EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE LIVES OF

BACKYARD GOAT RAISERS OF PANGASINAN STATE

UNIVERSITY SAN CARLOS CITY CAMPUS

Romar L. Magno

Jelenya T. Macaraeg

Jan Kirvy B. De Guzman

Alyssa N. Bandong

Pangasinan State University

San Carlos Campus

Roxas Blvd., San Carlos City, Pangasinan

AUGUST 2021
 EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE LIVES OF
BACKYARD GOAT RAISERS OF PANGASINAN STATE
UNIVERSITY SAN CARLOS CITY CAMPUS

COVER PAGE

A Research Presented to the

Faculty Members of Pangasinan State University San Carlos Campus

San Carlos City, Pangasinan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education

Major in Home Economics

ROMAR L. MAGNO

JELENYA T. MACARAEG

JAN KIRVY B. DE GUZMAN

ALYSSA N. BANDONG

AUGUST 2021
Page 2 of 55
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the course PROFED

TLE114: Research in Technology and Livelihood Education under the degree of

Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education, this research entitled,

‘’EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE LIVES OF BACKYARD GOAT

RAISERS OF PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY’’ prepared and submitted

by ROMAR L. MAGNO, JELENYA T. MACARAEG, JAN KIRVY B. DE

GUZMAN and ALYSSA N. BANDONG, and is hereby recommended for oral

defense.

JACQUILINE N. ARGENTE, MM
Research Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination

ARCELI ADORACION G. RAMOS

Chairman

JAYSON SALVATIERRA APRIL C. ABALOS

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course PROFED

TLE114: Research in Technology and Livelihood Education under the degree of
Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education.

SHIRLEY L. MILANES, Ph.D. CRISTINA L. JAVIER

Program Chairperson, Elementary Education Department Dean, College of Education

ADONIS S. BAUTISTA, DBA

Campus Executive Director
Page 3 of 55
 ABSTRACT

Title: EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE LIVES OF

BACKYARD GOAT RAISERS OF PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Proponents: ROMAR L. MAGNO, JELENYA T. MACARAEG, JAN KIRVY

B. DE GUZMAN and ALYSSA N. BANDONG

Institution: PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY – San Carlos Campus

Degree: BTLED

Adviser: JACQUILINE N. ARGENTE, MM

This paper highlights the Problems of Backyard Goat raisers at Pangasinan

State University during COVID-19 Pandemic. Stock theft, lack of capital, livestock

diseases and parasites, and limited knowledge of farmers in goat farming

production are the challenges encountered by student’s goat raisers. Goat farming

plays a vital contribution in food supply of rural and urban areas; gives off a wide

diversity of products; creates employment; stimulates demand for goods and

services; and promoting economic transformation by contributing to human and

financial capital. This research was contributed greatly to the backyard raisers

especially amidst of pandemic. Specifically, on how to properly handle livestock

and the proper precautionary measures that they must practice. This study also

highlights the remedies they used in handling livestock. Hence, since there were no

cases reported for the transmission of COVID-19 from livestock animals to

humans, it is highly recommended that livestock raisers continue to rear, keep, care,

and maintain their livestock by taking care measures into practices.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to acknowledge with profound appreciation and

gratitude, the valuable assistance of those who have given light and inspiration in
the realization of this study.

The completion of this Study has been made possible by the guidance,
supervision, cooperation, and participation of all people around us.

First, we wish to express our sincere thanks to Prof. Jacquiline N. Argente

who never get tired for giving us advice. Who has greatly shared her knowledge
and suggestions with us.

We would also like to express our deep gratitude to Prof. Lester Arandia
and Prof. Nick Caiga for giving us guidance to this research. They taught us how
to carry out this research works as clearly as possible.

Great thanks to our parents for all the love and support in doing this study.
They made us successful by helping us in a big way for providing financial support,
accommodation and especially strength and inspiration in accomplishment of
everything we do.

And above all, this study won’t be possible without the guidance and
inspiration given by our Almighty God, who always look up and secure the safety
of the proponents in doing this study.

The Researchers

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 DEDICATION

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have been

our source of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up, who

continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support. To our

brothers, sisters, relatives, mentor, friends, and classmates who shared their words

of advice and encouragement to finish this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty God, thank you for the

prudence, strength, power in mind, protection, and skills and for giving us a healthy

life. All of these, we offer to you.

- ROMAR, JELENYA, JAN KIRVY, ALYSSA -

Page 6 of 55
 Table of Contents
COVER PAGE .................................................................................................................. 2
APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................................ 3
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................ 5
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. 6
List of Tables ........................................................................................................ 8
List of Figures....................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 9
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 9
Background of the Study..................................................................................... 9
Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 10
Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 11
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ................................................................ 11
Definition of Terms  ........................................................................................... 12
Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 14
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ........................................ 14
Related Literature.............................................................................................. 14
Related Studies ................................................................................................... 15
Conceptual Framework Research Paradigm .................................................. 21
Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................... 22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 22
Research Design ................................................................................................. 22
Population and Samples .................................................................................... 22
Research Instrument ......................................................................................... 24
Validation Procedure ......................................................................................... 24
Data Gathering Procedure ................................................................................ 24
Data Processing Procedure and Statistical Treatment of Data ..................... 25
Chapter IV ....................................................................................................................... 27
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA .................. 27
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS .......................................................................... 27
CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................... 37

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDTIONS ........ 37
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 37
Summary of Findings ........................................................................................ 37
CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 39
RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................ 39
REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................. 41
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 43
APPENDIX A ..................................................................................................... 43
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS............................................................... 43
APPENDIX B ..................................................................................................... 44
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE .......................................................................... 44
APPENDIX C ..................................................................................................... 47
RAW DATA ON ................................................................................................ 47
APPENDIX D ..................................................................................................... 52
CURRICULUM VITAE.................................................................................... 52

