Chapter-I

Introduction

Any morning for many office-goers or even homebodies begins with a hot cup of
coffee in one hand and a newspaper in the other! For people hungry for news, it’s
a must to begin the day with fresh and latest news in print. But do you know the
actual story behind the latest news? It takes a team of professionals that go into
the depth of the story so that you can get fresh news when you unfold your
morning paper. Journalists have the job of reporting the news while a team of
editors and visualizes package the content in an appropriate manner for readers
and viewers.

Journalism refers to the news or feature stories (light, entertainment stories) that
are expressed either in a descriptive way or concise pattern through different
types of media. Journalist reports news, which can be used in print, on television,
aired on radio or even published on the Internet. The main purpose of a journalist
is to report news with accurate facts. However, throughout the years, there have
been different types of journalism developed that have given different dimensions
to the field of mass media

What is journalism?

Journalism is the timely reporting of events at the local, provincial, national and
international levels. Reporting involves the gathering of information through
interviewing and research, the results of which are turned into a fair and
balanced story for publication or for television or radio broadcast. Journalism is
not just
• Fact-finding
• Media analysis
• Opinion writing, or
• Commentary
Although all of those aspects can play a part at times.

Some definitions of Journalism

 The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of
managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers.

 Written material of current interest or wide popular appeal.

 The style of writing characteristic of material in newspapers and magazines,

consisting of direct presentation of facts or occurrences with little attempt at
analysis or interpretation
.
 Journalism is being and doing not theorizing.

 Journalism is the time and the guardian, the daily mirror and the sun.

 Journalism the occupation of conduction a news medium, including

publishing, editing, writing or broadcast.

Journalism is mainly defined as reporting news.

Although there is much variation within journalism, the ideal is to inform the
citizenry. Journalists are expected to research and report not only on events, but
also on issues and trends. "Watchdog journalism" helps to keep power in check.

Journalism also includes opinion and analysis. Besides covering powerful

organizations and institutions such as government and business, journalists also
cover cultural areas, such as sports, arts and entertainment. Features include
profiles of interesting and noteworthy people.

Although journalism mainly refers to reporting, the field also includes other jobs,
such as editors and visual journalists.

Johann Carolus's Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien,

published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. The
first successful English daily, the Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to
1735.

Since then News media have become the chief purveyors of information and
opinion about public affairs in modern society. But the role of and status of
journalism, along with other forms of mass media, are undergoing changes
resulting from the Internet.
Impact Of Journalism

Research attention has been given to the dependency relations between

journalists and the police, courts, and jails. The impact of journalism on public
perceptions of the criminal justice system, and on public attitudes toward specific
cases—including the attitudes of potential and actual jurors—has been another
frequent focus. The right of journalists to protect sources by not disclosing their
names has also come under scrutiny from time to time.

While journalism may be the media profession with the most legitimate claim to
exercise influence over the criminal justice system, it is by no means the only
way the media exercise such influence. Entertainment media have also been
studied and criticized for their influence over public perceptions of the people and
institutions that comprise the criminal justice system. A striking amount of
television programming has in one way or another (e.g., through comedy,
mystery, drama, biography, docudrama, and soap opera) been centered on
police, lawyers, judges, criminals, and victims of crime. The effects on public
attitudes and behavior that these portrayals may have brought about have
received considerable research attention. Media portrayals of violence, largely in
television but also in movies and—increasingly in the 1990s—recorded music,
have been studied in part for their potential to inspire real-life criminal behavior.
Exposure to violent media content has been argued in criminal defenses as a
mitigating factor in the guilt of defendants.

Since the early 1980s a television genre has emerged that is part journalism (in
that it purports to deal with reality and with important subjects) and in no small
part entertainment (in that it is dramatic, enhanced with music and special
effects, and often includes actors playing various roles). Shows such as Cops,
America's Most Wanted, and Unsolved Mysteries combine footage of actual
arrests, interviews with people involved in crimes, and other documentary
information with an assortment of dramatic elements to create a new sort of
quasi-journalism scorned by professional journalists but very popular. While not
yet the focus of much research attention, the emergence of such shows is
occasionally credited for a perceived decline in the quality of broadcast
journalism, which may have an indirect effect on the justice system.

The elements of journalism

According to The Elements of Journalism, a book by Bill Kovach and Tom

Rosenstiel, there are nine elements of journalism . In order for a journalist to fulfill
 their duty of providing the people with the information they need to be free and
self-governing. They must follow these guidelines:

1. Journalism's first obligation is to the truth.

2. Its first loyalty is to the citizens.

3. Its essence is discipline of verification.

4. Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover.

5. It must serve as an independent monitor of power.

6. It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise.

7. It must strive to make the significant interesting, and relevant.

8. It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional.

9. Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience.

In the April 2007 edition of the book , they have added one additional element,
the rights and responsibilities of citizens to make it a total of ten elements of
journalism.
History of Journalism In India

The Indian Journalism had its first beginning when James Augusts Hickey started
his “Bengal Gazette” on January 29, 1780 at Serampore near Calcutta. Hickey’s
venture was followed by a number of others in quick succession. The most
significant of these was the “John Bull in the East” in 1821, which was
subsequently changed into the “Englishman”.

 Most of the newspaper published in the country came into being after
independence. To be precise as many as 95.7% of the newspapers started
publication only after 1946.

At the end of the year 1991 RNI Office had 30, 214 newspapers on its record.
The newspapers are published in 16 principal languages of India. Gangta and
Muradari languages were taken on record for the first time during 1983. Kannadi
language in Kannadda script was also taken on record and the first Newspaper in
the script

Print Media And It’s History:

Print media is the industry associated with the printing and distribution of news
through newspapers and magazines. Indian print media is one of the largest
print media in the world. The history of it started in 1780, with the publication of
the Bengal Gazette from Calcutta.

James Augustus Hickey is considered as the "father of Indian press" as he

started the first Indian newspaper from Calcutta, the Calcutta General Advertise
or the Bengal Gazette in January, 1780. In 1789, the first newspaper from
Bombay, the Bombay Herald appeared, followed by the Bombay Courier next
year (this newspaper was later amalgamated with the Times of India in 1861).

The first newspaper in an Indian language was the Samachar Darpan in Bengali.
The first issue of this daily was published from the Serampore Mission Press on
May 23, 1818. In the same year, Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya started publishing
another newspaper in Bengali, the Bengal Gazetti. On July 1, 1822 the first
Gujarati newspaper the Bombay Samachar was published from Bombay, which
is still extant. The first Hindi newspaper, the Samachar Sudha Varshan began in
1854. Since then, the prominent Indian languages in which papers have grown
over the years are Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam,Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and
Bengali.

The Indian language papers have taken over the English press as per the latest
NRS survey of newspapers. The main reasons being the marketing strategy
followed by the regional papers, beginning with Eenadu, a telegu daily started by
Ramoji Rao. The second reason being the growing literacy rate. Increase in the
literacy rate has direct positive effect on the rise of circulation of the regional
papers.

The people are first educated in their mother tongue as per their state in which
they live for e.g. students in Maharashtra are compulsory taught Marathi
language and hence they are educated in their state language and the first thing
a literate person does is read papers and gain knowledge and hence higher the
literacy rate in a state the sales of the dominating regional paper in that state
rises.

The next reason being localisation of news. Indian regional papers have several
editions for a particular State for complete localisation of news for the reader to
connect with the paper. Malayala Manorama has about 10 editions in Kerala
itself and six others outside Kerala. Thus regional papers aim at providing
localised news for their readers. Even Advertisers saw the huge potential of the
regional paper market, partly due to their own research and more due to the
efforts of the regional papers to make the advertisers aware of the huge market.

Before partition, Lahore was the hub of print media and almost all the
newspapers of the United Punjab were being published from there. After the
holocast of partition, the press shifted to Jalandhar and started afresh with limited
means. In a very short span of period the press stood on its feet and has now
become very influential organ of public opinion.

Jalandhar City is the centre of print media. Many dailies and weeklies are
published in various languages. Some of them are fine manifestation of
journalism. The daily Ajit is a leading newspaper which has wider circulation and
readership especially in the rural areas. Hind Samachar Group publishes Jag
Bani in Punjabi, Punjab Kesari in Hindi and Hind Samachar in Urdu. These
newspapers are also read by a large number of people. Amar Ujala and Dainik
Jagran are published in Hindi. These two newspapers have included several
interesting sections thus arousing the curiosity of public. Akali Patrika, Aj-Di-
Awaj, Jantak Lehar are other dailies published in Punjabi. Milap in Hindi and
Urdu, Vir Partap in Hindi are also published from Jalandhar.

These newspapers have their news correspondents at the District, Sub- Division
headquarters and also in small towns to get latest news.

National newspapers like Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Tribune, Indian
Express have posted their reporters here for collecting all local news.

These newspapers are disseminating news and information to the people and
are a great source of media to educate the people in the method of performing
their civic duty. They are also playing a very positive role in strengthening the
bonds of communal harmony and adopt an attitude of restraint in projecting
views involving communal tension and disturbance.

NEWS
News is what is new; it’s what’s happening.  Look it up in the dictionary, and
you’ll find news described as “a report of recent events or previously unknown
information.”  But most of the things that happen in the world every day don’t find
their way into the newspaper or onto the air in a newscast.

a. Information about recent events or happenings, especially as reported by

newspapers, periodicals, radio, or television.

b. A presentation of such information, as in a newspaper or on a newscast.

First Newspaper:

Newspapers are typically expected to meet four

criteria:
 Publicity: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public.
 Periodicity: It is published at regular intervals.
 Currency: Its information is up to date.
 Universality: It covers a range of topics.

Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government
bulletins were circulated at times in some centralized empires.

In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were

made public by Julius Caesar. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in
public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated

among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries
AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the
Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk
and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the first reference to
privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty

The increased cross-border interaction in early capitalist Europe created a rising

need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. In 1556,
the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost
one gazetta. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey
political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently throughout Europe,
more specifically Italy, during the early modern era (1500-1700) — sharing some
characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.

However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper
newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and
restricted to a certain range of topics.

What is News

“What is news?” may seem obvious.  News is what is new; it’s what’s
happening.  Look it up in the dictionary, and you’ll find news described as “a
report of recent events or previously unknown information.”  But most of the
things that happen in the world every day don’t find their way into the newspaper
or onto the air in a newscast. So what makes a story newsworthy enough to be
published or broadcast?  The real answer is, it depends on a variety of
factors. Generally speaking, news is information that is of broad interest to the
intended audience, so what’s big news in Buenos Aires may not be news at all in
Baku. 
Journalists decide what news to cover based on many of the following “news
values”:

Timeliness

Did something happen recently or did we just learn about it?  If so, that
could make it newsworthy.  The meaning of “recently” varies depending on the
medium, of course.  For a weekly news magazine, anything that happened since
the previous edition the week before may be considered timely.  For a 24-hour
cable news channel, the timeliest news may be “breaking news,” or something
that is happening this very minute and can be covered by a reporter live at the
scene.

Impact

Are many people affected or just a few?  Contamination in the water system
that serves your town’s 20,000 people has impact because it affects your
audience directly.  A report that 10 children were killed from drinking polluted
water at a summer camp in a distant city has impact too, because the audience
is likely to have a strong emotional response to the story.  The fact that a worker
cut a utility line is not big news, unless it happens to cause a blackout across the
city that lasts for several hours.

Proximity

Did something happen close to home, or did it involve people from here?  A
plane crash in Chad will make headlines in N'Djamena, but it’s unlikely to be
front-page news in Chile unless the plane was carrying Chilean passengers.

Controversy

Are people in disagreement about this?  It’s human nature to be interested

in stories that involve conflict, tension, or public debate.  People like to take
sides, and see whose position will prevail.  Conflict doesn’t always entail pitting
one person’s views against another.  Stories about doctors battling disease or
citizens opposing an unjust law also involve conflict.
Prominence

Is a well-known person involved?  Ordinary activities or mishaps can

become news if they involve a prominent person like a prime minister or a film
star.  That plane crash in Chad would make headlines around the world if one of
the passengers were a famous rock musician.

Currency

Are people here talking about this?  A government meeting about bus safety
might not draw much attention, unless it happens to be scheduled soon after a
terrible bus accident.  An incident at a football match may be in the news for
several days because it’s the main topic of conversation in town.

