3 
15.
3
5
1
 1

log x  2  log x 2  1  tan 1 x  C
5 5
16. x  11log x  1  16 log x  2  C
17.
x2
2
1 1 1
 
 x  log x  1  log x 2  1  tan 1 x  C
2 4 2
1 1 2
18. log cos x  1  log cos x  1  log1  2 cos x  C
6 2 3
19. 2 log sin2   4 sin   5  7 tan 1(sin   2)  C
1 3 1 
20.  x  sin 2x  sin 4x   C
4 2 8 
1 sin 4x 
21.  3x  2 sin 2x  C
8 4 
x sin 6 x sin 4 x sin 2 x
22.    C
4 24 16 8
sin4 x sin6 x
23.  C
4 6
2 cos3 x cos5 x
24.  cos x   C
3 5
sin 2 x
25.  C
2
1  a tan x 
26. tan 1  C

ab  b 
27. log tan x  2  C
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9
2 1  tan x / 2 
28. tan  C
3  3 
1 1  3 tan x / 2
29. log C
2 3  3 tan x / 2
1 x  
30. log tan  
2  2 12 
18 1
31. x  log 3 sin x  4 cos x  C
15 25
x 1
32.  log sin x  cos x
2 2
x 1
33.  log sin x  cos x
2 2
34.
x3
3
1 1
 
tan 1 x  x 2  log x 2  1  C
6 6
 
35. x (sin1 x ) 2  2  sin 1 x. 1  x 2  x  C
36. x log x   2x log x  x   C

2
1 1
37. sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x  C
2 2
1 x
38. e C
x 1
39. e x tan x  C
x
40.  e x cot C
2
ex
41. e x  2 C
x 1
42. x loglog x  
x
C
log x
ex
43. C
x  12
ex
44. C
1 x
e2 x
45. 2 sin 3x  3 cos3x   C
13
1 x ex
46. e  cos 2x  2 sin 2x   C
2 10
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10
1 sin x  b
47. log C
sinb  a  sin x  a
1 cos x  b
48. log C
sinb  a  cos x  a
1 cos x  a
49. log C
sinb  a  cos x  b
1 sinx  a 
50. log C
cosb  a  cosx  b 
51. cosa  b  log sin x  b  x  b sinb  a   C
1  x2 1
52. tan 1 C

2  2x 
1 1 
x2  4 

C
53. tan  
2 2  2 2 x 
1 x2  x  1
54. log 2 C
2 x  x 1
1  x2 1 1 x2  x  1
55. tan 1   log 2
 C
2 3  3x  4 x  x 1
1  tan x  1  1 tan x  2 tan x  1

56. tan 1 
 log C
2  2 tan x  2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1
1  tan 2 x  1 
57. tan 1 C

2  2 tan x 
1  x2  4  1 x 2  13x  4
58. tan 1 
 log C
8 3  3 x  16 3 x 2  13x  4
59. tan 1 4x  5  C
1 x 1  3 1
60. log  tan 1 x  1  C
4 3 x 1  3 2
 1  x  1 
61. sin1     C
 2  x  2 
1 1  x
2
1
62.  tan C
2 2x 2
RAJIV RANJAN
11
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b
*  f ( x ) dx = F(b) – F(a), where F(x) =  f(x) dx
a
b b
*  f ( x ) dx =  f ( t ) dx
a a
b b
*  f ( x ) dx = –  f ( x ) dx
a a
b c b
*  f ( x ) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx
a a c
b b
*  f(x) dx =  f(a + b  x) dx
a a
a a
*  f(x) dx =  f(a  x) dx
0 0
a  a
* f(x) dx = 2 f(x)dx, if f(x) is an even function of x.
 0
a 
 0 if f(x) is an odd function of x
 a
*  f(x) dx =  
if f(2a  x)  f(x).
2a
2 f(x)dx,
0
.
0 
 0 if f(2a  x)  f(x)

/2 /2
cos x
 1  ex dx  sin
5
1. 2. x dx
 / 2  / 2
 /2
3.  cos5 x dx 4.  x cos
4
x dx
0  / 2
/2 /2
 x sin x  tan x  1 dx   sin x dx

4 5
5. 6.
 / 2  / 2
 1
 cos x dx e
x
7. 8. dx
0 1
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12
/2 1
 sin  x x dx
2
9. x dx 10.
 / 2 1
π/2 π/2
sin3 x sin n x.dx
11.  sin3 x  cos3 x
dx 12.  sin n x  cosn x
0 0
π/2 π/2
cosn x.dx dx
13.  sin n x  cosn x
14.  1  tan n x
0 0
π/2 π/3
dx 1
15.  1  cotn x
16.  1 tanx
dx
0 π/6
π/3 π/3
1 dx
17.  1  tan n x dx 18.  1  cotn x
π/6 π/6
π/3 π/3
sin n x.dx cosn x.dx
19.  n 20.  sinn x  cosn x dx
π/6 sin x  cos x
n
π/6
7x
4
21.  x  7x
dx
3
Answer
1. 1 2. 0
3. 0 4. 0
5. 0 6. 2
7. 2 8. 2e  2

9. 10.0
2
 
11. 12.
4 4
 
13. 14.
4 4
 
15. 16.
4 12
 
17. 18.
12 12
 
19. 20.
12 12
1
21.
2
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13
π π/4
 log1  tanx dx

xtanx
1.  secx.cosecx dx 2.
0 0
π/2 π/2
sin 2 x x
3.  sinx  cosx
4.  sinx  cosx
0 0
π π/2
xsinx sin2x
5.  dx 6.  sin4 x  cos4 x
0 1  cos x
2
0
π/2 π/2
xsinx.cosx
7.  sin 4 x  cos4 x
dx 8.  cos2x.logsinx dx
0 π/4
π π/4
x
9.  1  sinx dx 10.  1  sin2x dx
0 0
 
π/2
1 x
1
11.  1 x
dx 12. tanx  cotx dx
0 0
π/3 π
sinx  cosx dx
13.  sin2x dx 14.  5  4cosx
π/6 0
1 4
15.  5x  3 dx
0
16.  x  1  x  2  x  4 dx
1
2 2
x  2x  3 dx x  x dx
2 3
17. 18.
0 1
3/ 2 3/ 2
19.  x sin x dx 20.  x cos x dx
1 0
π/2 π
 sin x  cos x dx

xtanx
21. 22.  secx  tanx dx
 π/2 0
π/2 π/2 1
23.  logsinx dx OR  logcosxdx 24.  2tan 1x 2 dx
0 0 0
a 
x x
25.  sin 1
dx 26.  a 2 cos2 x  b 2 sin2 x dx
0
ax 0
2 / 2
5x 2
 x 2  4x  3 dx  2 sin x. cos x. tan sin x dx
1
27. 28.
1 0
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14
/2 /4
x  sin x sin x  cos x
29.  1  cos x
dx 30.  9  16 sin 2x
dx
0 0
/2
/2
cos x 2
32.  2 logsin x  logsin 2x dx

0
31. dx /2
cos x  4 sin 2 x
2
 2 log cos x  logsin 2x dx

0
OR
0
log1  x 

 1  sin x  x
1
33.  1  cos x e dx 34.  1  x 2
dx
/2 0
1 
1  ecos x
35.  log  1 dx 36.  ecos x  ecos x dx
0 x  0
2 1
 x 1  x  dx
1
 1  esin x dx
2 n
37. 38.
0 0

 
1
 x tan x 40.  log1  cos x  dx

1 2
39. dx
0 0
 
1
41.  cot1 1  x  x 2 dx
0
ANSWERS
2 π
1. 2. log2
4 8
3.
1
2

log 2  1  4.
2 2
π

log 2  1 
2 π
5. 6.
4 2
π2 1 π 1
7. 8. log2  
16 4 8 4
9.  10. 2 1
π
11. 1 12. 2π
2
 3 1  π
13. 2sin1  
 14.
 2  3
13 23
15. 16.
10 2
11
17. 4 18.
4
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15
3 1 5 1
19.  20.  2
 2 2 

21.0 22.   2
2
   1 2 2
23. log 2 24.   log
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2
25. a  26.
 2  2ab
8 25 6 π
27. 5  10 log  log 28. 1
15 2 5 2
π 1
29. 30. log 9
2 40
  1
31. 32. log
6 2 2


33. e2 34. log 2
8

35. 0 36.
2
2
37.  38.
n  1n  2n  3
2  1
39.   log 2 40.   log 2
16 4 2

41.  log 2
2
RAJIV RANJAN
16
APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRALS
b b b
** Area of the region PQRSP =  dA =  y dx =  f ( x ) dx .
a a a
** The area A of the region bounded by the curve x = g (y), y-axis and
d d
the lines y = c, y = d is given by A=  x dy =  g( y) dy
c c

x 2 y2
1. Using integration, find the area enclosed by the ellipse  1 .
16 9
2. Using integration, find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola y = 3x 2 and the line
3x – y + 6 = 0.
3. Using integration, find the area of the parabola y2 = 4ax bounded by its latus rectum.
4. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = x and the lines x = 1, x = 4
and the x-axis.
5. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curve x2 = 4y, y = 2, y = 4 and the y-axis
in the first quadrant.
6. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and the line x = 4y – 2.
7. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curve y= x2 + 2, y = x, x = 0 and x = 3.
8. Find the area of the following region using integration: {(x, y) : y ≤ | x | + 2, y ≥ x2}.
9. Using integration, find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 9, x + y ≥ 3}.
10. Using integration, find the smaller area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the line x + y = 2.
11. Find the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and enclosed by the x-axis, the line y = x and
the circle x2 + y2 = 32 .
RAJIV RANJAN
17
x 2 y2
12. Using integration, find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse 2  2  1 and
a b
x y
the line   1.
a b
x 2 y2
13. Using integration, find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse   1 and the
9 4
x y
line   1.
3 2
14. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are (2, –2),
(4 , 5) and (6 , 2).
15. Using the method of integration, find the area of the ΔABC, coordinates of whose vertices are
A(2, 0), B(4, 5) and C(6, 3).
16. Using integration, find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (1 , 0), (2 , 2) and (3 , 1).
17. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (–1, 1), (0, 5) and (3, 2), using integration.
18. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines x – y = 0, 3x – y = 0 and
x + y = 12.
19. Using integration, find the area of the triangular region whose sides have the equations y = 2x + 1,
y = 3x + 1 and x = 4.
20.Using the method of integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines 3x – 2y + 1 = 0,
2x + 3y – 21 = 0 and x – 5y + 9 = 0.
21. Using integration, find the area bounded by the lines x + 2y = 2, y –x= 1 and 2x + y = 7.
ANSWERS
27
1. 12π sq units. 2. sq units.
2
8a 2
3. sq units. 4. 14/3 sq units.
3
 32  8 2  5
5.   sq units.
 6. sq units.
 3  6
21 20
7. sq units. 8. sq units.
2 3
9.
9
  2sq units. 10. (π – 2) sq. Units
4
11. 4 π sq units. 12.

ab
  2  sq units.
4
13.
3
  2  sq units. 14. 10 sq units.
2
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18
3
15. 7 sq units. 16. sq units.
2
15
17. sq units. 18. 18 sq units.
2
13
19. 8 sq units. 20. sq units.
2
21. 6 sq units.
RAJIV RANJAN
19
** Order of Differenti al Equation : Order of the heighest order derivative of the given differenti al
equation is called the order of the differenti al equation.
* * Degree of the Differenti al Equation : Heighest power of the heighest order derivative when powers
of all the derivative s are of the given differenti al equation is called the degree of the differenti al equatin
dy f1 x , y 
* * Homogeneou s Differenti al Equation :  , where f1 x , y & f 2 ( x , y) be the homogeneou s
dx f 2 ( x , y)
function of same degree.
* * Linear Differenti al Equation :
dy
i.  py  q, where p & q be the function of x or cons tant.
dx
Solution of the equation is : y . e   e
 .q dx , where e  is Integratin g Factor (I.F.)
p dx p dx p dx
dx
ii.  px  q, where p & q be the function of y or cons tant.
dy
Solution of the equation is : x . e   e

 .q dy , where e  is Integratin g Factor (I.F.)
p dy p dy p dy

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
1. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :
3
 d2 y 
 
4
 2   4   sin e x  y  0 .
dy
 dx   dx 
 
2
 d3 y   dy 
4
2. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  3   sin x   cos y  0 .
 dx   dx 
3. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :

2
 d2y 
 
 2   sin   sin e x  y  0 .
 dx 
dy
   dx 
2
 d2 y 
dy
4. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  2   e dx  y  0 .
 dx 
3
 d 2 y  2  dy 2
5. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  2      1
 dx   dx 
2 1
 d2 y  3  dy  2
6. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  2    y  
 dx   dx 
RAJIV RANJAN
20
7/3
  dy  2  d3y
7. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation : 4     
  dx   dx 3
3
 d2y   dy 
4
8. If p and q are the degree and order of the differential equation x 2   y   x 3  0
 dx   dx 
respectively, then find the value of 2p – q .
9. Solve : dy + sin x sin y dx = 0
dy y
10. Solve : 
dx x
dy
11. Solve : (1 + x2) =1
dx
dy
12. Solve :  ex  y
dx
13. Solve : sec2 x tan y dx  sec2 y tan x dy

dy
14. Solve : =1 + x + y + xy
dx
dy
15. Solve : = e x - y + x2 e-y
dx
dy
16. Solve : (ex  e – x )  (ex – e – x )
dx
17. Solve : y log y dx – x dy = 0
18. Solve : cos x1  cos ydx  sin y1  sin x dy  0
19. Solve : 3ex tan y dx  (1 – ex ) sec2 y dy  0
20. Solve : x  2 
dy
 4x 2 y
dx
21. Solve : x 1  y2 dx  y 1  x 2 dy  0
 1  x  y  xy , y1  0
dy
22. Solve :
dx
23. Solve : (1  e2x )dy  (1  y2 )ex dx  0, y0  1
ANSWERS
1. Order : 2 , Degree : 3 2. Order : 3 , Degree : 2

3. Order : 2 , Degree : Not defined 4. Order : 2 , Degree : Not defined
5. Order : 2 , Degree : 3 6. Order : 2 , Degree : 4
7. Order : 3 , Degree : 3 8. 4
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y
9. e  cosx tan c 10. y = kx
2
11. y = tan –1 x + c 12.  e y  ex  C

x2
13. tan x. tan y  C 14. log (1 + y) = x   c
2
x3
15. e y  e x  c 16. y  log ex  e –x  C
3
17. y  ekx 18. 1  sin x 1  cos y  C
 x2 
19. (ex  1)3  C tan y 20. log y  4  2x  4 logx  2  C
2 
x2 3
21. 1  x 2  1  y2  C 22. log1  y  x  
2 2
 
23. Ans. tan 1 y  tan 1 e x 

2

HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Show that following differential equation is homogeneous and hence solve it
1. Solve (x 2  y 2 )dx  2xydy  0, given that y  1, when x  1.

dy x 2 y  x 
2. Solve  , given that y  1, when x  1.
dx x 2 y  x 
3.Solve (3xy  y2 )dx  (x 2  xy)dy  0.
dy y  y
4.Solve   cos ec , given that y  0, when x  1.
dx x x
dy  y
5.Solve x  y  x tan  .
dx x
6. Solve (x 3  y3 )dy  x 2 ydx  0
7.Solve x 2dy  (xy  y2 )dx  0, given that y  1, when x  1.
8. Show that following differential equation is homogeneous and hence solve it x  y 

dy
 x  2y
dx
 y
9.Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous, and then solve it ydx  xlog   2xdy  0
x
10.Solve xdy  ydx  x 2  y 2 dx
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22
dy
11. Solve 2 x 2  2 xy  y 2  0
dx
dy  y
12. Solve x  y  sin   0, given that y  , when x  2.
dx x
13.Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous, and then solve it
 
2yex/ydx  y  2xe x / y dy  0, given that y  1, when x  0.
14. Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous, and then solve it
dy  y y 
x . sin   x  y sin   0, given that y  , when x  1.
dx x x 2
15. Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous , and then solve it
xe y/x

 y dx  xdy, given that y  1, when x  1.
16.Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous , and then solve it
 2 y   
 xsin  x   y dx  xdy  0, given that y  4 , when x  1.
   