List of Tables

TABLE Page

1 Respondents of the Study 25

2 Profile of the Respondents 29

3 Problems Encountered in Goat Farming 31

4 Mitigations in Handling a Livestock 33

5 The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Livelihood 35

List of Figures
Title Page

1 Research Paradigm 22

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis that has already

devastating impacts on the world economy – both directly and through necessary

measures to contain the spread of the disease. These impacts are also being felt by

the food and agriculture sector. While the supply of food has held up well to date,

in many countries, the measures put in place to contain the spread of the virus are

starting to disrupt the supply of ago-food products to markets and consumers, both

within and across borders. The sector is also experiencing a substantial shift in the

composition and – for some commodities – the level of demand. (OECD 2019)

Livestock raising is a common business in the Philippines. Since Goat

Farming is one of the most widely adopted livestock activities in the country, it has

the large potential as a livelihood of parents or farmers in rural area. (Shalander et

al., 2010). In this business, varieties of products are derived depending on what

production the entrepreneur is in. It requires knowledge and skills to succeed in this

field. Thus, interest, ability to manage the project and the demand for the product

in the locality is taken into consideration. (Visser and Van Marle-Koster), although

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goat production in rural areas has the potential to contribute to food security and

commercial development, it faces several challenges. Poor management. Goats in

smallholder systems are not usually housed properly and are exposed to extreme

weather conditions.

Goat Farming in Philippines or Goat Raising is one of the very simple, low-

cost food production endeavors that a Filipino can get involved in and goat is

considered as poor man’s cow. People farm goats principally for their meat, milk,

and source of living. Goat farming can be very suited to production alongside other

livestock on low-quality grazing land.

Statement of the Problem

This is a proposed study that aims to determine the Effect of Covid-19

Pandemic on the Lives of Backyard Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State University

San Carlos amidst pandemic.

Specifically, the study will answer the following questions:

1. The profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. sex,

b. age,

c. occupation,

d. number of livestock (Goat), and

e. length of raising Goats

2. What are the problems encountered in Goat Farming?

3. What are the mitigations practiced in handling livestock?

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 4. How does COVID-19 Pandemic affect the Livelihood?

Significance of the Study

The study must be conducted to find out the Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic

on the Lives of Backyard Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State University San Carlos.

The result of this study is beneficial to backyard raisers, and the future researchers.

Backyard raisers. This research is designed to help the

backyard goat raisers to sustain the continuous production of their livestock. It is

very imperative to study the problems they encountered and how they mitigate

those circumstances because this will help them to determine the needs and develop

strategies to sustain the needs of individuals.

Future Researchers. This study offers its own unique framework, although

it can also serve as a springboard for the improvement of such framework by future

researchers. The latter may introduce other sets of variables not presupposed in this

study. This was served as a guide when they are seeking information about on how

they will respond to the problems of their livestock.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study aims to determine the Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Lives

of Backyard Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State University San Carlos City Campus.

The primary data was gathered thru online set of questionnaires using google

forms to determine the problems they encountered and on how they mitigate those

circumstances amidst of Covid-19 pandemic.

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 The subject of this research are the parents of TLE 3rd Year student’s

backyard goat raisers of Pangasinan State University, San Carlos City Campus. A

consent was secured among the subjects and a set of questionnaires was given to

assess their issues and difficulties on sustaining their livestock.

The study does not cover those who do not have experience on Goat

Farming amidst of Covid-19 Pandemic.

Definition of Terms 

Breeding. This is how animals cough up and produce offspring.

Conservation. It similar to preservation but both of them relate to nature

protection, but they try in different ways to achieve this task.

Consumers. It is an individual who buys for personal use products and

services.

Commodities. It is an economic good, usually a resource, that has full or

substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as

equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them. 

Covid-19. It is contagious disease caused by a recently discovered

corona virus. 

 Demand. It is the amount of a product that the buyer wants to buy at

different prices during a certain period.

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Disease. It is an impairment of the normal state of an animal that interrupts

or modifies its vital functions.

Livestock. This is often described as domesticated animals raised to

produce work and products such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool

in an agricultural context.

Malnutrition. Is said to occur when a ration (amount of feed provided to an

animal per day) does not provide all the food nutrients (carbohydrate,

protein, fats and oils, vitamins, minerals, water, and other feed additives) in

adequate quantities.

Mitigation. It is the reduction of something harmful or the reduction of its

harmful effects.

Ruminant. Substantial hoofed herbivores are mammals that can acquire

nutrients from plant foods in a specialized stomach, mainly through

microbial action, before digestion.

Slaughter. These are the killing of animals, usually referring to killing

domestic livestock.

Sustainable. These are the production integrates environmental, economic,

and social aspects of agriculture.

Shortage. It is a situation in which demand for a product or service exceeds

the available supply.

Transport. It is defined as a method of transporting items from one location

to another.

Veterinary. It is related to the care of animals’ health.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Several website and studies which have some relevance to this study were

reviewed to get insights on how to conduct this research and they are here under

presented.

Related Literature

An infectious disease caused by a discovered corona virus has a huge impact

in our society which results to shortage on livelihood. Since livestock farming is

simply the management and breeding of domestic it becomes the major source of

living. Livestock, and particularly goat farming, production in the industrialized

world, and increasingly in the developing world, is characterized by its intensive

nature, initially driven by post-war government policies intended to increase

production and decrease cost, but now sustained by consumer demand for cheap

food. A huge range of diseases come up in food producing animals. Marchant-

Forde JN and Boyle LA (2020) focus on the effects that human clusters of COVID-

19 at meat processing plants and the associated decisions to close them, had on

animal welfare.

