Computer Fundaments

Unit-I

Mrs. Kiran Bala Dubey

Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Govt. N. P. G. College of Science,
Raipur
 Number System
• Decimal number system
• Binary number system
• octal number system
• Hexa decimal number system
• ASCII
• EBCDIC
• Gray code
• BCD
 ASCII
• ASCII abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information
Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic
communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers,
telecommunications equipment, and other devices.
• ASCII is a standard that assigns letters, numbers, and other characters
in the 256 slots available in the 8-bit code.
 EBCDIC
• EBCDIC, in fullextended binary-coded decimal interchange code.,
Data-encoding system, developed by IBM, that uses a unique eight-bit
binary code for each number and alphabetic character as well as
punctuation marks and accented letters and non-alphabetic
characters.
• EBCDIC differs in several respects from ASCII, the most widely used
system of encoding text, dividing the eight bits for each character into
two four-bit zones, with one zone indicating the type of character,
digit, punctuation mark, lowercase letter, capital letter, and so on, and
the other zone indicating the value (that is, the specific character
within this type).
 Gray code
• Gray code is an ordering of the binary
numeral system such that two successive
values differ in only one bit (binary digit).
• Gray codes are very useful in the normal
sequence of binary numbers generated by the
hardware that may cause an error or
ambiguity during the transition from one
number to the next. So, the Gray code can
eliminate this problem easily since only one
bit changes its value during any transition
between two numbers.
• Gray code is not weighted that means it does
not depends on positional value of digit. This
cyclic variable code that means every
transition from one value to the next value
involves only one bit change.
• Gray code also known as reflected binary
code, because the first (n/2) values compare
with those of the last (n/2) values, but in
reverse order.
Decimal Number Binary Number Gray Code
0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0010 0011
3 0011 0010
4 0100 0110
5 0101 0111
6 0110 0101
7 0111 0100
8 1000 1100
9 1001 1101
10 1010 1111
11 1011 1110
12 1100 1010
13 1101 1011
14 1110 1001
15 1111 1000
 BCD
• Binary Coded Decimal or BCD is simply the 4-bit binary code
representation of a decimal digit with each decimal digit
replaced in the integer and fractional parts with its binary
equivalent. BCD Code uses four bits to represent the 10
decimal digits of 0 to 9.
 Binary Addition
0 1 0 1
+0 +0 +1 +1
----- ------ ------- -------
0 1 1 10
 1's & 2's Compliment
• 1’s Complement of a Binary Number
There is a simple algorithm to convert a binary number into 1’s
complement. To get 1’s complement of a binary number, simply invert
the given number.
Eg. 1’s complement of binary number 110010 is 001101

• 2’s Complement of a Binary Number

There is a simple algorithm to convert a binary number into 2’s
complement. To get 2’s complement of a binary number, simply invert
the given number and add 1 to the least significant bit (LSB) of given
result.
Eg. 2’s complement of binary number 110010 is
1
001101------------>(1’s complement of 110010)
+ 1
-----------
001110------------>(2’s complement of 110010)
 Logic Gates
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system.
It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only
one output.
The relationship between the input and the output is based on a
certain logic. Based on this, logic gates are named as -
• AND gate
• OR gate
• NOT gate
• NOR gate
• NAND gate
• XOR gate
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1)
only if all its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND
operation i.e. A.B
A circuit which performs an AND operation is shown in figure -
Logic diagram
Truth Table
A.B=Y
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if
one or more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the
OR operation.
A circuit which performs an OR operation is shown in figure -
Truth Table
Logic diagram
A+B=Y
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted
version of the input at its output.NOT gate is also known as
Inverter. It has one input A and one output Y.
Logic diagram Truth Table
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a
NOT gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs
are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output.
The small circle represents inversion.

Logic diagram Truth Table

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a
NOT gate. The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the
inputs are high.
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The
small circle represents inversion.
Truth Table
Logic diagram
The exclusive-OR gate is abbreviated as EX-OR gate or sometime
as X-OR gate.The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a
high output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high.
XOR or Ex-OR gate is a special type of gate. It can be used in the
half adder, full adder and subtractor.
Truth Table
Logic diagram