Muchacal

Sim S
PAIR OF STRAIGHTLINES5

Homogeneous Quadratic
Equations.
Art. 36.
0
(1)
Let us consider the equation ax + 2hxy + by2 =

form
On multiplying it by a, it may written in the
0
a?r22ahxy + aby2 =0. if a
or, arr 2ahxy + hy2 (h2-ab)y? = 0

or, lax+hy)2- Iy V(h2 -ab)j2 = 0

0
hy- (h2- ab)y]
=

or, (ax + hy) + V(h3- ab)y) {ax +

are
straight lines whose equations
The equation (1) therefore, represents the two
(2)
=0
ax + hy + y V(h2- ab) (3)
0
hy-y V(h2-ab)
=
and ax + the
The two lines (2), (3) form the locus of
through the origin.
each of which passes
(2) and (3).
the co-ordinates of all points which satisfy
equation (1) for (1) is satisfied by
lines are real and different if h2 > ab, real and coincident if h2 =
ab
These two straight
and imaginary if h2 < ab.
intersect in a

In the case when h2 = ab. the straight though themselves imaginary

lines
satisfied
the equation (1) is always
real point. For the origin lies on the locus given by (1) since
the values=Qand y = 0.
by
Alternative method
# 0 dividing both sides of
the equation (1) by x*b we have
A
0 (4)

Let m. m2. be the roots of this quadratic equation

in .

Sum of the roots =

m2 + m =
-2h/b
and product of the roots = m/m2 = a/b 5)
to
The Eq. (4) must be equivalent
m)-m) = 0 (6)
The two ines represented by (4) i.e. (1) are given
 Lines
Pair of Straight

-m 0, and -m0,
which pass through the origin.
y-mx= 0 pair f
ie. y - m r
=
0 and ax+ 2hxy + by2
= 0 always represents
a

Thus the homogeneous

quadratic equation
real imaginary, through the origin.
straight lines,
or
straight lines, th degree represents
n
of the n
homogeneous equation
Art. 37. Prove that
a

imaginary, which all pass

through the origin.
real or,

Consider the homogeneous equation

0
+a,x'y"-'+ a,x
=

y+4xy-' + agr'y"-2 + azx'yn-3+ ...

()

This can be written as (dividing by x")

(2)
=l+ a ( - 2 a r - 3 a ,y- a,=0 this
it must have n roots. Let the roots of
equation of then th degree y/x
in
Since this is an
equation be m, m2, m3... m . My

must be the same as

Then the given equation (1) or (2)

m,) -m) m).m,) =0

(y=m,x) =0
or.y-mz) (y-m2x). y-mz)...
is satisfied by the points which satisfy the separate equations
This equation
y-m,z = 0, y - m =0
ymX0, y-m2x =0,
. . .

. .

which
the co-ordinates of all the points
which all pass through the origin. Conversely, theorem.
Hence the
these n equation satisfy equations (1) also.
satisfy
Note: 1. An equatiorn of the type

+a2y-*...+a,y- . + a ," =0
aoy +a1y"-x and y in every term is
the same (say n) is called
a

of the powers of z
in which the sum

(of degree n)
Homogeneous equation if imaginary, must
contains real co-efficients, the roots,
Note. 2. Since the given equation
occur in pair. determined by the
between the roots and
the co-efficients can be
Note. 3. The relation Art. 53 and 54)
functions of the roots (see
author's Higher Algebra. lines are
symmetric the corresponding straight
or more of the
roots are equal
Note. 4. If two
coincident. [N.U.H. 1998]
between the lines represented by the equation.
Art. 38,Angle (1)
0 0 and
ax+2hxy + by2
=
be y - mx =

Let the lines represented by (1)

The axes are
assumed to be rectangular.