Oddity

Is what happened unusual?  As the saying goes, “If a dog bites a man, that
is not news. But if a man bites a dog, it's news!”  The extraordinary and the
unexpected appeal to our natural human curiosity.

What makes news also depends on the makeup of the intended audience,
not just where they live but who they are.  Different groups of people have
different lifestyles and concerns, which make them interested in different types of
news.  A radio news program targeted at younger listeners might include stories
about music or sports stars that would not be featured in a business newspaper
aimed at older, wealthier readers.  A weekly magazine that covers medical news
would report on the testing of an experimental drug because the doctors who
read the publication presumably would be interested.  But unless the drug is
believed to cure a well-known disease, most general-interest local newspapers
would ignore the story.  The exception might be the newspaper in the community
where the research is being conducted.

News organizations see their work as a public service, so news is made up

of information that people need to know in order to go about their daily lives and
to be productive citizens in a democracy.  But most news organizations also are
businesses that have to make a profit to survive, so the news also includes items
that will draw an audience: stories people may want to know about just because
they’re interesting.  Those two characteristics need not be in conflict.  Some of
the best stories on any given day, in fact, are both important and interesting.  But
it’s fairly common for news organizations to divide stories into two basic
categories: hard news and soft news, also called features.

Different types of News

Hard news

This is how journalists refer to news of the day. It is a chronicle of current

events/incidents and is the most common news style on the front page of your
typical newspaper.

Hard news is the kind of fast-paced news that usually appears on the front page
of newspapers. Stories that fall under the umbrella of hard news often deal with
topics like business, politics and international news.

What defines hard news isn't always about subject matter. Some might call a
news story that's heavily reported, on a subject matter considered softer (like
entertainment), hard news because of the way it was approached.

Hard news is also a term most often used by journalists and others who work in
the media industry, though you will hear others outside the industry use it.

It starts with a summary lead. What happened? Where? When? To/by whom?
Why? (The journalist's 5 W's). It must be kept brief and simple, because the
purpose of the rest of the story will be to elaborate on this lead.

Keep the writing clean and uncluttered. Most important, give the readers the
information they need. If the federal government announced a new major youth
initiative yesterday, that's today's hard news.

e.g.: There are some hard news given below:-

Soft news

News that does not deal with serious topics or events.This is a term for all the
news that isn't time-sensitive. Soft news includes profiles of people, programs or
organizations. As we discussed earlier, the "lead" is more literary.

A soft news story tries instead to entertain or advise the reader. You may have
come across newspaper or TV stories that promise "news you can use."
Examples might be tips on how to stretch properly before exercising, or what to
look for when buying a new computer.

Some Soft news examples are given below:-

Feature

A news feature takes one step back from the headlines. It explores an issue.
News features are less time-sensitive than hard news but no less newsworthy.
They can be an effective way to write about complex issues too large for the
terse style of a hard news item. Street kids are a perfect example. The stories of
their individual lives are full of complexities which can be reflected in a longer
piece.

Features are journalism's shopping center. They're full of interesting people,

ideas, color, lights, action and energy. Storytelling at its height! A good feature is
about the people in your community and their struggles, victories and defeats. A
feature takes a certain angle (i.e. Black youth returning to church) and explores it
by interviewing the people involved and drawing conclusions from that
information. The writer takes an important issue of the day and explains it to the
reader through comments from people involved in the story.
Editorial

The editorial expresses an opinion. The editorial page of the newspaper lets the
writer comment on issues in the news. All editorials are personal but the topics
must still be relevant to the reader.
 Structure for News

The structure of a news story (hard & soft news & features) is simple: a lead and
the body.

The lead

One of the most important elements of news writing is the opening paragraph or
two of the story. Journalists refer to this as the "lead," and its function is to
summarize the story and/or to draw the reader in (depending on whether it is a
"hard" or "soft" news story - See below for the difference between these two
genres of news stories).

In a hard news story, the lead should be a full summary of what is to follow. It
should incorporate as many of the 5 "W's" of journalism (who, what, where, when
and why) as possible. (e.g. "Homeless youth marched down Yonge St. in
downtown Toronto Wednesday afternoon demanding the municipal government
provides emergency shelter during the winter months." - Can you identify the 5
W's in this lead?)

In a soft news story, the lead should present the subject of the story by allusion.
This type of opening is somewhat literary. Like a novelist, the role of the writer is
to grab the attention of the reader. (e.g. "Until four years ago, Jason W. slept in
alleyways...") Once the reader is drawn in, the 5 "W's" should be incorporated
into the body of the story, but not necessarily at the very top.

The body

The body of the story involves combining the opinions of the people you
interview, some factual data, and a narrative which helps the story flow. A word
of caution, however. In this style of writing, you are not allowed to "editorialize"
(state your own opinion) in any way.

Further tips for news writing

Finding story ideas

 Keep your eyes and ears open; listen to what your friends are talking
about.

 Read everything you can get your hands on; get story ideas from other
newspapers and magazines.
 Think of a youth angle to a current news story.
 Research a subject that interests you ask yourself what you would like to
know more about.
 Talk to people in a specific field to find out what is important to them.

Newsgathering

 Begin collecting articles on your subject.

 Talk to friends and associates about the subject.

 Contact any agencies or associations with interest or professional
knowledge in the area.
 Create a list of people you want to interview; cover both sides of the story
by interviewing people on both sides of the issue.
 Collect government statistics and reports on the subject get old press
releases or reports to use as background.

Interviewing do's and don'ts

 Be polite.

 Explain the ground rules of the interview to people unfamiliar with how the
media works - this means that you tell them the information they give you can
and will be published. If they do not want any part of what they say published,
they need to tell you it is "off the record."
 Tape the interview (so if anyone comes back at you, you have the proof of
what was said).
 Build a relationship with the person being interviewed.
 Start with easy questions; end with difficult questions.
 Read the body language of the person you're interviewing and if they get
defensive, back away from the question you are asking and return later.
 Don't attack the source.
 Keep control of the interview; don't let the subject ramble or stray from the
subject.
 On the other hand, don't let your "opinion" of what the story should be
colour the interview. Always remember that the person you are talking with
knows more about the subject than you do.
 Organizing the information

 Gather your notes, interviews and research into a file.

 Review your notes.

 Look for a common theme.
 Search your notes for good quotes or interesting facts.
 Develop a focus.
 Write the focus of the article down in two or three sentences.

Writing and editing

 Remember you are the narrator, the story teller.

 Don't be afraid to rewrite.

 Be as clear and concise in the writing as possible.
 Avoid run-on sentences.
 Be direct.
 Tell a good story.
 Tell the reader what you think they want to know.
 Always ask yourself what the story is about.
 Read the story out loud; listen carefully.

News Style

News style (also journalistic style or news writing) is the particular prose style
used for news reporting (i.e. in newspapers) as well as in news items that air on
radio and television. News style encompasses not only vocabulary and sentence
structure, but also the way in which stories present the information in terms of
relative importance, tone, and intended audience.

News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular
event in the first two or three paragraphs, the Five Ws. This form of structure is
sometimes called the "inverted pyramid," to refer to decreased importance of
information as it progresses.

News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics:
proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.

Headline (or hed)

 A headline is text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the
article below it.

It is sometimes termed a news hed, a deliberate misspelling that dates from

production flow during hot type days, to notify the composing room that a written
note from an editor concerned a headline and should not be set in type.
Headlines are written in much larger type size than the article text, and often in a
different font entirely

Subhead (or dek)

A phrase, sentence or several sentences near the title of an article or story.

Lead or intro

This is your first and most important sentence. It should tell the reader what the
whole article is about. You should include as many of the 5 W's and H as you can
(who, what, when, where, why, and how). It should be around 30 words.

The Body

The facts of the story go in the paragraphs that follow your lead. The following
are some tips and suggestions to help you write your news stories.

 Stay objective. No opinion or commentary should be included, unless it is

quoted or attributed to someone.

 Put the most important information first. Don't work up to your good info,
use it right away. The least important/interesting facts should be towards the end.
 When quoting or using information from an individual, make sure to give
proper credit (e.g. Jane Smith said, "....").
 Collect more information than you need.
 Keep to the third person. Never use I's, we's, or you's unless they are in a
quote.
 News writing uses short sentences and paragraphs. Each paragraph should be
no longer than three sentences.
 There is no conclusion in a news story, your last paragraph will be the least
important facts.
The Art Of Writing News

News writing is a key skill for journalists, but it helps with other types of writing as
well. That’s because news writing is about telling a story quickly and concisely.
Anyone can learn to do this, with a bit of help. Here’s how you can write the news
and get your story across. The technique also works well for writing press
releases.

News Writing Structure

News writing has its own structure. It’s called the inverted pyramid. This upside
down triangle serves as a guide for how you include information in the story.
Using the inverted pyramid means starting with the most important information,
then putting the next most important info and so on. It can also serve as a guide
for writing each paragraph in the story. Start with the most important point, then
the next most important and so on.

The inverted pyramid has an interesting history. Before digital printing and
desktop publishing, news was laid out manually. If a late breaking story came in
and the editor needed to make room, then the editor would order another story to
be cut. Having the most important information at the top meant that readers
always got the essential parts of the story.

Writing the Facts

Another way to think of the inverted pyramid is that you start with the facts and
then add the background. So, how do you know what background to add? It’s
easy. You can use the 5Ws. Strictly speaking, there aren’t six Ws, there are
actually 5Ws and 1H, but the formula seems to work. That mnemonic reminds us
to include the who, where, what, why, when and how of a story.

Why is this? Think about how you tell a story to your friends. You might say:
‘You’ll never believe WHO I just saw!’ Then you might go on to tell the story of
where the person was, what they were doing, and why it’s scandalous. We all
want to hear about people – and that’s what news is about? Look at any news
story and you will see that all of this information is in the first two paragraphs.
Anything after that is background to the story.
Inverted Pyramid

The inverted pyramid is a metaphor used to illustrate how information should be

arranged or presented within a text, in particular within a news story.

The "pyramid" can also be drawn as a triangle. The triangle's broad base at the
top of the figure represents the most substantial, interesting, and important
information the writer means to convey. The triangle's orientation is meant to
illustrate that this kind of material should head the article, while the tapered lower
portion illustrates that other material should follow in order of diminishing
importance.

The format is valued because readers can leave the story at any point and
understand it, even if they don't have all the details. It also allows less important
information to be more easily removed by editors so the article can fit a fixed
size.

Other newswriting styles are also used, including the "anecdotal lead," which
begins the story with an eye-catching tale rather than the central facts.

IMPORTANCE OF
NEWS

The news, plays a

vital role in human
affairs, the
importance of news
has been increased
greatly by the
spread of
education.
Education sharpens
one's curiosity
about events in
distant lands.

The news should, however, be believed with caution, for its capacity to do harm
is great. Most people believe everything that is reported by the news agencies.
As a result, the news exerts a profound influence on the audience. Therefore,
when some news is reported wrongly either by mistake or design, it may cause a
lot of harm. One the other hand, if the policy of the news agency is to promote
the welfare of the people, it could do a lot of good. For example, it could exercise
its influence to persuade the government of a country to do many things for the
benefit of the people. In a country like Malaysia, where there are many races of
people, the newspaper could also use its influence to promote good-will and
harmony among the people.

News surrounds us and as such news literacy is an essential life skill for
everyone. To paraphrase Thomas Jefferson: Knowledge of current issues is
essential to informed citizenship in a democracy.  We are concerned about the
effects of media messages on children and others. Modern participatory culture
makes every citizen a potential creator of news in social media, blogs, email and
the web. We believe a literate citizen understands the  purposes, processes and
economics of news.

Therefore, it is time for American education to include the acquisition of 21st-

century, critical-thinking skills for analyzing and judging the reliability of news,
differentiating among facts, opinions and assertions in the media we create and
distribute. News literacy standards can be research based in multiple content
areas. It can be taught most effectively in cross-curricular, inquiry-based formats
at all grade levels. It is a necessary component for literacy in contemporary
society.

