2020

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

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1st EDITION

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Agricultural engineering is the branch of engineering that applied

engineering science disciplines and technology practices to the efficient
production and processing of food, feed andfiber.

Important terminologies in Agricultural Engineering

Air cleaner: Air cleaner is a mechanism for filtering and removing dust,
moisture and other foreign matter from the air before it reaches the
engine.
Furrow: furrow is a trench which is formed by an implement in the soil
during field operation.
Furrow wall: It is the undisturbed soil surface by the side of a furrow.
Furrow slice: Furrow slice is the mass of soil which is cut and turned by
a plough. The weight of furrow slice of soil is 2.25x 106 kg/ha.
Furrow opener: Furrow opener is a mechanism attached with a seed drill
for opening a furrow.
Furrow sole: At the bottom of the furrow the horizontal surface is called
as furrow sole.
Back furrow: Raised furrow which remains at the centre of a strip of
land. Back furrow formed during the centre to side ploughing.
Dead furrow: Dead furrow is an open trench left in between two adjacent
strips of land after the ploughing.
Bakhar: Bakhar is an implement used for shallow working of the soil in
field.
Ballast: It is a mass that can be added or removed from a tractor for the
main purpose of stability.
Bore: The diameter of an engine cylinder is known as Bore.
Bottom dead centre (BDC): The lower most or bottom most position of
the piston inside the engine cylinder is called as Bottom dead centre.
Top dead centre (TDC): The Top most or upper most position of the
piston inside the engine cylinder is known as Top dead centre.
Tillage: Tillage is a process of mechanical manipulation of soil to make it
suitable for crop production.
Primary Tillage: The tillage operation which constitutes the initial soil
working, having main objective of reducing soil strength and rearrange
the soil particle.

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Secondary tillage: The tillage operations following primary tillage which

are performed to create soil tilth for seeding and planting.
Scalping: Scalping is the process of cleaning of seeds in which the good
seeds are dropped through screen openings while larger material is
carried over the screen.
Brake horse power (BHP): BHP is the useful output power of an engine
which is measured at the flywheel.
Frictional horse power (FHP): FHP is the power consumed within an
engine from friction of its moving parts.
Indicated horse power (IHP): IHP is the power generated in the engine
cylinder and received by the piston.
Drawbar power: It is the power of the tractor measured at the end of
drawbar. It is the power available to pull loads or draw machines.
Water horse power: The horse power required to pump the water if pump
and motor are 100 % efficient.
Shaft horse power: Power available at the shaft of the pump. SHP is the
ratio of water horse power and pump efficiency.
Scraper: Scraper is a device to remove the soil that tends to stick to the
working surface of a disk.
Gang: Gang is defined as the each set of disks mounted on a common
shaft.
Gang angle: The angle between the axis of the gang bolt and the direction
of travel is known as Gang angle.
Wheel base: The horizontal distance between front and rear wheels of
tractor, measured at the ground contact is known as Wheel base of
tractor.
Ground clearance: It is the height of the lowest point of the tractor from
a level supporting surface.
Gauge wheel: An auxiliary wheel of an implement to maintain a uniform
depth of working.
Broadcasting: Broadcasting is the process of scattering the seeds on the
surface of seed bed.
Dibbling: Dibbling is the process of placing the seeds in the holes made in
seed bed and covering them.
Jointer: Small irregular piece of metal having a similar shape to plough
bottom, used to cut and turn over a small furrow slice.
Governor: Governor is a device which regulates or control the speed of an
engine.