Y-m2x=0
are the same.
So that (1) and (y-m12) (y-m2x)
Co-Ordinates-5
 Co-ordina'e Geometry
A Text Book on
34 (2)

2,and ni,ni2 by Art 36

+m2
between the straight lines
If 0 be the angle Art. 25.
0, then by
y-mr 0 and
ymar-

(2)
tan 8 1 +m1'2 1+ 2
+a/b) 2 V(h2ab) / (a +b)
N-2 h/b)2-4 a/b) (1 (3)
2(h2-ab) u0
tan 0 a+b axd+ 2hxy + by
the lines represented
by the equation
where 0 the angle
between
then
tan 0
*

Perpendicularity. hence
Condition of then 0 - 90
Cor. 1.
to each other
perpendicular
lines are
If the straight
from (3) be
lines will
then the straight
a+b 0 y2 is zero,
co-efficients of x2 and
if the sum of the
i. .
to each other.
perpendicular or
Coincidence.

Condition of parallelism
Cor. 2. coincident, 0 - 0
0 be
2hxy by2
=
+
If the lines of ax?
+

From (3) tan 0 =0

i, e. h2 = ab coincidence. these are

condition for the origin,

is the required lines pass through
which
as both of the
lines c a n n o t
be parallel
Here
real if 2 > ab
coincident straight lines. =0 will be
by ax2 + 2lh*y + by2
lines represented if h2< ab.
Cor. 3. Two will be imaginary + by2 =0
lines of above equation
represented by ax2 + 2hxy
Cor. 4. Two between the lines' 1998]
bisectors of the angles IN. U. H. 2008,
Art. 39. The

represented by
Let the
lines y - m

+ by2 =0
1X = 0 and y = m21
=

(1) have slopes

0

D
*oonsnnanT
/B
C

ax2+2hxy with OX. Let

one

angles 0
and 62
and make
1 and m2
0 with OX. from the
bisectors
make a n angle
of the,
diagram we have X
X
n+0, + ( - 0 , ) = 0 + 0 2 )
- ( % - 0 )or.

or +(+92) Fig 12
20= 1 +02
(2)
or, T + (01 + 02)
 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry

GENERAL EgUAT1ON OF SECOND DEGREE

Find the condition that the general equation of the second degree
Art. 40 (1)
ax+2htyrt byi + 2gx + 2fy + c=0
may represent a pair of straight lines. [ N. U. H. 1997, 2002, 2007, 2009 |
ara
two straight ines
It we transfer the origin to a point (a. B)., the point of intersection of
keep the direction of the axes unaltered, the eq. (1) reduces to
a (r+a)+ 2h (x+ a) (y+ B) + b(y + B)2+2g (x+ oa) +2f(y + B)+c=0by Art. 32 (Rule)

2ha3 +b82 + 2ga +2f5 +

=

2 (aa hß +g)x 2(ha +bB +fy + aa? +

orax +2hxy + by2 + + +
(2)
he equation (2) may represent a pair of straight lines, if it is reduced to a homogeneous
terns are
x and y. This is possible if the co-effcients of x and y and the constant
equation in
saperately zero. i. e.
(3
aa+hß +g = 0
ha+bB +f= 0
)

andac+2haß+ bB2 +2gu 2fB +c=0

The relation (5) may be written as
a (acat + hB +8)+B (ha +bB +f) +gu +fB +c = 0 (6)
+fB =0 becomes ga +C (7)
By (3) and (4), the relation (6)
. .

Now if we eliminate a and B from (3), (4) and (7), the required conditiorn is

AE a

or, A = abc +2fgh-af-bg2-ch2 = O ..

9
Alternative method-By Calculus

Suppose F (x. y) = ar2 + 2hzy + by2+2gx + 2fy +c

(lx + my +n) (l'x + m'y +n) ... (1)
differentiation
This relation being true for all values of x and y, it must admit of partial
differentaiation of (1)
w. r. to each of the variables and y. So we have, by taking partial
2 (ax + hy + 8) =/' (lx + my + n) +l (l'7 + m'y +n) (2)

and= 2(hx + by +f) = m (lz +my + n)+m (z +m'y +n') .. 3)

oy
Let (a, B) be the point of intersection of the lines represented by the general equation (1)
lo+mB +n = 0, ra +tB+f'=0

Putting a, Brespectively for x : y in (2) and (3) we have

ad+hß+n = 0 (4)
ha + bB +f= 0 (5)
 Pair of Straight Lines

Again puttin (a. f) in the left hand side of (1) we have

aa 2ha3 -
bB 2ga 23c= 0
or, a (achß g)-B(ha b3-f) ga fB-c) =0
By (4) and (5
ga c =0 6)
Eliminating B from (4). 5) and (6) we have

or, A E abe 2 gh-a bg-ch = 0

which is the required condition. It is both necessary and suificient.