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Related Studies

The following are related studies about the impact of Covid-19 Pandemic

on livestock production in foreign and local studies.

Foreign Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic has also brought into focus a number of issues,

including food safety and hygiene issues, intricately linked to the consumption of

the animal resourced foods, the high cost of production on the African continent

versus cheaper imports now less available due to global movement restrictions, and

the weaknesses in feed, veterinary, insurance, and other supply chains (AU-IBAR,

2020). Like other African countries, animal production in Ghana has not been

spared the negative impacts on the activities of stakeholders along the livestock

value chain from feed production and supply, communal grazing, sustainable use

and conservation, and provision of veterinary services, including artificial

insemination, livestock trade, transport, slaughtering, processing, and marketing of

livestock products.

Travel bans affected the importation of food into the country, as well as the

transportation of farm produce from food-producing areas within the country to

market centers. Also, decongestion and closure of some market centers to enforce

social distancing among traders reduced food supplies leading to a hike in food

prices in most urban markets across the country, especially during the early days of

the lockdown (Asante and Mills, 2020; Gakpo, 2020).

Page 15 of 55
 According to Obese, Osei-Amponsah, Timpong-Jones, and Bekoe (2020)

The pandemic also resulted in an interruption of breeding programs. The movement

restrictions and possible infection of the workforce resulted in a shortage of labor

(FAO, 2020). Transhumance and pastoral practices faced challenges with regards

to feeding and, hence, halted breeding programs as they may have not been able to

provide concentrate feed as required for an intensive system of production. Workers

call in sick, while others also avoid work for safety reasons, and all these disrupt

program timelines. Reduced access to animal feeds as a result of physical distancing

and requirements for additional personal protective equipment has reduced the

efficiency of industrial feed enterprises (FAO, 2020). Ruminant livestock keepers

have thus resorted to “cut and carry” to feed the animals, which is very expensive

for most farmers, leading to malnutrition and disposal of most of their animals

sometimes at very low prices.

According to the study entitled, “Socio-Economic Constraints on Goat

Farming in the Lowveld of Swaziland’’ Goats are valued milk, meat, fiber, skin

and other miscellaneous products. The importance of goats becomes more apparent

when one considers the distribution of the world’s goat population.

Dlamini and Lebbie (1986) argue that though not a major contributor to the

nation’s foreign exchange earnings, the livestock industry in Swaziland is

recognized for its vital role in the development process of the economy. The

primary roles it plays in providing quality proteins, meeting the social and cultural

needs of the people, and providing raw materials for industries. The occurrence of

unanticipated and new diseases and new legislation in several countries will also

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remain essential issues. This means that, if this study will be conducted in San

Carlos City, it will be beneficial to the student backyard raisers of San Carlos City

to control the disease spread.

According to the study conducted by the United States Department of

Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, livestock and particularly pig and

poultry, production in the industrialized world, and increasingly in the developing

world, is characterized by its intensive nature, initially driven by post-war

government policies intended to increase production and decrease cost, but now

sustained by consumer demand for cheap food. However, the greatest impact of

COVID-19 on the livestock product supply chain commenced with disease

outbreaks among processing plant workers, leading to plant closures and effects up

and down the food chain. As a result of this, the production of livestock leads to

shortage of production in the industry.

According to Jyotsnarani Biswal, Kennady Vijayalakshmy, and Habibar

Rahman (2020) goat farming practiced in the country being largely an extensive

system, the investment in supplementary feeding is almost non-existent. Further, as

the goat farmers are generally small/marginal farmers and landless laborers, who

usually possess only 4-6 animals/family, the farming was probably least affected.

However, as in other cases, the marketing of the animals remained a major

constraint, thereby affecting the livelihood of these farmers who otherwise were

depending on the sale of these animals.

Meat and Livestock Australia (2020) In the lead-up to Ramadan and Eid al

Fitr – traditionally a peak period for Australian goat exports demand for live goats

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has been curtailed due to COVID-19 restrictions in Malaysia. Live goats are almost

exclusively exported by air – with Malaysia by far the largest market but with the

onset of a global pandemic, overall live goat exports have declined by around 85%

in the calendar year to March. However, in Malaysia, many foodservice and retail

facilities are closed, and the operations of abattoirs and other facilities along the

supply chain have been affected by domestic movement restrictions in place due to

COVID-19. This has drastically reduced demand for live goats. It’s expected that

Malaysia’s demand for Australian live goats will remain after COVID-19 but the

level of that demand, access to airfreight and in-market capacity to accept

consignments are unknown. The lockdown no doubt had a paramount significance

toward prevention and risk mitigation from the deadly COVID-19 disease but had

a significant adverse impact on the availability of the product from the livestock

and poultry for the day-to-day consumption by the public at large and all those

associated with the sector for their livelihood and/or income.

Local Studies

Goat Farming in Philippines or Goat Raising is one of the simple, low-cost

food production endeavor that a Filipino can get involved in and goat is considered
as poor man’s cow. In the Philippines, more and more people are now raising goats
in their farms, in their backyards, as well as in their ranches. Records from the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development revealed the number of goats in the Philippines has been increasing
consistently. Unlike in other countries in the world, only a few Filipinos raise goats
on a big scale and Goat production is economically valuable for the Philippines.

Central Visayas has the greatest number of goats, accounting for 15 percent
of the total, according to the University of Asia and the Pacific. Goats require low

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maintenance since they consume tree leaves, weeds, grasses, and agricultural by-
products. Popularizing goat milk consumption nationally would drastically cut a
large number of foreign exchanges being spent by the country annually to fill the
domestic demand for milk and its by-products. The new improved breed could be
produced from the crossing of Philippine Native goat breeds with Anglo Nubian
and Boer breeds.