ANSWERS
1. x 2  y2  2x
 2 y 2  xy  x 2  6 1  4 y  x  6  3 
2. log 2

  tan 

  2 log x  log 2 
 tan 1  
 x  7  7x  7  7
 
3.x log x 3 y  C 4. cos
y
x
 log x  1
y x3
5. x sin  C 6.  3  log y  C
x 3y
 2y  x 
7.3x 2 y  y  2x 8. log x 2  xy  y 2  2 3 tan 1  C
 3x 
 y 
9.log  1  Cy 10.y  x 2  y 2  Cx 2
 x 
2x  y y
11.  log x  C 12. cosec  cot   2
y  x x
y
13. 2e x / y  log y  C 14. cos  log x
x
y y
1 y
x
15.e . log x e x 1  0 16. log x  cot  1  0
x
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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Solve the following differential equations :
dy
1. Solve cos2 x  y  tan x
dx
dy
2. Solve x  y  x log x ; x  0
dx
dy
3. Solve (1  x 2 )  y  tan 1 x
dx
dy
4. Solve x log x  y  2 log x
dx
dy
5. Solve :  y  cos x  sin x
dx
dy  
6.Solve :  y cot x  4x cosecx, ( x  0), given that y   0.
dx 2
dy 2
7. Solve : ( x 2  1)  2 xy  2
dx x 1
dy 2
8. Solve : x log x  y  log x
dx x
dy
9. Solve : ( x 2  1)  2 xy  x 2  4
dx
10. Solve : xdy  ( y  x3 )dx  0

dy  
11.Solve :  2y tan x  sin x; y   0
dx 3
12.Solve : (1  x 2 )dy  2xydx  cot xdx ; x  0

dy 1
13.Solve : (1  x 2 )  y  e tan x
dx
 e 2 x y  dx
14.Solve :    1
 x x  dy
ANSWERS
x 1
1. ye tanx  e tanx tan x  1  C 2. y   log x    C
2 2
4.y log x  log x 2  C

1
3. y  (tan 1 x  1)  Ce  tan x
x 2
5. y  cos x  Ce 6. y sin x  2 x 2 
2
x 1
7. y 
1
log  2
C
8.y log x  
2
log x  1  C
x 1
2
x 1 x 1 x
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x x4
9. ( x 2  1) y  x 2  4  2 log x  x 2  4  C 10.xy  C
2 4
log sin x C
11.y  cos x  2 cos2 x 12.y  
1 x 2
1 x2
1
e tan x 1
13.y   Ce  tan x
14. y.e 2 x
2 x C
2
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25
VECTORS

* Position v ector of point Ax, y, z   OA  xî  yĵ  zk̂
* If A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and po int Bx 2 , y 2 , z 2  then AB  x 2  x1 î  y 2  y1  ĵ  z 2  z1 k̂
 
* If a  xî  yĵ  zk̂ ; a  x 2  y2  z2

 a
* Unit vector parallel to a  
a
   
* Scalar Product (dot product) between tw o vectors : a . b  a b cos  ;  is angle between th e vectors
 
a .b
* cos 
ab
   
* If a  a1î  b1 ĵ  c1k̂ and b  a 2 î  b 2 ĵ  c 2 k̂ then a . b  a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2
   
* If a is perpendicu lar to b then a . b  0
  2
* a .a  a
 
 a .b
* Projection of a on b  
b
* Vector product between two vectors :

 
a  b  a b sin  n̂ ; n̂ is the normal unit vector
 
which is perpendicular to both a & b
 
a b
* n̂ 
 
a b
   
* If a is parallel to b then a  b  0
  1  
* Area of triangle (whose sides are given by a and b )  a b
2
   
* Area of parallelog ram (whose adjacent sides are given by a and b )  a  b
  1  
* Area of parallelog ram (whose diagonals are given by a and b )  a b
2

RAJIV RANJAN
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1. Write two different vectors having same magnitude.
2. Write two different vectors having same direction.
3. Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an angle of 30° with the positive direction of x-axis.
4. Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point (2, 1, 3) and terminal point
(– 5, 7, 7).

5. Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector a = î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂ .

6. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector PQ , where P and Q are the points (2, 3, 4) and (5, 6, 7),
respectively.
 
7. For given vectors, a = 3 î – ĵ + 2 k̂ and b = – 2 î + 3 ĵ – k̂ , find the unit vector in the direction of
 
the vector a + b .

8. Find a vector of magnitude 4 units, and parallel to the resultant of the vectors a = 3 î + 2 ĵ – k̂ and

b = î +2 ĵ +3 k̂ .
9. Find a vector in the direction of vector 3 î – 4 ĵ + 5 k̂ which has magnitude7 units.
10. Find the value of x for which x( î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) is a unit vector.
11. Find the value of  for which the vectors 2 î – 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ and – 4 î + 6 ĵ –  k̂ are collinear.
 
12. Find the angle between the vectors a  î  ĵ  k̂ and b  î  ĵ  k̂

13. Write a unit vector in the direction of vector PQ , where P and Q are the points (1, 3, 0) and (4, 5, 6)
respectively.
14. What is the cosine of the angle which the vector 2 î + ĵ + k̂ makes with y - axis?
15. Find the projection of the vector î  3 ĵ  7k̂ on the vector 2î  3 ĵ  6k̂
16. Write the projection of vector î  ĵ  k̂ along the vector ĵ .

 
17. Find „  ‟ when the projection of a =  î + ĵ + 4 k̂ on b = 2 î + 6 ĵ + 3 k̂ is 4 units.
18. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose
position vectors are î + 2 ĵ – k̂ and – î + ĵ + k̂ respectively, internally in the ratio 2 : 1

    
19. In a triangle OAC, if B is the mid-point of side AC and OA = a , OB = b , then what is OC .
20. The two vectors ĵ + k̂ and 3î  ĵ + 4k̂ represent the two sides AB and AC, respectively of a ∆ABC.
Find the length of the median through A.
RAJIV RANJAN
27
 
21. Write the value of p for which a = 3 î + 2 ĵ + 9 k̂ and b = î + p ĵ + 3 k̂ are parallel vectors.
   
22. If θ is the angle between two vectors a and b , then write the values of θ for which a . b ≥ 0 .
    
23. Find the projection of a on b if a . b = 8 and b  2î  6 ĵ  3k̂ .
     
24. If | a | = 3 , | b | = 2 and a . b = 3 , find the angle between a and b .
     
25. If | a | = 3 , | b | = 2 and the angle between a and b is 60°, find a . b .
 
26. For what value of  are the vectors a  2î  ĵ  k̂ and b  î  2 ĵ  3k̂ perpendicular to each other?
    
27. If a . a = 0 and a . b = 0, then what can be concluded about the vector b ?
     
28. If a is a unit vector and ( x – a ). ( x + a ) = 80, then find | x | .
     
29. If a is a unit vector and (2 x –3 a ).(2 x +3 a ) = 91, then write the value of | x |.
     
30. If a and b are perpendicular vectors, | a + b | = 13 and | a | = 5, find the value of | b |.
31. Write the value of ( î  ĵ ). k̂ + î . ˆj .
32. Write the value of ( k̂  ˆj ). î + ˆj . k̂ .
33. Write the value of ( î  ĵ ). k̂ + ( ĵ  k̂ ) . î .

       
34. If a and b are two vectors such that | a . b | = | a  b |, then what is the angle between a and b ?
 
35. Write a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors a  î  ĵ  k̂ and b  î  ĵ

36. Find a vector of magnitude 171 which is perpendicular to both of the vectors a = î + 2 ĵ – 3 k̂ and

b = 3 î – ĵ + 2 k̂
    2  
37. If vectors a and b are such that, | a | = 3, | b | = and a  b is a unit vector, then write the angle
3
 
between a and b .
  
38. For any three vectors a , b and c , write the value of the following:
        
a  ( b + c ) + b  ( c + a ) + c  ( a + b ). 0
    2  
39. Vectors a and b are such that | a | = 3 , |b |= and ( a  b ) is a unit vector. Write the angle
3
 
between a and b .
 
40. Find the angle between two vectors a and b , with magnitudes 1 and 2 respectively and
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28
 
when | a × b | = 3
     
41. Find a .( b  c ), if a = 2î  ĵ  3k̂ , b =  î  2 ĵ  k̂ and c = 3î  ĵ  2k̂
  
42. Find a vector a of magnitude 5 2 , making an angle of with x-axis, with y-axis and an acute
4 2
angle  with z-axis.

43. Find the value of p, if (2 î + 6 ˆj +27 k̂ )  ( î +3 ĵ + p k̂ ) = 0
   
44. If a and b are two unit vectors such that a + b is also a unit vector, then find the angle between
 
a and b .
45. If â , b̂ and ĉ are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find the value of |2 â + b̂ + ĉ |.
   
46. If | a |= a , then find the value of the following : | a  î |2 +| a  ĵ |2+| a  k̂ |2.
47. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors 2 î – 3 k̂ and
4 ĵ + 2 k̂
     
48. Find the value of a . b if | a | = 10, | b | = 2 and | a  b |= 16.
     
49. If a and b are unit vectors, then what is the angle between a and b so that 2 a  b is a unit
vector ?
   
50. The vectors a =3 î + x ĵ and b = 2 î + ĵ + y k̂ are mutually perpendicular. If | a | = | b |, then find the
value of y.
     
51. If │ a │ = 4 , and │ b │ = 3 and a . b  6 3 , then find the value of │ a × b │.
  4   1  
1
52. If vectors and are such that │ a │= , │ b │= and │ a × b │= , then find │ a . b │.
2 3 3
  
53. Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose adjacent edges are represented by 2 a ,− b and 3 c ,
  
where a = î − ĵ + 2 k̂ r , b = 3 î + 4 ĵ − 5 k̂ and c = 2 î − ĵ + 3 k̂
ANSWERS
1. 2î  3 ĵ and 3î  2 ĵ 2. î  ĵ  k̂ and 2î  2 ĵ  2k̂
3 1
3. î  ĵ
2 2
4. Scalar components : –7, 6 and 4, Vector components : –7 î , 6 ˆj , and 4 k̂ .
RAJIV RANJAN
29
5.
1
3

î  2 ĵ  2k̂  6.
1
3

î  ˆj  k̂ 
7.
1
6

î  ĵ  k̂  8. 
2
3
(4î  4 ĵ  2k̂ )
9.
5
7
2
3î  4 ĵ  5k̂  10. 
1
14
(î  2 ĵ  3k̂ )
12. cos1  
1
11.   8
 3
1 1
13. (3î  2 ĵ  6k̂ ) 14.
7 2
15. 5 16. 1
1 4 1
17. 5 18.  î  ĵ  k̂
3 3 3
  1
19. 2 b  a 20. 34
2
2 
21. p  22. 0   
3 2
8 
23. 24.
7 3
5
25. 3 26.  
2

27. b may be any vector. 28. 9
29. 5 30. 12
31. 1 32. – 1

33. 2 34.
4
î ĵ
35.   36. î  11ĵ  7k̂
2 2

37. 38. 0
6
 
39. 40.
3 3
41. – 10 42. 5î  5k̂

27 2
43. 44.
2 3
45. 6 46. 2a2
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47. 4 14 sq units 48.  12

49. 50.  2 10
4
51. 6 52. 1
53. 24
1. If î + ˆj + k̂ , 2 î +5 ĵ , 3 î +2 ˆj –3 k̂ and î – 6 ˆj – k̂ are the position vectors of the points A, B, C and D,

   
find the angle between AB and CD . Deduce that AB and CD are collinear.
       
2. If a  î  ĵ  k̂ and b  ĵ  k̂ find a vector c such that a  c  b and a . c  3.
       
3. If a + b + c = 0 and | a |= 3 ,| b | = 5 and | c | = 7, show that angle between a and b is 60o
4. The scalar product of the vector î + ˆj + k̂ with a unit vector along the sum of the vectors 2 î + 4 ˆj – 5
k̂ and  î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ is equal to 1, find the value of  .
               
5. If a × b = c × d and a × c = b × d , show that a – d is parallel to b – c , where a  d and b  c .
             
6. If a , b , c are three vectors such that a . b = a . c and a × b = a × c , a  0, then show that b = c .
  
7. If a = î + ĵ + k̂ , b = 4 î – 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ , c = î – 2 ĵ + k̂ find a vector of magnitude 6 units which is parallel
  
to the vector 2 a – b + 3 c .
   
8. Let a = î + 4 ĵ + 2 k̂ , b = 3 î – 2 ĵ + 7 k̂ and c = 2 î – ĵ + 4 k̂ Find a vector d which is perpendicular
   
to both a and b and c . d = 18.
     
9. Let a = î – ĵ , b = 3 ĵ – k̂ and c = 7 î – k̂ . Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both a and b and
 
c . d =1
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10. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose
   
position vectors are (2 a + b ) and ( a –3 b ) respectively, externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Also, show that
P is the mid-point of the line segment RQ.
11. If the scalar product of the vector î + 2 ĵ + 4 k̂ with a unit vector along the sum of the vectors
î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ and  î + 4 ĵ – 3 k̂ is equal to one, find the value of  .
     
12. If two vectors a and b are such that | a | = 2, | b | =1 and a . b =1, then find the value of
   
(3 a – 5 b ). (2 a + 7 b ).
         
13. If a , b , c are three vectors such that | a | = 5, | b | = 12 and | c | = 13, a + b + c = 0 , find the value
     
of a . b + b . c + c . a .
14. The magnitude of the vector product of the vector î + ĵ + k̂ with a unit vector along the sum of
vectors 2 î + 4 ĵ – 5 k̂ and  î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ is equal to 2. Find the value of  .
        
15. Vectors a , b and c are such that a + b + c = 0 and | a |= 3, | b |= 5 and| c |=7.Find the angle
 
between a and b .
    
16. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a + b and a – b , where a =3 î +2 ĵ +2 k̂ and

b = î +2 ĵ –2 k̂ .
    
17. If vectors a = 2 î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ , b = – î + 2 ĵ + k̂ and c = 3 î + ĵ are such that a +  b is

perpendicular to c , then find the value of  .
      
18. If  = 3 î + 4 ĵ + 5 k̂ and  = 2 î + ĵ – 4 k̂ , then express  in the form  = 1 +  2 , where 1 is
  
parallel to  and  2 is perpendicular to  .
      
19. If  = 3 î – ĵ and  = 2 î + ĵ – 3 k̂ , then express  in the form  = 1 +  2 , where 1 is parallel to
  
 and  2 is perpendicular to  .
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20. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2 î –4 ĵ + 5 k̂ and î – 2 ĵ – 3 k̂ . Find the unit vector
parallel to one of its diagonals. Also, find its area.
     
21. If a = î – ĵ + 7 k̂ and b =5 î – ĵ +  k̂ , then find the value of  , so that a + b and a – b are
perpendicular vectors.
22. Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC, whose vertices are A (1, 2, 3), B (2, –1, 4) and
C (4, 5, –1).
      
23. If a and b are two vectors such that | a + b | = | a | , then prove that vector 2 a + b perpendicular

to vector b .
   
24. Find a vector of magnitude 6, perpendicular to each of the vectors a + b and a – b , where
 
a = î + ĵ + k̂ and b = î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ .
    
25.Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a + 2 b and 2 a + b , where a =3 î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂

and b = î + 2 ĵ – 2 k̂ .
26. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC, where the coordinates of its vertices
are A(3, – 1, 2), B(1, – 1, – 3) and C(4, – 3, 1).
  
27. If r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ , find ( r  î ).( r  ĵ) + xy
28. Dot product of a vector with î + ĵ – 3 k̂ , î + 3 ĵ – 2 k̂ , and 2 î + ĵ + 4 k̂ are 0, 5, 8 respectively.

Find the vector.
 
29. If a & b are unit vectors inclined at an angle θ , prove that
 
 1    | a b |
(i) sin  | a – b | (ii) tan    .
2 2 2
| a b |
     
30. If a , b , c are three mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, prove that a + b + c is
  
equally inclined with the vectors a , b , c .
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        
31. Let a , b , c be unit vectors such that a . b = a . c = 0 and the angle between b and c is  /6, prove
  
that a =  2( a  b ) .
           
32. If a , b , c , d are four distinct vectors satisfying the conditions a × b = c × d and a × c = b × d ,
       
then prove that a . b + c . d  a . c + b . d .

33. Find the angles which the vector a = î − ˆj + 2k̂ makes with the coordinate axes.
ANSWERS
  1
1. AB  CD 2. (5î  2 ĵ  2k̂ )
3
4. 1 7. 2î  4 ĵ  4k̂
1
8. 64î  2 ĵ  28k̂ 9. ( î  ĵ  3k̂ )
4
  
10. OR  3 a  5 b 11.8
12.0 13. – 169
14. 1 15. 60o
2 2 1
16.  î  ĵ  k̂ 17. 8
3 3 3
 3 4   13 9  3 1  1 3 
18.   î  ĵ  k̂    î  ĵ  3k̂  19.  î  ĵ   î  ĵ  3k̂ 
 5 5  5 5  2 2  2 2 
20. 3î  6 ĵ  2k̂, 11 5 sq. units 21.  5
274
22. Sq units 24.  6 (î  2 ĵ  k̂)
2
25. 
2
3

î  ĵ  k̂ )  26. 
1
165

 10î  7 ĵ  4k̂ ) 
27.0 28. î  2 ĵ  k̂
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 2 
33. , ,
3 3 4
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

* * Direction cos ines and direction ratios :

If a line makes angles ,  and  with x, y and z axes respectively the cos , cos and cos  are the directioncos ines
denoted by l, m, n respectively and l 2  m 2  n 2  1
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Any three numbers proportional to direction cos ines are direction ratios denoted by a , b, c
l m n a b c
  l , m , n  ,
a b c a 2  b2  c2 a 2  b2  c2 a 2  b2  c2
* Direction ratios of a line segment joining Px1 , y1 , z1  and Qx 2 , y 2 , z 2  may be taken as x 2  x1 , y 2  y1 , z 2  z1
* Angle between two lines whose directioncosinesare l1 , m1 , n1 and l 2 , m 2 , n 2 is given by
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2
cos   l1l 2  m1m 2  n1n 2 
a 1
2

 b12  c12 a 2 2  b 2 2  c 2 2 
a1 b1 c1
* For parallel lines   and
a 2 b2 c2
for perpendicular lines a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2  0 or l1l 2  m1m 2  n1n 2  0
* * STRAIGHT LINE :
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
* Equation of line pas sin g through a po int x1 , y1 , z1  with directioncosines a , b, c :  
a b c
x  y  z  
* Equation of line pas sin g through a po int x1 , y1 , z1  and parallel to the line:   is
a b c
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
a b c
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
* Equation of line pas sin g through two po int x1 , y1 , z1  and x 2 , y 2 , z 2  is  
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
* Equation of line (Vector form)
Equation of line passing through a point a and in the direction of b is r  a   b
* Equation of line passing through t wo points a & b and in the direction of b is r  a   b  a  
* Shortest distance between two skew lines : if lines are r  a1   b1 r  a 2   b 2
then Shortest distance 

a 2 
 a1 . b1  b 2  ; b1  b 2  0
b1  b 2
a 2  a1  b1 
; b1  b 2  0
b1
* * PLANE :
* Equation of plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0 where a, b & c are direction ratios of normal to the plane
* Equation of plane passing through a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is a x  x1   by  y1   cz  z1   0
x y z
* Equation of plane in intercept formis    1, where a , b, c are int erceptson the axes
a b c
* Equation of plane in normal form lx  my  nz  p where l, m, n are directioncos ines of normal to the plane p is
length of perpendicular form origin to the plane
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* Equation of plane passing through t hree points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 , z )
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1  0
x 3  x1 y 3  y1 z 3  z1
* Equation of plane passing through t wo points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and perpendicular to the plane
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x  1 y  1 z  1
a 1x  b1 y  c1z  d1  0 or parralal to the line   is x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1  0
a1 b1 c1
a1 b1 c1
* Equation of plane passing through t he point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and perpendicular to the

x  1 y  1 z  1
planes a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1  0 , a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 z  d 2  0 or parralal to the lines  
a1 b1 c1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x   2 y  2 z   2
and   is a1 b1 c1  0
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
* Equation of plane contaning the line   and passing through t he point ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is
a1 b1 c1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1  0
a1 b1 c1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x 2 y  y2 z  z2
* Condition for coplaner lines :   and   are coplaner if
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
a1 b1 c1  0 and equation of common plane is a1 b1 c1  0
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
* Equation of plane passing through t he int er sec tion of two planes a1x  b1 y  c1z  0 , a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 z  0 is
(a1x  b1 y  c1z)  (a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 z)  0
 
* Perpendicular dis tan ce from the po int x 1 , y1 , z1` to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is
ax 1  by1  cz1  d
a 2  b2  c2
d1  d 2
* Distance between two parallel planes ax  by  cz  d1  0 , ax  by  cz  d 2  0 is
a 2  b2  c2
1. Find the direction cosines of the line passing through the two points (1,– 2, 4) and (– 1, 1, – 2).
2. Find the direction cosines of x, y and z-axis.
3. If a line makes angles 90o, 135 o , 45 o with the x, y and z axes respectively, find its direction cosines.
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1 1
4. Find the acute angle which the line with direction-cosines , , n makes with positive
3 6
direction of z-axis.
5. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (4, –7, 3) on the y-axis.
6. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, –3, 4) on the y-axis.
7. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (–2, 8, 7) on the XZ-plane.
8. Find the image of the point (2, –1, 4) in the YZ-plane.
9. Find the vector and cartesian equations for the line passing through the points (1, 2, –1) and (2, 1, 1).
10. Find the vector equation of a line passing through the point (2, 3, 2) and parallel to the line

r  (2î  3 ĵ)  (2î  3 ĵ  6k̂ ) .