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Governor hunting: The erratic variation of the speed of the governor

when it over compensates for speed changes, is known as Governor
hunting.
Scavenging: Scavenging is the process of removal of the exhaust gases
from the engine cylinder usually by a flow of air.
Priming: Priming is the process of removing air from pump casing and
suction pipe by filling water in the suction pipe.
Pre-ignition: The burning of air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber
before the piston has reached the TDC is called as pre-ignition.
Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP):The average pressure acting
throughout the entire power stroke which is necessary to produce engine
Brake horse power.
Brake thermal efficiency: Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of the
useful power output of an engine to the fuel energy per unit time.
Cage wheel: It is an attachment to a wheel with spaced cross bars for
improving the traction of the tractor during the operation in wet land.
Seed drill: Seed drill is the machine used for drilling the seeds in the
field.
Seed cum fertilizer drill: The machine which drill seeds and fertilizers
simultaneously in the field in known as Seed cum fertilizer drill.
Winnowing: Winnowing is the process of separating grains from chaff
with the help of air blast.
Horizontal clearance/Horizontal suction: The maximum clearance
between the landside and a horizontal plane, touching point of share at
its gunnel side and heel of landside in Mould board plough.It is generally
5-13 mm.
Vertical clearance/Vertical suction: The maximum clearance under the
landside and horizontal surface when Mould board plough is resting on a
horizontal surface in working position.It is generally 3 to 5 mm.
Camshaft: The shaft which operate valves of engine is called as
Camshaft.
Crankshaft: Crankshaft is the main shaft of an engine which turned by
connecting rods, and changes the reciprocating motion to rotary motion of
the piston.
Clearance volume: The space when piston is at Top dead centre holds
the gases at full compression is known as Clearance volume.
Clutch: Clutch is a device which is used to connect or disconnect the
tractor engine from the transmission gears and drive wheels.
Combustion chamber: It is the volume of space above the piston head
when piston is at top dead centre.

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Compression ratio: It is the ratio of the volume of charge at the

beginning of the compression stroke to that at the end of the compression
stroke.
Connecting rod: It is a rod connected between the piston and the
crankshaft of an engine.
Crankcase: It is the housing within which the crankshaft is supported
and is rotated.
Crown: Crown is the top portion of the turned furrow slice.
Cylinder: It is the space where piston moves.
Cylinder head: It is the detachable portion of an engine which covers the
upper ends of the cylinders and includes the combustion chamber.
Cylinder block: It is the solid casting which includes the cylinder and
water jackets.
Harrow: Harrow is an implement to break the soil to a shallow depth to
kill weeds and to mix materials in the soil.
Harrowing: Harrowing is the secondary tillage operation which pulverises
and smoothens the soil surface while preparing seed bed.
Lubricant: It is a material which reduces the friction.
Thermostat: It is the valve used to control the flow of water when
temperature rises; It is used in cooling system of tractor.
Three point linkage: It is the combination of one upper link and two
lower links which is used to connect the implement to the tractor.
Disk angle: The angle at which the plane of the cutting edge of the disk is
inclined to the direction of travel.
Tilt angle: It is the angle at which the plane of cutting edge of the disk is
inclined to a vertical line.
Share: It is the part of the plough which penetrates into the soil and
makes a horizontal furrow below the surface.
Valve: Valve is a device used to open and close the entrance leading to an
engine cylinder.
Injector: Injector is a device which injects fuel into the combustion
chamber of an engine against the pressure of air within the chamber of
diesel engine.
Inlet valve: Inlet valve permits the charge to enter the cylinder of an
engine.
Inlet port: In two stroke engine it is the opening through which air or air
fuel mixture enters the cylinder.
Power take off: It is a shaft usually splined externally to transmit
rotational power to another machine or equipment.

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Mechanical efficiency: It is the ratio of the brake power to indicated

power.
Thermal efficiency: It is the ratio of the output in the form of useful
mechanical power to the power value of the fuel consumed.
Swept volume: It is the volume displaced by one stroke of the piston.
Caster angle: The angle between the centre line of the king pin of the
tractor and the vertical line.
Camber angle: The angle between the centre line of the tyre and the
vertical line.
Track: Track is the distance between the two wheels of the tractor on the
same axle, measured at the point of ground contact.

