Bohr model of hydrogen

Masatsugu Sei Suzuki

Department of Physics, SUNY at Binghamton
(Date: January 13, 2012)
1. Bohr model
We now consider the Bohr model shown in this figure. The system consists of a proton and
an electron. These two particles are coupled with an attractive Coulomb interaction.

The total energy is a sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.

1 2 e2
E mv 
2 4 0 r

v2 e2
m  ,
r 4 0 r 2

or

1
 e2
mv 2 r  (1)
4 0

or

1 e2 e2 e2
E  
2 4 0 r 4 0 r 8 0 r

The kinetic energy K is

1 2
K mv
2

The period T is given by

2r 2
T  .
v 

where  is the angular frequency.

((Note))
The postulate D:

nh 1
K f orb  mv 2
2 2

Since

1 v
f orb  
T 2r

we get

nh v 1 n
 mv 2 , or  mvr  L
2 2r 2 2

This means that the angular momentum is quantized. This relation can be also derived as follows.

2
 2r  n

where n is integer.

de Broglie relation

h
p


h
p(2r )  2r  nh


The angular momentum Lz:

nh
Lz  pr   n or mvr  n (2)
2

The angular momentum is quantized.

3
From Eqs.(1) and (2),

mv 2 r e2
 ,
mvr n(4 0 )

or

1 e2 1
v  2.18769  106 m/s
n 4 0 n

2
 e2  e2
m  r  ,
 n4 0  4 0

or

n 2 2
r  4 0  n 2 a0
me 2

where

4 0 2
a0  = 5.29177 x 10-11 m = 0.529177 Å
me 2

Then the total energy is obtained by

e2 E
En     20
8 0 n a0
2
n

where

e2 e2 me 4
E0   
8 0 a0 4 0 2 2(4 0 ) 2  2
8 0
me 2

E0 =13.6057 eV

The energy is quantized. The ground state is a state with n = 1. The Rydberg constant is defined
as

E0 E me 4
R   0  = 1.0973731568539(55) x 107/m
hc 2c 4c 3 (4 0 ) 2

4
((Mathematrica))

5
Clear"Global`";

rule1   me  9.1093821545  1031 , nm  109 ,

eV  1.602176487  1019 , u  1.660538782  1027 ,
qe  1.602176487  1019 , c  2.99792458  108 ,
0  12.566370614  107 , 0  8.854187817  1012 ,
h  6.62606896  1034 , —  1.05457162853  1034 ,
mp  1.672621637  1027 ;

. rule1
qe2
v1 
4  0 — n
2.18769  106
n

. rule1
4  0 —2
a0 
me qe2

5.29177  1011

r1  n2 a0 . rule1

5.29177  1011 n2

. rule1
2r
T1 
v1
2.87206  106 n r

. rule1
qe2
E1  
8  0 a0 n2 eV
13.6057

n2

. rule1
qe2
8  0 a0 h c
R

1.09737  107

6
2. Hydrogen spectrum
The Bohr model foe an electron transition in hydrogen between quantized energy levele with
different quantum number n yields a photon by emission with quantum energy.

c hc 1 1
  2   Em  En  E0 (  2)
  n 2
m

or

1 E0 1 1 1 1
 ( 2  2 )  R( 2  2 )
 hc n m n m

R is the Rydberg constant.

Lyman series

1

1 1
R(  )
12 n 2

Balmer series

1

1 1
R( 2
 2)
2 n

Paschen series

1

1 1
R( 2  2 )
3 n

Brackett series

1

1 1
R( 2  2 )
4 n

Pfund series

1

1 1
R( 2
 2)
5 n

7
______________________________________________________________________________
((Mathematica))

Clear"Global`";
rule1  R  10 973 731.6 ;

Lyn_ : 109 . rule1;

1

R 1  
1
n2

Ban_ : 109 . rule1;

1

 2 
1 1
R 
2 n2

Pan_ : 109 . rule1;

1

R 
1 1

32 n2

Brn_ : 109 . rule1;

1

R 
1 1

42 n2

Pfn_ : 109 . rule1;