11. Find the angle between the lines r  (2 ĵ  3k̂ )  (î  2 ĵ  2k̂ ) and

r  (2î  6 ĵ  3k̂ )  (2î  3 ĵ  6k̂ ) .
12. The two lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d ; and x = a' y + b' , z = c' y + d ' are perpendicular to each other,
find the relation involving a, a', c and c'.
y z y z
13. If the two lines L1 : x  5,  , L2 : x  2,  are perpendicular, then find value
3 2 1 2  
of α.
14. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (–1, 5, 4) and perpendicular to the
plane z = 0.
15. Find the vector equation of a plane, which is at a distance of 5 units from the origin and whose
normal vector is (2î  ĵ  2k̂) .
16. Write the vector equation of XY-plane.
17. Write the equation of the plane that cuts the coordinate axes at (2, 0, 0), (0, 4, 0) and (0, 0, 7).

18. Find the image of the point (2, –1, 5) in the plane r . î = 0.
19. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (-1, 1, –8) and (5, –2, 10) crosses the ZX-
plane.
20. If P(1,0,–3) is the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane, then what is the cartesian
equation of the plane ?
x 5
21. Show that the plane x – 5y – 2z = 1 contains the line  y 2z.
3
x 1 y  4 z  4
22. Find the coordinates of the point where the line   cuts the line xy-plane.
3 7 2

23. Find the points of intersection of the line r  (2î  6 ĵ  2k̂ )  (3î  4 ĵ  2k̂ ) and the plane
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
r .( î  ĵ  k̂ )  5.

24. Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 4) from the plane r .(3î  6 ĵ  2k̂ )  11.
 
25. Find the acute angle between the planes r .( î  2 ĵ  2k̂ ) = 1 and r .(3î  6 ĵ  2k̂ ) = 0.
26. Find the length of the intercept, cut off by the plane 2x + y – z = 5 on the x-axis.
27. Find the distance between parallel planes 2x + y − 2z − 6 = 0 and 4x + 2y − 4z = 0.
28. Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and parallel to xz plane.
29. The two planes x – 2y + 4z =10 and 18x +17y + kz = 50 are perpendicular, if k is equal to
x 2 y3 z4
30. The line   is parallel to the plane 3x + ky –5z = 7, find the value of k.
3 4 5
ANSWERS
 2 3 6
1.   , ,   2. 1, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1
 7 7 7
1 1 
3. 0,  , 4.
2 2 4
5. 5 units 6. (0, –3, 0)
7. (–2, 0, 7) 8. (–2, –1, 4)

 x 1 x  2 z 1
9. r  (î  2 ĵ  k̂ )  (î  ĵ  2k̂ );  
1 1 2

 4 
10. r  (2î  3 ĵ  2k̂ )  (2î  3 ĵ  6k̂ ) 11. cos1 
 21 
7
12. aa' + cc' =1 13.
3
 
14. r  î  5 ĵ  (4  )k̂ 15. r .( 2î  ĵ  2k̂ ) = 15
 x y z
16. r . k̂  0 17.   1 OR 14x+ 7y+ 4z =28
2 4 7
18. (–2, –1, 5) 19. (1, 0, –2)
20. x – 3z = 10 22. (7, 10, 0)
23. (2, –1, 2) 24. 1 unit
 11  5
25. cos1  26.
 21  2
27. 2 units 28. y = 3.
29. 4 30. 4
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
1. Find the shortest distance between the lines r =( î  2 ĵ  k̂)   (î  ĵ  k̂) and

r =2 î  ĵ  k̂ )  (2î  ĵ  2k̂ )
x 3 y5 z7 x 1 y 1 z 1
2. Find the shortest distance between the following lines :   and  
1 2 1 7 6 1
3. Find the equation of a line parallel to

r = ( î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) +  (2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ ) and passing through 2 î + 4 ĵ + 5 k̂ . Also find the S.D. between
these lines.
4. Find the equation of the line passing through (1, –1, 1) and perpendicular to the lines joining the
points(4, 3, 2), (1, –1, 0) and (1, 2, –1), (2, 2, 1).
1 x y  2 z  3 x 1 y 1 6  z
5. Find the value of  so that the lines   and   are perpendicular to
3 2 2 3 1 7
each other.
x 1 y  3 z  5 x2 y4 z6
6. Show that the lines   and   intersect. Find their point of
3 5 7 1 3 5
intersection.
x y 1 z  2
7. Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line   .
1 2 3
x  2 y 1 z  3
8. Find the point on the line   at a distance 5 units from the point P(1, 3, 3).
3 2 2
9. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, –1, –1), (4, 5, 1), (3, 9, 4) .
10. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, –1, –1), (4, 5, 1) and
perpendicular to the plane 3x + 10y + 5z +12 = 0
11. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, –1, –1), (4, 5, 1) and parallel
x 1 y 1 z 1
to the line  
3 10 5
12. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, –1, –1), perpendicular to the
x 1 y 1 z 1
plane 2x + 3y + z – 5 = 0 and parallel to the line   .
3 10 5
13. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, –1, –1) and perpendicular to the
planes 2x + 3y + z – 5 = 0 and 3x + 10y + 5z +12 = 0
14. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, –1, –1)and parallel to the lines
x2 y4 x 1 y 1 z 1
  z,   .
2 3 3 10 5
15.Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes 2x + 3y – z + 1 = 0 ;
x + y – 2z + 3 = 0 and perpendicular to the plane 3x – y – 2z – 4 = 0.
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16. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes 2x + 3y – z + 1 = 0 ;
x  2 y 1 z  4
x + y – 2z + 3 = 0 and parallel to the line  
3 1 2
17. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes 2x + 3y – z + 1 = 0 ; x
+ y – 2z + 3 = 0 and passes through the point 3 ,  1,  2 .

18. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes r .( 2î  6 ĵ)  12  0 and

r .(3î  ĵ  4k̂ )  0 which are at unit distance from origin.
19. Find the image of the point P(3, 2, 1) in the plane 2x – y + z + 1 = 0.

x  3 y 1 z  5 x 1 y  2 z  5
20. Show that the lines   and   are coplanar and also find the
3 1 5 1 2 5
equation of the plane containing them.
21. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (4, 6, 2) and the point of intersection of the
x 1 y z 1
line   and the plane x + y – z = 8.
3 2 7
x  2 2y  5 3  z
22. Find the angle between the line   and the plane x + 2y + 2z – 5 = 0.
3 4 6
x  2 2 y  3 3z  4
23. Find the distance of the point (–2, 3, –4) from the line   measured parallel to
3 4 5
the plane 4x +12y – 3z + 1 = 0.
24.Find the equation of the plane passing through the point P (1, 1, 1) and containing the line

r = (–3 î + ˆj + 5 k̂ ) +  (3 î – ˆj – 5 k̂ ). Also, show that the plane contains the line

r = (– î +2 ĵ + 5 k̂ ) +  ( î – 2 ĵ – 5 k̂ ).
25. Find the shortest distance between the following lines and hence write whether the lines are
x 1 y 1 x 1 y  2
intersecting or not.   z,  , z  2.
2 3 5 1
26. Find the distance of the point P(3, 4, 4) from the point, where the line joining the points A(3, –4, –5)
and B(2, –3,1) intersects the plane 2x + y + z = 7

27. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes r .(î  ĵ  k̂ ) = 1 and

r .( 2î  3 ĵ  k̂ ) + 4 = 0 and parallel to x-axis. Hence, find the distance of the plane from x-axis.
x 3 y5 z3
28. A line with direction ratios < 2, 2, 1 > intersects the lines   and
7 2 1
RAJIV RANJAN
41
x 1 y 1 z 1
  at the points P and Q respectively. Find the length and the equation of the intercept
2 4 3
PQ.
29. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points (3, – 4, – 5) and (2, – 3, 1),
crosses the plane determined by the points (1, 2, 3), (4, 2, – 3) and (0, 4, 3).
30. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane passing through the points (2, 5, – 3),
(– 2, – 3, 5) and (5, 3, – 3). Also, find the point of intersection of this plane with the line passing
through points (3, 1, 5) and (– 1, – 3, – 1).
ANSWERS
3 2
1. units 2. 2 29 units
2
5 145 x 1 y 1 z 1
3. or units 4.  
29 29 2 1 1
1 1 3
5.   2 6.  ,  , 
2 2 2
7. 1, 0, 7  8. (2,  1, 3) or (4 , 3 , 7)
9. to 14 5x  7y  14x  7  0 15. to 17 7 x  13y  4z  9  0
 
18 r .( 2î  ĵ  2k̂ )  3  0 and r .(î  2 ĵ  2k̂ )  3  0
19. Foot of perpendicular : (1, 3, 0), image :  1, 4 ,  1.

z2
20. x  2y  z  0 21. x  4  y  6 
2
 19  17
22.   sin 1    23. units
 21  2
 9
24. r .( î  2 ĵ  k̂ )  0 25. , lines are not intersecting.
195

 1 3  6
26. 7 units 27. r .  ĵ  k̂   3  0, units
 2 2  10
x 1 y 1 z 1
28. Length 3 units and the equation  
2 2 1
29. (1, –2, 7)

30. r .( 2î  3 ĵ  4k̂ ) = 7, 2x + 3y + 4z – 7 = 0, (1, –1, 2)
RAJIV RANJAN
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PROBABILITY
** Sample Space and Events :

The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space of that experiment.
It is usually denoted by S. The elements of S are called events and a subset of S is called an
event.
 ( S) is called an impossible event and
S( S) is called a sure event.
** Probability of an Event.
(i) If E be the event associated with an experiment, then probability of E, denoted by P(E) is
number of outcomesin E
defined as P(E) =
number of total outcomesin sample space S
it being assumed that the outcomes of the experiment in reference are equally likely.
(ii) P(sure event or sample space) = P(S) = 1 and P(impossible event) = P() = 0.
(iii) If E1, E2, E3, … ,Ek are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with an experiment
(i.e. if E1 E2 E3 …. Ek) = S and EiEj =  for i, j  {1, 2, 3,…..,k} i j), then
P(E1) + P(E2) + P(E3) + ….+ P(Ek) = 1.
(iv) P(E) + P(EC) = 1
** If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space of a random experiment, the
conditional probability of the event E given that F has occurred, i.e. P (E|F) is given by
PE  F
P(E|F) = provided P(F) ≠ 0
P(F)
** Multiplication rule of probability : P(E ∩ F) = P(E) P(F|E)
= P(F) P(E|F) provided P(E) ≠ 0 and P(F) ≠ 0.
** Independent Events :E and F are two events such that the probability of occurrence of one of
them is not affected by occurrence of the other.
Let E and F be two events associated with the same random experiment, then E and F are said to be
independent if P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P (F).
** Bayes' Theorem :If E1, E2 ,..., Enare n non empty events which constitute a partition of sample
space S, i.e. E1, E2 ,..., Enare pairwise disjoint and E1 E2 ...  En= S andA is any event of
nonzero probability, then
PE i .PA E i 
P(Ei|A) = for any i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
 PE j .PA E j 
n
j 1
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** The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers
X: x1 x2 ... xn
P(X) : p1 p2 ... pn
n
where, pi> 0 ,  pi =1, i = 1, 1, 2,...,
i 1
** Binomial distribution: The probability of x successes P (X = x) is also denoted by P (x) and is

given by P(x) = nCxqn–xpx, x = 0, 1,..., n. (q = 1 – p)

VERY SHORT AND SHORT
1. If P(A) = 0·6, P(B) = 0·5 and P(B|A) = 0·4, find P(A  B) and P(A|B).
2. Evaluate P(A  B), if 2P(A) = P(B) =5/13 and P(A/B) = 2/5.
3. If P(not A) = 0·7, P(B) = 0·7 and P(B/A) = 0·5, then find P(A/B).
4. Mother, father and son line up at random for a family photo. If A and B are two events given by
A = Son on one end, B = Father in the middle, find P(B/A).
5. A black die and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining a sum
greater than 9 given that the black die resulted in a 5.
6. A card is picked at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Given that the picked card is a queen,
find the probability of this card to be a card of spade.
7. Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different, find the probability of the
event „the sum of numbers on the dice is 10‟.
8. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event “number is even” and B
be the event “number is marked red”. Find whether the events A and B are independent or not.
9. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once?
10. A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below:
A : 4 on the third throw, B : 6 on the first and 5 on the second throw.
11. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two children, what
is the conditional probability that both are girls given that (i) the youngest is a girl, (ii) at least one is a
girl?
12. Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the probability of the
event „the sum of numbers on the dice is 4‟.
, find PA | B  .
1 1
13. If A and B are two independent events and P(A) = and P(B) =
3 2
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14. If A and B are two independent events with P(A) = 1/3 and P(B) = 1/4, then P(B′ | A) is equal to
15. Given two independent events A and B such that P( A ) = 0.3 and P( B ) = 0.6, find P(A  B). Ans.
16. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.3 and P(A  B) = 0.6, then find P(B′ ∩ A).
17. Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability that both the cards are spades.
18. Three cards are drawn successively, without replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards.
What is the probability that first two cards are aces and the third card drawn is a king?
19. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8 red balls.
Find the probability that one of them is black and other is red.
20. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an even number at least once.
21. A coin is tossed once. If head comes up, a die is thrown, but if tail comes up, the coin is tossed
again.
Find the probability of obtaining head and number 6.
22. Two cards are drawn successively without replacement from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find
the probability of getting one king and one non-king.
23. From a pack of 52 cards, 3 cards are drawn at random (without replacement). Find the probability
that they are two red cards and one black card.
24. A bag contains 3 black, 4 red and 2 green balls. If three balls are drawn simultaneously at random.
Find the probability that the balls are of different colours .
1 1
25. The probability of solving a specific question independently by A and B are and respectively. If
3 5
both try to solve the question independently, what is the probability that the question is solved.
1 1 1
26. A problem is given to three students whose probabilities of solving it are , and respectively.
3 4 6
If the events of solving the problem are independent, find the probability that at least one of them solves
it.
27. The probability distribution of X is:
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.2 k k 2k
Write the value of k.
28. A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
X: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X): 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k
Determine k .
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29. The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following form, where k is some
 k , if x  0
 2k , if x  1