CorL Solving (4) and (5), we have

nd
wrere G. F. Care the co-factors of g.f. c. in
Note: 1. From the above discussions we see that ii F (. y) = 0 be the eyuaion of two ines
the point of intersection (a, ) would be obtained by solving the equations.

Cor. 2 1Ea = Oand b=0. we solve it for y and proceed as before. We thus find the condition
gh-b-chi = 0
Cor. 3. Lfa =0. b = 0 and h =0, then the generalequationsbecome 2iry -2gx + - c = 0

Dividingby.2

or. -
and the condition that it may represent a pair of lines is
07. 2 - c h = 0

Note: 2 There is another method of finding the condition that the general second degre
by worke
of lines. This process will be demonstrated a

equaion may represent a pair siraight

c u t example. See
wozked s u No. 1.
Art 41. (A) Angle between the lines given by
-2y-b-2gx -2f-c=0
()
Letr-2xy-by2g7 -2C=(lx -my +n) (z +m'y >r)
=, = b, nn'=c
- Im = 21, mr dn = 2, nlr r l =2g
- r =0
y =Q and !z y

7.ym- d
 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Gec metry

lines then
If e be the angle between the
/m--"/m')
tan

1+)(-
l'm-Im'
I'1+mm'
by(2)
V(Im' + l'm)2- 4 ll'mm'
a+b
+mm =

ll'r2 +2(Im + l'm) xy + 71m ys

my) (l'x +m'y)
=

On account of relation (2), we have (lx +

ax+2hxy +by2
hence it follows that the
lines represented by
0
ax+2hxy+ by2 +2gx +2fy +c
=

2hxy + by2
=
0
lines given by ax2 +
are parallel to the N. U. H. 2007]
of lines
(B) Condition for perpendicularity
90° i. e. tan
=

The lines will be perpendicular of e

=

0. i. e. if a +b= 0
From (3), we have ll'+mm' represents, a pair
of perpendicular
from (4). Hence the given equation
This also follows
0 +b =0
and a
lines, if A =

the lines.
(C) Condition for parallelism of

The lines in (4) will be parallel if 7 or,Im'=l'm

=

or, Im-I'm
= 0
mm' 0 or h2-ab
= 0 by (4). lines is
(lm' + l'm)2-41
=

or, a pair of parallel

from (4). Hernce the given equation represents
This also follows
A =0 and h2 =ab [N. U. H. 2007]
for coincidence of the lines.
Condition
(D)

The line in (1) will be

concident if =
Im-I'm = 0, mn'-m'n =
0, n'l-nl =F0 0
0, (nl'+ n'l)2-47nn'll
=
i. e. nn' =

0, (mn' + m'n)2-4mm
(lm'+l'm)2-4ll' mn'
=

or,
0. g2-ac = 0 by (2)
h2-ab 0.f2-bc =
will
given equation
=
or, Hence the
becomes a pertect square.
In such a case, the given equation
if
a pair of coincident lines
represent
0. g2-ac
=h2-ab 0
0, =

A =0.f2-bc =

ch
equavalent to gh af., hf= bg. fg=
=

which are

between the lines.

(E) Bisectors of the angles
of intersection of the two lines represented by the equation.
Let (a, B) be the points
0
by2 +2gx + 2fy
+ c
ax2+2hxy +
 P'air of Straight Lines J9

If we transfer the origin to (a. B) without changing the direction ot axes, the tirst degree
terms and the term independent of t and y will vanish. Then the transformed equation will be a
homogeneousequation and will be a form ar 2hxy by2 - 0
The equations ot the bisectors of the angle between the lines with (a, ) as origin by

It go back to
we our old axes, the above equations. of the bisectors are given by
a -B)(-a) y=)
which is the required (See Art. 39 Rule) equation of the bisectors of the angles derween
the given lines
It should be noted that with
reference to the new origin the co-ordinates of the old origin
are (-a, -B)

Art2 Lines Joining the origin to the intersection of a curve and a line.
Let the second degree
equation representing the curve be
ax2ixy + byà + 2gx +2f + c = 0
and the first
.