The Philippine dairy industry -though considered a vital component of the

country’s economic and nutritional development- remains undeveloped. In
Mindanao, goat farming is considered a sunshine industry as there is also a massive
demand in the international market, particularly the Middle East apart from local
consumption. Native goats in the Philippines have a relatively smaller size than
other strains and crossbreeding with Boer and Anglo Nubian Breeds are achieving
animals that produce more meat and develop quicker. Goat Farming in Philippines
is ideal in the uplands where there is lots of leguminous crops including hybrid
fodders and grasses are grown.

MANILA, September 9, 2020--- Transforming Philippine agriculture into a

dynamic, high-growth sector is essential for the country to speed up recovery,
poverty reduction and inclusive growth, according to the latest report released by
the World Bank.
Titled “*Transforming Philippine Agriculture During Covid-19 and Beyond*,”
the report says that transforming the country’s farming and food systems is even
more important during the Covid-19 pandemic to ensure strong food value chains,
affordable and nutritious food, and a vibrant rural economy.

“Modernizing the country’s agricultural sector is a very important agenda

for the Philippines,” said Ndiame Diop, World Bank Country Director Brunei,
Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. “With the exception of a few small
natural resource-rich countries, no country has successfully transitioned from
middle- to high-income status without having achieved an effective

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transformation of their agri-food systems. Transforming agriculture and food
systems is always challenging. But the country’s new vision for agriculture, it’s
current thrust for diversification and use of modern technologies, and its effective
management of food supply during this pandemic clearly indicate that the
country is well-equipped to overcome the challenge.”

A year into the pandemic, the Government of the Philippines has eased
quarantine restrictions, with the majority of the country moving into a less stringent
community quarantine order. However, the economy is struggling to recover from
the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns. Agriculture is a particularly hard-hit sector,
not only because of the quarantine restrictions but also due to three devastating
typhoons: total agricultural damage incurred by the country in the last quarter of
2020 amounted to PHP 4.6 billion.
While everyone is feeling the effects of these crises, smallholder farmers, micro-
agribusinesses, and agricultural cooperatives have faced the steepest challenges to
recovery. The lack of means to transport raw materials and manufactured goods has
gravely disrupted farm and business operations, which set off a snowball effect on
the country’s economic productivity.

Grameen Foundation’s F2F COCOs program, which aims to promote

sustainable food security practices and agricultural production for the Philippine’s
coconut farmers, continues its work despite these challenges. F2F COCOS works
with various host organizations in the coconut sector by pairing them with
volunteers to implement best practices and promote sustainable improvements in
food security and agriculture processing, production, and marketing.

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Conceptual Framework Research Paradigm
Figure 1

Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

ATTRIBUTES OF PROBLEMS
THE ENCOUNTERED MANAGEMENT
RESPONDENTS FUNCTIONS

a. sex
a. planning
b. age
MITIGATIONS b. organizing
c. occupation IN HANDLING
LIVESTOCK c. directing
d. number of
d. controlling
livestock (goat)
EFFECT OF
e. length of raising COVID-19 MEASURES
PANDEMIC ON ADOPTED
goat LIVELIHOOD

Fig. 1. A schematic paradigm showing the attributes of the

respondents, the problems encountered, mitigations in handling livestock,

effect of Covid-19 pandemic on livelihood, the management functions, and

measures adopted.

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 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, methodology employed,

procedures of collection of data, and analysis. Accorded to the sections in this

chapter are discussions and information about its locale, respondents, gathering

instruments and procedures.

Research Design

Since the purpose of this study is to determine the Effect of Covid-19

Pandemic on the Lives of Backyard Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State University

San Carlos, the descriptive research design is the most appropriate. According to

Calmorin (1993), the descriptive method describes the nature of the situation as it

exists at the time of the study and explores the causes of a particular phenomenon.

By means of doing an Online Survey Method to the corresponding respondent may

help to this study. The questionnaire with Likert rating scale type of questionnaire

using Google Forms was developed and utilized to gather the needed data.

Population and Samples

Pangasinan State University – San Carlos City Campus has a huge

population since there are various courses or organizations in this school. Because

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of the huge population of the school, the researchers had decided to focus on

selected Parents of Third Year Students Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood

Education who raise goats. The respondents were gathered from (2) third year

sections taking up the same course (BTLED) at Pangasinan State University San

Carlos City Campus. The BTLED 3-A has (16) goat raisers while the section B has

(4) goat raisers. There were total of twenty (20) parents from 3rd year of Bachelor

of Technology and Livelihood Education in Pangasinan State University San

Carlos who raise goats. This research applied the use of the purposive sampling to

come up with the target population.

Table 1: Respondents of the Study

Parents from 3rd Year

BTLED of PSU San Carlos Population

City

1. BTLED 3-A 16

2. BTLED 3-B 4

Total 20

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Research Instrument

To determine the Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Lives of Backyard

Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State University San Carlos, the instrument that is used

by the researchers is Likert rating scale type of questionnaire using Google Forms.

Validation Procedure

The completed copy of the questionnaire was presented to the adviser for

comments and suggestions and later submitted to Agriculture instructor who also

handling agriculture students.

The items included in the validation are clarity of directions, conciseness

and brevity of the indicators, readability of the material, attractiveness of the items.

Again, suggestions were incorporated in the final copy.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the administration of the questionnaire, the researcher sought

permission from the authorities concerned to be allowed to gather information from

the respondents.