number : P(X) =  .Find P (X < 2)
 3k , if x  2
0, otherwise
30. Let X represents the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails obtained when
a coin is tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X?
ANSWERS
11
1. P(A  B) = 0.86, P(A|B) = 0.48. 2.
26
5 1
3. 4.
16 2
1 1
5. 6.
3 4
1
7. 8. A and B are not independent.
15
2 1
9. 10.
5 6
1 1 1
11. (i) (ii) 12.
2 3 15
2 3
13. 14.
3 4
15. 0.28 16. 0.3
1 2
17. 18.
17 5525
40 7
19. 20.
81 8
1 32
21. . 22. .
12 221
13 2
23. 24.
34 7
7 7
25. 26.
15 12
1
27. 0.2 28
10
1
29. 30. 0, 2,4
2
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1. There are two groups of bags. The first group has 3 bags, each containing 5 red and 3 black balls. The
second group has 2 bags, each containing 2 red and 4 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from one of
the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability that this ball is from a bag of first group.
2. A bag contains 5 red and 3 black balls and another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. Two balls are
drawn at random (without replacement) from one of the bags and both are found to be red. Find the
probability that balls are drawn from the first bag.
3. Of the students in a school, it is known that 30% have 100% attendance and 70% students are
irregular. Previous year results report that 70% of all students who have 100% attendance attain A
grade and 10% irregular students attain A grade in their annual examination. At the end of the year, one
student is chosen at random from the school and he was found to have an A grade. What is the
probability that the
student has 100% attendance ?
4. A bag contains two coins, one biased and the other unbiased. When tossed, the biased coin has a 60%
chance of showing heads. One of the coins is selected at random and on tossing it shows tails. What is
the probability it was an unbiased coin? Ans.5/9
5. Suppose that 5 men out of 100 and 25 women out of 1000 are good orators. Assuming that there are
equal number of men and women, find the probability of choosing a good orator.
6. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the two
bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is found to be red. Find the
probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag.
7. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars (not
residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain A
grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their annual examination. At the end of the year, one
student is chosen at random from the college and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the
student is hostler?
8. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or guesses.
Let 3/4 be the probability that he knows the answer and 1/4 be the probability that he guesses. Assuming
that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability 1/4 What is the probability that
the student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?
9. A girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of heads. If
she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin two times and notes the number of heads obtained. If she obtained
exactly two heads, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?
10. A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact, present.
However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (that is, if a
RAJIV RANJAN
47
healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1
percent of the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease
given that his test result is positive?
11. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The
probability of accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an
accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
12. A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine A produced 60% of the items
of output and machine B produced 40% of the items. Further, 2% of the items produced by machine A
and 1% produced by machine B were defective. All the items are put into one stockpile and then one
item is chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the probability that was
produced by machine B?
13. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball is
transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to be
red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.
14. Coloured balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following table :
Bag Colour of the ball
Black White Red
I 1 2 3
II 2 4 1
III 4 5 3
A bag is selected at random and then two balls are randomly drawn from the selected bag. They
happen to be black and red. What is the probability that they came from bag I?
15. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of manager in a private company. Chances of their
selection (A, B and C) are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The probabilities that A, B and C can introduce
changes to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively. If the change does
not take place, find the probability that it is due to the appointment of C.
16. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) and are found to
be white. What is the probability that all balls in the bag are white?
17. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn at
random and are found to be both clubs. Find the probability of the lost card being of clubs.
18. In shop A, 30 tin pure ghee and 40 tin adulterated ghee are kept for sale while in shop B, 50 tin pure
ghee and 60 tin adulterated ghee are there. One tin of ghee is purchased from one of the shops randomly
and it is found to be adulterated. Find the probability that it is purchased from shop B.
19. Three machines E1, E2, E3 in a certain factory produce 50%, 25% and 25% respectively, of
the total daily output of electric tubes. It is known that 4% of the tube produced on each of
machines E1 and E2 are defective and that 5% of those produced on E3, are defective. If one tube
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48
is picked up at random from a day‟s production, calculate the probability that it is defective.
20. There are two boxes I and II. Box I contains 3 red and 6 black balls. Box II contains 5 red and „n‟
black balls. One of the two boxes, box I and box II is selected at random and a ball is drawn at random.
3
The ball drawn is found to be red. If the probability that this red ball comes out from box II is , find the
5
value of „n‟.
21. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. Two balls are
transferred at random from bag I to bag II and then a ball is drawn from bag II. The ball so drawn is
found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred balls were both black.
22. A bag contains 5 red and 3 black balls and another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. Two balls
are drawn at random (without replacement) from one of the bags and both are found to be red. Find the
probability that balls are drawn from first bag.
23. In a certain college, 4% of boys and 1% of girls are taller than 1.75 metres. Furthermore, 60% of the
students in the college are girls. A student is selected at random from the college and is found to be
taller than 1.75 metres. Find the probability that the selected student is a girl.
24. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game if he gets a total of 7 and B wins the game
if he gets a total of 10. If A starts the game, then find the probability that B wins.
25. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately, till one of them gets a total of 10 and wins the game. Find
their respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first.
26. A coin is biased so that the head is three times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed twice,
find the probability distribution of number of tails. Hence find the mean of the number of tails.
27. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find the probability
distribution of number of successes.
28. Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of a pair of dice.
29. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability distribution of the number of kings.
30. Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses of a die, where a success is
defined as (i) number greater than 4 (ii) six appears on at least one die.
31. A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed twice, find
the probability distribution of number of heads.
ANSWERS
45 10
1. 2.
61 11
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49
3 5
3. 4.
4 9
3 2
5. 6.
180 3
9 12
7. 8.
13 13
8 22
9. 10.
11 133
1 1
11. 12.
52 4
16 231
13. 14.
31 551
7 3
15. 16.
10 5
11 21
17. 18.
50 43
17
19. 20. 5
400
4 10
21. 22.
17 11
3 5
23. 24.
11 17
12 11
25. ,
23 23
26.
X 0 1 2
P(X) 9 6 1
16 16 16
27.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 625 500 150 20 1
1296 1296 1296 1296 1296
28
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 125 75 15 1
216 216 216 216
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50
29.
X 0 1 2
P(X) 144 24 1
169 169 169
30.(i)
X 1 1 2
P (X) 4 4 1
9 9 9
(ii)
Y 0 1
P (Y) 25 11
36 36
31.
X 0 1 2
9 3 1
P (X)
16 8 16
RAJIV RANJAN
51
कें द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन क्षेत्रीय कायाालय रायपुर
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office Raipur
Mathematics
Class – XII
Question Bank Term- II
Session:2021-22
कें द्रीय विद्यालय सगं ठन क्षेत्रीय कायाालय रायपुर
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office
Raipur
MESSAGE FROM DUPUTY

COMMISSIONER
It is a matter of great pleasure for me to publish study material for different

subjects of classes X and XII for Raipur Region. Getting acquainted and familiarized with
the recent changes in curriculum and assessment process made by CBSE vide Circular
No. 51 and 53 issued in the month of July 2021 will help students to prepare themselves
better for the examination. Sound and deeper knowledge of the Units and Chapters is
must for grasping the concepts, understanding the questions. Study materials help in
making suitable and effective notes for quick revision just before the examination.
Due to the unprecedented circumstances of COVID-19 pandemic the students

and the teachers are getting very limited opportunity to interact face to face in the classes.
In such a situation the supervised and especially prepared value points will help the
students to develop their understanding and analytical skills together. The students will
be benefitted immensely after going through the question bank and practice papers. The
study materials will build a special bond and act as connecting link between the teachers
and the students as both can undertake a guided and experiential learning
simultaneously. It will help the students develop the habit of exploring and analyzing the
Creative & Critical Thinking Skills. The new concepts introduced in the question
pattern related to case study, reasoning and ascertain will empower the students to take
independent decision on different situational problems. The different study materials are
designed in such a manner to help the students in their self-learning pace. It emphasizes
the great pedagogical dictum that ‘everything can be learnt but nothing can be taught’. The
self-motivated learning as well as supervised classes will together help them achieve the
new academic heights.
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all the principals and the teachers who
have relentlessly striven for completion of the project of preparing study materials for all
the subjects. Their enormous contribution in making this project successful is
praiseworthy.
Happy learning and best of luck!
Vinod Kumar
(Deputy Commissioner)
कें द्रीय विद्यालय सगं ठन क्षेत्रीय कायाालय रायपुर
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office
Raipur
Our Patron
Sh. Vinod Kumar

Deputy Commissioner
KVS RO Raipur
Smt. Biraja Mishra Sh. A.K. Mishra

Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner
KVS RO Raipur KVS RO Raipur
SUBJECT CO-ORDINATION BY
Mr. Satish Kumar

Principal, KV Jashpur
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Mr. Kuldeep Singh PGT (Maths) KV Manendragarh,
Mr. K K Mishra PGT (Maths) KV NTPC Korba
Mr. V N Pradhan PGT (Maths) KV Mahasamund
Mr. M A Nandanwar PGT (Maths) KV Durg
Mr. D K Chandrakar PGT (Maths) KV Rajnandgaon
Mr. J K Choudhary PGT (Maths) KV BMY Bhilai
Mrs. Nirmala Sahu PGT (Maths) KV Bilaspur
Mr. U K Kurrey PGT (Maths) KV Bilaspur
Mr. G S Pandey PGT (Maths) KV Dongargarh
Mr. M Anjaiah PGT (Maths) KV Bacheli
Mrs. T Panigrahi PGT (Maths) KV Raigarh
Mr. R K Tripathi PGT (Maths) KV CISF Bhilai
Mr. T P Chaurasiya PGT (Maths) KV Ambikapur
COMPILATION BY
Mr. D P Chaubey PGT (Maths) KV Jhagrakhand
Mr. Pravesh Kumar PGT (Maths) KV Chirimiri
CLASS-XII
MATHEMATICS (Code No. 041) Session – 2021-22
TERM – II
No. Units Marks

III Calculus 18
IV Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry 14
VI Probability 8
Total 40
Internal Assessment 10
Total 50
Unit-III: Calculus
1. Integrals
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of
functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of
simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.
2. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines,
parabolas; area of circles /ellipses (in standard form only) (the region
should be clearly identifiable).
3. Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a
differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of
separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential equations of
first order and first degree of the type:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑓( ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where p and q are functions of x or constant.
𝑑𝑥
Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
1. Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines
and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel
and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector,
components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a
scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar
(dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.
2. Three - dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian
equation and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest
distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane.
Distance of a point from a plane.
Unit-VI: Probability
1. Probability
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability,
independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable
and its probability distribution.
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Periodic Test 5 Marks
Mathematics Activities: Activity file record +Term end 5 Marks
assessment of one activity & Viva
CHAPTER: 7 INTEGRALS
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-I (SA-I) (2 MARKS)
Evaluate:
1
Q.1 ∫(𝑥 3/2 +2𝑒 𝑥 - 𝑥) dx
(𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +x−1)
Q.2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
(2−3Sinx)
Q.3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥
(tan4√𝑥 Sec2√𝑥)/√𝑥
Q.4 ∫ √𝑥
dx
1
Q.5 ∫𝑥+𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 dx
Q.6 ∫sin(ax+b) cos (ax+b) dx

𝑥2
Q.7 ∫(2+3𝑥 2 )2 dx
𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥
Q.8 ∫𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 −2𝑥 dx
Q.9 Find the antiderivative F of f defined by f(x) =4 x3 – 6, where F(0)= 3.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-II (SA-II) (3 MARKS)
𝐶𝑜𝑠 √𝑥
Q.1 ∫ dx
√𝑥
1
Q.2 ∫ dx
1+𝐶𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝑥−𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝛼
Q.3 ∫ dx
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
3𝑥
Q.4 ∫ dx
1+ 2𝑥4
Q.5 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Q.6 ∫ √(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) dx
𝜋 𝑥 𝑥
Q.7 ∫0 (𝑆𝑖𝑛2 2
-𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 2)
𝜋
𝑆𝑖𝑛4 𝑥
Q.8 ∫02 𝑆𝑖𝑛4 𝑥+𝐶𝑜𝑠4 𝑥 dx
1
Q.9 ∫0 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛 dx
1 tan−1 𝑥
Q.10 ∫0 1+𝑥 2
dx
9 √𝑥
Q.11 ∫4 3
(30−𝑥 2 )2
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
Solve the following:

Q.1 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
Q.2 ∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥+𝑎) 𝑑𝑥.
√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Q.3 ∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Q.4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Q.5 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑛3 𝑥+𝐶𝑜𝑠3 𝑥
Q.6 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
1
Q.7 ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥−𝑎)𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥−𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
Q.8 ∫ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
Q.9 ∫ (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∅−2)𝐶𝑜𝑠∅
Q.10 ∫ 5−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ∅−4𝑆𝑖𝑛∅
d∅
1
Q.11 ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 𝑛 +1) 𝑑𝑥
Q.12 ∫ 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Q.13 ∫ (sin−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−3)2 𝑒 𝑥
Q.14 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)3
𝜋
Q.15 ∫02 √𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 ∅ 𝑑∅
2 1 1
Q.16 ∫1 ( 𝑥 - 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Q.17 ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Q.18 ∫02 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Q.19 ∫[log( log 𝑥) + (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
]𝑑𝑥
Q.20 ∫(√tan 𝑥 + √cot 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Q.21 ∫0 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
dx
Q.22 ∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Q.23 ∫−1(|𝑥 + 1| + |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1|)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
cos2 𝑥
Q.24 ∫02 cos2 𝑥+4 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Q.25 ∫0 𝑥(tan−1 𝑥)2 dx
Q.26 tan8 𝑥 sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
Q.27. ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Q.28 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+cos2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Q.29 ∫ (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(2+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Q.30 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3/2
Q.31 ∫−1 |𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
Q.32 ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥+|𝑥|+1
Q.33 ∫−1 𝑥 2 +2|𝑥|+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑏+𝑐 𝑏
Q.34 Show that ∫𝑎+𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
Q.35 If f and g are continuous functions in [0,1] satisfying 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
and 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑎 then show that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 𝜋
Q.36 Show that ∫02 𝑓(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √2 ∫04 𝑓(cos 2𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 5𝑥+𝐶𝑜𝑠 4𝑥
Q.37 Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
Q.1 Modulus function |𝑥| is defined as follows |𝑥| = { . Also, if for any function
−𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
f(x), we have ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ … . + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
1 𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑐1 < 𝑐2 < 𝑐3 … … . < 𝑐𝑛 < 𝑏

Based on above information answer the following questions:
1
(i) Find value of ∫0 |3𝑥 − 2|𝑑𝑥.
𝜋
(ii) Find value of ∫0 | cos 𝑥 | 𝑑𝑥.
Q.2 A function can be divided into odd and even functions on the basis of following
𝑓(𝑥) is odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) is even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Ramesh wants to solve integration questions using above concept and properties of
integration. Help Ramesh in finding the solutions to following questions
2
(i) What is the value of ∫−2[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(−𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 if f(x) is an even function
2
(ii) What is the value of ∫−2[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥)] dx if f(x) is an odd function
𝜋 𝑥
(iii) Evaluate ∫−𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Q.3 If f(x) is a continuous function defined on [0,a] then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
On basis of above information answer the following questions
𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)
(i) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 … … … … ..
𝑓(𝑥)+𝑓(𝑎−𝑥)
𝜋
sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥
(ii) ∫02 1+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = … … … .
ANSWERS KEY SA-I (2 MARKS)

5
2 𝑥3
1. 𝑥 2 +2𝑒 𝑥 -log|𝑥| +C 2. + x+ C 3. 2 tan x _3secx+C
5 3
2 1
4. 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 √𝑥 +C 5. log(1+logX) +C 6. cos2(ax+b) +C
5 4𝑎
4
1 1 1
7. (𝑥 3 -1)7/3 +4 (𝑥 3 − 1) +C 3 8. log(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) +C
7 2
9. F(x) = x4-6x+3
ANSWERS KEY SA-II (3 MARKS)
𝑥 1
1. 2sin√𝑥 +C 2. - log|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|+C
2 2
3
3. 2(sinx+xcosx)+C 4. tan−1 √2 𝑥 2 +C 5. xlogx –x +C
2√2
1
6. (x+1) √(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) +2log [(x+1)+ √(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)] + 𝐶
2
𝜋 1
7. 0 8. 9.
4 (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
𝜋2 19
10. 11.
32 99
ANSWER KEY LA (4 MARKS)

1 1
1. − 3 cos3x + 5 cos5x + C. 2. x cos a – sin a log (x + a) + C
sin 12𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑥 4𝑥
3. 2√tan 𝑥 +C 4. [ +4+ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 16 ] + 𝐶
48 32
3𝑥 1 1
5. + 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 64 𝑠𝑖𝑛 8𝑥 + 𝐶 6. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶
8
1 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥−𝑎)
7. log| cos(𝑥−𝑏) | +C.
sin(𝑎−𝑏)
1 2 𝑥
8. 𝑥 − 5𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 − 2| + 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 3 | + 𝐶 9. - 3 tan−1 𝑥 +3 tan−1 2 +C
4 1 𝑥𝑛
10. 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅) + +𝐶 11. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 𝑛 +1| + 𝑐
2−𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑛
𝑥2 −1 𝑥 1
12. sin 𝑥 + +2 √(1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
13. (sin−1 𝑥)2 𝑥 +2√(1 − 𝑥 2 ) . sin−1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒𝑥 64
14. +C 15.
(𝑥−1)2 231
𝑒 2 (𝑒 2 −2) 11
16. 17.
4 4
𝜋 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
18. . 19. 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − +𝐶
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−1 𝜋2
20. √2 tan−1 √(2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) +C 21. 2𝑎𝑏
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−1 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−√2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+1
22. tan−1 [ ] + 2√2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+√2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+1] + 𝑐
√2 √2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
19 𝜋
23. 24. .
2 6
𝜋 2 −4𝜋 tan11 𝑥 tan9 𝑥
25. + log √2 26. + +𝑐
16 11 9
1 3 1 𝜋
27. 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 1| + 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1| + 2 (𝑥 + 1). 28.
4 4
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
29. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |2+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 |+c 30. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
3
31. + 1/𝜋 2
𝜋
1 1 1
32. log|1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + − 4 log|1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|+c
4 2(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
33. 2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 37. [ +sin 𝑥] +C
2 2
ANSWER KEY CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

15
1. (i) (ii). 2
18
2. (i) 0 (ii) 0 (iii) 0
𝑎
3. (i) 2 (ii) 0
CHAPTER: 8 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
Q.1 Find the area of region bounded by 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑥 = 4 and x- axis in the 1st quadrant.
Q.2 Find the area of region bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x = 𝜋
Q.3 Using integration, find the area of region bounded by curve 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3 and the lines
𝑦 = 1 , 𝑦 = −1
Q.4 Find the area of region bounded by 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 = 0, 𝑦- axis and 𝑦 = 3
Q.5 Find the area bounded by curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3√𝑥 and 𝑥 – axis.
Q.6 Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0
Q.7 Find the area of parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 bounded by its latus rectum.
Q.8 Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = 2√𝑥 included between the lines 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑥 = 1
Q.9 Find the area of region bounded by the curves 𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3𝑥
Q.10 Find the area of region bounded by curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 = 3

Q.1 Draw a rough sketch of graph of function 𝑦 = 2√1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,1] and evaluate the
area between curve and axes.
1
Q.2 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| and evaluate ∫−3|𝑥 + 1| 𝑑𝑥.
Q.3 The area between 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 = 4 is divided into two equal parts by the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 ,
find the value of 𝑎.
Q.4 Using integration, find the area of region bounded by line 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 , x-axis and the
ordinates 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑥 = 3
Q.5 Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = 2𝜋
Q.6 Find the area enclosed by the curves 𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑎2
Q.7 If the area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑎 𝑥 and the line y = 4𝑝𝑥 is sq. units,
12
using integration, find the value of p .