(1)
degree equation representing the line be
x+1711y= 1... or
(2)
Let the
straight line meet the
curve (1) at P and
Q. We
are to find the
equation of the pair lines OP and OQ.
of
Now making (1)
homogeneous with the help of (3) we get
ax2hxy byà+2(gx +fy) + e lx =0
0
Which, on
simplification, reduces to an
equation of the
form
Fig. 13
Ax2 +2Hxy + By2 =0
This is (4)
a
Homogeneous equation of 2nd degree. It
represents pair of straight lines a
through the origin. Moreover the co-ordinates of P and Q satisfy (4), because the co-ordinates of
P and Q satisfy (1) and (3). Therefore,
(4) must represent OP and OQ and is out
equation./ required
Ex. 1. Prove that the equation x2 + 6xy +9y2 + 4x+ 12y-5 = 0 represents a pair of parallel
lines.
[R. U. 1997: D. U. 1986]
2+6xy +92+ 4x +12y-5 =0
or, x2+x (6y +4) +
(9y2 +12y-5) 0
=
quadratic in x
X =6y+4)e V6y +4-41(92+12y-5)
=
(-6y-4 #6) /2 =-3y-23
+3y +5 =0 and x +3y-1 0
40 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry

x+ 3y1
= U. As
represents two straight line x+ 3y + 5 0 and
=
Hence the given equation see
lines.
these two lines differ only in constant terms, so these form a pair of parallel straight
Art. 26 (1).
0 and one or
by ax? + 2hxy + by2
=

EX 2. Show that the angle between one of the lines given

the lines.
lines of the
a (x2 angles between the other two
ax + 2xy +
by + + y) = 0 is equal to the

system.
The equation of the straight lines bisecting the angles between
ax?+2hxy+by2 = 0 i s -
+
between ax + 2hxy + by*
Again, the equation of the straight lines bisecting the angles
(x2+ y2) = 0

) x2 2hxy + (a + )y2 0 is
or, (a + + =

2 O)
(a+)-(b +) h or a- b
Hence the result.
which is the equation of bisectors for the first pair.
same as the
such that
0 andr-2bry-y? 0 be =

Ex. 3. If the pair of straight lines x2-2axy-y?

=

that ab -1.
pairbisects the angle between the other pair, prove
=

each
[D.U. 1953, 57, 61, R. U. 1964, 79]

Equation to the bisector of first pair is

(1)

2bxy (2)
given condition second pair x2-y2
=

By the

bisects the angle between the first pair. Hence comparing we have=b
or, ab = --1 Proved.

Prove that two of the lines represented by the equation axd + bx'y + cx?y2 + dxy3 +
Ex. 4

eyd 0 will be at right angles if

c) 0
) + (a-e) (a + e + =

(b + d) (ad +.be
+K xy- ey) 0
Let axd+ bx°y + cx'y2+ dxy3 + ey
=
(x2 + kxy-y) (ax2 =

= ax + (K + ak) x'y + (-ek- K') xy" + (kk*'- a - e) x2 y2 +ey

r*, x*y, xy', xiy2 and yf from both sides, then

Now compare the co-efficients of
k'+ak = b, (1)
-ek-K =d, 2
- a - e + kk = c

Find the value of k and K from 1st and 3rd equations.

k = (b + d) /(a -e), k '=- (ad + bc) / (a-e)

 Pair of Straight Lines

Therefore from (3). we have kk =a +e+C

+C

or. -d) (ad -e +c) proved.

-
be ) +(a- e)2 (a
0. represents three straight
lines equally
VEL 5. Prove the equation y-r+3ry (y-z)
=

CU.(Hons) 1987]
inclined to one another.
Changing equationy-*+3xy y-x) 0
the =

3r sin 8. cos & (sin

in polar co-ordinates ; x = r c o s 6,. y r sin 9, we have r3 sin? e-cos
=

8 c o s 8) = 0

or. sins - c o s6 -3 sin cos (sin 6-cos ) = 0

or. (sin - cos ) (sin20 + cos-e +4 sin cos 6) = 0
7
or. (tan -1) (tan2 9-4 tan e-1) = 0 d
Either (tan -1 = 0i. e. 6 = 45. say 6 = 45 (1)
Again tan~6+4 tan 1=0
or, tan = (4=^(16-4)}/2 =-2=13
Let tan 2=-2+ (N3) = tan
165
=165
tan = - 2 -3 tar 75 = tan (-75) = tan
(360-75*) = tan 285
X
B 285
Now 6-6, =165-45 = 120
- 6 2 2 8 5 ° 1 6 5 ° = 120