The study strictly observed the standard operation procedures in the

administration of the questionnaires which are as follows:

1. Conducted the study through Online Survey Questionnaire using

Google forms to the identified respondents;

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 2. Retrieved the questionnaire with a target of 100 percent expected

turn-out, and

3. Carefully collected, tallied, tabulated, and organized the raw data

gathered from the respondents for data analysis.

Data Processing Procedure and Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers used the Online Survey Questionnaire in gathering data

from the respondents. Copies of online questionnaire, stated in English, are used to

survey all the respondents from Pangasinan State University -San Carlos City

Campus. The information gathered were tabulated and processed manually and

with the aid of computer to determine the precise interpretation of the results.

Matrix tables were made to organize, summarize, and analyse the data gathered for

easy determination of its difference from each other. The sets of data were collated,

tabulated, and analysed by the researchers. The statistical tools that the researchers

chosen are variety methods were on; 1.) frequency, 2.) percentage analysis, and 3.)

weighted mean. The researcher has reviewed the initial findings and analysed the

findings and wrote the data.

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1. Percentage

Formula:

P= F/N x 100

where:

P = Percentage (%)

F = Frequency

N = Total Number of Population

Page 26 of 55
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered, the result of analysis done and

interpretation of data. These are presented in tables following the sequence of the

specific research problem regarding the Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on

the Lives of Backyard Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State University San

Carlos City.

PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

The personal attributes being referred to in this study include the following:

sex, age,occupation, number of livestock (goat) and length of raising

goats. The profile of the respondents was tabulated and computed according to the

following classification sex, age, occupation, number of livestock (Goat), and

length of raising goats. Table 2 presents the frequency distribution of the

respondents in terms of the identified variables.

Page 27 of 55
 Table 2

Profile of the Respondents

n=20

Variables Categories Frequency Percentage

Sex Male 7 35%

Female 13 65%

Age 25-50 years old 12 60%

51-75 years old 8 40%

Occupation Farmer 9 45%

Housekeeper 6 30%

Teacher 2 10%

Saleswoman 3 15%

Number of 5 and below 11 55%

Livestock (goat) (goats)

6-10 (goats) 5 25%

11-15 (goats) 4 20%

Length of 1 year and below 2 10%

Raising Goats

1 year – 5 years 12 60%

More than 5 years 6 30%

Page 28 of 55
 On Sex. The data indicates that 13 or 65.00% of the respondents are female

and 7 or 35.00% of the respondents are male. This implies that the female

respondents are many as compared to male.

Women compose not only around 70 percent of the poor, but they also make

up most poor livestock keepers. According to an extensive study by ILRI of the 600

million poor livestock keepers in the world, around two-thirds are women and most

live-in rural areas (FAO, 2011a; Thornton et al., 2002). The State of Food and

Agriculture report for 2009 concludes that rural women are as likely as men to keep

livestock, although the number of animals they keep tends to be lower and they are

more likely to own poultry and small ruminants than large animals (FAO, 2009a)

http://www.fao.org/3/i3018e/i3018e00.pdf

On Age. It could be gleaned from the table that the age of the

respondents are 25 to 50 years old and 51-75 years old. Among the two

categories, 12 or 60% of the respondents belong to 25-50 years old. While there are

8 respondents from 51-75 years old.

On Occupation. In terms of occupation, the data indicated that 9 or 45% of

the respondents are farmer, 6 or 30% of the respondents are housekeeper, 2 or 10%

of the respondents are teacher, and 3 or 15% of the respondents are saleswoman.

This clearly indicates that most the respondents are farmer.

On Number of Livestock. The data indicates that in terms of number of

livestock (goat) there are three (3) categories were on; 1.)5 and below, 2.) 6-10

goats, and 3.) 11-15 goats. Among the three categories 11 or 55% of the respondents

are raising goats that is 5 and below.

Page 29 of 55
 On Length of Raising Goats. In terms of length of raising goats, the data

indicates that 2 or 10% are raising goats for 1 year and below. While 12 or 60% are

raising goats for 1 year to 5 years and 6 or 30% of the respondents are raising goats

for more than 5 years.

Page 30 of 55
 Table 3

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN GOAT FARMING

The problems encountered by the respondents in goat farming and the extent

of their seriousness disclosed in table 3.

N=20

Indicators AWM DE

1. Breeding 2.6 P

2. Stock Theft 2.8 P

3. Lack of Capital 3.3 P

4. Mortality Rate of Goats 3.25 P

5. Improper Goat Pen/Cage 2.95 P

6. Some Goats are not Profitable 2.7 P

7. Lack of training in Goat Farming 15% P

8. Taking Care of Goat after birth 2.7 P

Page 31 of 55
 9. Transportation of Goats to Marketplace 2.8 P

10. Goat diseases (Poor Nutrition, Parasitism, etc.) 3.45 P

Mean: 2.96 (Problem)

Legend:

Scale Descriptive Equivalent

1.00-1.50 Not a Problem (NP)

1.51-2.50 Moderate (M)

2.51-3.50 Problem (P)

3.51-4.50 Serious Problem (SP)

4.51-5.00 Severe/Highly Serious Problem (S/HSP)

As presented in the table, the problems encountered by the respondents

relative to goat farming ranged from Not a Problem to Severe/Highly Serious

Problem.

The table 3 shows that all the problems are encountered in goat farming

were “Problem” with overall mean 2.96.

Based on the study from” Socio-Economic Constraints on Goat farming in

the Lowveld of Swaziland”, 2015, Major challenges facing goat production in the
study area were diseases, shortage of land and inadequate pastures.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Challenges-faced-in-goat-production-by-
farmers-in-Buyende-District-Uganda_fig1_275663503

Page 32 of 55
 Table 4

MITIGATIONS IN HANDLING LIVESTOCK

The suggestions proposed by the respondents on how to at least alleviate if

not solve the problems encountered are spelled out in table 4.