1

 2 
1 1
R 
5 n2

___________________________________________________________________________

8
Lyman series
Nmax  100; Nmin  2; K  Ly Nmin  Ly Nmax;
H1  Ly  Nmin  Ly  Nmax  2;
Graphics
LineLy  Nmax, 0, Ly Nmin, 0,
LineLy  Nmax, K , Ly Nmin, K ,
Hue0, Thick,
TableLineLy n, 0, Lyn, K ,
n, 2, 100,
TextStyle"Lyman series", Black, 15,
H1, K  2, Axes  True, False,
AxesLabel  "nm ",
Ticks  Range95, 120, 5

Lyman series

l nm
95 100 105 110 115 120

9
 Prepend Tablen, Ly n , n, 2, 10,
"n", "Ly nm "  TableForm
n Ly nm
2 121.502
3 102.518
4 97.2018
5 94.9237
6 93.7303
7 93.0252
8 92.5732
9 92.2658
10 92.0472

LimitLy n, n  
91.1267
___________________________________________________________________________

10
Balmer series
Nmax  100; Nmin  3; K  Ba Nmin  Ba Nmax;
H1  Ba  Nmin  Ba  Nmax  2;
Graphics
LineBa  Nmax, 0, Ba Nmin, 0,
LineBa  Nmax, K , Ba Nmin, K ,
Hue0.2, , Thick,
TableLineBa n, 0, Ban, K ,
n, Nmin, 100,
TextStyle"Balmer series", Black, 15,
H1, K  2, Axes  True, False,
Ticks  Range350, 700, 50,
AxesLabel  "nm "

Balmer series

l nm
400 450 500 550 600 650

11
 Prepend Tablen, Ba n , n, 3, 10,
"n", "Ba nm "  TableForm
n Ba nm
3 656.112
4 486.009
5 433.937
6 410.07
7 396.907
8 388.807
9 383.442
10 379.695

LimitBa n, n  
364.507
____________________________________________________________________________

12
Paschen series
Nmax  100; Nmin  4; K  Pa Nmin  Pa Nmax;
H1  Pa  Nmin  Pa  Nmax  2;
Graphics
LinePa  Nmax, 0, Pa Nmin, 0,
LinePa  Nmax, K , Pa Nmin, K ,
Hue0.4, Thick,
TableLinePa n, 0, Pan, K ,
n, Nmin, 100,
TextStyle"Paschen series", Black, 15,
H1, K  2, Axes  True, False,
Ticks  Range900, 2000, 100,
AxesLabel  "nm "

Paschen series

l nm
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

13
 Prepend Tablen, Pa n , n, 4, 10,
"n", "Pa nm "  TableForm
n Pa nm
4 1874.61
5 1281.47
6 1093.52
7 1004.67
8 954.345
9 922.658
10 901.253

LimitPa n, n  
820.14
___________________________________________________________________________

14
Brackett series
Nmax  100; Nmin  5; K  Br Nmin  Br Nmax;
H1  Br  Nmin  Br  Nmax  2;
Graphics
LineBr  Nmax, 0, Br Nmin, 0,
LineBr  Nmax, K , Br Nmin, K ,
Hue0.6, Thick,
TableLineBr n, 0, Brn, K ,
n, Nmin, 100,
TextStyle"Brackett series", Black, 15,
H1, K  2, Axes  True, False,
Ticks  Range1500, 4500, 500,
AxesLabel  "nm "

Brackett series

l nm
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

15
 Prepend Tablen, Br n , n, 5, 10,
"n", "Br nm "  TableForm
n Br nm
5 4050.08
6 2624.45
7 2164.95
8 1944.04
9 1816.93
10 1735.75

LimitBr n, n  
1458.03

____________________________________________________________________________

16
Pfund series
Nmax  100; Nmin  6; K  Pf Nmin  Pf Nmax;
H1  Pf  Nmin  Pf  Nmax  2;
Graphics
LinePf  Nmax, 0, Pf Nmin, 0,
LinePf  Nmax, K , Pf Nmin, K ,
Hue0.8, Thick,
TableLinePf n, 0, Pfn, K ,
n, Nmin, 100,
TextStyle"Pfund series", Black, 15,
H1, K  2, Axes  True, False,
Ticks  Range3000, 7500, 500,
AxesLabel  "nm "

Pfund series

l nm
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

17
 Prepend Tablen, Pf n , n, 6, 10,
"n", "Pf nm "  TableForm
n Pf nm
6 7455.82
7 4651.26
8 3738.53
9 3295.21
10 3037.56

LimitPf n, n  
2278.17

__________________________________________________________________________
3. Reduction of the equivalent one body problem
Problem of two bodies moving under the influence of a mutual central force.