News values
 
News values, sometimes called "news criteria," determine how much prominence
a news story is given by a media outlet, and the attention it is given by the
audience. A. Boyd  states that: “News journalism has a broadly agreed set of
values, often referred to as ‘newsworthiness…”. News values are not universal
and can vary widely between different cultures. In Western practice, decisions on
the selection and prioritization of news are made by editors on the basis of their
experience and intuition, although analysis by J. Galtung and M. Ruge showed
that several factors are consistently applied across a range of news
organizations. Some of these factors are listed below, together with others put
forward by Schlesinger and Bell. According to Ryan, "there is no end to lists of
news criteria" (p. 31). Among the many lists of news values that have been
drawn up by scholars and journalists, some, like Galtung and Ruge's, attempt to
describe news practices across cultures, while others have become remarkably
specific to the press of certain (often Western) nations.
A variety of external and internal pressures influence journalists' decisions on
which stories are covered, how issues are interpreted and the emphasis given to
them. These pressures can sometimes lead to bias or unethical reporting.
Achieving relevance, giving audiences the news they want and find interesting, is
an increasingly important goal for media outlets seeking to maintain market share
in a rapidly evolving market. This has made news organizations more open to
audience input and feedback, and forced them to adopt and apply news values
which will attract and keep audiences. The growth of interactive media and
citizen journalism is fast altering the traditional distinction between news
producer and passive audience and may in future lead to a deep-ploughing
redefinition of what 'news' means and the role of the news industry.
 
Conditions for News
 
 Frequency: Events which occur suddenly and fit well with the news
organization's schedule are more likely to be reported than those which occur
gradually or at inconvenient times of day or night. Long-term trends are not likely
to receive much coverage.

 Negativity: Bad news is more newsworthy than good news.

 Unexpectedness: If an event is out of the ordinary it will have a greater

effect than something which is an everyday occurrence.

 Unambiguity: Events whose implications are clear make for better copy
than those which are open to more than one interpretation, or where any
understanding of the implications depends on first understanding the complex
background in which the events take place.

 Personalization: Events which can be portrayed as the actions of

individuals will be more attractive than one in which there is no such "human
interest."

 Meaningfulness: This relates to the sense of identification the audience

has with the topic. "Cultural proximity" is a factor here -- stories concerned with
people who speak the same language, look the same, and share the
preoccupations as the audience receive more coverage than those concerned
with people who speak different languages, look different and have different
preoccupations.
 Reference to elite nations: Stories concerned with global powers receive
more attention than those concerned with less influential nations.

 Reference to elite persons: Stories concerned with the rich, powerful,

famous and infamous get more coverage.

 Conflict: Opposition of people or forces resulting in a dramatic effect.

Stories with conflict are often quite newsworthy.

 Consonance: Stories which fit with the media's expectations receive more
coverage than those which defy them (and for which they are thus unprepared).
Note this appears to conflict with unexpectedness above. However, consonance
really refers to the media's readiness to report an item.

 Continuity: A story which is already in the news gathers a kind of inertia.

This is partly because the media organizations are already in place to report the
story, and partly because previous reportage may have made the story more
accessible to the public (making it less ambiguous).

 Composition: Stories must compete with one another for space in the
media. For instance, editors may seek to provide a balance of different types of
coverage, so that if there is an excess of foreign news for instance, the least
important foreign story may have to make way for an item concerned with the
domestic news. In this way the prominence given to a story depends not only on
its own news values but also on those of competing stories. (Galtung and Ruge,
1965)

 Competition: Commercial or professional competition between media

may lead journalists to endorse the news value given to a story by a rival.

 Co-optation: A story that is only marginally newsworthy in its own right

may be covered if it is related to a major running story.
 Prefabrication: A story which is marginal in news terms but written and
available may be selected ahead of a much more newsworthy story which has to
be researched and written from the ground up.

 Predictability: An event is more likely to be covered if it has been pre-

scheduled. (Bell, 1991)

 Time constraints: Traditional news media such as radio, television and

daily newspapers have strict deadlines and a short production cycle which select
for items that can be researched and covered quickly.

 Logistics: Although eased by the availability of global communications

even from remote regions, the ability to deploy and control production and
reporting staff, and functionality of technical resources can determine whether a
story is covered.

 External pressures

Many of these observed conditions for news can be explained as products of the
way the news operation works. e.g. budgetary or staffing constraints, or the
suitability of the story for a particular production format; others by the way news
judgments are shaped by the cultural background of the journalist, the collective
norms of the organization and management policy directives.
Journalists may also be influenced by external pressures from the government or
Establishment, manipulation by spin doctors, and, recently, a need to retain
audience share in an increasingly fragmented and competitive market. Even the
way audiences, journalists and pressure groups use language can determine
how stories are written and interpreted, and the value they carry for both
audience and news producer.
However, models of news evaluation based on these factors alone are
incomplete; they explain how the news process works, not why it works. For
instance, several of Galtung and Ruge’s factors leave questions unanswered:

 Why is bad news stronger than good news?

 Why is the unexpected newsworthy?

 Why should scale influence an event’s newsworthiness?

 Why is there a fascination for elite groups and people the audience may
never meet?

 Why is human interest important in news?

Audience perceptions of news

Conventional models concentrate on what the journalist perceives as news. But

the news process is a two-way transaction, involving both news producer (the
journalist) and the news receiver (the audience), although the boundary between
the two is rapidly blurring with the growth of citizen journalism and interactive
media.
Little has been done to define equivalent factors which determine audience
perception of news. This is largely because it would appear impossible to define
a common factor, or factors, that generate interest in a mass audience.
Basing his judgement on many years as a newspaper journalist Hetherington
(1985) states that: “…anything which threatens people’s peace, prosperity and
well being is news and likely to make headlines”.
Venables (2005) suggests audiences may interpret news as a risk signal.
Psychologists and primatologists have shown that apes and humans constantly
monitor the environment for information that may signal the possibility of physical
danger or threat to the individual’s social position. This receptiveness to risk
signals is a powerful and virtually universal survival mechanism.
A 'risk signal' is characterized by two factors, an element of change (or
uncertainty) and the relevance of that change to the security of the individual.
The same two conditions are observed to be characteristic of news. The news
value of a story, if defined in terms of the interest it carries for an audience, is
determined by the degree of change it contains and the relevance that change
has for the individual or group. Analysis shows that journalists and publicists
manipulate both the element of change and relevance (‘security concern’) to
maximize, or some cases play down, the strength of a story.
Security concern is proportional to the relevance of the story for the individual,
his or her family, social group and societal group, in declining order. At some
point there is a Boundary of Relevance, beyond which the change is no longer
perceived to be relevant, or newsworthy. This boundary may be manipulated by
journalists, power elites and communicators seeking to encourage audiences to
exclude, or embrace, certain groups: for instance, to distance a home audience
from the enemy in time of war, or conversely, to highlight the plight of a distant
culture so as to encourage support for aid programs.

 Defining news values

The practical constraints of the newsgathering process, the collective norms of

the newsroom and manipulation by external pressure groups all affect the news
value given to an event by the journalist and the way it is reported. The news
value given to the story by the audience, its impact or interest, is determined by
the degree of change it contains and the relevance of that change to the physical
and social security of the individual or group. Major change, coupled with high
relevance, gives the story a correspondingly high news value; little, or slow,
change, together with low relevance, indicate low news value.
Some commentators (Harcup & O’Neill,) argue that as many stories are
apparently manufactured, Galtung and Ruge’s list of news values should be open
to question. The dominance of celebrity and social news, the blurring of the
boundary between news and reality shows and other popular culture, and the
advent of citizen journalism may suggest that the nature of ‘news’ and news
values are evolving and that traditional models of the news process are now only
partially relevant.
 Chapter-II

Crime Journalism

What Is Crime:

A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing

norms  – cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally.
This approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime
and seeks to understand how changing social, political, psychological, and
economic conditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the
legal, law-enforcement, and penal responses made by society.

These structural realities remain fluid and often contentious. For example: as
cultures change and the political environment shifts, societies may criminalise or
decriminalise certain behaviours, which will directly affect the statistical crime
rates, influence the allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and
(re-)influence the general public opinion.

Similarly, changes in the collection and/or calculation of data on crime may affect
the public perceptions of the extent of any given "crime problem". All such
adjustments to crime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their
everyday lives, shape attitudes on the extent to which the State should use law
or social engineering to enforce/encourage any particular social norm. One can
control/influence behaviour in many ways without having to resort to the criminal
justice system.

Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the
drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behaviour of another
group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second group's
freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or
laws in general — whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or
not.

Legislatures can pass laws (called mala prohibita) that define crimes which
violate social norms. These laws vary from time to time and from place to place:
note variations in gambling laws, for example, and the prohibition or
encouragement of duelling in history. Other crimes, called mala in se, count as
outlawed in almost all societies, (murder, theft and rape, for example).

Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via
mechanisms such as legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction.
Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently. While
every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for
example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as "offences" or as
"infractions".

When informal relationships and sanctions prove insufficient to establish and

maintain a desired social order, a government or a sovereign state may impose
more formalized or stricter systems of social control. With institutional and legal
machinery at their disposal, agents of the State can compel populations to
conform to codes, and can opt to punish or to attempt to reform those who do not
conform.

Authorities employ various mechanisms to regulate (encouraging or

discouraging) certain behaviors in general. Governing or administering agencies
may for example codify rules into laws, police citizens and visitors to ensure that
they comply with those laws, and implement other policies and practices
designed[by whom?] to prevent crime. In addition, authorities provide remedies and
sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system. Legal
sanctions vary widely in their severity, they may include (for example)
incarceration of temporary character aimed at reforming the convict. Some
jurisdictions have penal codes written to inflict permanent harsh punishments:
legal mutilation, capital punishment or life without parole.

The label of "crime" and the accompanying social stigma normally confine their
scope to those activities seen as injurious to the general population or to the
State, including some that cause serious loss or damage to individuals. Those
who apply the labels of "crime" or "criminal" intend to assert the hegemony of a
dominant population, or to reflect a consensus of condemnation for the identified
behavior and to justify any punishments prescribed by the State (in the event that
standard processing tries and convicts an accused person of a crime).

Often a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit
crimes.

Crime Journalism:

Crime reporting has acquired a very respectable place in the field of Journalism.
It is the most difficult task of Journalism to report on Crime. At the end of the
twentieth century, crime occupies a central pace in popular culture, policy,
politics, news and morality. It is the trope about which much of everyday life is
lived in either reality or representation. It symbolises good and evil, normal and
deviant, moral and immoral, saint and witch, insider and outsider, self and other.
In academic terms, the initial project of any research should be to define the
terms of the investigation. Yet crime eludes definition Young takes particular
issues with the paucity of definition offered by criminologist such as Downes and
Rock who defined crime as 'the breaking of legal rules' and deviance as 'the
breaking of any rules'

Only in the twentieth century did journalism attain the status of a profession, with
professional schools, organizations, honors, norms, and the means of disciplining
transgressors. Early conceptions of the journalist as an objective conduit of facts
about the world have given way to more complex models of journalism in which
the role of institutional imperatives and individual biases are recognized as highly
influential, if not decisive, factors shaping the content of news (Bennett;
McManus; Winch).

Various elements of the criminal justice system are among those most likely to
influence journalism. Public interest in crime news is generally high, so there is a
commercial incentive for newspapers and broadcasters to provide such
information. Crimes are usually good stories; they can be told as morality plays,
dramatic confrontations, and human-interest stories even when their value as
hard news is not high. Demand for crime news produces close relationships
between police, judicial officers, and reporters. The information resources
controlled by police, such as the identity of suspects, the status of cases, and the
evidence assembled, are highly prized by reporters. Attorneys and (less
frequently) judges may offer valuable information about ongoing (and even long-
past) trials. Reporters do their best to cultivate close and reliable relations with
the police, the courts, and the prosecuting attorneys on their beats. If a reporter
is not on good terms with these people, he or she risks losing information
necessary to tell a coherent or interesting story. A reporter may not be alerted to
new discoveries of evidence, new legal strategies, or impending changes in the
dates and times of public hearings. Often there is no source of this information
other than the police, courts, and prosecutors.

Reporters control resources of their own, prized by the criminal justice system.
The threat of adverse publicity can be potent, especially for elected officers of the
court and (in some jurisdictions) police chiefs or sheriffs. Truly virulent public
attacks on the police or the judiciary are rare, however, since the relationship
between journalists and these institutions is ongoing and valuable; no newspaper
or broadcast outlet can afford to burn such bridges. Apart from publicity,
journalists can enhance the overall legitimacy of the justice system by covering
its activities. Public confidence that the police are behaving appropriately or that
the judicial system "works" can be maintained simply through routine coverage of
crime. Stories that challenge that confidence may be presented as aberrations
from an otherwise upbeat routine.

