Microwaves Lab Experiment #1 Transmission Lines: e e e V Z V

Islamic University of Gaza
Faculty of Engineering Prepared by:

Electrical & Computer Dept. Eng. Talal F. Skaik
Microwaves Lab
Experiment #1
Transmission Lines
Objective:
Understanding transmission line basics, using TRLINE software for calculation
output voltage at load, input impedance and reflection coefficient.
Theoretical Background:
For the following terminated lossless line:
The Voltage Reflection coefficient at any point on the line is the ratio of the
magnitude of the reflected wave to that of the incident wave.
V0− e jβZ V0− j 2 βZ

Γ( Z ) = = e
V0+ e − jβZ V0+
We now define ΓL as the voltage reflection coefficient(at the load)(z=l )
V0− j 2 βl Z L − Z 0
ΓL = e =
V0+ ZL + Z0
Note that V0− = V0+ ΓL e − j 2 βl , then we can write the transmission line voltage as:
V ( Z ) = V0+ (e − jβZ + ΓL e − j 2 βl e jβZ )
Note that the reflection coefficient is in general complex with . If the
reflection coefficient is zero(ZL = Zo), there is no reflected wave and the load is said to
be matched to the transmission line. If ZL ≠ Zo, the magnitude of the reflection
coefficient is non- zero ( there is a reflected wave). The presence of forward and
reverse traveling waves on the transmission line produces standing waves.
Measure of mismatch of load is standing wave ratio or voltage standing wave ratio:-
V 1+ | ΓL |
s = VSWR = max =
Vmin 1− | ΓL |
Input Impedance:
At the input terminals of the transmission line:
Solving Transmission Line Circuits:
Find the input voltage V(0), and the load voltage, V(L).
Step 1: Find the input impedance Zin.
Step 2: Solve the generator circuit:
Step 3: Find V0+ :
V ( Z ) = V 0+ ( e − j β Z + Γ L e − j 2 β l e jβ Z
)
V (0) = V0+ (e − jβ 0 + ΓL e − j 2 βl e jβ 0 ) = V0+ (1 + ΓL e − j 2 βl )
Step 4: Find V0− :
V0− = V0+ ΓL e − j 2 βl
Step 5: Evaluate V(L):
V ( z ) = V0+ e − jβZ + V0− e jβZ

V (l ) = V0+ e − jβl + V0− e jβl
Experimental Procedure:
A radio-frequency generator at 100 MHz produces an open-circuit voltage of 10 volts

amplitude and has an internal resistance of 50 ohms. It drives an antenna through a
length of L=7.7 m of coaxial cable with characteristic resistance R0=50 ohms and
speed of travel u=20 cm/ns. The input impedance of the antenna is ZL=73-j41 ohms.
Find the voltage across the antenna V(L) by Using Program “TRLINE” •
Program “TRLINE” or “Transmission LINE” solves transmission line circuits in the

sinusoidal steady state and can be used to check your answers to the homework
problems.
(1) Run “TRLINE.EXE”
(2) Click the mouse on “Transmission line with generator and load” to select the
simplest circuit:
(3) Click the mouse on “Generator”:
(4) Fill in the generator voltage, internal resistance and frequency.

Then type F10 to get back to the main menu.
(5) and click the mouse on “Line #1”:
(6) Fill in the transmission line length, characteristic impedance and propagation
velocity, then type F10 to get back to the main menu
(7) Click the mouse on “Load #1” to get the load menu:
(8) Fill in the values and type F10 to get back to the main menu.
(9) Click the mouse on “Draw a Smith Chart”:
(10) Let the chart type "Impedance Chart", Then to find the input impedance for the
transmission line, click the mouse on “Line #1”:
This shows a Smith Chart, and the solution for Line #1.
(Calculate Load Reflection Coefficient, Input Impedance Theoretically)
(11) To find the voltage at the input and the voltage at the load, return to the main
menu by clicking EXIT to get the Smith Chart menu,
(12) then EXIT again to get the main menu,

(13) Click the mouse on “Find voltages, currents, and power”:
(14) Click the mouse on “Generator”:
Record the Results in the Report, and Verify the solution theoretically.
(15) To find the voltage at the load, click EXIT to get the voltages- and- currents
menu,
(16) then click “Load #1”:
Record the results and verify the solution theoretically.

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Islamic University of Gaza

Faculty of Engineering Prepared by:

V0− e jβZ V0− j 2 βZ

Solving Transmission Line Circuits:

Step 3: Find V0+ :

Step 4: Find V0− :

Step 5: Evaluate V(L):

V ( z ) = V0+ e − jβZ + V0− e jβZ

A radio-frequency generator at 100 MHz produces an open-circuit voltage of 10 volts

Program “TRLINE” or “Transmission LINE” solves transmission line circuits in the

(4) Fill in the generator voltage, internal resistance and frequency.

(9) Click the mouse on “Draw a Smith Chart”:

(12) then EXIT again to get the main menu,

(14) Click the mouse on “Generator”:

Record the results and verify the solution theoretically.

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