Indicators AWM DE

1. Proper Feeding of Goat 4.5 O

2. Good Animal Husbandry 3.95 O

3. Proper Breeding of Goats 3.95 O

4. Quarantining New Animals 3.35 S

5. Create safe Pen for Goats 4.25 O

6. Proper Care and Management 4.6 A

7. Regular Vaccination and Deworming 3.7 O

8. Maintaining Cleanliness and Sanitation 4.65 A

Page 33 of 55
 Mean: 4.12 (Often)

Legend:

Scale Descriptive Equivalent

1.00-1.50 Never (N)

1.51-2.50 Rarely (R

2.51-3.50 Sometimes (S)

3.51-4.50 Often (O)

4.51-5.00 Always (A)

As supported by the data, the table 4 shows that proper care and

management and maintaining cleanliness and sanitation are rated as “Always” with

the overall mean 4.12. This followed by the mitigation considered as “Often” were

on 1.) proper feeding of goats; 2.) good animal husbandry; 3.) breeding of

goats; 4.) create a safe pen for goats, and 5.) regular vaccination and

deworming. Among the 8 mitigations, the lowest WM was on quarantining new

animals (3.35). Since there were no cases reported for the transmission of COVID-

19 from livestock animals to humans. Proper care and management and maintaining

cleanliness and sanitation is essential part to alleviate the problems encountered in

goat farming.

In parallel from the study of Division of Agriculture Research and

Extension (2021) “An effective animal health program is an essential part of a

successful small ruminant management program. Good feeding and breeding will

not result in maximum production if sheep and goats are not kept in good health”

https://www.uaex.edu/farm-ranch/animals-forages/sheep-goats/herd-health.aspx

Page 34 of 55
 Table 5

THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON LIVELIHOOD

The effects on the livelihood encountered by the respondents during

COVID-19 pandemic are spelled out in table 5.

Indicators WM DE

1. Slump sales of goat during pandemic 3.75 A

2. Lack of transportation due to ECQ 4.15 A

3. Not considered as basic commodities unlike pig or chicken 3.7 A

4. Restaurants that mainly sell goat food was temporarily closed 3.8 A
because of pandemic

5. Limited buyers of goat because of pandemic 4.1 A

Mean: 3.90 (Agree)

Legend:

Scale Descriptive Equivalent

1.00-1.50 Strongly Disagree (SD)

1.51-2.50 Disagree (D)

2.51-3.50 Undecided (U)

Page 35 of 55
 3.51-4.50 Agree (A)

4.51-5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

As presented in the table, all the five indicators rated by the

respondents 3.90 with a descriptive equivalent of “Agree”. This clearly states that

the COVID-19 pandemic has a large effect on livelihood of

student backyard raisers since the transportation is limited and some establishments

was closed, the affected workers faced financial uncertainty. Jeremy N. Marchant-

Forde and Laura A. Boyle (2020)

Page 36 of 55
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDTIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusions arrived at,

and the recommendations made based on the analysis and interpretation of the

collected data.

SUMMARY
This study was conducted to assess the Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the

Lives of Backyard Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State University, San Carlos

Campus.

The study adopted the descriptive method of research with a Likert rating

scale type of questionnaire.

The respondents were the third-year parents of Bachelor of Technology and

Livelihood Education of Pangasinan State University, San Carlos Campus.

The data gathered were presented and analyzed predominantly using the

frequency and percentage analysis, weighted mean (WM), and multiple linear

regression.

Summary of Findings
Based on the data gathered and analyzed the following are the salient

findings:

1. On Attributes of the Respondents.

Page 37 of 55
 The profile of the respondents was derived from the selected variables

Sex

Majority of the respondents were female with the frequency of 13 or with a

percentage of 65%.

Age

The largest group of BTLED students was found on the age bracket of 25-

50 years old with a frequency of 12 or a percentage of 60%.

Occupation

Majority of the respondent’s occupation was Farmer with a frequency of 9

or a percentage of 45%.

2. On Problems Encountered. Majority of the problems encountered in Goat

farming was goat diseases in terms of average weighted mean (AWM)

3. On Mitigations in Handling Livestock. Proper care and management and

maintaining cleanliness and sanitation is essential part to alleviate the problems

encountered in goat farming.

4. On how Covid-19 pandemic affect the livelihood of the parents of BTLED

students. The Covid-19 pandemic has a large effect on the livelihood of the parents

of third year BTLED backyard goat raisers in terms of transportation and other

indicators.

Page 38 of 55
 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the above presented, below conclusions are formulated:

This study has improved our understanding on how to mitigate the problems

encountered in goat farming during Covid-19 pandemic. Goat farming has an

important role when it comes to livelihood of rural people. However, there were

constraints such as goat diseases, mortality of goats and lack of capital which needs

to alleviate. To ease the problems encountered in goat farming there are mitigations

like proper care and management and maintaining cleanliness and sanitation on

goats. The lack of transportation due to enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) and

limited buyers caused by Covid-19 pandemic proved that it limits the livelihood of

the backyard goat raisers with regards to selling goats.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In the light of the findings of this study, the following recommendations are

made:

• Improving rearing practices in the goat keeping community and develop

goat rearing as a viable means of making a livelihood.

• Strategies like regular vaccination, deworming, and good animal husbandry

must be recommended for wider adoption and utilization.

• Parents should practice Goat Management Practices like castration, hoof

trimming, and general hygiene.

Page 39 of 55
• Providing more session and education for the respondents to further

improve their knowledge and care for goats.

• For further development of this study wide range of population is suggested

to gather more opinions and information.