3-6 285-45°=360-75 - 45=-120

Hence the straight lines are inclined to each
R
other at an angle of 120°. here RO is produced to OR'. Fig: 14

by2 +2g* + 2fy +c =0 represents two parallel

Ex 6. Show that the equation ax2+ 2hxy
+

that the distance between them is 2

linesif ath=h ib=gtf. Alsqshow
[N.U.H.2006]
lines is
We knowthe condition that the general equation represents two straight
if in addition.
0 and it will represent two parallel straight lines
+2fgh-af2- bg2-ch2
=
abc
ab h 2 = 0
=0
Now abc +2gh-af-bg?-ch3
2/gh-af-bg-ch2 = 0, Since ab = h2
or, c +

0
bg2-2fgh +af
=
or,

Co-Ordinates-6
42 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry

or, bg2-2fg V(ab) + aff = 0 (:. h = ab)

or, (VbgVafy2 = 0 or, Vbg = Naf
h
or.= == hb h-ab. or.

which which t are the equired conditions

0 respectively. Take any point F

Let AB and CD be the lines lx + my +n

=
0, lx + my + n =

(x1- 1) on AB. Draw PM perpendicular to CD.

2 =a, m2 bnj = C, I (n + n1) = 2g.
(1)
lx1 + my1 + n1 =0

PM
lx+my+1 (2+m2 from (1)
from (1)
V(P+m2
V( +)-4nt1lV(4g2/2-4c_V4g2/a4c)
V(a +b) N(a +b)
(12+m2)
2 g2-ac) - la (a + b)
Vla(a b) 2gx +
the equation ax2 + 2hxy + byi +
lines represented by
Ex. 7. Prove that the straight
(bf-ag)
0 will be equidistant from origin, iff4-g[D.U. 1956, C. U. (Hons) 1977, C. U. 1981]
the
2fy + c

equation be lx + my + n =0
Let the lines represented by the given
and x + m'y + n=0
from the origin.
Since they are equadistant

VP+m2)(r2 +m2
or, n2 (12 + m2) =n? (12 + m2)
n212-n212 = n?m2- nm2
or,
or, (nl' +n'l) (nl'-n'l) (nm' + n'm) (n'm-nm)
=

+n'l)3-4nn'lW'} (nm' + n'm))2

=

(2)
or,(nl' +n'l)2 {(nl
{(n'm + nm )2-4nn'mm'}
the co-

+C (lx + my +n) ("'x + m'y + n) comparing

+ 2gx +2fy
=

Let ax2+2hxy + by2

efficients we have l'm 2h
n'l 2g. Im + =

mn' + m'n =
2f, nl + =

l' a, mm' =b, nn' inc, we have

=
=

Putting the values (2)

o r . f - g ' = c (bf-ag 6x-
88-ac) = U=be) of 7x2+ 8x- 7x2+
joining the origin to the intersection
Ex. 8. Show that the lines
0 and 2r +y-1=0 are
at right angles.
12y= of
homogeneus with the help
Making the first equation
2x +y= 1, we have = 0 which is the equation
19x2-10xy-19y2
12y ) (2x +y) 0 or,
=

7x2 +8xy -7x2 +(6x-lines. at

of the required straight the straight lines
are
co-efficients of x* and y2 is equal to zero,
Since the sum of the

right angles.
 Pair of Straight Lines

E. The axes being rectangular, find the equation to the pair of sraight lines
the origin which are perpendicular to the pair given by the equation ax? + meeting a
If the lines
2hxy + by2 0 =

represented by ax2 +
2hxy by2 0 be y-mix 0 and y m2x =0, then we
= = -

have m+ m2
=-2, and mm2 = (1)
Now the
equations of the lines perpendicular to the above lines and
origin miy +x 0 and may +x =0
are =
passing through the