INSTITUTES RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

S. INSTITUTION LOCATION ESTABLISHMENT
NO. YEAR
1. CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF BHOPAL 1976
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING MADHYA
PRADESH
2. CENTRAL INSTITUTE ON POST LUDHIANA 1989
HARVEST ENGINEERING AND PUNJAB
TECHNOLOGY
3. CENTRAL FARM MACHINERY BUDHNI, 1955
TRAINING AND TESTING SIHORE
INSTITUTE MADHYA
PRADESH
4. NORTH REGION FARM HISAR 1963
MACHINERY TRAINING AND HARYANA
TESTING INSTITUTE
5. NORTH EASTERN REGION BISHWANATH 1983
FARM MACHINERY TRAINING CHARIALI,
AND TESTING INSTITUTE SONITPUR
ASSAM
6. SOUTH REGION FARM GARLADINNE, 1990
MACHINERY TRAINING AND ANANTPUR
TESTING INSTITUTE ANDHRA
PRADESH

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SYSTEM OF TILLAGE

Tillage system consists of sequences of operations that manipulate the

soil in order to produce a crop.There are two types of tillage systems
viz.

a) Conservation tillage system including no-till, ridge till and mulch till
systems and
b) Other than conservation tillage systems which are
I. Reduced tillage system and
II. Conventional tillage system

a. Conservation system: A tillage system that covers 30 % or more of

crop residue after planting, to reduce soil erosion by water or any
system that maintains at least 1,120 kg/hectare of flat, small grain
residue equivalent on the surface throughout the critical wind erosion
period is called conservation tillage system. It includes, No-till, ridge-
till, and mulch-till Systems.
b. Other than conservation tillage systems:
i. Reduced Tillage System: Reduced-till systems leave 15-30 %
residue cover after planting or 560 to 1,120 kg/hectare of small
grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion
period.
ii. Conventional tillage system: : Conventional-till systems leave
less than 15 % residue cover after planting, or less than 560
kg/hectare of small grain residue equivalent throughout the
critical wind erosion period.

S. Tillage System Percentage of Quantity of

No. Crop residue Crop residue

1. Conservation Tillage >30 % 1120 kg/ha

System

2. Reduced Tillage 15-30 % 560-1120

System kg/ha

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3. Conventional Tillage <15 % <560 kg/ha

System

Capacity of various implements:

S. Implement Capacity
No. (In ha/hr)
Tractor Mounted Implements
1. M.B. Plough 0.25 to 0.35
2. Disc plough 0.30 to 0.40
3. Disc Harrow 0.40 to 0.50
4. Cultivator 0.40 to 0.50
5. Seed Fertilizer Drill-Cum 0.30
Planter
6. RidgerSeeder 1
7. Direct Rice seeder 0.68
8. Power operated Sugarcane 0.04
sett cutting machine
9. Cultivator seed planter 0.60
10. Inclined plate type planter 0.6
11. No-Till Ferti seed drill 0.46
12. Raised bed planter 0.2
13. Peg type drylandweeder 0.009
14. Star weeder 0.007
15. Power weederwith rotary and 0.10
tined attachment
16. Vertical conveyor Reaper 0.30
windrower
17. 2 Row Potato Digger 0.30
18. Rotavator 0.20
19. Sweep Cultivator 0.35
20. Potato planter 0.25
21. Sugarcane planter (Semi- 0.6
automatic)
22. Zero till Drill 0.35 to 0.50
23. Strip till Drill 0.30 to 0.40
Animal Drawn Implements
24. Multipurpose Hoe 0.20
25. Reaper 0.20
26. Mould Board Plough 0.024
27. Cultivator (3 Tine) 0.08
28. Bakhar 0.06

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29. IISR Sugarcane Planter 0.125

30. Potato Planter 0.125
Self Propelled
31. Weeder 0.15
32. Vertical conveyor Reaper 0.20 to 0.23
33. Reaper binder 0.25 to 0.35
34. CIAE Power Weeder 0.125
35. Paddy Transplanter 0.05 to 0.10

COMPLETE NOTES

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