Page 40 of 55
 REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antonio M., Jose Manuel C., and Maria Joao L. (December 2017) Goat System

Production: Advantages and Disadvantages to the Animal, Environment and

Farmer.

AU-IBAR 2020. AU-IBAR consultative meeting on impact of COVID-19 on the

animal resources sector in Africa and identification of mitigation measures.

Nairobi (Kenya): African Union Interafrican Bureau of Animal

Resources. [Google Scholar]

Beverly Brul (2021) the continuing toll of the covid-19 pandemic on the farmers

in the philippines

Bryony A., Abel E., Ruth A., and Alasdair C. (December 2020) Small Ruminant

Production in Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia: A Systematic Review of

Constraints and Potential Solutions

Frederick et al., (2021, p. 43-46). Impact of COVID-19 on Animal Production in

Ghana

OECD (April 2020) COVID-19 and the food and agriculture sector: issues and

policy responses

Jagdish Reddy (2021) goat farming in the Philippines – goat breeding

Jeremy N. Marchant-Forde and Laura A. Boyle (2020) COVID-19 effects on

livestock production

Page 41 of 55
Reddy (April 2018) goat farming in Philippines

Journal Article

FAO. (2012 p. 6) invisible guardians – women manage livestock diversity. FAO

animal production and health paper

J. B., K. V., and H. R. (2020) Impact of covid-19 qnd associated lockdown on

livestock and poultry sectors in india

MLA (2020) covid-19 impacts live goat exports to malaysia

Thesis

Saico S., and Abul S. (2007, p. 37) socio economic constraints on goat farming in

lowveld of swaziland

Page 42 of 55
 APPENDICES

Appendices contain material that is too detailed to include in the

main report, such as mathematical derivations or calculations, detailed

technical drawings or table of raw data.

APPENDIX A

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

Pangasinan State University

San Carlos City Campus

San Carlos City, Pangasinan

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

August 16, 2021

Dear Respondents:

Good Day!

We are the Education students of Pangasinan State University San

Carlos City Campus who are enrolled in Technology Livelihood
Education Presently; we are conducting a study entitled “Effect of
COVID-19 on the Lives of Backyard Goat Raisers of Pangasinan State
University”. In the regard, we are asking for your precious time and effort
to participate in our survey questionnaire. Any responses and information
you will provide shall highly appreciated. Rest assured that all data
gathered from you will be kept in the highest level of confidentiality. Your
positive response in this request will be valuable contribution for the

Page 43 of 55
 success of the study and will highly appreciate. Thank you very much for
your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

Romar L. Magno
Jelenya T. Macaraeg
Jan Kirvy B. De Guzman
Alyssa N. Bandong

APPENDIX B

SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Lives of Backyard Goat Raisers

of Pangasinan State University San Carlos

QUESTIONNAIRE

I. PROFILE (Parents of Third Year Bachelor of Secondary Education

Major in Technology and Livelihood Education Only)
Direction: Please put a check (/) mark on the items corresponding to your
answer or supply what is asked for.

Name (optional): ______________________ Age: _________

Sex: ____Male ____Female Section: __________

Occupation: _________ Number of Livestock (Goat): _______

Length of Raising Goats: _________

II. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS YOU ENCOUNTERED IN

GOAT FARMING?
Direction: Please determine the problems encountered in goat farming
during Covid-19 Pandemic. Please be guided with the following scale
below.

5= Severe/Highly serious problem

4= Serious Problem
3= Problem
Page 44 of 55
 2= Moderate
1= Not a Problem

Problems Encountered in Goat Farming 5 4 3 2 1

Breeding

Stock Theft
_____
Lack of Capital

Mortality Rate of Goats

Improper Goat Pen/Cage

Some Goats are not Profitable

Lack of Training in Goat Farming

Taking Care of Goat after Giving Birth

Transportation of Goats to Marketplace

Goat Diseases (Poor Nutrition, Parasitism,

etc.)

III. WHAT ARE THE MITIGATIONS YOU PRACTICED IN

HANDLING YOUR LIVESTOCK?
Direction: Please put a check (/) mark on the items corresponding to your
answers. Please be guided with the following scale below.

5= Always
4= Often
3= Sometimes
2= Rarely
1= Never

Mitigations in Handling Livestock 5 4 3 2 1

Proper Feeding of Goats

Page 45 of 55
 Good Animal Husbandry

Proper Breeding of Goats

Quarantining New Animals

Create a Safe Pen for Goats

Proper Care and Management

Regular Vaccination and

Deworming
Maintaining Cleanliness and
Sanitation.

IV. HOW DOES COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECT YOUR

LIVELIHOOD?

Direction: Please put a check (/) mark on the items corresponding to your
answers. Please be guided with the following scale below.
5= Strongly Agree
4= Agree
3= Undecided

Page 46 of 55
 2= Disagree
1= Strongly disagree

APPENDIX C

RAW DATA ON
TABLE 1

Respondents of the Study

Parents of 3rd Year BTLED of PSU

San Carlos City Population

1. BTLED 3-A 16

2. BTLED 3-B 4

Total 20

5 4 3 2 1

Slump Sales of Goats during pandemic.

Lack of Transportation due to ECQ.

Not considered as basic commodities unlike pig or chicken.

Restaurants that mainly sell goat food was temporarily closed

because of pandemic.

Limited buyers of goats because of pandemic.