Their joint equationis

(m1y+x) (m2y + *) 0, or mm2y + (m1 + m2) + x2 0
=

xy =

or. ) y - ) y + r = 0
by (1)
or, bx2-2hxy +ay2 =
0 Ans.
Ex. 10. The line
the lines
joining the origin to the point P (2,3) is the diameter
5x2-12xy + 3y2 =0 at Q and R. Find the combined of a circle which cuts
P is a
point (2, 3) and O is the origin. The equation of the lines PQ, PR.
lines OQ & OR and
whose combined
cirçle on OP as diameter cuts at
Q and R, the
perpendicular to the chord OQ. OR equations are
5x2 12xy +3y2 0. PQ and PR are =

Let 52-12xy +3y respectively.

=
3(y mx) (y-m2x) R
P (2, 3)
m +m2 12 mm2:
The combined equation of the
through O to OQ. ORis perpendiculars
(m1y+x) (my +) =0
or,
mmay + (m1 + m2)xy + x2 = 0
by (1) (2)
or, 5y2+ 12xy +4x2 =0 Fig..15
Now the combined
obtained by changing the
equation of the lines PR, PQ parallel to the lines
origin O to represented by (2) is
P (2. 3)
by putting*-2 for x and y-3
or

Therefore, 5(y-3)2 + 12 (x-2) for y in (2)

(y-3) +3 (x-2)2 =0
or,
3x+12xy +
Ex 11, Find the5y2-48x-54y 0 +129
area of the
ax +2hxy + triangle formed by the lines.
by2 0 and lx + my +n 0
=
=
[N.U.H. 2005]
Let the lines [N.U.H. R. U. Hons. 1978; D. U.
'60; C. U. Hons.
represented by the given pair be y m^x and y
=
1991]
and mm m2x, so=
that m] + m2 =-2
2
These lines will meet
the, third line at (1)
points.
44 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry

1+ Tm T+
1+mm and
1+11m2 and -1n12
1+mm2 1 +1m12
which will be two vertices of the triangle añd the third vertex is clearly (0, 0). Hence the
area of the triangle,
1

- 1m n2 (m2 m )
2(+ mm1) (l + mm2)
1+mn
1 ( m , + m)*-4m,ma)
1+11m2 1+mm2 P+Im (m + m) + m*m2m2

N(H2-2ab) by (1) Ans.

(am2+ bl2 -2hlm)
Ex. 12. The circle + y? = a* cuts off an intercept on the straight line lx + my = 1, which

subtends an angle of 45°atthe origin, show that 4 [a (1 + mi)-1] = [a?(2+ mi)-2]2

The equation of the straight lines joining the origing to the points of intersection of

(1)
and lx + my = 1 (2)
is +y a2 (lx + my2
or2 (1-a?12) +y2 (1-a?m2) -2a2Imxy =0
Let the angle between them be = 45° (given)

tan
tan o 2Pma-(1-21)(1-am)
( 1 - a212) + (1 -- a?m2) by Art. 41

or. (1-212) +(1-a?m2) = 2 NPm?at-- (1-a21) ( 1 - a?m2))

or, (2-a22-aèm23 =4(a- +a'm2-1)

or, 4a12+m)-1] = (a2 (P+ m2)--2]? Proved.

13. Prove that the equation m(k3-3xy) + y3 -3x2y =0 represent three straight lines equally
inclined to one another. [N.U.H 1999]
Solution: Given that

m-3xy2)+y3-3xAy =0 (1)
Since the equation (1) is a homogeneous is of degree 3. So it represents straight lines
through origin.
Let y = x tan6 represented the equation (1) whene 0 is the slope of the line represented by (1)
(1)m(-3x.x2 ten2e) +xtan3g-3x2xtane =0
nx3-3xmtan?e + xtan'0-3xtane= 0o
m-3m tan2 + tan9-3tane = 0
 Lines
Pair of Straight

B X
C
3tane-tan9
'.m 1-3ten-
m = tan36

tan3 =tana let m = tanoa Q

30 n t +a
n = 0, 1,2 O/
Let A A B B1 and CCi makes an angles
81,02 and es with x - axis.