Pritchard and Hughes demonstrate the practical result of these dependency

relations. They studied the newspaper coverage of a year's worth of homicides in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with attention to the factors that determine whether a
murder will merit coverage or not. They found that "reporters tended to take cues
for evaluations of newsworthiness from race, gender, and age" (p. 52),
information about both victims and suspects usually available from official
sources. Deadline pressure seems to encourage reporters and editors to use
such attributes to calculate the extent and nature of "deviance" the murder
involves. While conventional wisdom describes newsworthiness in terms of
"statistical deviance" (i.e., departure from the usual, as in "man bites dog"),
Pritchard and Hughes show that "status deviance" (i.e., the death or suspect-
status of high status citizens) and cultural deviance (i.e., murder of the
"especially vulnerable," such as women, children, and the aged) explains the
decision to cover or ignore a homicide.

Pritchard had earlier (1986) demonstrated that coverage of homicides in

Milwaukee was a strong predictor of whether or not the prosecuting attorney
would plea-bargain the case. Murders that received more coverage in the
newspapers were less likely to be bargained than low-publicity crimes. Pritchard
notes that this finding is consistent with earlier research (A Schuler; Jones)
regarding the decision-making of prosecutors that indicated that political
considerations (e.g., fear of being seen as "soft on crime") exercised strong
influence on prosecutors' decisions. Further, Pritchard, Dills, and Berkowitz
demonstrated that prosecution of pornography offenses in Indiana in the mid-
1980s was influenced by the relative priority of pornography on the agendas of
citizens and of the local newspapers.

The cumulative impact of Pritchard and others' work is to illustrate that reporters
and editors are most likely to report crimes based on certain attributes of the
victims and suspects, and that prosecutors monitor press coverage and choose
which crimes to prosecute aggressively based in part on the level of press
attention the crime has received. Since the criteria of reporters tend toward
coverage of white victims and victims who are either female, very young, or very
old (or some combination of those attributes), the least likely crime to be covered
is one in which the victim is a black adult male. Thus the least likely crime to be
aggressively prosecuted is one committed against a black adult male.

Defendants and defense attorneys are less likely to benefit from these relations
of dependency. A guilty criminal defendant has no interest in sharing details of a
crime, of course, and innocent defendants have no details to offer. Even if
defendants do have valuable information, they are unlikely to have valuable
information on a regular basis for years to come, the way police and judicial
officers do. Defense attorneys are a bit more likely to be valuable sources in the
future, but not nearly as likely as prosecutors. There is much more crime in the
world than there is coverage of it, so most defense attorneys most times will not
be defending newsworthy clients. But all newsworthy prosecutions are performed
by a handful of offices, from city attorneys to federal prosecutors. Given a choice
between developing close, mutually rewarding relationships with defendants or
prosecutors, a working reporter knows where his or her professional future is
most safely insured. Robert Shapiro, a prominent defense attorney (and member
of O.J. Simpson's "Dream Team") noted that "[t]he defense lawyer who has
never dealt with the press, or has no pre-existing relationship with a particular
reporter, is at a severe disadvantage. In order to overcome this, the lawyer must
cultivate a line of communication with the reporter so the client's point of view can
be expressed in the most favorable way".

One effect of crime coverage on the judicial process that has received
considerable research attention is the influence of pretrial publicity on jurors.
Partly due to the pattern of dependency relations described above, it has been
noted that most coverage of crime is detrimental to the defendant, including the
publication of information inadmissible at trial (Imrich, Mullin, and Linz; Dixon and
Linz). Does this bad publicity produce predispositions in jurors one way or the
other? A variety of experimental and quasi-experimental research studies have
demonstrated consistent support for the hypothesis that at least mild ant
defendant bias can be the result of exposure to pretrial publicity (Constantine and
King; Dexter, Cutler, and Moran; Greene and Wade; Kramer, Kerr, and Carroll;
Kerr, Kramer, Carroll, and Alfini; Moran and Cutler; Ogloff and Vidmar; Otto,
Penrod, and Dexter). Judicial remedies such as voir dire, judges' instructions,
and continuances are not guaranteed to overcome these effects (Kramer et al.;
Carroll et al.; Vidmar and Melnitzer; Dexter et al.; Kerr et al.). Bruschke and
Loges, however, found that the conviction rate for federal murder defendants
whose cases received no discernible print coverage did not differ significantly
from the conviction rate of defendants whose cases received high amounts of
print coverage. In fact, Bruschke and Loges found that the highest conviction rate
was observed among those who had between one and five stories written about
their case. Once convicted, however, defendants with the most publicity received
substantially longer prison sentences than those with little or no publicity.
The effect of pretrial (and during-trial) publicity on public opinion and jury bias
can lead to policies such as gag rules (prohibiting trial participants from publicly
discussing the case), restriction of court access to the press—particularly TV
cameras—and changes of venue. Salwen and Driscoll point out that support for
media regulation may spring from a "third-person effect" in which a person
believes that others are prone to media influence while he or she is much less
prone to the same effect. Studying public opinion regarding conflicting evidence
and arguments during the murder trial of O.J. Simpson, Salwen and Driscoll
found that there is a significant tendency for survey respondents to estimate
higher media influence for others than for themselves, but that this belief is not
strongly associated with calls for regulation of the press, particularly among well-
educated respondents. While education in general may reduce one's willingness
to endorse media regulation, it is not clear whether judges subject to the third-
person effect might be more willing to impose restrictions given their unique role
in the judicial process, despite their high levels of education. McLeod, Eveland,
and Nathanson (1997) found that support for censorship of rap lyrics thought to
incite misogyny and violence was associated with a third-person effect, although
their college-student sample made it impossible to control for education.

Another approach to the study of news content and its effect on public opinion is
framing. "Framing essentially involves selection and salience. To frame is to
select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a
communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition,
causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the
item described" (Entman, 1993, , emphases in original). Research into the
methods journalists use to reconstruct reality into "the news" has focused on the
use of framing devices to turn events into coherent stories (Kahneman and
Tversky; Graber; Sniderman, Brody, and Tetlock). Entman (1994) has argued
that by showing visual images of black suspects and defendants in the grasp of
white police officers, television news frames blacks as both more dangerous and
under more direct physical control than whites (who are less likely to be shown in
the physical grasp of an officer—especially a nonwhite officer). Dixon (1998)
finds that black suspects are disproportionately shown on the news (compared to
their proportion of arrested suspects in crime reports). The concept of framing
suggests that such patterns of representation increase the salience of
connections between blacks and crime in general, and thus perpetuate
stereotypes of both black criminality and white authority.

Definitions of Crime Journalism:-

Acc. To Webster dictionary, coverage of the events that are against law &
order of any territory that affects the welfare of society is known as
reporting of crime…
 Acc. To Britannica, any event covered by corresponds that shows theft,
murder or any ill-will coverage of the society is known as Crime
journalism.

Crime journalism is quit different from yellow journalism or the Check-book

journalism however, the reporter can create sensationalism by crime reporting
then it can become a sort of yellow journalism but even then that reporting will
come under the crime journalism because it provides information to the masse
related the ill-will happening of the societies. That might be harmful for the
human welfare…

There are some examples of crime news:

* Maoists release kidnapped teacher

Tue, Mar 9

Kolkata, March 9 -- Ranjit Duley, the headmaster of a school in Maoist-

dominated Bankura district abducted by People's Militia on Friday, was handed
over to the media at 1 am on Tuesday. The release of the hostage took place
deep inside a forest as in the case of Atindranath Datta, officer-in-charge of
Sankrail police station on October 22, 2009. A pale Duley appeared unharmed.
He was taken to the Lalgarh police station by reporters of a Bengali television
channel. The headmaster was released after his son Raunak criticized the
operations by the combined forces on Monday and appealed for the release of
the 'innocent villagers' arrested by the police. Sidhu Soren, leader of Sidho Kanu
People's Militia (extension of the Maoist-backed People's Committee Against
Police Atrocities), along with two Maoist commandoes brought Duley in front of
the reporters. But unlike Kishenji, who released Datta last October, Soren and his
two associates had their faces uncovered. "I wasn't tortured. Neither did they
misbehave with me," said Duley after his release. But Duley refused to accept
that he was a police informer, the reason offered by the Soren for abducting him.
After abducting him, Soren wanted the government to release six undertrials,
held by the police on grounds of being Maoists, within 48 hours. He threatened
Duley would be tried in a people's court if the government didn't meet their
demands. But Bankura district leaders of ruling Communist Party of India
(Marxist) had put pressure on the government not to succumb to the militia
demand.
Duley's elder brother Ramkrishna Duley was killed by Maoists on August 15,
2009.

______________________________________________________________________

* High-flying gang grounded

Tue, Mar 9

New Delhi, March 9 -- Two stolen motorcycles, an occasional dash of red chilly
powder and plane tickets is all they needed to take Delhi's runaway crime to
Ahmedabad. On Monday, the anti extortion cell of Delhi police's crime branch
apprehended Kishan (23) and his accomplices Mukesh (24) and Amit Kumar
(24). "They have confessed to their involvement in more than 40 cha

in snatchings in northwest, outer and west Delhi as well as in Ahmedabad,

Gujarat," said Sanjay Tyagi, additional commissioner of police, crime. Police said
the trio had travelled to Ahmedabad in quick succession, in August and
December 2009), to indulge in chain snatchings last year. "Once in the city, they
committed a series of snatchings with the help of their local accomplices
Joginder, returning to Delhi only after lavishly spending the Rs 2 lakh that they
made there." According to police, the trio used to go Ahmedabad by train and
return by flight. "Joginder used to provide them with fast motorcycles and arrange
for their accommodation." Police said the gang was not only adept at what they
did but also well prepared for all eventualities. "All three of them are experts in
riding motorcycles. To evade getting caught by onlookers after they had
snatched a chain, the pillion rider would throw chilly powder if they chased them,"
said the officer.

But on Sunday their luck ran out. A team led by ACP Jasvir Malik and under the
supervision of Insp. Suresh Kumar among others arrested them from near Rohini
Sector 24.
________________________________________________________________

* Woman held for murdering senior

citizen

Wed, Mar 10

New Delhi, March 9 -- The police have arrested a young woman who, along with
her husband, allegedly murdered a senior citizen in an effort to earn quick money
to pay off their debts. The police said initially the plan was to rob the victim,
Manjeet Kaur, but when she tried to call for help they killed her.

The police have arrested 24-year-old Hema Aggarwal and are looking for her
husband Gopal, who is still absconding. The police said the incident happened at
Multani Mohalla in Rani Bagh on February 23.

The victim ran a marriage bureau. "Hema was arrested from Budh Vihar on
Monday.

She knew the victim and was in touch with her for sometime. They were under
heavy debt and thought that they will be able to steal jewellery and cash from
Kaur's house," Deputy Commissioner of Police (Northwest) N.S. Bundela.

The police said that the senior citizen was staying alone and the accused tried to
take advantage of it. The police said that most of the ornaments they took from
the house of the victim were useless as they later found that they were artificial
jewellery.

The police said the accused had known the Kaur for a long time. "The accused
used to call her on the pretext of getting her brother-in-law married," added
Bundela.
The police said that Hema and her husband went to Kaur's residence to meet her
on the pretext of the marriage of her brother-in-law. "Kaur started shouting when
they overpowered her to commit robbery.

They then slit her wrist and neck with a kitchen knife after which she bled to
death," added Bundela. The police said that they fled with cash and jewellery.

________________________________________________________________
Role of Print Media Positive Or Negative In Relation To Crime:

Truthfully, Print media plays a very important role in order of crimes. It can
increase the ratio of crimes in particular area. And it can decrease the ratio of
crimes in an area. It is important to know that how media picture crimes. If media
is representing crimes as a bad act then in this case, the media is playing a
positive role. But if it is picturing crime as the act of bravery then in this case
media is certainly playing a very negative role. Another important thing to be
mentioned here is the role of present media about crimes.

Usually Print media show the criminal act and report them in a negative way. It is
just for the personal interests of media personnel. And that is the worst thing
which is related to media. There is another important thing. That if media is giving
some news related to crime with fascination, and then in this case the crime ratio
of that specific crime will increase. For example, if in movies or in newspapers
the news about suicide is reported so frequently then in this case the ratio of
suicide will increase. That's why, media plays a very important role in relation to
the crimes.