We discuss this problem using the Lagrangian.

m1

r1 '

C.M.

r1
r2 '

R m2

r2

18
 m1

C.M.

r1 r

R m2

r2

We consider a system of two mass points m1 and m1, where the only forces are due to a
interaction potential. The Lagrange equation is given by

1 1
L  K V  m1r1  m2r2  V (r )
2 2

2 2

From Fig. we have

r  r2  r1  r2 'r1 '

The center of mass

m1r1  m2r2
R
m1  m2

Here we note that

r1  R  r1 ' , r2  R  r2 '

Then

19
 (m1  m2 )R  m1 (R  r1 ' )  m2 (R  r2 ' )

or

m1r1 'm2r2 '  0

From two equations,

m1r1 'm2r2 '  0 , r2 'r1 '  r

we get

m2 m1
r1 '   r, r2 '  r
m1  m2 m1  m2

and

m2 m1
r1  R  r1 '  R  r, r1  R  r2 '  R  r
m1  m2 m1  m2

Then the kinetic energy is rewritten as

1 1
K m1r1  m2r2
2 2

2 2
1   m2 r ) 2  1 m (R
  m1 r ) 2
 m1 (R
m1  m2 m1  m2
2
2 2
1  2  2m2 R  r  ( m2 r ) 2 ]
 m1[R
2 m1  m2 m1  m2
1  2  2m1 R  r  ( m1 r ) 2 ]
 m2 [R
2 m1  m2 m1  m2
1  2  1 [m ( m2 ) 2 r 2  m ( m1 ) 2 r 2
 (m1  m2 )R
m1  m2 m1  m2
1 2
2 2

 2  1 [ m1m2  m1 m2 ]r 2
2 2
1
 (m1  m2 )R
2 2 (m1  m2 ) 2
1  2  1 m1m2 r 2
 (m1  m2 )R
2 2 (m1  m2 )

The Lagrangian of this system does not contain a given co-ordinate R, then R is said to be a
cyclic.

20
 d  L  L
    0,
dt  R  R

or

d  L 
  0
dt  R 

since

L
0
R

Then we have

  const
(m1  m2 )R

The center of mass is either at rest or moving uniformly. We meryly drop the first term from the
Lagrangian. Here we define a reduced mass such that

m1m2

m1  m2

or

1 1 1
 
 m1 m2

The Lagragian

1 2
L r  V (r )
2

Thus the central force motion of two bodies about their C.M. can always be reduced to an
equivalent one-body problem.

4. Bohr model of electron with reduced mass

We now consider the effect of the reduced mass on the formula of the Bohr model. The
reduced mass  is defined as

mM

mM

21
where m is the mass of electron and M is the mass of proton. In the formula for the Bohr model,
m is replaced by the reduced mass.

1 e2
vn 
n 4 0

n 2 2
rn  4 0  n 2 rB
e 2

where

4 0 2 m
rB   a0
e 2


Then the total energy is obtained by

e2 E0  e 4
En      
8 0 n 2 rB n2 m 2(4 0 ) 2 n 2  2

where

e2 e2 me 4
E0   
8 0 a0 4 0  2 2(4 0 ) 2  2
8 0
me 2

E0 =13.6057 eV

The Rydberg constant is given by

E0  E0 1 mM E M E 1
R   0  0
hc m hc m m  M hc m  M hc 1  m
M

4. Effect of charge Ze of nucleus

We show the formula when the charge of nucleus is Ze.

mv 2 r Ze 2
 ,
mvr n (4 0 )

22
or

1 Ze 2
v
n 4 0

Then we get

2
 Ze 2  Ze 2
m  r  ,
 n 4 0   4 0

or

4 0 n 2  2 n 2 a0
rn  
Z me 2 Z

where

4 0 2
a0  2
= 5.29177 x 10-11 m = 0.529177 Å
me

Then the total energy is obtained by

Ze 2 Z 2e2 E
En      Z 2 20
8 0 rn 8 0 n a0
2
n

where

e2 e2 me 4
E0   
8 0 a0 4 0 2 2(4 0 ) 2  2
8 0
me 2

E0 =13.6057 eV

23