61 a/3,n=0
C
2-+,n=1 BI
e3 n=2
Angle between the lines AA1 and BB1 is e2-01=
Angle between lines BB1 and CC1 is e3 -e2 = + - 7/3
Angle between lines CC1 and AA1 is T-(03-61)
T-1+1
- 9
Tt/3
Se, three lines equally inclined to one another.
4 Prove that two of the lines represented by equation axd + bxoy + cxy + dxy3 + ayi = 0 will
bisect angle between the other tow if c + 6a =
0, b + d = 0 [N.U.H. 2000,02,09]
Solution:Given that

ax+bxy + cx?y2 + dxy3 +ay =. . (1)

Since equation (1) is a homogeneous equation of degree 4. So, it represent 4 straight lines
through origin.
Let Ax2+ 2Hxy +By2 = 0
(2)
be the two of the lines represented by (1).
According to the problem, other two lines represented by (1) is the bisectors of the lines
represented by (2)
Equation gf the bisectors of the two lines represented by (2)
X-
A-BH
Hx2-Hy2- Axy + Bxy = 0
(3)
ax +bx3y + cx2y2 + dxy3 +ay (Ax2 +2Hxy + By2) (Hx2-Hy2 -Axy + Bxy)
=

ax+bx°y +cx2y2 i=AHx-AHx2y2 A2xy +ABx°y

+2H2y-2Hxy3-2AHxy2+2BHxy2 BHx?y2-B}H+y*- BAxy3+Bxy3
 DOOk on
Co-ordinate Geometr
etry
Equating similar Co-efficient from both sides
a = AH, a= - BH,b= -A2 +
AB+2H2,
c-AH-2AH +2BH + BH, d =-2H2- AB +B2
AH BH. A =-B
C+6a =-3AH +3BH
=-3AH+3BH+ 6AH
=-3AH-3AH +6AH = 0
= 0

b+d -A2 + AB +2H2-2H?- AB + B2

= -A2 + B2

=- A2+ A2 [.. B= A
= 0 Proved.
If the equation ax +2hxy + by2 +2gx +28y+c = 0 represénts two straight lines. Prove that
b)-f2- g2
sauare of the distance of their point of intersection from the origin is la +ab-h2
ab-h2
N.U.H 2001]
Solution: Given that

ax2+2hxy +by2 + 2gx +2gy +C =0 (1)

Since equation (1) reprsents pair of st-lines
Let lx+ miy +n1 =0 (2)
and l2x + m2y +n2 =0 (3)
by the two lines represented by (1)
ax2+2hxy +by2 +2gx+ 2fy + c

(l1x + miy +n1).

= (l2x +m2 y + n2)

= ax2+2hxy +by2+2gx+2fy+c
= hl2x2+ (lm2 + l2m)xy + mim2y2 + (1n2+ l2n1)x + (m1n2 + m2n1)y + nin2

Equating the similar Co-efficients from both sides

l 2 =a, m1m2 =b,1hm2 + l2n1= 2h, hn2 +l2n1 = 2g

mn2 +m2n1 =
2f, nin2 =c.
Now, 1x+ miy + ni = 0

l2x+m2y + n2 = 0

X 1
min2-m2ni nil2-n2l1 hm2-l2m1
min-mni
X :m 2 - 1 m i
nih-ngl
m212
 Pair of Straight Lines

Point of intersection of the lines (2) and (3) say A,

myng-man1 nla-nlL
hm2- lpm1 'lhm2-l2mi
OA? =M-man
m2-l2m1 _6)Pn-na-0
hm2-lkmi
(mn2- m2n) +(nl2-n2li)2
(lm2- l2m1)-
Tmnt man)*-4mm2 niny + (nmlh+
n2l1)-44h nn2
m2+ l2m,)-411l2 mim2
4f2-4bc +4g2-4ca
4h2-4ab
bc ca