Media and crime stories:

The relationship between the criminal justice system and the media system has
been the subject of research, speculation, and commentary throughout the
twentieth century. This relationship may be understood in terms of dependency
relations operative between these massive systems (Ball-Rokeach and De
Fleur). Put most simply, neither the media nor the criminal justice system could
operate effectively without the other. The criminal justice system is a resource for
the media system in that it affords one of the common sources of news and
entertainment stories. The classical surrogate scout role of the media, whereby
they monitor the environment for actual and potential threats to individual and
collective welfare, affords a powerful way for the media to attract their audiences.
People must constantly update their understanding and ability to orient
themselves to the environments in which they act.

Media crime stories, whether the news or entertainment genre, instruct and
update these understandings. Commercial media organizations translate this
relationship with their audience into the profit that flows from advertisers. The
media system's capacities to reach vast audiences of citizens and policymakers
also positions it as an essential resource for the criminal justice system and all of
its attendant judicial and law enforcement organizations. For the criminal justice
system to operate effectively, it must have the authority that derives from
people's willingness to grant it legitimacy, and media storytelling can profoundly
affect this process. Allocation of scarce resources to the criminal justice system
also depends upon success in the struggle to get "its" story positively framed and
widely disseminated to media audiences. These macro dependency relations
serve as context for examinations of specific aspects of media, criminal justice,
public, and decision-maker relations.

Impact of Crime journalism:

Research attention has been given to the dependency relations between Crime
journalists and the police, courts, and jails. The impact of Crime journalism on
public perceptions of the criminal justice system, and on public attitudes toward
specific cases—including the attitudes of potential and actual jurors—has been
another frequent focus. The right of journalists to protect sources by not
disclosing their names has also come under scrutiny from time to time.

While Crime journalism may be the media profession with the most legitimate
claim to exercise influence over the criminal justice system, it is by no means the
only way the media exercise such influence. Entertainment media have also
been studied and criticized for their influence over public perceptions of the
people and institutions that comprise the criminal justice system. A striking
amount of television programming has in one way or another (e.g., through
comedy, mystery, drama, biography, docudrama, and soap opera) been centered
on police, lawyers, judges, criminals, and victims of crime. The effects on public
attitudes and behavior that these portrayals may have brought about have
received considerable research attention. Media portrayals of violence, largely in
television but also in movies and—increasingly in the 1990s—recorded music,
have been studied in part for their potential to inspire real-life criminal behavior.
Exposure to violent media content has been argued in criminal defenses as a
mitigating factor in the guilt of defendants.

Since the early 1980s a television genre has emerged that is part journalism (in
that it purports to deal with reality and with important subjects) and in no small
part entertainment (in that it is dramatic, enhanced with music and special
effects, and often includes actors playing various roles). Shows such as Cops,
America's Most Wanted, and Unsolved Mysteries combine footage of actual
arrests, interviews with people involved in crimes, and other documentary
information with an assortment of dramatic elements to create a new sort of
quasi-journalism scorned by professional journalists but very popular. While not
yet the focus of much research attention, the emergence of such shows is
occasionally credited for a perceived decline in the quality of broadcast
journalism, which may have an indirect effect on the justice system.

Increasing Crime Rate In India:

As the country is growing economically, crime rate is also moving rapidly. The
main reason is that economy is growing haphazardly leading to social imbalance.
As a result while a handful of people are becoming rich but many others are
trying hard to find one day meal. Such a situation is really bad for the nation and
the growth of the country.
In order to remove such discepancy it is necessary that the fruit of econmoic
growth should reach to each and every person in the remotest part of the
country. Agriculture is the main puillar of the country hence it should be given
priority. Farmers should be treated with respect and be given their due instead of
waivings of the loans. While loan waiver is one time relief and cannot help th
farmers in the long run, other methods should be thought of which could make
the farmers self sufficient and progress.
nly then the economic imbalances can be removed.

CRIME IN INDIA

A. General
There were 61.8 million criminal cases reported in 1998 with a rate of 6366 per
million population. 77.8% of cases investigated were chargesheeted in a court of
law. There were 5.7 million cases pending in courts of which trail was completed
in 15.8% of cases and of these, 37.4% cases ended in conviction. There are 41.6
police personnel per sq. kilometers and 1360 per million population. 634 police
personnel were killed on duty during 1998.
B. Organized Crime
In India, organized crime is at its worst in the commercial capital of India, the city
of Mumbai. The first well-known organized gang to emerge was that of
Varadharaj Mudaliar in the early sixties. His illegal activities included illicit liquor,
gold smuggling, gambling, extortion and contract murders. Three other gangs
emerged shortly thereafter namely, Haji Mastan, Yusuf Patel and Karim Lala.
Haji Mastan and Yusuf Patel resorted to gold smuggling whereas Karim Lala
operated in drugs. During Emergency in 1975 when there was crackdown on the
Mafia, new gangs emerged. Dawood Ibrahim, the most successful, came in
conflict with the Pathan gangs of Alamzeb and Amirzada which led to bitter
internecine gang warfare. The Pathan gangs were liquidated to leave the field
free for Dawood Ibrahim. In 1985, there was increased police pressure which
made Dawood Ibrahim to flee. In March 1993, Dawood Ibrahim was behind the
serial bomb blasts in Mumbai in which 257 persons died and 713 were maimed.
Public and private property worth several millions of rupees was destroyed.
Investigation revealed transnational character of the conspiracy the objective of
which was to cripple the economy, create communal divide and spread terror in
the commercial capital of India. Dawood Ibrahim, Tiger Memon and Mohammed
Dosa are operating from Dubai. Their field of activity is to extort money from
builders and film producers, mediate in monetary disputes, and undertake
contract (Supari) killings. There have been instances of investment of the dirty
money in business with the result that unsuspecting businessmen have fallen
prey to the Mafia warfare. The killings of Thaquiuddin Wahid of East West
Airlines in 1996, Sunil Khatau of Khatau Mills in 1994, Om Prakash Kukreja of
Kukreja Builders in 1995 and Ramnath Payyade, a prominent hotelier in 1995 are
grim reminders of Mafia in Mumbai. The other gangs of Mumbai indulging in
organized crime are those of Chhota Rajan (Drug Trafficking and Contract
Killings), Arun Gawli (Contract Killings and Protection Money), Late Amar Naik
(Protection Money) and Chhota Shakeel. State of Maharashtra has enacted
Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act, 1999.Other forms of organized
crime in India are kidnappings for ransom, gunrunning, illicit trafficking in women
and children, money laundering etc. Organized crime exists in other cities too,
though not to the same extent as in Mumbai. Ahmedabad city has been the
hotbed of liquor mafia because of Prohibition policy (Banning of liquor). The
Mafia became synonymous with the name of Latif who started in mid seventies
as a small time bootlegger and grew up to set up a 200 strong gang after
eliminating rivals with intimidation, extortion, kidnappings and murders. He won
municipal elections from five different constituencies with strong political
patronage. He was killed by police in an encounter in 1997. There are several
gangs operating in Delhi from neighbouring State of Uttar Pradesh indulging in
kidnapping for ransom. The going rate was around Rupees 10-50 millions. Land
Mafia has political connections and indulges in land grabbing, intimidation,
forcible vacation etc. Of late, the ganglords of Mumbai have started using Delhi
as a place for hiding and transit. Chhota Rajan group is strengthening its base in
Delhi. Boom in construction activities in Bangalore city has provided fertile
breeding for the underworld. Builders are used for laundering black money.
Forcible vacation of old disputed buildings is a popular side business for the
underworld. The local gangsters in the State of Karnataka have connections with
the underworld of Mumbai. One of the Mumbai gang operating here is the
Chhota Rajan gang.

II. ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING

India is geographically situated between the countries of Golden Triangle and
Golden Crescent and is a transit point for narcotic drugs produced in these
regions to the West. In India opium is grown under official control of Narcotics
Commissioner in three states namely Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh. It is exported to foreign countries for medicinal purposes. Indian opium
is considered best in world. Turkey & Australia are the other licit opium growing
countries in the world. A part of the licit opium enters the illicit market in different
forms. Besides, there is illicit cultivation of opium in the hill tracks of some states.
There is a moderately sized chemical industry producing precursor materials for
lawful purposes. The illicit cultivation of opium as well as the precursor chemicals
can be used for manufacture of heroin. However, there is a great price differential
between India and the West. A Kilogram of Heroin that goes for a hundred
thousand Rupees in India may fetch Rupees ten million in the international
market. Illicit drug trade in India has centered around five major substances,
namely heroin, hashish, opium, herbal cannabis and methaqualone. The Indo-
Pak border has traditionally been most vulnerable to drug trafficking. Drugs
trafficking through India consists of Hashish and Heroin from Pakistan,Hashish
from Nepal, White Heroin from Myanmar and Heroin from Bangladesh. In the
early eighties, the Border State of Punjab became affected with narcoterrorism
with the smuggling of narcotic drugs and arms from across the border. This was
also the time when drug Mafia emerged in Golden Crescent countries. There
were a number of seizures of a mixed consignment of narcotic drugsand arms in
Punjab. In 1996, 64 % of the heroin seized was from the Golden Crescent.
Although opium production is strictly under Goverment control in India, illicit
poppy plantations have been reported in some places. Drug addiction in India
has not assumed such a serious magnitude as in some of the western countries,
but there are no grounds for complacency. There have been reportsof drug use
among the students of
universities in Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta and Chandigarh. The society does not
agitate too much with consumption of Bhang, crushed leaves of the cannabis
plant. It is customary in some places to consume Bhang on the popular festival of
Holi. There is no such tolerance for charas or ganja which are derived from the
same cannabis plant. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,
1985 deals with the offences of Drug trafficking. Section 21 is the penal provision
which stipulates that whoever manufactures, possesses, sells, purchases,
transports, imports inter-state, exports inter-state or uses any manufactured drug
shall be punishable with Rigorous Imprisonment for a term which shall not be
less than ten years but which may extend to twenty years and shall also be liable
to fine. In repeat offences, there is provision for death penalty too. The
Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,
1988 provides for detention of persons connected with illicit drug trafficking upto
two years. An officer of the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government, specially
empowered under the Act, can issue orders for detention of the any person
(including a foreigner) with a view to preventing him from engaging in illicit traffic
of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. On an average about 50 persons
are detained under the Act every year. There were 18273 cases registered under
the NDPS Act in 1998 which was an increase of 31.8 % over 1988, but a
decrease of 4.2 % over the quinquennial average of 1993 1997. 21386 persons
were arrested under the NDPS Act of which major work was done by Narcotics
Control Bureau, a central agency for dealing with cases of drug trafficking. It has
registered 11330 cases in 1998 of which 5809 cases were for Ganja, 2713 were
for Heroin and 1771 cases were for Hashish. 62591 kgs of Ganja, 8478 kgs of
Hashish and 597 kgs of Heroin were seized. During 1998, 12601 persons were
arrested by Narcotics Control Bureau, which included 95 foreigners. 11612
persons were prosecuted in a court of law, 2782 persons were convicted and
5712 persons were acquitted. 16.9% of drug cases pending in trial were
disposed by the courts during 1998. Property worth Rupees 23.85 million was
forfeited and worth Rupees 30.64 million was frozen. In a recent case, the
Government of Orissa (State Government) confiscated property worth over
Rupees thirty million of drug lord Mohammed Azad Parvez of Balasore, Orissa
which included an ice factory, a saw mill, a market complex, a cloth store, three
residential buildings and three acres of land. The accused was apprehended by
Narcotics Control Bureau in 1998 on charge of heroin trafficking alongwith his
wife and associates. Financial investigation was conducted by the agency into
the movable and immovable properties under Chapter V-A of the NDPS Act,
which led to confiscation.
India is signatory to three UN Conventions on Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances held in 1961, 1971 and 1988. India is a party to the United Nations
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act, 1988. Government of India has entered into bilateral agreement and
Memorandum of Understanding with a number of countries. The countries with
which India has signed bilateral agreement for drug control are USA, UK,
Afghanistan, Mauritius, Russian Federation, Myanmar, Zambia, UAE, Iran,
Egypt, Bulgaria, Romania, Mauritius. India has also signed a special bilateral
agreement with Pakistan in this regard.