Q.8 Using integration, find the area of region {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥}
𝑥2 𝑦2
Q.9 Find the area of small region by the ellipse + = 1 and the line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
9 4
3𝑥 2
Q.10 Using integration, find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = and the line 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −12.
4
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4MARKS)
Q.1 Find the area of following region using integration:

{(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ |𝑥| + 2 , 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 }
{(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦}
{(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4 , 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥√3}
Q.4 Using integration, find the area of region in the first quadrant enclosed by the line
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2, the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the x- axis.
CASE STUDTY BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 An elliptical sized swimming pool is to be constructed in a town whose equation is

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 25 = 1 , then
49
(i) Find the area of swimming pool as shown in figure using integration.
(ii) If the rate of covering its floor with tiles is Rs 300/m2, then find total cost to cover
entire floor of swimming pool.
Q.2 A farmer grows paddy crop in a circular plot of land satisfying equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10000
(i) Find the area of circular plot growing paddy plants by using integration is. (𝜋=3.14)
(ii) If rate of expense for production of crop per sq.m is Rs 20, find the total expense.
Q.3 For a Triangular natural lake, the equations of whose three sides are: -
2x+y=4, 3x-2y=6 and x-3y+5=0 as given in figure below
(i) Find the area of triangular lake using integration as shown in figure.
(ii) Find the height of the lake on largest side.
Q.4 Now a days, almost every boat has a triangular sail. By using a triangular sail design, it
has become possible to travel against the wind using a technique known as tacking.
Tacking allows the boat to travel forward with the wind at right angles to the boat. A
student deigns a boat with triangular sail on the walls and three edges (lines) at the
triangular sail are given by equations: x = 0, y = 0 and 2x + y – 4 = 0 respectively.
On the basis of above information, answer the following question.

(a) Find the point of intersection of the edges (lines)
(i) 2x + y – 4 = 0 and y = 0 (ii) 2x + y – 4 = 0 and x = 0
(b) Find the area of the triangular sail using integration.
ANSWER KEY SA-I (2 MARKS)
28
1. sq. units 2. 2sq. units 3. 6 sq. units
3
9
4. sq. units
4
27
5. sq. units Curve meets x- axis, then y = 0
2
Therefore, 𝑥 − 3√𝑥 = 0, getting x = 0, 9
9 27
Area = ∫0 ( 𝑥 − 3√𝑥)𝑑𝑥= 2
9 128 4
6. sq. units 7. sq. units 8. sq. units
2 3 3
1 7
9. sq. units 10. sq. units
2 2
ANSWER KEY SA-II (3 MARKS)

𝜋 3
1. 2
sq. units 2. 4 sq. units. 3. √16
−1 3 17
4. Area = ∫−2 −(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫−1(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 5. 4 sq. units
2
6. 6𝜋 sq. units
𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃and𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥2 𝑦2
Squaring and adding, we get ellipse 9 + =1
4
Required area = 6𝜋 sq. units
1 3(𝜋−2)
7. 2√2 sq. units 8. sq. units 9.
6 2
10. 27 sq. units

20 𝜋 1 2𝜋
1. sq. units. 2. (4 − 2) sq. units 3. sq. units
3 3
7
4. sq. units.
6
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY
1. (i) 110 m2 (ii) Rs. 33000

2. (i) 31400 m2 (ii) Rs. 628000
7
3. (i) 3.5 sq. km (ii) km
√13
4. (a) (2, 0) and (0, 4) (b) 4 sq. units.
CHAPTER: 9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
Q.1 Find the general solution of the differential equation = 0.
𝑦
Q.2 Find the sum of order and degree of differential equation (𝑦′′)2 + (𝑦′′′)3 + (𝑦′)4 + 𝑦 5 = 0.
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.3 Write the degree of the differential equation𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 )4 + 𝑥 3 = 0.
dy
Q.4 Find the integrating factor of the differential equation + xy = x 2 .
dx
4
𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦
Q.5 Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential equation: [( ) ] = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Q.6 Write the integrating factor of the differential equation: (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Q.7 Write solution of the differential equation: = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
dy  dy 
Q.8 Find the degree of + sin  = 0
dx  dx 
d2y dy
Q.9 Write the order and degree of 2
= 1+
dx dx
𝑑𝑦
Q.10 Solve, log ( 𝑑𝑥 ) = ax + by.
𝑑𝑦
Q.11 Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = y tanx, y=1 when x=0.
𝑑𝑦
Q.12 Find the general solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 2 tanx y = sinx.
𝑑𝑦
Q.13 Find the integrating factor of Differential equation (1 + y2) +( x –tan-1y)𝑑𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Q.14 Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + logx.
2
Q.15 Show that y = 2 (x2 -1) + c 𝑒 −𝑥 is the solution of differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 2xy = 4x3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+ 𝑒 𝑥
Q.16 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑦
Q.17 Prove that xdy – ydx = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 dy is a homogeneous differential equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Q.18 Verify that whether [ y – x Cos 𝑑𝑥 ] dy + [ y Cos 𝑥 – 2x Sin𝑥 ] dx = 0 is homogeneous
differential equation or not?

Q.19 Solve (1 + y2) (1 + logx) dx + x dy = 0.
𝑑𝑦
Q.20 Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + x + y + xy.
𝑦
Q.21 Solve, ex√1 − 𝑦 2 dx + 𝑥 dy = 0.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2
Q.22 Solve + 𝑥 2 −1 y = ( 𝑥 2 −1 )2 .
𝑑𝑥
Q.23 Solve (x – y3) dy + y dx = 0.
Q 1. Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 .

𝑑𝑦
Q 2. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥𝑦 2 given that 𝑦 = 1,
when 𝑥 = 0.
Q 3. Find the particular solution of the differential equation:
𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0 .
Q 4. Solve: 𝑦𝑑𝑥 – 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Q 5. Solve: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 .𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦.𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 .
𝑑𝑦
Q 6. Solve the differential equation = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑒 − 𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦− 𝑥
Q 7. Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑦+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Q 8. Solve: = .
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Q 9. Solve the differential equation = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 given that y(0) = 1.[Hint. Put x = vy]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦
Q 10. Show that the solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 . Where k is a
𝑥
constant.
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Q 11. Solve:𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 (0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 )
Q 12. Solve the following differential equation:

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
[𝑦 − 𝑥 cos ( )] 𝑑𝑦 + [𝑦 cos ( ) − 2𝑥sin ( )] 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Q 13. Find a particular solution of the differential equation (𝑥 – 𝑦)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 – 𝑑𝑦,
given that 𝑦 = − 1, when 𝑥 = 0.
𝜋
Q 14. Solve the following differential equation, given that y = 0, when = :
4
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝑑𝑦
dy 2 xy 1
Q.15. Find the solution of differential equation + = .
dx 1 + x 2
(1 + x 2 ) 2
dy
Q.16. Solve ( x + y ) 2 = a2
dx
𝑑𝑦
Q.17. Show that the differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 is homogeneous and solve it.
𝑑𝑥
Q.1 Solve the differential equation: xdy – ydx = √𝑥² + 𝑦²dx.

Q.2 Solve the differential equation: (x²-yx²)dy+(y²+x²y²)dx=0
Q.3 Solve the differential equation (1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 + (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 given that when
x=0 and y=1.
𝑑𝑦
Q.4 Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦, Given
that 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1.
dx
Q.5 Solve the differential equationis + x cot y = 2y + y 2 cot y
dy
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Q.6 Solve: y{𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 }dx – x {𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 }dy =0
Q.7 Find the particular solution of the differential equation satisfying the
dy 1
given conditions:(1 + x 2 ) dx + 2xy = (1+x2 ) ; y=0 when x = 0 .
𝑑𝑦
Q.8 Show that the differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 is homogeneous and solve it.
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Q.9 Solve the deferential equation: -{𝑥 cos (𝑥 ) + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 } 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = {𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 } 𝑥𝑑𝑦
Q.10 Solve the following differential equation:(1 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
Q.11 Solve the differential equation:(1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Q.12 Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥,given that 𝑦 = 0,when 𝑥 = 3 ,
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Q.13 Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 4 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 , given 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 2 .
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
Q.14 Find the particular solution of the differential equation:(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑦)
given that 𝑦 = 1,when 𝑥 = 0
𝜋
Q.15 Solve the following differential equation, given that 𝑦 = 0, when 𝑥 = 4
𝑑𝑦
: sin 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Q.1 The rumour in whatsapp spread in a population of 10000 people at a rate proportional to the
Product of the number of people who have heard it and the number of who have not. Also,
it is given that 200 people initiate the rumour and the total of 1000 people know the rumour
after 2 days

(i) If y(t) denotes the number of people who know the rumour at the instant t then
maximum value of y(t) is
(a) 500 (b) 1000 ( c) 5000 (d) 10000
𝒅𝒚
(ii) is proportional to
𝒅𝒕
(a) (y- 10000) (b) y(y- 1000) ( c) y(1000-y) (d) y(10000-y)
(iii) The value of y(0) is
(a) 500 (b) 100 (c) 200 (d) 1000
(iv) The value of y(0) is
(a) 500 (b) 1000 (c) 2000 (d) 10000
Q.2 It is known that if the interest is compounded continuously, the principal changes at
the rate equal to the product of the rate of the bank interest per annum and the
principal. Let P denotes the principal at any time t and rate of interest r% per annum.

dp
(i) Find the value of
dt
pr pr pr
(a) (b) (c) (d) pr
1000 100 10
(ii) If P0 be the initial principal. Then find the solution of differential equation formed
by the given situation
𝑃 rt 𝑃 rt 𝑃 𝑃
(a) Log(𝑃 ) = (b) Log(𝑃 ) = (c) Log(𝑃 ) = rt (d) Log(𝑃 ) =100rt
0 100 0 10 0 0
(iii) If the interest is compound continuously at 5% per annum. In how many years
Rs 100 is double itself.
(a) 12.728 yrs (b) 14.789 yrs ( c) 13.862yrs (d) 15.872 yrs
(iv) At what interest rate will Rs 100 double after 10 Years (log 2 =0.6932)
(a) 9.66% (b) 8.239% ( c) 7.341% (d) 6.931%
(v) How much will Rs 1000 worth at 5% interest after 10 years ( e0.5=1.648)
(a) Rs 1648 (b) Rs 1500 ( c) Rs 1664 (d) Rs 1572
Q.3 Polio drops are delivered to 20K children in a district. The rate at which polio drops are
given is directly proportional to the number of children who have not been administered
the drops. By the end of 2nd week half the children have been given the polio drops. How
many will have been given the drops by the end of 3rd week can be estimated using the
solution to the differential equation 𝒅𝒚 /𝒅𝒙 = (2𝟎 − 𝐲) where x denotes the number of
weeks and y the number of children who have been given the drops.
(i) State the order of the above given differential equation.

(ii) Which method of solving a differential equation can be used to solve 𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙= (2𝟎 − 𝐲).
a. Variable separable method b. Solving Homogeneous differential equation
c. Solving Linear differential equation d. all of the above
(iii) Find the solution of the differential equation 𝒅𝒚 /𝒅𝒙= (2𝟎 − 𝐲) .
(iv) Find the value of c in the particular solution given that y(0)=0 and k = 0.049.
(v) Which of the following solutions may be used to find the number of children who have been
given the polio drops?
a. y = 20 – ekx b. y = 20 – e-kx c. y = 20 ( 1 – e-kx) d. y = 20 ( e-kx – 1)
1. y = cx
2. Order = 3 and degree =3 , So sum=6
3. Degree = 2
4. 𝑥2
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2
5. 4
−1
6. 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑐
8. Not defined
9. 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1 + √𝑑𝑥 , ⇒ (𝑑𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
Now, Order= 2 and Degree=2
10. 𝒅𝒚
= eax + by
𝒅𝒙
−𝟏 𝟏
Ans : 𝒃 e-by = 𝒂 eax + c
11. logy = logsecx + logc
C= 1
Y = secx
12. IF = Sec2x
Sol. is y . Sec2x = secx + c
−𝟏 𝒚
13. 𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒏
Writing + =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+ 𝒚𝟐 𝟏+ 𝒚𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚
IF = 𝒆
14. 𝟏
IF = 𝒙
𝒚
= Log ( logx ) + C
𝒙
15. 𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟐
= 4x – 2xc 𝒆−
𝒅𝒙
16. siny + ex logx + c
17. 𝒅𝒚 𝒚+ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Prove that f ( kx , ky ) = k0 f ( x , y )
18. 𝒅𝒚
Writing 𝒅𝒙 = required function, Prove that f ( kx , ky ) = k0 f ( x , y )
19. (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)𝟐
logx + + tan-1y + c = 0
𝟐
20. 𝒙𝟐
log ( 1 + y ) = x + +c
𝟐
21. x ex – ex - √𝟏 − 𝒚 𝟐 =c
22. 𝒙−𝟏
If = x - 1 General sol is y (x2- 1 ) = Log (
2
)+c
𝒙+𝟏
23. IF = y
𝒚𝟒
Solution is xy = +c
𝟒
𝑒𝑥
1. 𝑦= + 𝐶𝑒 − 𝑥 2. C = -1, (2𝑥 2 + 1). 𝑦 = 1
2
−𝑥2
3. 𝑦= √2𝑥 2
+1 4. 𝑦 = 𝐶. 𝑥. 𝑒 2
5. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶 6. 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑦 1 𝑦 2
7. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + (𝑥 ) ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐶𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑥
8. = +𝐶 9. C = -1, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 1
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦
10. Show that the solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 . Where k is a
𝑥
constant.
𝑦
11. 𝑦(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 12. 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 cos (𝑥 ) = 𝐶
13. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 − 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
1
14. I.F. = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 , 𝐶 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − √𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
√
x+ y
15. y(1 + x2 ) = tan −1 x + C 16. y = a tan-1 ( ) -C
a
17. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 3

1 1
1. {y + √𝑥² + 𝑦²}² = C²𝑥 4 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∣ 𝑦 ∣+ =− +x+C ,
𝑦 𝑥
1 1 x2 3
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑒𝑥
 y = 𝑒𝑥 4. log|1 + y| = x + 2
−2
2 𝜋2 𝑦
5. 𝑥=𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 6. ∣xy cos (𝑥 )∣ = k , x≠0 , k>0
4
tan−1 x
7. GS: y(1 + x 2 ) = tan−1 x + C and PS: y = 1+x2
2 2 3 𝑦
8. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 9. 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝐴
−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦 −1 𝑦
10. 𝑥𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝑐
1 −1 𝑥 −1 𝑥
11. 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 12. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
−1 𝑥
𝜋2 −1 𝑥 𝑒 (𝑚+1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑚
13. y sin 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 14. 𝑦. 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = + 𝑚+1
2 𝑚+1
15. 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − √𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
1. (i) (d) 10000 (ii) (d) y(10000-y) (iii) ( c) 200 (iv) (b) 1000
pr P rt
2. (i) ( b) (ii) (a) Log( )= (iii) ( c) 13.862Yrs
100 P0 100
(iv) (d) 6.931% (v) ( c) Rs 1664
3. (i) Order is 1 (ii) (a) Variable separable method (iii) - log | 20 – y| = kx + C
(iv) log 1/20 (v) y = 20 ( 1 – e-kx)
CHAPTER: 10 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Q1. If 𝑎̂ and 𝑏̂ are unit vectors then prove that aˆ + bˆ = 2 cos ,where 𝜃 is the angle between
2
them.
𝜋 𝜋
Q2. If a unit vector 𝑎̂ makes angles 3 with 𝑖̂, 4 with 𝑗̂ and an angle 𝜃 with 𝑘̂, then find the value
of 𝜃.
Q3. Find the angle between two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ having the same length √2 and their vector
product is − iˆ − ˆj + kˆ .
Q4. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ ,having the same magnitude such
9
that the angle between them is 600and their scalar product is 2 .
Q5. If 𝜃 is the angle between two vectors iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ , find sin 𝜃.
Q6. Find the area of parallelogram, whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors
𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂.
(
 
)  
Q7. Find a unit vector in the direction of a + b where a = −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and b = 2iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ .
Q8. Show that the points A,B,C with position vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂. ,𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and
3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ respectively, are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. Hence find the area of
the triangle.
     
Q9. If a + b + c = 0 ,then show that the angle 𝜃 between b and c is given by
2
|𝑎⃗⃗|2 −|𝑏⃗⃗| −|𝑐⃗|2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ⃗⃗||𝑐⃗|
.
2|𝑏
       
Q10. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and c are three vectors such that a + b + c = 0 and a = 3 , b = 5 and c = 7 then
find the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗.

         
Q1 If a  0 , a.b = a.c , a  b = a  c , then show that b = c .
Q 2. The scalar product of the vector iˆ + ˆj + kˆ with a unit vector along the sum of vectors
2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ and iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ is equal to one. Find the value of  .
Q3. Show that the points with position vectors 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ and iˆ + 4 ˆj − 3kˆ are
  
collinear. Hint: AB  BC = 0
   
Q4. Let a = iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ , b = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 7kˆ and c = 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ .Find a vector d which is

perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ and c .d = 27 .
    
Q5. If a = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ , b = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ and c = 3iˆ + ˆj are such that a + b is perpendicular

to c then find the value of  .
Q6 Find the area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are determined by the vectors
 
a = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ and b = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ
      
Q7. If a = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and b = ˆj − kˆ , find a vector c such that a  c = b and a.c = 3
Q8. The magnitude of the vector product of the vector iˆ + ˆj + kˆ with a unit vector along the
sum of vector 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ and iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ is equal to

2 . Find value of  .
Q9.
 