Proved)
(14. If two
straight lines represented by the
makes an
angle a and ß with x - axis equatiòn x2(tarn2o + cos2p) 2xytamp +
y^sin^9 =0
-

respectively, then show that tano

-

tanß =
2.
Solution: Given equation
[N.U.H-2003, 2008]
x*(tanp+ cosp) -2xytan)+
since the two lines y2sinp =0 .
makes an
represented by the equation (1) (1)
angle a and Bwithx- axis.
So their
equation are
y xtano and y =
xtanß
tana + tan8 -Ztanp
sino
2sin
cospsin2o
2scep cosecp
and tana. tan8 = an-p + cos2p
sinp
sin 1 COsp
cos-p sin-p sin4p
siffp + cotp
Now, (tana tanß) -

=
(tana + tanß) 4tanoa.
tanß
-

=
(2secp cocep)2-4. (sec2p+
cotp)

***
 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry

4secpcosce-p-4sec2p-4cotp
=4(secp (coscep -1)- cotp)
4(secp. cotp-cotp
4/cotp (sec2- 1))
=4(cotp. tan^p)
(tana- tanß)2 4
=

2 (Proved)
t a n d tanß
- =

of
0 concides with one those
given the equation ax2+ 2hxy + by2
»
1f of thestraigh line Then
17 one
0 and the other lines represented them be perpendicular.
given by a1x* + 2h1xy
+ biy2 =

[N.U.H 1998, 2004]

show that ^v-aagbb
Solution:Given equations (1)
ax2+2hxy +by2 0 =

(2)
ax+2h1xy +biy2 =0
mx be the two
lines represented by (1)
Let y m^x and y
=

(3)
mi +m2b
a
(4)
mim25
be the two lines represented by (2)
m^x and y x
=

According to the problem, y =

m2

1-2h1
m2 b1
1.
(6)
mi m2
From (3) and (6) we get

mi +m2

a1
and-mi-bm2=0

(+) b1
2h
mal1--
bi-a12h
m2
b1
2hb
m2bb1-a1)
 Lines
Pair of Straight

2h
From (3);m1 +m2=
mm= m2

2hb
-bb1- a1)
b b-
2h b-bi +a
bi-a
2ha
mi b(b1-a1)

From (4);m1m^=
2ha
bb1-a1)" b{b1-a)b
4habi
b(b1-a1)
haP
-a i a ba
ha2b2 1 bbj
b1-a1)aa1

hab -aaybbi
Again From (4);mim2 mm*bo
From (5); mi- 2h1
m2

m 2h1
b1
Im2

a2h1
m2 bm2 bi

bm2 b1

m2 bi(b-a)
=
2h1b
a
m1bm2
Co-Ordinates-7
 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geomtry
a 2h11b.2h1a
b ' b i ( b - a)
bi(b - a)

(6); m a
From
m2 b 1
2ha_ 2hb
b b -a) bi(b -a) b
4h12ab a
b a)2 b
4h-a-b2
(b a)2 -aajbb

ha
b- a
-aajbbi 8)
From (7) and (8) we get

hab hjab aabb1 (Proved)

b-ab-a

EXERCISE V

Fipd the lines represented by (ACR TATTTT TAT P e

TRTOTT A )
Ans. y x cos 6, y =xcos
? c o s 20-4xy cos +2y2+ =0.
Ans. x 5 y = 0;3x-y =0
2.3x2-16xy + 5y2 =0
3. 3 - x y - 1 4 x y + 24x3 = 0 Ans. y= -4x, y = 2x, y = 3x

find alsa their point of

Prove that the following equations represent two straight lines;
intersectionand the angles between them.

3y2-8xy-3-29x +3y-18 =0 Ans. ($/2., -5/2)):90

w Ans. (1, 0), tan-13 [R. U. 1960]
5. 2y2-xy-x + y + 2x-1 =0
11
6. 2-5xy- 6y2 + 14x +5y +4 = 0 Ans. 90°)
Ans. 13 13

7. 2y2+3xy-5y-6x +2 = 0 Ans.(-1., 2, tan1) (D.U. 1952]

Find the value of N or k so that the following equations may represent pairs of straight

lines.
8. .x2 + 4xy + y2-4x -2y-3 0 Ans. 4 [D. U. 1960]
Ans.-4
9.2x2-y2+ xy-2x-5y +k=0 Ans. + 12
10. 6x2+xy + ky2 -11x +43y-35 0
Ans. 3,5
11.2ay+2y/2+3x-5y +2 0
12. kxy-8x +9y-12 = 0 Ans. 6