III. ILLEGAL FIREARMS TRAFFICKING

Small arms used in guerilla warfare in some parts of the world are now available
at cheap cost in other parts of the world. According to an estimate, there could be
750 million small weapons for such arms trafficking. India has a long coastline of
about 7500 kms. and a long border with Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China,
Myanmar and Bangladesh. Border Security Force guards the borders, but it is
not possible to have presence across each and every inch of the border.
Customs Department has also seized illicit arms in significant quantities. In India,
states of Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir have been particularly vulnerable to
arms trafficking across the border. More than 7500 pistols and
revolvers, 2500 magazines and 28000 rounds of ammunition have been seized
from the state of Jammu and Kashmir. During 1997, the Border Security Force
seized several AK series rifles, 7 heavy machine guns, 204 pistols/revolvers, 18
rocket launchers, 54 other type of rifles and ammunition from Punjab and Jammu
& Kashmir. On 17th February 1996, Delhi police recovered 361 pistols of 0.30
caliber with the inscription “Made in China by Norinco”, 728 magazines and 3738
live rounds in a cavity in the undercarriage of a caravan bus. A Swiss national
and an Iranian living in Pakistan since 1981 were detained. Investigation
disclosed that this infact was the second consignment, the first one having been
successfully transported in 1995. 22 persons including five foreign
nationals have been prosecuted in the court of law in this case. Delhi Police
caught five fugitive members of the Chhota Rajan gang including an Assam
Rifles jawan and two Nepali nationals who were planning to set up a major arms
and money distribution base in Delhi. In 1993, a consignment of AK-56 rifles,
magazines, live rounds and hand grenades were sent from a Gulf country to land
at the coast of Dighi Jetti in the State of
Gujarat. Subsequently huge quantity of arms, ammunition and explosives (RDX)
were smuggled by sea route at Shekhadi in District Raigad. These were used for
Bomb blasts in Mumbai on 12th March1993, which caused terror, widespread
damage, and loss of 257 lives and maiming of 713 persons. During investigation,
some of the arms recovered included 62 AK-56 rifles with 280 magazines and
38,888 rounds, 479 hand grenades, 12 pistols of 9 mm make with ammunition,
1100 electric detonators, 2313 kgs. of RDX and many other weapons. In the
state of Madhya Pradesh in central India, 24 AK-56 rifles,
5250 cartridges, 81 magazines and 27 hand grenades were recovered by police
on 4th
November 1995. Hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight on the 24th December 1999
in Kandahar was the latest incident of the use of illegal weapons in the hands of
terrorists. After investigation, the CBI filed a chargesheet in the court of law
against five hijackers
and their accomplices. A sensational case called Purulia arms drop case was an
example of illicit arms trafficking by air. On 17th December 1996, an Antonov 26
aircraft dropped over 300 AK 47/56 rifles and 20,545 rounds of ammunition,
dragnov sniper weapons, rocket launchers and night vision devices in Purulia
village in West Bengal. The aircraft was bought from Latvia for US$2 million and
chartered by a Hong Kongregistered company Carol Airlines. Payments were
made mostly from foreign bank accounts. The aircraft picked up consignment of
arms from Bulgaria using end-users certificate issued by a neighbouring country.
The arms were airdropped over Purulia in the state of West Bengal. This case
was investigated by the Central Bureau of Investigation and chargesheeted in the
City Sessions Court, Calcutta. After trial, the court found the accused persons
guilty of offences under Indian Penal Code, Explosive Substances Act, Arms Act,
Explosives Act, and the Aircraft Act and sentenced Mr. Peter James Gifran Van
Kalkstein Bleach (British National), Mr. Alexander Klichine, Mr. Igor
Moskvitine, Oleg Gaidash, Evgueni Antimenko, Mr. Igor Timmerman (all Latvian
nationals) and Vinay Kumar Singh (Indian national) to various terms of rigorous
imprisonment on 2nd February 2000. The five Latvians were released on 22nd
July 2000 when their sentences were commuted by the President of India.
Illicit trafficking in arms is punishable under Arms Act, 1959. The incidence of the
Arms Act cases showed an increase of 20.8 % over the decade 1988-1998. In
1998, 63518 cases were reported which showed a decrease of 4.2% over the
quinquennial average of 1993-1997 and 14.3 % over 1997. 66868 persons were
arrested for violation of the Arms Act. 19.3 % of cases pending trial were
disposed by the courts in 1998.

IV. HUMAN (WOMEN AND CHILDREN TRAFFICKING)

Commercial sex in India is a 400000 million Rupees annual business. Thirty

percent of the sex workers are children who earn about Rupees 110000 million
every year. There could be about 0.3 million child sex workers in India of which
0.1 million could be less than 18 years of age. 15% of the sex workers are in the
six metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and
Hyderabad. Delhi receives sex workers from 70 districts, Mumbai from 40,
Bangalore from 10 and Calcutta from 11 districts. Some sex workers have also
come from Nepal and Bangladesh.
Mumbai and Goa have had incidence of paedophilic offences too. These places
draw
a number of foreign tourists. Fear of AIDS has contributed to the involvement of
minor girls in the business because demand for virgins has increased
exponentially
with the fear of infection. There is also a myth that young girls in their pre-puberty
can not be infested with AIDS. A number of young girls from southern India have
been sent to the Arab countries. There have also been reports that India has
served as a transit point for trafficking of young virgins from Nepal, Myanmar and
Bangladesh to the Middle East, mostly Dubai.
Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 was the main Act
to deal with these offences. This Act was amended in 1978 and was reenacted
under the name of ‘Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act in 1986’ to rectify some
lacunae in the older Act. Punishment could be imprisonment for a period of 7-10
years or for life. Indian Penal Code stipulates that sexual intercourse with or
without her consent with a girl less than 16 years of age amounts to rape
punishable with imprisonment for life. National Commission for Women is a body
that reviews laws, conducts inquiries for redressal of complaints, undertakes
promotional research for policies, advises the Government and ensures custodial
justice for women. Section 10 (4) of National Commission for Women Act, 1992
gives the Commission powers of a Civil Court. The National Commission for
Women has formed an Expert Committee and has formulated a ten year National
Plan of Action (1997-2006) to co-ordinate with the ninth and tenth Indian Five
Year Plans.There were 8695 cases reported under the Immoral Traffic
(Prevention) Act in 1998. The number of cases showed a steadily declining trend
upto 1996 but increased by 4.5 % over 1997. 15363 cases of kidnapping of
women and girls were reported in 1998, which were up by 4.8 % over the
previous year. 146 cases of importation of girls were reported in 1998 compared
to 78 cases in the previous year showing an increase of 87.2 %. 171 cases of
procuration of minor girls were reported in 1998 as against 87 in 1997 but 206 in
1994. 11 cases of selling of minor girls for prostitution, 13 cases of buying minor
girls for prostitution and 699 cases of kidnapping of minor girls were reported.
17247 male and 1217 female offenders were arrested for kidnapping and
abduction of women and girls. 12879 persons ( 11617 males and 1262 females )
were arrested under the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act.

V. CARD FRAUD

Some of the popular credit cards in India are as given below:

Card name
American Express Gold
Bank of Baroda
Citibank Silver/ Classic
Stanchart/ Gold
HSBC Gold
Stan Chart/ Executive
ANZ Grindlays / Gold
SBI Card

Type
International
Domestic
International
International
Domestic
International
International
Domestic

Annual
Fee
Rs. 2400
100
750
2000
1500
1200
2000
500

Interest
Rate
2.50 %
3.00 %
2.50 %
2.50 %
2.50 %
2.50 %
2.9 %
2.50 %

Max.Credit
51 days
51 days
45 days
52 days
48 days
50 days
45 days
50 days

There are 8000 million Rupees worth of Master Cards, 7000 million Rupees
worth of VISA cards in circulation. Merchant/ service establishments are about
95000. In India, credit card fraud losses have occurred as per the following
categories:

(i) Counterfeit 32%

(ii) Lost cards 30%
(iii) Stolen cards 20%
(iv) Multiple imprint 5%
(v) Mail/Tele orders 4%
(vi) Others 9%
VI. MONEY LAUNDERING

In India, money laundering is indulged in mainly by corporate houses to evade

taxes unlike in some other countries where it is mostly related to illicit drug
trafficking. Non-resident Indians have been given some special banking facilities.
These facilities are misused to bring back the money as white money. For
example, a portfolio account is opened in a foreign country and the money is
laundered back to be invested in the stock markets. Another modus operandi is
to launder the money through bogus exports. The conversion of black money is
done by overinvoicing of the products to countries like Russia and the former
Soviet Republic countries. Some shell companies are set up to issue bill or
invoices accompanied by bogus transport receipts in order to obtain funds
against these documents from bank/ financial institutions and then divert
majorpart of such proceeds by issue of cheques in the names of non-existent
front companies of cheque discounters. The cheque discounters then handover
cash immediately to the party after deduction of their commission. The cheque
discounters are generally associated with commodities market where fake
transactions in commodities can largely go unnoticed. The cheque discounters
also issue fake Letters of Credit and false bills. The cheque discounters file
income tax returns in which the commission is shown as taxable income. In India,
tackling problem of laundered money is correlated with the problem of tackling
black money. There is a wide gap between the number of persons with taxable
income and the numbers who actually pay income tax. This is despite the
requirement of compulsory filing of income tax returns by any one having taxable
income. Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act makes the pseudo owner the real
owner of the benami property. Tax raids and seizures, penalties and prosecution
have been some of the measures to check black money. However, success has
not been satisfactory. Certain special measures such as Voluntary Disclosure
Scheme under which the evader discloses income on promise of concessional
rates and immunity from penalties and prosecution. There have been other
schemes like issue of Special Bearer Bonds, Special Levy on deposits in the
National Housing Bank, waiver of penalty and
interest, Foreign Remittance Scheme in 1991-92, India Development Bonds, and
Gold Bond Scheme of 1992. Money laundering had so far been dealt with under
the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973, but with effect from June, 2000,
FERA has been replaced by Foreign Exchange Maintenance Act and a Bill to
enact money laundering law to be named The Prevention of Money Laundering
Bill has been introduced in the Parliament by the Government of India. Money
laundering has been proposed to be a cognizable crime punishable with rigorous
imprisonment of 3-7 years which could be extended to 10 years and a fine upto
Rupees 0.5 million. The acquisition, possession or owning of money, movable
and immovable assets, from crime, especially drugs and narcotics crimes, would
tantamount to money laundering. Concealment of information on proceeds or
gains from crime made within India or abroad is an offence too. An adjudicating
authority is proposed which would have powers to confiscate properties of money
launderers. An administrator may be appointed to manage the confiscated
assets. An appellate tribunal is proposed to be set up with three members to hear
aappeals from the orders of the adjudicating authority. The rulings of the
adjudicating authority are thus not contestable in the local courts. Financial
institutions are expected to maintain transaction records and furnish these to the
adjudicating authority. Failure to do so is punishable too.
The alternative remittance system through non-banking channels is called
Hawala in India. It is based on trust in which the remitter pays the Hawala dealer
in foreign country and the associate of the Hawala dealer pays the receiver in the
home country. Since Hawala dealings are illegal, the transactions take place
through word of mouth or other non-conventional means of communication.
Since there is no audit, no control and no check, anonymity of the customers is
maintained. There are hawala dealers in India and wherever people from Indian
sub-continent are settled. Hawala routes are used both by ordinary people as
well as drug traffickers, terrorists and unscrupulous businessmen. In one of the
cases of money laundering dealt with by the Central Bureau of Investigation, an
organized group of the Hawala dealers operating from London and Dubai used to
receive remittances from foreign banks for transferring to India. A telephonic
message in coded words would be passed to agents in India to pay money in
Indian rupees. The remittances so received by the above mentioned persons in
dollars or Pound Sterling at London and Dubai were used for purchase of gold,
drugs, arms, ammunitions and explosives through the underworld. The arms,
ammunitions and explosives were used to be smuggled into India and sold to
various criminal/terrorist groups while the drug used to be distributed to the
traffickers. Electronic Payment Technologies are coming to India and these are
going to pose new challenges to Law Enforcement Agencies. The anonymity in
transactions is bound to promote money laundering and other offences. The
money launderer finds the electronic money easy to convert and transfer, and
safe to store. The format of legal framework, code of conduct of business and
self-regulation regarding ecommerce is under examination.