Page 47 of 55
 TABLE 2

Profile of the Respondents

Variables Categories Frequency Percentage

Sex Male 6 30%

Female 14 70%

Age 20 years old and 1 5%

below

21-25 years old 19 95%

Section BTLED-3A 16 80%

BTLED-3B 4 20%

Civil Status Single 20 100%

Married 0 0%

Separated 0 0%

Widowed 0 0%

Occupation None 16 80%

Seller 4 20%

Table 3

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN GOAT FARMING

Indicators NP M P SP S/HSP WM DE

1. Breeding 1 10 5 4 0 2.6 P

5% 50% 25% 20% 0%

2. Stock Theft 3 6 5 4 2 2.8 P

Page 48 of 55
 15% 30% 25% 20% 10%

3. Lack of Capital 1 4 6 6 3 3.3 P

5% 20% 30% 30% 15%

4. Mortality Rate of Goats 2 3 7 4 4 3.25 P

10% 15% 35% 20% 20%

5. Improper Goat Pen/Cage 3 2 9 5 1 2.95 P

15% 10% 45% 25% 5%

6. Some Goats are not 3 6 6 4 1 2.7 P

Profitable
15% 30% 30% 20% 5%

7. Lack of training in Goat 0 8 6 4 2 3 P

Farming
0% 40% 30% 20% 10% 15%

8. Taking Care of Goat 3 7 5 3 2 2.7 P

after birth
15% 35% 25% 15% 10%

9. Transportation of Goats 3 3 9 5 0 2.8 P

to Marketplace
15% 15% 45% 25% 0%

10. Goat diseases (Poor 2 2 6 5 5 3.45 P

Nutrition, Parasitism, etc.)
10% 10% 30% 25% 25%

Page 49 of 55
 Table 4

MITIGATIONS IN HANDLING LIVESTOCK

Indicators N R S O A WM DE

1. Proper Feeding of Goat 0 0 1 8 11 4.5 O

0% 0% 5% 40% 55%

2. Good Animal Husbandry 0 2 3 9 6 3.95 O

0% 10% 15% 45% 30%

3. Proper Breeding of Goats 0 1 5 8 6 3.95 O

0% 5% 25% 40% 30%

4. Quarantining New 0 6 4 7 3 3.35 S

Animals
0% 30% 20% 35% 15%

5. Create safe Pen for Goats 0 0 5 5 10 4.25 O

0% 0% 25% 25% 50%

6. Proper Care and 0 0 2 4 14 4.6 A

Management
0% 0% 10% 20% 70%

7. Regular Vaccination and 1 1 7 5 6 3.7 O

Deworming
5% 5% 35% 25% 30%

8. Maintaining Cleanliness 0 0 2 3 15 4.65 A

and Sanitation
0% 0% 10% 15% 75%

Page 50 of 55
 Table 5

THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON LIVELIHOOD

Indicators SD D U A SA WM DE

1. Slump sales of goat during 0 2 4 11 3 3.75 A

pandemic

2. Lack of transportation due to 0 1 2 10 7 4.15 A

ECQ

3. Not considered as basic 0 3 3 11 3 3.7 A

commodities unlike pig or
chicken

4. Restaurants that mainly sell 0 2 2 14 2 3.8 A

goat food was temporarily
closed because of pandemic

5. Limited buyers of goat 1 0 1 12 6 4.1 A

because of pandemic

Page 51 of 55
APPENDIX D

CURRICULUM VITAE

ROMAR L. MAGNO
#59 Bogaoan, San Carlos City, Pangasinan
Cell. Number: 09271466560
Email Address: [email protected]

A. PERSONAL DATA

Nickname: Romar

Date of Birth: May 11, 1999

Place of Birth: San Carlos City, Pangasinan

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Ronald C. Magno

Mother’s Name: Rosemarie L. Magno

B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SECONDARY LEVEL: Virgen Milagrosa University Senior High

School

San Carlos City, Pangasinan

2017-2018

ELEMENTARY LEVEL: Bogaoan Elementary School

San Carlos City, Pangasinan

2011-2012

Page 52 of 55
 JELENYA T. MACARAEG

#430 Ambuetel, Calasiao, Pangasinan

Cell. Number: 09388119734

Email Address: [email protected]

A. PERSONAL DATA

Nickname: Jel

Date of Birth: February 7, 2000

Place of Birth: Dagupan City, Pangasinan

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father: Jose Macaraeg

Mother: Josephine Macaraeg

Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic

B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SECONDARY LEVEL: Calasiao Comprehensive National

High School

Calasiao, Pangasinan

2017-2018

ELEMENTARY LEVEL: Ambuetel Elementary School

Calasiao, Pangasinan

2011-2012

Page 53 of 55
 JAN KIRVY B. DE GUZMAN

#200 Cacaritan, San Carlos City, Pangasinan

Cell. Number: 09466912456

Email Address: [email protected]

A. PERSONAL DATA
Nickname: Kirvy

Date of Birth: January 01, 2000

Place of Birth: San Carlos City, Pangasinan

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father: Bernard De Guzman

Mother: Rachel Ilalo De Guzman

B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SECONDARY LEVEL: Speaker Eugenio Perez National Agricultural

School

San Carlos City, Pangasinan

2017-2018

ELEMENTARY LEVEL: Central 1 Elementary School

San Carlos City, Pangasinan

2011-2012

Page 54 of 55
 ALYSSA N. BANDONG

#327 Ambuetel, Calasiao, Pangasinan

Cell. Number: 09064086459

Email Address: [email protected]

A. PERSONAL DATA

Nickname: Aly

Date of Birth: August 29, 2000

Place of Birth: Calasiao, Pangasinan

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father: Armando I. Bandong

Mother: Salud N. Bandong

B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SECONDARY LEVEL: Calasiao Comprehensive National High

School

Calasiao, Pangasinan

2017-2018

ELEMENTARY LEVEL: Ambuetel Elementary School

Calasiao, Pangasinan

2011-2012

Page 55 of 55