( ) 
(
Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a + b and a − b .where )
 
a = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ and b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ .
Q.1 A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of structure designed to emit light from a
system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a beacon for navigational aid, for maritime
pilots at sea or on inland waterways.
Four light houses are located at different at locations to guide the ships in the sea.
The location of their top are given by A (5,9,5), B (19,9,5), C (19,16,9) and D (5,16,9).
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in standard form.
Write the 𝐁𝐂
(ii) Find the magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐃.
(iii) ⃗⃗⃗ perpendicular to both ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Write the components of 𝐍 𝐂𝐃 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐀𝐃.
(iv) What are the components of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐀𝐁.
(v) Which two vectors have the same magnitude?
Q2 A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector. Unit vectors are vectors
⃗⃗ is
whose magnitude is exactly 1 unit. The unit vector in the direction of a given vector 𝒂
̂ respectively.
̂. The unit vectors along the axes are denoted by 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂ and 𝒌
denoted by 𝒂
Answer the following questions:
(i) ̂ ) + 𝒋̂. (𝒌
Find the value of 𝒊̂. (𝒋̂ × 𝒌 ̂ × 𝒊̂) + 𝒌
̂ . (𝒊̂ × 𝒋̂)
(ii) If ⃗𝒂⃗ is a non-zero vector of magnitude 𝒂, and λ a non-zero scalar, then λ𝒂

⃗⃗ is unit
vector if (a) λ = 1 (b) λ = -1 (c) 𝒂=| λ| (d) 𝒂=1/| λ|
(iii) ̂ , that has magnitude 9.
Find the vector in the direction of the vector 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
(iv) Find the vectors having initial and terminal points as (-2, 6, 1) and (-3, 5, 3)
respectively.
(v) ⃗⃗ × 𝒊̂)𝟐 + (𝒂
⃗⃗, find the value of (𝒂
For any vector 𝒂 ⃗⃗ × 𝒋̂)𝟐 + (𝒂 ̂ )𝟐 .
⃗⃗ × 𝒌

𝜋 𝜋
1. Prove 2. . 3. 4. |𝑎⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗| = 3
3 3
2 6
7
1 ˆ
3
(
i + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ )
5. 6. 5√6 sq. unit. 7.
1
210
8. 2 9. Show 10. 𝜃=600
1. Show 2. 𝜆 =1 3. Show
1
4. 𝑑⃗ = 96𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 42𝑘̂ 5. 𝜆=8 6. |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = 5√3 sq. unit.
2
5 2 2 1
7. 𝑐⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ . 8. 𝜆=1 9. 𝑛̂ = ± (2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ )
3 3 3 3

1 Solutions:
(i) BC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (19 − 19)𝑖̂ + (16 − 9)𝑗̂ + (9 − 5)𝑘̂ = 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
(ii) |𝐶𝐷⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(5 − 19)2 + (16 − 16)2 + (9 − 9)2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 14 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
(iii) N = CD × AD = |14 0 0| = −56𝑗̂ + 98𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
0 7 4
(iv) AB = (19 − 5)𝑖̂ + (9 − 9)𝑗̂ + (5 − 5)𝑘̂ = 14𝑖̂ ; Components are 14, 0, 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(v) |𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √65𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2. (i) ̂ ) + 𝒋̂. (𝒌
𝒊̂. (𝒋̂ × 𝒌 ̂ × 𝒊̂) + 𝒌
̂ . (𝒊̂ × 𝒋̂) = 𝒊̂. 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂. (−𝒋̂) + 𝒌̂. 𝒌
̂=𝟏
(ii) 𝒂=1/| λ|
̂
(iii) Unit vector in the direction of the vector 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂ is = 𝒊̂−𝟐𝒋̂+𝟐𝒌
𝟑
So required vector = 𝟑(𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂)
(iv) −𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌̂
(v) ⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌
Let 𝒂 ̂ , then 𝒂 ̂
⃗⃗ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒛𝒋̂ − 𝒚𝒌
⃗⃗ × 𝒊̂)𝟐 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
So, (𝒂
⃗⃗ × 𝒊̂ )𝟐 + (𝒂
(𝒂 ⃗⃗ × 𝒋̂)𝟐 + (𝒂 ̂ )𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂
⃗⃗ × 𝒌 ⃗⃗𝟐
CHAPTER: 11 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
x−5 y +2 y z
Q1. Show that the lines = = z and x = = are perpendicular to each other.
7 −5 2 3
Hint: a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
Q2. The equation of a line is 5x − 3 = 15 y + 7 = 3 − 10z write the direction cosines of the line.
1− x y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y −1 6 − z
Q3. Find the value of  so that the lines = = and = = are
3 2 2 3 1 7
perpendicular to each other.
Q4. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the line that passes through the points (3, -2 ,-5)
and (3 ,-2 , 6)
Q5. Find the distance between two planes 2 x − y + 2 z = 5 and 5x − 2.5 y + 5z = 20 .
Q6

( )
Find the distance of a point (2,3,4) from the plane r . 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ = −11.
Q7. Write the equation of a plane which is at a distance of 5 3 units from the origin and the
normal to which is equally inclined to the coordinate axes.
Q8. Write the direction cosines of the normal to the plane 3x + 4 y + 12z = 52
Q9 Find the equation of the line through the point (1,-1,1) and perpendicular to the lines
joining the points (4,3,2) ,(1,-1,0) and (1,2,-1) ,(2,1,1).
Q10.

( ) ( )
Find the image of the point P(3,5,3) in the line r = ˆj + 2kˆ +  iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ .
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
Q1. Find the shortest distance between the following pair of lines = = and
2 3 4
x−2 y −4 z −5
= =
3 4 5
Q2 Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and perpendicular distance of the
point (1,3,4) from the plane 2x – y +z +3 =0.
Q3. Find the equation of the plane which contains the intersection of the planes

( ) 
( )
r . iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 4 = 0 and r . − 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ + 5 = 0 and whose intercept on x-axis is equal to
that of on y -axis.
Q4 Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1 ,2,1) and is perpendicular to
the line joining the points (1,4,2) and (2,3,5). Also find the perpendicular distance of the
plane from the origin.
Q5

( ) ( ) 
( ) ( )
Find whether the lines r = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ +  2iˆ + ˆj and r = 2iˆ − ˆj +  iˆ + ˆj − kˆ intersect or
not. If intersecting, find their point of intersection.
Q6. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points (3,4,1) and (5,1,6)
crosses the XY- plane.
x+3 y −3 z
Q7 Find the distance of the point (2,3,4) from the line = = measured parallel to
3 6 2
the plane 3x + 2 y + 2 z − 5 = 0
Q8 Find the equation of the plane through the point (-4,-3,2) and perpendicular to the line of
intersection of the planes x − 2 y + 2 z − 3 = 0 and 2x − y − 3z = 0 .Also find the point of

( ) ( )
intersection of the line r = iˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ +  iˆ + 3 ˆj − 9kˆ and the plane obtained above.
Q.1 Find the shortest distance between the lines

̂ ) and 𝐫⃗ = (𝐢̂ − 𝐣̂ + 𝟐𝐤
𝐫⃗ = (𝟒𝐢̂ − 𝐣̂) + 𝛌((𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝟑𝐤 ̂ ) + 𝛍((𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟒𝐣̂ − 𝟓𝐤
̂)
Q.2 Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the planes
x+2y+3z-4=0 and 2x+y-z+5=0 and whose x -intercept is twice its z intercept.
Q.3 Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular and the length of the perpendicular
̂ ) + 𝛌((𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝐣̂ − 𝐤
drawn from the point P(5,4,2) to the line 𝐫⃗ = (−𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝐣̂ + 𝐤 ̂ ).
Q.4 Find the distance of the point P(3,4,4) from the point ,where the line joining the points
A(3,-4,-5) and B(2,-3,1) intersects the plane 2x+y+z=7.
Q.5 Find the distance of the point (1,-2,3) from the plane x-y+z=5 measured parallel to the
line whose direction cosines are proportional to 2,3,-6
Q.1 While climbing up a hill, a person moves along a straight path denoted by:
𝒙+𝟑 𝒚−𝟒 𝒛+𝟖
𝒍: = =
𝟑 𝟓 𝟔
With reference to the line 𝒍, answer the following questions:
(i) Find the vector equation of given line.
(ii) Find the unit vector in the direction of vector parallel to the given line.
(iii) If y-coordinate of a point on this line is 14, then find the x -coordinate of that
point.
(iv) Find the direction ratio of the line.
Q.2 In a classroom, a projector is hanging from the ceiling. Two LED bulbs and a fan is also
hanging from the ceiling. If their coordinates are as follows:
Projector: (3, 4, 2)
LED Bulb 1: (2, 3, 2)
LED Bulb 2: (2, 2, 1)
Fan: (3, 4, 1)
Answer the following questions on the basis of above information:
(i) Find the equation of the plane passing through the LED Bulbs and Fan.
(ii) Find the height of projector from the plane passing through the LED Bulbs and
Fan .
(iii) Find the equation of perpendicular drawn from projector to the plane passing
through the LED Bulbs and Fan.
(iv) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the LED Bulbs and Fan.
(v) Find the coordinates of foot of perpendicular drawn from projector to the plane
passing through the LED Bulbs and Fan.
Q.3 There are two planes P1: x + 2y + 3z – 4 = 0 and P2 :2x + y – z + 5 = 0. P3 is a plane

passing through the intersection of P1 and P2, and P3 is also perpendicular to plane
P4: 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0
Answer the questions:
(i) Find the equation of plane P3 .
(ii) Find the equation of plane parallel to plane P4 and passing through (2, 3, -4).
(iii) Which point lies on the plane P1?
(iv) What is the distance of P2 from the point (-1, 1, 4)?
(v) Find the equation of plane parallel to P2 and which is at a distance of 2 units from
the origin is
6 2 −3
1. Show 2. , , 3. 𝜆 = −2
7 7 7
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧+5
4. 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) + (0𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 11𝑘̂ ) , 0 = 0 = 11
5. d=1 6. 1 7. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 15
3 4 12
8. < 13 , 13 , 13 > 9. 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘) + 𝜆(10𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂)
10. ( -1,1,7)

1
1. 𝑑= 2. (-1,4,3 ) , 𝑑 = √6 3. x + y - 4z = 1
√6
2√11 13 23
4. x-y+3z-2=0, 𝑑 = 5. (3,0,-1) 6. (5 , , 0)
11 5
7. 𝑑 = √33 8. [𝑟⃗ − (4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)]. (5𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 0 and point of
intersection (0,-1,8)

6
1. 2. 7x+11y+14z=15 3. (1,6,0) ,2√6 units
√5
4. 7 units 5. 1 unit
1. (i) 𝒓 ̂ + 𝝁(𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌

⃗⃗ = −𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟖𝒌 ̂)
̂
𝟑𝒊̂+𝟓𝒋̂+𝟔𝒌
(ii)
√𝟕𝟎
(iii) Random point on the line is (𝟑𝜶 − 𝟑, 𝟓𝜶 + 𝟒, 𝟔𝜶 − 𝟖)
𝟓𝜶 + 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝜶=𝟐
So, x-coordinate is 3
(iv) Direction Ratio: 3, 5, 6
2 (i) 2x – y + z = 3
𝟏
(ii) units
√𝟔
𝒙−𝟑 𝟒−𝒚 𝒛−𝟐
(iii) = =
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
(iv) ̂ )) . (−𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
⃗⃗ − (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
(𝒓 ̂) = 𝟎
𝟖 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟏
(v) (𝟑 , 𝟔 , 𝟔 )
3. (i) 51x + 15y – 50z + 173 = 0
(ii) 5x + 3y + 6z + 5 = 0
(iii) (1, 0, 3)
(iv) 0 units
(v) 2x + y – z + √𝟔 = 0
CHAPTER: 13 PROBABILITY
1 1 2
Q.1 It is given that the event A and B are such that P(A) = 4 , P(A/B) = 2 and P(B/A) = 3 ,
then find P(B)

Q.2 ̅) = 0.15, P(B) = 0.10 , then find the value of P(A/B
If P(A ∩ B ̅)
3 5 3
Q.3 If A and B are two events with P(A) = 8 , P(B) = 8 , and P(A ∪ B) = 4 then find the
value of P(A/B). P(A′ /B).

3 4
Q.4 If A and B are two independent events with P(A) = and P(B) = , then find the value of
5 9
P(A′ ∩ B′ )
Q.5 The following probability is distribution of random variable X. Find 𝑥.
Q.6 The probability that at least one of the events A and B occurs is 0.6. If A and B occur
̅) + P(B
simultaneously with probability 0.3, then calculate P(A ̅)
Q.7 A random variable X has the following distribution table:
Determine P(X < 3)

1 1
Q.8 Two events E and F are independent. If P(E) = 2 and P(F) = 3, find
P(neither E nor F )
Q.9 Given that E and F are events such that P(E) = 0.8, (F) = 0.7,(E ∩ F) = 0.6. Find
̅/F̅)
P(E
1 1
Q.10 If A and B are two independent events with P(A) = 3 and P(B) = 4 , then find P (B′ /A)
Q.11 If a leap year is selected at random, then what is the chance that it will contain 53 Tuesday?
Q.12 10 % of the bulbs produced in a factory are red colour and 2% are red and defective. If one
bulb is picked at random, determine the probability of its being defective if it is red?
Q.13 A die, whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green, is tossed. Let A be the
event “ number obtained is even” and B be the event “number obtained is red ” . Find if
A and B are independent events.
Q.1 Find the probability distribution of the maximum of the two scores obtained when a pair of
die is thrown twice.
Q.2 Three rotten apples are mixed with seven fresh apples. Find the probability distribution of
the number of rotten apples, if three apples are drawn one-by- one with replacement.
Q.3 A coin is tossed twice. Find the probability distribution of number of heads.
𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
Q.4 If 𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟓 , 𝐏(𝐀/𝐁) = 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = 𝟓, then calculate 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)′ + 𝐏(𝐀′ ∪ 𝐁)
Q.5 A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are boys given
that at least one of them is a boy?
Q.6 If A and B are two independent events with 𝐏(𝐀) = 𝟎. 𝟑and 𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟒 , then find the
value of (i) 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) (ii) 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)Ans: (i) 0.12 (ii) 0.58
Q.7 Prove that if E and 𝐅are independent events, then the events E and 𝐅 ′ are also
independent.
Q.8 Out of 8 outstanding students of a school, in which there are 3 boys and 5 girls , a team of
4 students is to be selected for a quiz completion. Find the probability that 2 boys and 2
girls are selected.
Q.9 Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is
drawn randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is
the probability that it is an even number?
Q.10 From a set of 100 cards numbered 1 to 100, one card is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the number on the card is divisible by 6 or 8, but not by 24.
𝟏 𝟏
Q.11 Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are and
𝟐 𝟑
respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that (i) the
problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
Q.12 In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430,
10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student chosen randomly
studies in class XII given that the chosen student is a girl?
𝟓 𝟐
Q.13 The probabilities of two students X and Y coming to the school in time are and
𝟕 𝟑
respectively. Assuming that the events, X coming in time, and Y coming in time, are
independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to the school in time.
Q.14 A random variable X has the following distribution table:
Determine (i) k (ii) P(𝐗 < 𝟑) (III) P (𝐗 > 𝟔) (iv) P (𝟎 < 𝐗 < 𝟑)
Q.1 A card is drawn from a will shuffled deck of 52cards. The outcome is noted, the card is
replaced and the deck reshuffled. Another card is drawn from the deck. What is the
probability that the first card is an ace and the second card is a red queen.
Q.2 From a pack of 52 playing cards, a card is lost. From the remaining 51 cards, two cards
are drawn at random (without replacement) and are found to be both diamonds. What is
the probability that the lost card was a card of heart?
Q.3 A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining the
sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
Q.4 An urn contains 3 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random; its colour is noted and
returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour noted down, are put in the
urn and then two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) from the urn. Find the
probability that both the balls drawn are of red colour.
Q.5 Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows tail, toss it again but if it shows
head, then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the event ‘the die shows a number
greater than 3’given that ‘there is at least one head’.
Q.6 A coin is biased such that a head is three times as likely to occur as a tail. When it is tossed
twice, then find the probability distribution of number of heads.
Q.7 A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a number greater than four and wins
the game. If A starts the game, what is the probability of B winning?
Q.8 A, B and C throw a pair of dice in that order alternatively till one of them gets a total of
‘9’ and wins the game. Find their respective probabilities of winning , if A starts first.
Q.9 A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below:
A: 5 on the first and 6 on the second throw. B: 3 or 4 on the third throw.
Find the probability of B, given that A has already occurred.
Q.10 Two bags A and B contain 4 white and 3 black balls and 2 white and 2 black balls
respectively. From bag A, two balls are drawn at random and then transferred to bag B. A
ball is then drawn from bag B and is found to be a black ball. What is the probability that
the transferred balls were 1 white and 1 black?
Q.11 A bag X contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls, while another bag Y contains 3 white
balls and 3 black balls. Two balls are drawn (without replacement) at random from one of
the bags and were found to be one white and one black. Find the probability that the balls
were drawn from bag Y.
Q.12 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports that it is 4.
Find the probability that it is actually a 4.
Q.13 There are three coins. One is a two – headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is also a biased coin that comes
up tails 40% of the times. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, and it
shows head. What is the probability that it was the two – headed coin?
Q.14 Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find the probability
distribution of the random variable X
Q.15 Suppose that the reliability of HIV Test is specified as follows: Reliability of people having
HIV, 90% of the tests detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Reliability of people free of
HIV, 99% of the test judged HIV–ve but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV+ve. Form a large
population of which 0.1% have HIV, one person is selected at random, given the HIV test
and the pathologist reports him/her as HIV+ve. What is the probability that the person has
actually HIV?
Q.16 A problem in Mathematics is given to 4 students A, B, C, D. Their chances of solving the
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
problem, respectively, are . , , and . What is the probability that (i) the problem will
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟑
be solved? (ii) at most one of them will solve the problem?

Q.17 A speaks truth in 70% of the cases and B speaks truth in 80 % of the cases .In what
percentage of the cases: (i) they contradict each other in stating the same fact?(ii)they agree
each other in stating the same fact?
Q.18 In a class, 5% of the boys and 10% of the girls have an IQ of more than 150.In the class
60% of the students are boys and rest girls. If a student is selected at random and found to
have an IQ of more than 150, find the probability that the selected student is a boy.
Q.19 Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball
is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is at random drawn from Bag II. The ball
so drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.
Q.20 An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random; its colour is noted and
is returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour drawn are put in the urn
and then a ball is drawn at random. What is the probability the second ball is red?
Q.21 A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting of 7 boys and 4
girls. Find the probability that there are exactly 2 boys in the committee, given that at least
one girl must be there in the committee.
Q.22 A Bag I contains 5 red and 4 white balls and a Bag II contains 3 red and 3 white balls. Two
balls are transferred from the Bag I to the Bag II and then one ball is drawn from the Bag II.
If the ball drawn from the Bag II is red, then find the probability that one red and one
white ball are transferred from the Bag I to the Bag II.
Q.23 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well- shuffled pack of 52
playing cards. Find the probability distribution of number of kings.
Q.24 Two cards are drawn simultaneously (without replacement) from a well – shuffled pack of
52 playing cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces.
Q.25 A bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die
is thrown. If 1 or 2 appears on it, then bag A is chosen, otherwise bag B. If two balls are
drawn at random (without replacement) from the selected bag, Find the probability of one
of them being red and another black.
Q.26 A letter is known to have come either from TATANAGAR or from CALCUTTA. On the
envelope, just two consecutive letter TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter
came from TATANAGAR?
𝟐 𝟏
Q.27 If A and B are two independent events such that P (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = 𝟏𝟓 and P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = 𝟔 , then
find P(𝐀) and P(𝐁)

Q.28 A and B throw a pair of dice alternatively. A win the game if he gets a total of ‘7’ and B
wins the game if he gets a total of ‘10’. If A starts the game, then find the probability that
B wins.
Q.1 In an office three employees Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal process incoming copies of a certain
form. Vinay process 50% of the forms. Sonia processes 20% and Iqbal the remaining 30%
of the forms. Vinay has an error rate of 0.06, Sonia has an error rate of 0.04 and Iqbal has
an error rate of 0.03.