VII. MAJOR TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS

A. Dawood Ibrahim Gang

Dawood Ibrahim group is the most dreaded mafia gang with countrywide network
and foreign connections. He has stationed himself in Dubai since 1985 and has
indulged in drug and arms trafficking, smuggling, extortion and contract killings.
His brother Anees Ibrahim looks after smuggling, drugs and contract killings;
Noora looks after film financing and extortion; and Iqbal is incharge of the
legitimate business which includes stock broking in Hong Kong. Anees is in
legitimate business too managing Mohd. Anees Trading Company in Dubai. His
business interests in India are shopping centres, hotels, airlines and travel
agencies in Mumbai with an annual turnover of about Rupees 20000 million.
Extradition of offenders from Dubai has not been possible since there is no
extradition treaty with Dubai. Moreover, some of these offenders have strong
social links with politicians and other top personalities in Dubai.
B. Chhota Rajan Gang
Chhota Rajan was a member of Dawood gang but parted company after the
1993 serial bomb blasts in Mumbai. He raised his own gang in 1994-95 which is
reported to have a membership of 800 persons today. Chhota Rajan himself is in
a foreign country to avoid elimination from Dawood gang. His gang indulges in
drug trafficking and contract killings. In collaboration with another local gang, he
organized killing of a trusted leader of Dawood Ibrahim gang, Mr. Sunil Samant,
in Dubai in 1995.

C. Babloo Shrivastava Gang

“Om Prakash Shrivastava @ Babloo Shrivastava” is facing 41 cases of murder,
kidnappings for ransom etc. He was arrested in Singapore in April 1995 on the
basis of a Red Corner Notice issued by INTERPOL and extradited to India in
August 1995. He has since been in jail but his gang has continued to indulge in
organized kidnappings and killings. The ransom amount is received by them in
foreign countries through hawala (alternative non-banking remittance channel).
The power of this gang has dwindled after his arrest.

VIII. ELECTRONIC
SURVEILLANCE

The Government of India has made a legal provision in the licensing conditions
formulated alongwith the cellularof the cellular companies to provide parallel
monitoring facilities for all communications being received and emanating from a
particular mobile set.
Cellular operators operating in four metropolitan cities of Mumabi, Calcutta, Delhi
and Chennai have made this facility available whereas others are bound to
provide this facility within three years of the initiation of the mobile network.
Interception of messages, transmitted or received by any telegraph is covered
under sub-section 2 of section 5 of the Indian Telegraphic Act - 1885 (13/85)
which states:
“On occurrence of any public emergency, or in the interest of the public safety,
the Central Government or a State Government or any officer specially
authorised in this behalf by the Central Government or a State Government may,
if satisfied that it is necessary or expedient so to do in the interests of the
sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with
foreign States of public order or for preventing incitement to commission of an
offence, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by order, direct that any message
or class of messages to or from any person
or class of persons, or relating to any particular subject, brought for transmission
by or transmitted or received buy any telegraph, shall not be transmitted, or shall
be intercepted or detained, or shall be disclosed to the Government making the
order or an officer thereof mentioned in the order.” The issue of the constitutional
validity of this section came under scrutiny of the Supreme Court of India in a writ
petition filed by the People’s Union for Civil Liberties. The Supreme Court passed
a judgement on 18th December, 1996, upholding the constitutional validity of the
Act but laid down certain guidelines prescribing that the order will be issued by
the Home Secretaries at the Centre and in the States. A copy of the order should
be sent to the Review Committee within a week. The order will cease to have an
effect after two months unless renewed. The Review Committee will review the
order passed by the authority concerned within two months of the passing of the
order. The total period shall not exceed six months.

IX. IMMUNITY

There is provision in Section 306 of the Criminal Procedure Code to obtain

evidence of an accomplice by tender of pardon subject to his making full and true
disclosure of facts and circumstances concerning an offence. This provision is
applicable in offences punishable with imprisonment of seven years or more.

X. WITNESS AND VICTIM PROTECTION PROGRAMME

There is no legislation at present for protection of witnesses and the members of

their families. Section 171 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits the police
officers to carry the complainant or witness to court. The intention of such
legislation appears to be to ensure independence of evidence given by the
witnesses without any influence of police. In cases where it is important to keep
the trial proceedings away from public gaze, resort could be made to the
provisions of in-camera trial at the desire of the parties concerned or the court
itself. Incamera trial is permitted under section 237(2) of Criminal Procedure
Code. Its validity has been upheld by the Supreme Court of India in the so-called
Kartar Singh case.

XII. ASSET FORFEITURE SYSTEM

The following provisions for forfeiture of

proceeds of crime exist:
(i) Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance (1944)

(ii) Sections 111 and 112 of Customs Act (1964)

(iii) Foreign Exchange Maintenance Act

(iv) Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act
(1976):

“This Act applies to persons convicted under the Sea Customs Act 1878, Custom
Act 1962 or detained under Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of
Smuggling Act. The main purpose of the Act is to forfeit the illegally acquired
properties of such smugglers and foreign exchange manipulators in whosoever’s
name these may have been kept. It shall not be lawful for any person to whom
the Act applies to hold any illegally acquired property either by himself or through
any other person on his behalf. Any property so held is liable to be forfeited to the
Central Government. Section 6 provides for issuance of show cause notice of
forfeiture and section 7 provides for passing of final orders of forfeiture. Under
section 8, burden of proving that any property specified in the notice is not
illegally acquired property shall be on the person affected and under section 11,
transfer of properties specified in the notice can be declared null and void.”

(v) Section 68 of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985)

(vi) Sections 102 and 452 of Criminal Procedure Code

XIII. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

India has entered into Mutual Legal Assistance Agreements / Treaties in criminal
matters with United Kingdom (1992) (Agreement concerning the investigation
and prosecution of crime and the tracing, restraint and confiscation of the
proceeds and instrument of crime,
including currency transfers and terrorist funds), Canada (1994), France (1998),
Russia (1993), Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan (all Mutual Legal Assistance Agreements
in Criminal Matters), Egypt, China, Romania, Bulgaria and Oman. Mutual Legal
Assistance Treaty has been negotiated with United Arab Emirates but is yet to be
ratified. Negotiations are going on for signing of treaty on Mutual Legal
Assistance in Criminal Matters with countries such as Australia, Norway,
Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, Hong Ling, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and
Azerbaijan. India has extradition treaty with Nepal, Belgium, Canada,
Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States of America, Switzerland, Bhutan
and Hong Kong. Extradition Treaty is in various stages with Russia, Germany,
UAE, Bulgaria, Thailand, France, Ukraine, Romania, Oman, Spain, Kazhakastan,
Greece, Egypt, Malaysia and Mauritius. India has extradition arrangements with
Sweden, Tanzania, Australia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and
Thailand. Section 166 Criminal Procedure Code deals with reciprocal
arrangements regarding processes. A court in India can send summons or
warrants in duplicate to a court in a foreign country for service or execution and
the said foreign court will cause the service or execution. Section 166- A of
Criminal Procedure Code deals with letter of request to the competent
authorityfor investigation in foreign country. A criminal court in India may issue a
letter of request to a court or a competent authority to examine orally any person
supposed to be acquainted with facts and circumstances of the case, to record
his statement made in the course of such examination and also to require such
person or any other person to produce any document or thing. Section 166-B
deals with letter of request from a country or place outside India to a court or an
authority for investigation in India. Under its provision, the Central Government
may forward a letter of request received from a foreign country to a magistrate
who may summon such person and record his statement. The Central
Government can also send the letter to a police officer who will investigate into
the offence. Extradition Act, 1962 deals with extradition of fugitive criminals.
Extradition can be made if the offence is an extradition offence i.e. an offence
provided for in the extradition treaty with a State which is a treaty state and for
other countries, an offence which is specified under the Second Schedule. Under
this schedule, there are 18 types of offences. India is a signatory to the South
Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention for Suppression
of Terrorism. SAARC countries consist of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Maldives and Bhutan. Pursuant to the SAARC Convention, India enacted
the SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act. Extraditable crimes
include unlawful seizure of aircraft; unlawful acts against the safety of civil
aviation; crimes against internationally
protected persons; common law offences like murder, kidnapping, hostage
taking; and offences relating to firearms, weapons, explosives and dangerous
substances etc. when used as a means to perpetrateindiscriminate violence
involving death or serious injury, or serious damage to property.
 Chapter-III

CASE STUDIES
(A) Case Study Of Aarushi Murder:

UP MEIN hai dum kyon ki jurm hai yahan kam’ line of Amitabh Bachchan for an
advertisement for the now departed Mulayam Singh Yadav government
continues to haunt him. It was only he who pretended to believe in the crime
figure of the UP police. The Noida double
murder and its investigation will haunt the
whole of police force in the country and is
likely to become a case study for all that goes
wrong.
 It was a press conference that is best erased off the memory. In fact, but
for the television channels that thrive on catering to the baser
instincts of humanity not much attention would have been paid by the viewers to
the whole deed. A murder had taken place in one of our oasis of prosperity and
the local police of Noida immediately zeroed in on the servant who was missing.
It was a common enough pattern. Or, was it?

All hell broke loose when the next day the body of the missing servant was found
on the roof of the same house. Amidst hue and cry the investigating team was
changed and speculation became the order of the moment as to who could have
committed the double murder. Aarushi Talwar, the teenaged daughter of Dr
Rajesh and Nupur Talwar, was the only child and this public knowledge gave
every one the competence to be a sociologist, psychologist and a crime
investigator at the same time. Could it be that the parents had murdered the
child? After all such things are not unknown.

The Uttar Pradesh police certainly thought so. It was a crime of ‘passion’ or of
‘honour killing’, said a top police officer in Lucknow and then all hell broke when
the DIG of the Meerut range announced that it was the father Dr Rajesh Talwar
who had murdered his daughter because he found her in an unacceptable
relationship with the servant Hemraj. The smug cop went on to claim that the
daughter, a 14-year-old now dead, was as ‘characterless’ as her father and had
developed intimate relationship with 45-year-old servant.
Naturally, Dr Talwar was arrested and the whole civil population watched in
horror and disbelief for it was a crime against nature and yet every one knew that
such murders do take place in the country. It was only the other day that a girl
along with her lover had been murdered a couple of hours drive from Delhi. But
then, such reactions do not happen in homes like that of the Talwars. They have
other equally effective ways of dealing with these situations.

It was also suggested that Dr Talwar was having an affair with a colleague of his
and Aarushi being aware of it, objected to it. Thus the UP police imputed two
motives to the crime. It was a crime of ‘passion’ as Dr Talwar was having an
affair with his colleague and the daughter was becoming an obstacle and it was
also a case of ‘honour killing’ as the daughter was having a kind of objectionable
relationship with the servant.

More shame was to follow when a channel telecast an ‘Aarushi MMS’ and the UP
police sat smugly having ‘solved’ the case. Even the chief minister Mayawati
defended her force and claimed that there electronic evidence with it.
A few among the society who had found the whole affair too abhorrent to be
believed continued to disbelieve what were being asked to believe. They were
uncomfortable at the ‘truth’ that the police and the media had discovered, but
they had no voice till Renuka Chowdhary, the state minister for women and child
development raised the issue of denigrating a child who was dead and therefore
unable to defend herself.
It was only after that that the conscience of the timid middle class rose and
began protesting the manner in which the case had been solved. To the credit of
UP chief minister Mayawati, she too recognised that a few links were missing
and decided to hand over the case to the CBI.

It is possible that Dr Talwar might still be having a role in the murder though that
would be a shocking revelation but the whole point is that there is sickness in the
society that treats such crime in such a cavalier and titillating manner. The Noida
police ‘solved’ the murder the very first morning by putting up look out notices for
the ‘absconding’ servant Hemraj. The solution barely lasted a day till the body of
Hem Raj was discovered. But it raises a awkward questions: Are servants
invariably suspects? What would have happened to Hemraj if he had been alive?
The manner in which everyone accepted the servant suspect theory, is it
possible that had Hemraj been arrested and interrogated as only Indian police
can, might he not have given a signed confession? One shudders at the manner
wheels of justice move in our society.

With egg splattered all over its face after the dead body of the servant was
discovered one might have hoped that it would be replaced by a more competent
team. The replacement turned out to be worse than the replaced and now even if
that team has been replaced one needs to mobilise support for the demand of
minister Renuka Chowdhary that stringent action be taken against all those who
will fully denigrated a child. It is possible that our society might graduate from
tolerating the absurd and the deviant behaviour of the people in responsible to
making them legally accountable for their words and deeds but unless a larger
issue is also addressed it would be a hollow achievement.

What has been a matter of equally great concern than the functioning of the
police is the response of the 24 hour news channels. One understands the
competitive nature of their business but even then there have to be certain rules
that guide them. Certainly, they do not have the right to circulate speculation as
news and hard facts. But, a new dimension has been added to it by the news that
a popular television serial producer working under a banner that flaunts the name
of one of our patron gods intended making a serial and money out of the sordid
event.