(i) Find the conditional probability that an error is committed in processing given that
Sonia processed the form.
(ii) Find the probability that Sonia processed the form and committed an error.
(iii) Find the total probability of committing an error in processing the form.
(iv) The manager of the company wants to do quality check. During inspection he selects
a form at random from the days output of processed forms. If the form selected at
random has an error, find the probability that the form is NOT processed by Vinay.
(v) Let A be the event of committing an error in processing the form and let 𝐄𝟏 , 𝐄𝟐 and
𝐄𝟑 be the events that Vinay, Sonia and Iqbalprocessed the form. Then find the
value of ∑𝟑𝐢=𝟏 𝐏(𝐄𝐢 /𝐀)
Q.2 An insurance company insures three type of vehicles i.e., type A, B and C. If it insured
12000 vehicles of type A, 16000 vehicles of type B and 20,000 vehicles of type C.
Survey report says that the chances of their accident are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.04 respectively.
(Based on the information given above, write the answer of following)

(i) Find the probability of insured vehicle of type C.
(ii) Let E be the event that insured vehicle meets with an accident, then find P(𝐄/𝐀).
(iii) Let E be the event that insured vehicle meets with an accident, then find P(𝐄).
(iv) Find the probability of an accident that one of the insured vehicle meets with an accident
and it is a type C vehicle.
(v) Find the probability of one of the insured vehicles meets with an accident and it is not of
type A and C.
Q.3 There are three Urn having different colored balls. The contents of Urns I, II, III are as
follows:
Urn I: 1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls
Urn II: 2 white, 1 black and 1 red ball
Urn III: 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls
Based on the above information answer the following questions:
(i) Find the probability that one white and one red ball is drawn only from Urn I.
(ii) Find the probability of selecting any one of the urn.
(iii) Using Baye’s Theorem find the probability that balls are drawn from Urn I.
(iv) Find the total probability of getting 1 white and1 red ball.
(v) Find the probability that the balls are not drawn from III Urn.
Q.4 Ms. Manisha and Ms. Ritu are two friends. Ms. Manisha has 4 black and 6 red balls in
her bag, where as Ms. Ritu has 7 black and 3 Red balls in her bag. They decided to throw a
die and to draw the balls from their bags in such a way that, if 1or 2 appears on die then
ball will be drawn from Ms. Manisha’s bag otherwise balls will be drawn from Ms.
Ritu’s bag.
On the basis of this situation answer the followings:
(i) Find the probability that Ms. Ritu’s bag is not selected.
(ii) Find the probability that Ms. Manisha’s bag is selected.
(iii) Find the probability if two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) in which 1 is
red and 1 is black and drawn from Ms. Ritu’s bag.
(iv) Find the probability if two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) in which 1 is
red and other black and drawn from Ms. Manisha’s bag.
(v) Find the total probability of drawing 1 red and1 black ball.
Q.5 Three persons A, B and C apply for a job in a private school for the post of principal. The
chances of their selection are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4respectively.Management committee
given the agenda to improve the sports education, it is estimated that the change may
occur with probability 0.8, 0.5and 0.3 respectively.
On the bases of above situation answer the followings:

(i) Find the probability that A is not selected.
(ii) Find the probability of ‘C’ that change not take place.
(iii) Find the probability of selection of C.
(iv) Find the probability of ‘A’ that change occur.
(v) Find the probability of ‘B’ that change not take place.
Q.6 By examine the test, the probability that a person is diagnosed with CORONA when he is
actually suffering from it, is 0.99. The probability that the doctor incorrectly diagnosed a
person to be having CORONA, on the basis of test reports, is 0.001. In a certain city, 1 in
1000 persons suffers from CORONA. A person is selected at random and is diagnosed to
have CORONA. On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
(i) What is the 𝐏(𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐀 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐀)
(ii) 𝐏(𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐀 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐀) ?
(iii) What is 𝐏(𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐀 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝) ?
(iv) What is the 𝐏( 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐀 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐀 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝) ?
ANSWERS KEY SA-I (2 MARKS)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 𝟐
1. 2. 3. 4.
𝟑 𝟔 𝟐𝟓 𝟗
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
5. 6. 1.1 7. 8.
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
9. 10. 11. 12.
𝟑 𝟒 𝟕 𝟓
13. NO
ANSWERS KEY SA-II (3 MARKS)
1. 2.
𝟏
3. 4. 1 5. 𝟑
𝟏 𝟒
6. (i) 0.12 6.(ii) 0.58 8. 9.
𝟏𝟒 𝟕
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
10. 11. , 12. 0.1
𝟓 𝟑 𝟐
𝟗 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟑
13. 14. , , ,
𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
ANSWERS KEY LA ( 4 MARKS)
𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏
1. 2. 3.
𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝟓𝟎 𝟗
𝟏 𝟏
4. 5.
𝟖 𝟑
𝟐 𝟑
6. 7. B= , A=
𝟓 𝟓
𝟖𝟏 𝟕𝟐 𝟔𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
8. 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕 , 𝑩 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕 , 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕 9. 10.
𝟑 𝟓
𝟔𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟎
11. 12. 13.
𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟕
𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟗
14. 15. 0.0826 16. ,
𝟏𝟓 𝟗𝟎
𝟗 𝟏𝟔
17. 38%,62 % 18. 19.
𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟎
20. 21. 22.
𝟐 𝟐𝟗𝟓 𝟑𝟕
23. 24.
𝟐𝟐 𝟕
25. 26.
𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟏
5 4 1 1
27. P(A) = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 P(B) = OR :P(A) = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 P(B) =
5 6
5
28. 𝐵 = 17
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS ANSWERS KEY (4 MARKS)

𝟏𝟕
1. (i) 0.04 (ii) 0.008 (iii) 0.47 (iv) 𝟒𝟕 (v) 1
5 34 4 12
2. (i) 12 (ii) 0.01 (iii) 1200 (iv) 7 (v) 35
1 1 33 118 44
3. (i) 3 (ii) 3 (iii) 118 (iv) 495 (v) 59
1 1 21 24 22
4. (i) 3 (ii) 3 (iii) 45 (iv) 45 (v) 45
7 7 4 8 5
5. (i) 9 (ii) 10 (iii) 9 (iv) 10 (v) 10
𝟏𝟏𝟎
6. (i) 0.99 (ii) 0.001 (iii) 0.001989 (iv) 𝟐𝟐𝟏
*****BEST WISHES*****
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, RAIPUR REGION
SAMPLE PAPER (SET-01)
TERM-2(2021-22)
CLASS-XII SUBJECT-MATHEMATICS
BLUE PRINT
SL. NO NAME OF THE CHAPTER SA1(2) SA2(3) LA(4) TOTAL
1. Integrals 1(2) 1(3) 1(4) 3(9)

2. Applications of Integrals - - 1(4) 1(4)
3. Differential Equations 1(2) 1(3) - 2(5)
4. Vectors 1(2) 1(3) - 2(5)
5. Three-Dimensional Geometry 1(2) 1(3) 1(4) 3(9)
6. Probability 2(4) - 1 CASE 3(8)
BASED
(2+2)
TOTAL 6(12) 4(12) 4(16) 14(40)
`
SAMPLE PAPER (SET - 01)
TERM-2 (2021-22)
TIME – 2 hours MARKS-40
___________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1.This question paper contains 3 sections-A, B and C. Each part is compulsory.
2.Section-A has 6 short answer type (SA1) questions of 2 marks each.
3. Section-B has 4 short answer type (SA2) questions of 3 marks each.
4. Section-C has 4 long answer type (LA) questions of 4 marks each.
5. There is an internal choice in some of the questions.
6. Q 14 is a case-based problem having 2 subparts of 2 marks each.
S.No. Question Marks

SECTION-A
2
1. 𝑑𝑥 2
Evaluate:∫03 4+9𝑥 2
OR
1+sin 𝑥
Evaluate:∫ (1+cos 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 2
Write the order and the degree of the differential equation: + sin( 𝑑𝑥 3 ) = 0.
𝑑𝑥 4
3. If | 𝑎⃗| = 10, | 𝑏⃗⃗| = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 12, then find | 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ |. 2
4. 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−6 2

If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular to each
−3 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 1 −5
other, find the value of 𝑘
5. A random variable X has the following probability distribution: 2
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2 k2 7k2 + k
Determine (i) k (ii) P(X>6)
6. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least 2
once.
SECTION-B
7. 1 3
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 4−1) 𝑑𝑥
8. Find the particular solution of the differential equation: 3
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒 𝑚 tan − 𝑦, given that 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
OR
𝑦 𝜋
Solve the differential equation: [𝑥sin2 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0, given 𝑦 = 4
when 𝑥 = 1.
9. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4 𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, ⃗b⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂, and c⃗⃗ = 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂. Find a vector 3
Let 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗
d which is perpendicular to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗d⃗⃗. c⃗⃗ = 21.
⃗⃗⃗⃗ and b,
10. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are 3
𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝜆(2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜇(3 𝑖̂ − 5 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)

OR
Find the vector equation of the plane which contains line of intersection of the
planes 𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) − 4 = 0 and 𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 5 = 0 and which is
𝑟 (5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂) + 8 = 0 .
perpendicular to the plane ⃗⃗⃗.
SECTION-C
𝜋 𝑥 tan 𝑥
11. Evaluate: ∫0 𝑑𝑥 4
sec 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
12. Using integration, find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse 4
4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 36 and the line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6.
OR
Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose
vertices are (1,0), (2,2) and (3,1).
13. A plane meets the 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧- axes at A, B and C respectively, such that the 4
centroid of the triangle ABC is (1, −2, 3). Find the Vector and Cartesian
equations of the plane.
14. CASE BASED

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the
same:
The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified as follows:
Of people having COVID, 90% of the test detects the disease but 10% goes
undetected. Of people free of COVID, 99% of the test judged COVID negative
but 1% are diagnosed as showing COVID positive. From a large population of
which only 0.1% have COVID, one person is selected at random, given the
COVID PCR test, and the pathologist reports him/her COVID positive.
(i) What is the probability of the person is having actually COVID positive given 2
that he is tested as COVID positive?
(ii) What is the probability of the person selected will be diagnosed as COVID 2
positive?
TERM-2 (2021-22)
MARKING SCHEME
S.No. Answers Marks
2
1. 2
𝑑𝑥 1 3𝑥 3
1
∫0 4+9𝑥 2 = 6 [tan−1
3
2 0
]
𝜋 1
= 24
OR
1+sin 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1
∫ (1+cos 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ (2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 + tan 2) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
=𝑒 𝑥 tan 2 + 𝑐
2. 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 4, 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑. 1+1
3. ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗.𝑏 12 3 4 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = | 𝑎⃗⃗|| 𝑏⃗⃗| = 20 = 5 , so 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5
4
| 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = | 𝑎⃗|| 𝑏⃗⃗||𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃| = 10 × 2 × 5 = 16. 1
4. −10 1+1
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = 7
5. 1 1
K=10
17
P(X>6) = 100 1
6. 1 1 1 1 1
Probability of getting an even number three times = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
1 7
Probability of getting an odd number at least once = 1− 8 = 8 1
7. 1 𝑥3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 4 − 1) 𝑥 4 (𝑥 4 − 1)
Let 𝑥 4 = 𝑡 ⇒ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 1
1 𝑥3 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑥(𝑥 4 − 1) 𝑥 4 (𝑥 4 − 1) 4 𝑡(𝑡 − 1)
1 1 1 1
= 4 ∫ (𝑡−1 − 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑥 4 −1 1
= 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+C
𝑥4
−1
8. 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑒 𝑚 tan 𝑥 1
+ = 2
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
1 𝑒 𝑚 tan
−1 𝑥 1
P= 1+𝑥 2 Q= 2
1+𝑥 2
tan−1 𝑥
I.F=𝑒
solution is 1
2
−1 𝑥
−1 𝑥 𝑒 (𝑚+1) tan 𝑚 1
y𝑒 tan = +𝑚+1 1
𝑚+1 2
OR
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
=𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ;
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 1
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
1
2
𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑦
⇒ − cot 𝑥 = − log|𝑥| + 𝑐 2
1
To get c = −1 1
𝑦
To get the solution: cot 𝑥 = log|𝑥| + 1 2
𝑦 1
i.e., cot 𝑥 = log|𝑥𝑒|
2
9. A vector ⊥ to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 is 𝑎 𝑏 = 21 𝑖̂ − 21 ĵ − 21 k̂
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑑 = λ(21 𝑖̂ − 21 ĵ − 21 k̂ ) ; 1
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗⃗⃗ = 21 ⇒ 63 λ − 21λ + 21λ = 21 ⇒ λ = 1
𝑑 1
3 2
So, 𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (21 𝑖̂ − 21 ĵ − 21 k̂ ) = 7( 𝑖̂ − ĵ − k̂ ); 1
3
2
10. ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏 1 = 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2
= 3 𝑖̂ − 5 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − 𝑎
𝑎 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 2 = 3 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ and |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 2 | = √59 1
( ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 1 ). (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 2)
𝑑=| | 1
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 2|
10
=
√59
OR
Let the equation of the required plane be
1
𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) − 4 + λ [𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 5] = 0
𝑟 (5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂) + 8 = 0 .
This is perpendicular to the plane ⃗⃗⃗.
7
Therefore, 5(2λ + 1) + 3(λ + 2) − 6(3 − λ) = 0 ⇒ λ = 19 1
Therefore,vector equation of the plane is

𝑟 ⃗. (33𝑖 ̂ + 45𝑗 ̂ + 50𝑘 ̂) − 41 = 0 1
11.
𝜋 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝜋
∫0 𝑑𝑥= ∫0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
sec 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Let I = ∫0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
𝜋 𝜋 1−𝐶𝑂𝑆 2𝑥 𝜋 sin 2𝑥 𝜋 𝜋2 1
2I = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 − ] = 1
2 2 2 0 2 2
𝜋2 1
∴I=
4 2
12. To draw the correct graph 1
3 √36−4𝑥2 3 6−2𝑥
Required area= ∫0 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑑𝑥
3 3 1
3𝜋 2
= −3
2
OR
To draw the graph and finding the equations of the sides
1 1
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 1), 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) 1
2 2
2 3 31
Required area= ∫1 2(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 1
3 1
=2 1
2
13. Let the coordinates of A, B and C be
(𝑎, 0,0), (0, 𝑏, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,0, 𝑐)respectively.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Therefore, the equation of plane is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1 1
𝑎+0+0 0+𝑏+0 0+0+𝑐
Here, = 1, = −2, = 3,
3 3 3
⇒ 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐=9 1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Therefore, the equation of plane is 3 + −6 + 9 = 1
𝑖. 𝑒. , 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 18 = 0 1
which in vector form is 𝑟⃗. (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = 18 1
14. E1: Person actually having COVID, E2: Person actually not having 1
COVID and A: person tested as positive 1
𝑃(𝐸 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸 )
(i) P(E1/A) = 𝑃(𝐸 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )+𝑃(𝐸 1)𝑃(𝐴/𝐸 ) = 0.0826
1 1 2 2 1
𝐴 𝐴
(ii) P(A) = 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) = 0.01089 1
1 2
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, REGIONAL OFFICE RAIPUR
SAMPLE PAPER (SET – 02)
TERM –2 (2021-22)
CLASS –XII SUB: MATHEMATICS
BLUE-PRINT
S.No. Chapter SA-1 SA-2 LA Total
(2 Marks) (3 Marks) (4 Marks)
1 INTEGRAL 1(2) 1(3) 1(4) 3(9)
2 APPLICATIONS 1(4) 1(4)

OF INTEGRALS
3 DIFFERENTIAL 1(2) 1(3) - 2(5)

EQUATION
4 VECTOR 1(2) 1(3) - 2(5)

ALGEBRA
5 3-D 1(2) 1(3) 1(4) 3(9)

GEOMETRY
6 PROBABILITY 2(4) - 1(4) 3(8)
TOTAL 6(12) 4(12) 4(16) 14(40)

SAMPLE PAPER (SET- 02)
TERM -2 (2021-22)
CLASS – XII SUB: MATHEMATICS
(041)
TIME- 2 hours M.M:40
________________________________________________________________________
GeneralInstructions:
1. This question paper contains three sections–A, B and C. Each part is compulsory.
2. Section – A has 6 short answer type (SA1) questions of 2 marks each.
3. Section–B has 4 short answer type (SA2) questions of 3marks each.
4. Section – C has 4 long answer type questions (LA) of 4markseach.
6. Q14 is a case-based problem having 2 subparts of 2 marks each.
SECTION–A
1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑋 2
Find ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥 dx
OR
Find ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 Find the sum of degree and order of differential equation

4 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 1+ [(𝑑𝑥 ) ]
3 Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors : 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗= 4𝑖̂ +3𝑗̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2i – j + 2k
𝑎
4 𝑥−5 2
Show that the plane 𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1 contains the line 3 = 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑧
5 A bag contains 1 red and 3 white balls. Find the probability distribution of the 2
number of red balls if 2balls are drawn at random from the bag one-by-one
without replacement.
6 Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards one-by-one without 2
replacement. What is the probability of getting first card red and second card Jack.
SECTION B
7 Find ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
8 Find the general solution of the following differential equation: 3
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
OR
Find the particular solution of the following differential equation:
𝑑𝑦
= 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 given that 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
9 If 𝑎⃗ ≠ ⃗0⃗ , 𝑎⃗.𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗.𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗×𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗×𝑐⃗, then show that 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗. 3
10 Find the shortest distance between the following lines: 3

𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂−𝑘̂ )+𝑠(2𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂+𝑘̂ )
𝑟⃗=(𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂ ) +𝑡(4𝑖̂+ 2𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂ )
OR
Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the plane containing the point 𝑖̂+
2𝑗̂−𝑘̂ and parallel to the lines
𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂+2𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂−3𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂ )=0 and 𝑟⃗ =(3𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂−2𝑘̂ )+ 𝑡(𝑖̂−3𝑗̂+ 𝑘̂ )=0
SECTION C
𝜋 𝑥 tan 𝑥
11 Evaluate :∫0 𝑑𝑥 4
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
12 Using integration, find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the 4
line x + y = 2, the parabola y2 = x and the x-axis.
OR
Using integration, find the area of the region
{(𝑥,𝑦):0≤𝑦≤3√𝑥,𝑥2+𝑦2≤4}
13 Find the foot of the perpendicular from the point (1,2,0) upon the plane x– 4
3y+2z=9. Hence,find the distance of the point(1,2,0) from the given plane.
14 CASE STUDY
A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1 , A2 and A3 . they are sold as mixture
where proportions are 4:4:2 respectively. Their germination rates are 45%, 60% and
35% respectively. Calculate the probability
(i) of a randomly chosen seed to germinate 2
(ii) that it is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does not germinate. 2
SAMPLE PAPER (SET – 02)
TERM -2(2021-22)
CLASS – XII SUB-MATHEMATICS
MARKING SCHEME
S.No. ANSWE RS MARKS
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
𝐼=∫ dx =∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥,put tanx =t, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡 3 √1 + 𝑡 2 dx, put
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
1 + 𝑡 2 = 𝑢, 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑢 (𝑢 − 1) 1
2
1 1
𝐼 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 + 𝑐 1
5 3
OR
Put 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝐼 = − ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1
= 𝑡(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (1 − log (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)) +c 1
2 Order = 2, degree =1 ,sum = 2 2
3 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗= |4 3 1| = 7𝑖̂ - 6𝑗̂ -10 𝑘̂, 1
2 −1 2
1
⃗⃗
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏| = √185 , 𝑛̂ = 1
√185
4 d.r.s. of line 3, 1 ,-1,d.r.s of normal to the plane1 ,-5 ,-2 1
3(1) +1(-5) +(-1)(-2) = 0 1
5 :Let X be the random variable defined as the number of red balls. ½
ThenX = 0,1
3 2 1
P(X=0) = × = ½
4 3 2
1 3 3 1 1
P(X=1) = × + × =
4 4 4 3 2 ½
ProbabilityDistributionTable:
X 1 2
P (X) 1 1 ½
2 2
6 The required probability = P((The first is a red jack card and Thesecond
is a jack card) or (The first is a red non-jack card and The second isa jack 1
card))
2 3 24 4 1 1
= × + × =
52 51 52 51 26
7 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
2𝐼 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐 ′
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1 1
𝐼= + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+2 𝑥 2
=
8 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
- = 2𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 1
OR
𝑑𝑦 1
= (1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥 OR
𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑦 1
∫ (1 + 𝑦2) 𝑑𝑥 =∫(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 +c
−1
𝑥3
tan 𝑦 = + 𝑥+𝑐
3 1
𝜋
𝑐 = tan−1 1 =
4
3
𝑥 𝜋
tan−1 𝑦 = + 𝑥+
3 4
1
9 Solution: We have 𝑎⃗.(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)=0

⇒(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)=⃗0⃗or𝑎⃗ ⊥(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)
⇒𝑏⃗⃗=𝑐⃗ or 𝑎⃗ ⊥(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗) 1
Also,𝑎⃗×(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)=0⃗
⇒(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)=⃗0⃗or𝑎⃗ ∥(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)
⇒ 𝑏⃗⃗=𝑐⃗or𝑎⃗ ∥(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗) 1
⇒ 𝑏⃗⃗=𝑐⃗or𝑎⃗ ∥(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)
𝑎⃗𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑏𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑜(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗) 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑜(𝑏⃗⃗− 𝑐⃗)
1
Hence, ⃗⃗=𝑐⃗.
|( ⃗𝑎⃗ − ⃗𝑎⃗)× ⃗𝑎⃗| 1
10 The lines are parallel. The shortest distance = ⃗⃗| 1
|𝑎 2
|(3𝑘̂ )×(2𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂+𝑘̂ )| 1
= 1
2
√4+ 1+ 1
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 1/ 1
(3𝑘̂ )×(2𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂+ 𝑘̂ )=|0 0 3|= −3𝑖̂+6𝑗̂ 2
1/2
2 1 1
1
Hence, the requiredshortestdistance=3√5units
√6 1/2
OR
Since, the plane is parallel to the given lines, the cross product of the vectors
2𝑖̂− 3𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂− 3𝑗̂+ 𝑘̂ will be a normal to the plane
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
(2𝑖̂− 3𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂ ) ×(𝑖̂− 3𝑗̂+ 𝑘̂ )= |2 −3 2|=3𝑖̂− 3𝑘̂
1 −3 1
The vector equation of the plane is 𝑟⃗.(3𝑖−3𝑘 )=(𝑖+ 2𝑗− 𝑘 ).(3𝑖−3𝑘
)
or,𝑟⃗.(𝑖− 𝑘)=2
and the Cartesian equation of the plane is x–z – 2 =0
𝜋 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1
11 I=∫0 dx 12
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=∫0 dx
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=∫0 dx
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
2I=π∫0 dx 12
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋
=π∫0 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 x)dx
=π[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝜋0
𝜋
= (𝜋 − 2)
2 1
12 Solving 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 and y2
= x to get point of intersection as (1,1) and
(4,2)
1
Correct fig
1 2
Reqd area ∫0 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3 1 2 1
2 𝑥2
= [𝑥 ] + [2𝑥 −
2 ] 1
3 0 2 1
2 1 7 1
= + = 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 2 6
OR
Solving 𝑦 = √3𝑥 and 𝑥2+𝑦2 = 4 to get point of intersection as (1, √3)
and ( -1 ,- √3) 1
Correct fig 1
1 2
Reqd area = ∫0 √3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1
√3 1 𝑥 2
= [𝑥 2 ]10 + [𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 + 4 sin−1 ]
2 2 2 1
2𝜋 1
= sq units
3
13 : The equation of the line perpendicular to the plane and passing
through the point (1, 2, 0) is
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧 1
= =
1 −3 2
The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are (𝜇 + 1, −3𝜇 + 2,2𝜇)
for ½
some 𝜇
These coordinates will satisfy the equation of the plane. Hence, we have
𝜇 + 1 − 3(−3𝜇 + 2) + 2(2𝜇) = 9 1
⇒𝜇=1
The foot of the perpendicular is (2, -1, 2). ½
1
Hence, the required distance = √14 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
14 Let A1: seed A1 is chosen, A2: seed A2 is chosen & A3: seed A3 is chosen 3
E: seed germinates and 𝐸̅ : seed germinates
4 4 2 45 60
P(A1) = , P(A2) = , P(A3) = , P(E/A1) = , P(E/A2) = ,
10 10 10 100 100
35
P(E/A3) =
100
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
(i) P(E) = 𝑃(𝐴1 )𝑃 (𝐴 ) + 𝑃(𝐴2 )𝑃 (𝐴 ) + 𝑃(𝐴3 )𝑃 (𝐴 ) = 0.49 2
1 2 3
̅
𝐸
𝑃(𝐴2 )𝑃( ) 16
𝑃(𝐴2 /𝐸̅ ) =
𝐴2
(ii) 𝐸̅ 𝐸̅ 𝐸̅ = 51 2
𝑃(𝐴1 )𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐴2 )𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐴3 )𝑃( )
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
SAMPLE PAPER (SET-03)
TERM-2(2021-22)
BLUE - PRINT
SL. NO NAME OF THE CHAPTER SA1(2) SA2(3) LA(4) TOTAL
1. Integrals 1(2) 1(3) 1(4) 3(9)

2. Applications of Integrals - - 1(4) 1(4)
3. Differential Equations 1(2) 1(3) - 2(5)
4. Vectors 1(2) 1(3) - 2(5)
5. Three-Dimensional Geometry 1(2) 1(3) 1(4) 3(9)
6. Probability 2(4) - 1 CASE 3(8)
BASED
(2+2)
TOTAL 6(12) 4(12) 4(16) 14(40)

TERM-2 (2021-22)
TIME – 2 HOURS MARKS-40
___________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1.This question paper contains 3 sections-A, B and C. Each part is compulsory.
2.Section-A has 6 short answer type (SA1) questions of 2 marks each.
3. Section-B has 4 short answer type (SA2) questions of 3 marks each.
4. Section-C has 4 long answer type (LA) questions of 4 marks each.
6. Q 14 is a case-based problem having 2 subparts of 2 marks each.

SECTION-A
1. sin 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋 2
Evaluate: ∫ dx, 0<x< 2
√1+sin 2𝑥
OR
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2. Find the direction cosines of the vector 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂. 2
3. 𝑑𝑦 2
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 2y = 𝑒 3𝑥
4. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (-2,4,-5) 2
and parallel to the line
𝑥−1 1−𝑦 3−𝑧
= =
−2 3 −4
5. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 3 black balls. If three balls are drawn one by 2
one without replacement, find the probability that none is red .
6. 1 1 1 2
If A and B are two events such that P(A)= 4 , P(B) =2 and P(A∩ 𝐵)= 8 . Find
P(notA and notB).
SECTION-B
7. 2𝑥 3
Evaluate : ∫ dx
(1+𝑥 2 )(3+𝑥 2 )
8. 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 3
Solve the differential equation: x cos(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = y cos(𝑥 ) + x
OR
Solve the differential equation:
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 +1)𝑑𝑥 +2xy =√𝑥 2 + 4
9. If 𝑎̂ and 𝑏̂ are two unit vectors and θ is the angle between them prove that 3
𝜃 1
sin = |𝑎̂ − 𝑏̂|.
2 2
10. Find the shortest distance between the two skew lines 3
𝑟⃗ =8𝑖̂ − 9𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂ +λ(3𝑖̂ − 16𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂)
𝑟⃗ =15𝑖̂ + 29𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ +μ(3𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂)
OR
Find the length and foot of the perpendicular from the point (1,3/2,2) to the plane
2x-2y+4z=0.
SECTION-C
𝜋 𝑥 tan 𝑥
11. Evaluate : ∫ dx 4
0 sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
12. Find the area bounded by the curve y= 𝑥 2 and the lines y=4. 4
OR
3𝑥 2
Find the area of the region included between the parabola y= and the line
4
3x-2y+12=0.
13. Find the vector equation of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the 4
planes 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗( 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = 5 and 𝑟.⃗⃗⃗( 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 6.
14. Let X denote the number of college where you will apply after yours result and
P(X=x) denotes your probability of getting admission in x number of college.It
is given that
𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1
2𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
P(X=x) = {
𝑘(5 − 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 4
Where k is a positive constant.
i). Find the value of k. 2
ii). What is the probability that you will get admission in at least two college. 2
TERM-2 (2021-22)
MARKING SCHEME
S.No. Answers Marks
1. √1 + sin2x = √(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 2 = sin x + cos x 1
sin 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑑𝑡 ½
∫ √1+sin 2𝑥 dx = ∫ 𝑡 ½
=-log t + C = - log (sin x +cos x ) + C
OR
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
For writing ∫ and separating it 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
1
I = tanx – cotx + c
2. Direction ratios of the vector 1,2,3 ½
1 2 3 1
For finding direction cosines , , 12
√14 √14 √14
3. I. F. = 𝑒 2𝑥 ½
𝑒 5𝑥 1
2𝑥 12
For finding correct solution y𝑒 = 5 + C
4. Direction ratios of the line -2,-3,4 ½
Cartesian equation of the line
𝑥+2 𝑦−4 𝑧+5 1
= = 12
−2 −3 4
5. 8 7 6 1
P(none is red)= 15 X14 X13 12
8 ½
= 65
6. 1 1 1
P(A)= 4 , P(B) =2 and P(A∩ 𝐵)= 8
1 1 1 5 1
P(AUB) = P(A)+ P(B)- P(A∩ 𝐵)= + - = 1
4 2 8 8
3
P(not A and not B ) =P(A’∩ 𝐵′) =1-P(AUB)=
8
7. 2𝑥 ½
I= ∫ (1+𝑥 2 )(3+𝑥 2 ) dx
Let 𝑥 2 = t dt=2xdx ½
𝑑𝑡
I=∫ (1+𝑡)(3+𝑡) 2
Getting result by partial function
8. 𝑑𝑦 1
For taking y=vx and finding 𝑑𝑥 = v+x dv/dx
1
For finding xdv/dx= 1/cosv
𝑦 1
For finding correct solution sin(𝑥 ) = log|𝑐𝑥|
OR
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 +1)𝑑𝑥 +2xy =√𝑥 2 + 4 ½
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 √𝑥 2 +4 ½
+ = is a linear differential equation 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
Getting integrating factor = 𝑥 2 +1
Multiplying I.F. and finding solution
9. 2 1
|𝑎̂ − 𝑏̂|2 =|𝑎̂|2 +|𝑏̂| -2 𝑎.
̂ 𝑏̂
=1+1-2cos𝜃 1
𝜃 ½
=4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ½
Showing result
10. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎1
(𝑎2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑋𝑏2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).(𝑏1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) 1
Shortest distance= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1𝑋𝑏2| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1
Finding ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1𝑋𝑏2⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝑏1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑋𝑏2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| 1
Getting result
OR
𝑥−1 𝑦−3/2 𝑧−2 ½
= −2 = 4 =k
2 1
X= 2k+1 y= -2k+3/2 z=4k+2 1
Putting these values in equation of plane and finding the value of K ½
For finding Foot=(x,y,z)
For finding length
11. 𝜋 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) tan(𝜋−𝑥) 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) tan 𝑥 1

Let I = ∫0 dx = ∫0 dx = ∫0 dx
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 sec(𝜋−𝑥)+tan (𝜋−𝑥) sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 1
𝜋
2I= 𝜋 ∫0 sec tan 𝑥
dx 2
𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝜋(𝜋−2)
Getting result I= 2
12. For correct figure 1
4 1
Required area= 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4 ½
=2 ∫0 √𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
12
= 32/3 squnit
OR ½
For finding limit x=-2 to x=4 ½
For correct figure 1
4 12+3𝑥 4 3𝑥 2 2
A= ∫−2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫−2 𝑑𝑥
2 4
For integrating and writing correct area 27 sq unit.
13. Let a, b and c be the drs of the req. line

a – b + 2c = 0 and 3a + 3b + c = 0 2
finding a ,b and c in the terms of arbitrary constant a=-7k, b= 5k , c=6k 1
finding vector equation of line
𝑟⃗ =𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ +λ(-7𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) 1
14. i) k+4k+2k+k = 1 1
K=1/8 1
ii) P(getting admission in atleast two colleges)=
4k+2k+k 1
=7k= 7/8 1

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KVS RO EKM/CLASS XII MATHS/Term-2

क ीय िव ालय सं गठन े ीय कायालय एणाकुलम

STUDY MATERIAL – TERM II

SHRI R. SENTHIL KUMAR

TEAM OF TEACHERS WHO CONTRIBUTED……..

(Mrs./ Ms./ Mr.)

2 M.Narasimha Prabhu., KV1, Kasargod

3 Joseph Mathew, KV Kanhangad.

6 Aleyamma Idicula , KV Ottappalam.

7 Jayasree Karthikeyan, KV INS Dronacharya

8 Sathy M.N.KV INS Dronacharya

9 T. Kumari Jaya, KV Ottappalam.

10 Shanu kumar, KV Thrissur.

11 S. Shibi, KV, Idukki.

14 Maya,KV, SAP, Peroorkada.

15 Sudha Sankar, KV Kavarathi

16 Darly John, KV Adoor S1

17 Sreekumar. R..KV Adoor S2.

19 Geetha Kumari. R. KV Kollam.

20 Sreedevi. P.G., KV NTPC, Kayamkulam..

21 Mercy Mathew, KV Port Trust, Kochi..

23 Gracy Franklin, KV1, Kochi.

24 Mini Antony, KV1, Kochi.

25 Beena V, KV1, Calicut

26 Sreejith S.,KV1, Calicut

27 Kunjamma Pius, KV2, Calicut

28 A. Rajalakshmy, KV1, Palakkad.

29 Sinimol, KV1, Palakkad.

30 Preema Paul.A, KV Kannur

31 Shanvia Stanley V, KV Kannur.

32 Madhusudanan Nair.V.M, KV Pattom S1.

33 B Sivakumar. KV Pattom S2.

34 Jayamohanan.K.,.KV Pattom S2.

35 Letha. K.Nair., KV AFS Akkulam.

36 Sreelatha Vinuraj, KV Pangode.

37 Sunitha Sanalkumar.,KV Pangode.

2. Mrs. Mini. S., KV Kalpetta.

4. Mrs.Beena Prince, KV Port Trust, Kochi.

5. Mrs.Jyolsna K P,, KV1, Calicut

6. Mr. Hari Kumar. P.S., KV Pattom S1

REVIEW & COMPILATION.

2. Mrs. Laly Paulose, KV Kanjikode.

3. Mr. Mohan Kumar, KV No.2, Kochi..

4. Mrs. Preetha. M.KV No.2, Kochi.

5. Mr. Johnson I.C.,KV Keltron Nagar..

6. Mrs. Beena Joseph., KV, CRPF, Pallipuram.

MATHEMATICS CLASS XII (CODE : 041)

CURRICULUM FOR TERM - II

Max Marks: 40.

NO. UNITS CHAPTER MARKS

II VECTORS & 3 D GEOMETRY. 10. Vectors. 14

11. Three Dimensional Geometry.

III PROBABILITY 13. Probability. 8

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 10 MARKS

Periodic Test 5 Marks

Mathematics Activities: Activity file record 5 Marks

Note: For activities NCERT Lab Manual may be referred.

“Learning is not attained by chance, it must be

2. SYMBOLS AND ITS MEANINGS

3. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETRATION OF INDEFINITE INTEGALS