One can understand the anguish of Nupur Talwar, the mother of Aarushi and
wife of Dr Talwar who has lodged a strong protest with the National Commission
for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) against the television channels and the
said production house. She has complained of the ‘perpetuated’ character
assassination of her daughter that began with the investigating agency, ie UP
police.
 The Central Bureau of Investigation collected DNA
samples of all persons associated with the postmortem
of teenager Aarushi Talwar, whose murder had hogged
national focus, to find the identity of the woman whose
vaginal swab was sent to CBI for forensic tests.

The CBI team probing Aarushi-Hemraj double murder

case, which has been working overtime in re-working the
missing links of the case, decided to collect the DNA
samples of doctors and technical staff of the hospital
where the postmortem was done, sources said.

The decision to do this was taken after it came to light that the vaginal swabs
drawn from the victim were substituted with those of an unidentified woman. This
was found during the tests conducted by the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and
Diagnostics in Hyderabad.

Aarushi's parents Rajesh Talwar and Nupur Talwar, who are to be subjected to
narco analysis test following a court direction, may also be questioned in
connection with the bungling in sending the vaginal swabs of Aarushi, the
sources said, adding the samples collected would be matched with the vaginal
swab.

There was no semen (as alleged initially) in the slides sent to the Centre and
corroborative testing found that the material was not drawn from Aarushi.

Dr Sunil Dohere, an Okhla-based doctor, had drawn vaginal swabs following

Aarushi's murder on May 15, 2008, at her residence in Noida. The doctor had
reported that the swabs contained a white discharge, suggestive of seminal fluid.
But Dr Dohere's senior, Dr S C Singhal, later said the slides prepared from the
swabs had tested negative for semen.

The murder case had made headlines when Aarushi's father Rajesh Talwar, a
dentist, was arrested in connection with the murder of the girl.

The CBI arrested three servants of the locality and had given a clean chit to Dr
Talwar but could not file any chargesheet within the stipulated time frame, after
which they were released on bail.

After nearly two years of probe, Rajesh Talwar and his wife Nupur will undergo a
narco-analysis test in connection with the double murder case.

The new CBI team had requested for a narco-analysis of parents of the victim.
Special Judicial Magistrate Preeti Singh granted the permission but asked CBI to
seek medical clearance for Dr Rajesh Talwar, an asthma patient, before the test.

Rajesh was arrested on May 23, 2008, by Noida Police in connection with the
murder of Aarushi, a class IX student of Delhi [ Images ] Public School, Noida,
and her domestic help Hemraj. The case was transferred to CBI in July.

Here is some news regarding Aarushi Murder Case:-

Aarushi murder: It wasn’t the dad
July 12, 2008

Posted by Namita Bhandare: Breaking Noose: Where did the media go wrong in its
coverage of the Aarushi murder case, should they say sorry and will it even begin to
compensate the Talwars for what they’ve been put through? Post your responses. (This
column first appeared in Hindustan Times on July 15.)

On national networks, TV anchors and editors Deepak Chaurasia and Ashutosh are clear:
the media have nothing to apologise about in the Rajesh Talwar case. Now that the
doctor, once accused of murdering his daughter, is out on bail for lack of evidence, you’d
imagine that he’s trying to pick up the pieces of his life and get on with it. No such luck.
The murder of Aarushi Talwar continues to make news. On the day of Dr Talwar’s
release, more than a hundred camera crews waited outside jail, followed his car to the
temple where he and his wife went to pray and then set up camp outside his father-in-
law’s house.

It’s been high season for the media for the past two months since 14-year-old Aarushi 
and the family’s servant, Hemraj, were found murdered in Noida. In the days that Dr
Talwar was in jail, charges of sexual aberrations, intimate, personal details (much of it
baseless), SMSes received and sent, and emails between Aarushi and her parents have
flown fast and furious. Nothing has been sacrosanct — though some newspapers and
channels did restrain themselves from publishing the more salacious leaks. Others,
however, did away with such niceties. If one channel ran an MMS that purported to show
Aarushi undressing in the presence of an unknown man (it was not Aarushi), others had
anchors painting their hands red as they spoke solemnly about the “khooni baap”.

Aarushi murder: Two funerals and a hundred  blunders

June 21, 2008

117 days after the murders of Aarushi Talwar and her family’s servant, Hemraj, India’s
top criminal investigation agency finally admits that it simply doesn’t have evidence in
the case. So is this the perfect crime? Will the killers walk away scot free? And what
happens now? Neeraj Chauhan reports for The Indian Express

The CBI finally admitted on Tuesday that it does not have sufficient evidence against the
domestic helps accused in the murder of teenager Arushi Talwar and household help
Hemraj.

The investigating agency said in a press conference today that it has been unable to file
chargesheet against Krishna, Rajkumar and Vijay Mandal within the stipulated 90-day
period. With Mandal already out on bail, the other two also look set to get bail.
Aarushi murder: A mother’s story
May 25, 2008

Police have arrested Rajesh Talwar, the father of a teenage girl, Aarushi, in connection
with her murder and that of their male servant. Arushi’s body was discovered at her
house in Noida, a prosperous suburb of Delhi. The parents are well known dentists.
Aarushi’s mother, Dr Nupur Talwar, spoke to NDTV:

NDTV: Nupur, this must be a very tragic time for you – your daughter is dead and your
husband is in judicial custody. We understand you would not talk about the details of the
case, but tell us your story.

Dr Nupur Talwar: All I can say is my life has come to an end. Aarushi and Rajesh were
my life. I lost Aarushi eight days ago who was murdered in a brutal way. Rajesh doted on
his daughter. It couldn’t be the way they are suggesting this. This is totally untrue.

We were such a nice family. I always used to think I must have done something good in
my last life to get such a nice family. We had so many plans for her. We were planning a
holiday. We were about to celebrate her birthday. Rajesh told Aarushi to call as many
friends, even if it were to become expensive. I don’t know what to say. I have faith in the
legal system. More than that, I have faith in God. I hope justice is done.

Fact File Of Aarushi Murder Case:

New Delhi: Following is the fact file of Noida double killings in which 14-year-old
Aarushi Talwar and domestic helper Hemraj were murdered a month back in an
apartment in Delhi's suburb Noida.
Aarushi's father, dentist Rajesh Talwar, was arrested May 23 for the murders.
The police claimed that Talwar killed them after finding Aarushi in an
"objectionable position but not compromising state" with Hemraj. Talwar's
compounder Krishna was arrested on June 13.

May 16: Aarushi, 14, found dead at her Jalvayu Vihar home in Noida. The police
announce reward on missing domestic help Hemraj.

May 17: Hemraj's body recovered from the terrace of the house.

May 18: The police say a sharp-edged surgical instrument was used to slit the
throats of Aarushi and Hemraj. Additional Director General of Uttar Pradesh
police Brij Lal says the double murder will be probed by the state Special Task
Force (STF).

May 19: Superintendent of Police (City) Mahesh Mishra transferred.

May 20: Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati visits Noida, avoids Talwar
family.

May 23: Rajesh Talwar, father of Aarushi, held for double murder. Gurdarshan
Singh, the inspector general of police, Meerut range, says that Talwar killed his
daughter Aarushi in a fit of rage after finding her in an "objectionable position but
not compromising state" with Hemraj. He says Hemraj was murdered first.

Talwar sent to judicial custody.

May 24: Aarushi's mother, Nupur Talwar, claims her husband is innocent.

May 25: Family meets Talwar in Ghaziabad's Dasna jail.

May 26: Dentist Anita Durrani denies illicit relations with Rajesh Talwar. The
police says Aarushi objected to this relationship.

May 27: Talwar sent to three-day police custody. The National Commission for
Protection of Child Rights asks the police to explain "objectionable" statements
on Aarushi. Aarushi's schoolmates protest against her character assassination.

Family demands probe by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

May 28: Women and Child Development Minister Renuka Chowdhury criticises
the Uttar Pradesh Police for "character assassination" of Aarushi.

May 28: Officer investigating the case changed for the third time.

May 29: The Uttar Pradesh government recommends CBI probe.

May 30: Talwar sent to judicial custody.

June 1: CBI registers case against Rajesh Talwar in Noida double murder.

June 2: CBI examines Talwar's house, questions Anita Durrani. Talwar sent to
CBI custody for a day.

June 3: CBI gets Talwar's custody for two more days. Mayawati defends the
state police in Noida double murder probe.

June 4: Talwar undergoes lie-detector test.

June 5: Talwar sent to 14 days' judicial remand.

June 6: CBI searches Talwars' house and sewer lines for murder weapon.

June 7: Rajesh Talwar's bail plea deferred.

June 10: Lie detector test on Talwar's compunder Krishna. CBI conducts fresh
search at Talwar's residence. Talwar again denied bail. Krishna emerges as
prime suspect.

June 11: CBI takes Krishna to Bangalore for narco test.

June 12: Krishna undergoes narco test.

June 13: CBI questions Talwar's industrialist friend; arrests Krishna.

 (B) CASE STUDY ON “KHAP CASE”:

In an historic verdict, which deals a blow to the barbaric kangaroo courts, the
Karnal sessions court on Thursday held six people guilty of killing a couple who
married against the wishes of the khap panchayat. The landmark judgment in
Manoj and Babli murder case goes where no one else has dared to and is a slap
in face of Taliban-style caste councils in Haryana.

The court, which leaves no room for parallel justice, will pronounce the quantum
of punishment on March 29.

While a a self-styled khap leader, Ganga Raj, and five of Babli's relatives --
brother Suresh, uncles Rajender and Baru Ram and cousins Satish and Gurdev
-- have been held guilty of murder, the seventh -- Mandeep Singh, the driver of
vehicle (Scorpio) used in crime -- faces kidnapping and conspiracy charges.

"I want capital punishment for the killers," said Chanderpati, the widowed mother
of Manoj, soon after the verdict was announced. She also demanded action
against those khap members who had hounded the newlyweds and forced a
boycott of the family. "All of them should be tried under fresh charges," she said.

Manoj, 23, of Karoran village in Kaithal district, had married Babli, 19, against the
wishes of her family on May 18, 2007. The duo, who shifted to Karnal after
marriage, but was killed in cold blood on June 15, 2007. The entire village had
turned against Manoj's family, since the khap was against his marriage as his
Babli, too, was from the same gotra. The panchayat had also announced a fine
of Rs 25,000 on those found keeping ties with them.

Relief had come from the Kaithal court, which directed the police to ensure the
couple's safety.

Accordingly, Manoj and Babli were accompanied by cops when they had left the
police station in Kaithal, to ensure that they reach a secured destination.
However, Gurdev, who tracked their movements, had forced the couple out of
the Karnal-bound they were travelling in and their bodies were fished out of
irrigational canal days later.

A confidential police report had disclosed that the two cops accompanying the
couple had been in regular contact with Gurdev via cellphone. Notably, the case
was built on the basis of strong circumstantial evidences as there were no
eyewitnesses. Investigations led cops to the Scorpio, where they found two
buttons of Manoj's shirt and Babli's anklet.

On Thursday, a large number of policemen were deployed in the court premises

to avoid any untoward incident as hundreds of villagers had gathered to hear the
verdict. However, no one from Manoj's family was present due to apprehensions
of threat to life. The premises erupted into heated arguments as soon as the
verdict was given and scribes approached the convicts and their relatives for
comment.

"The verdict will send a clear message to khap leaders -- that they don't have any
right to take anybody's life," claimed Lal Bahadur, the counsel for Manoj's family.

Last year, The Times of India had highlighted how Ganga Raj, a self-styled
panchayat leader, was not being arrested despite court warrants. Even the police
had told the court that his arrest could lead to law and order problem. Ganga Raj
was forced to surrender only when pressure was mounted on him from different
quarters, including the All India Democratic Women Association (AIDWA).
Welcoming the court verdict, Jagmati Sangwan, state president of AIDWA, said,
"We hope the guilty would be awarded strict punishment so that a signal is sent
to those self-styled panchayat leaders who have been taking the law into their
own hands."

What is horrifying is that the khap panchayat even went to the extent of blatantly
protecting the murderers. Gangaraj, was even felicitated at a function for killing
Manoj and Babli.
 Chapter-IV

Analysis

There are many question that arises that why people commit crime? How do
some people decide to commit a crime? Do they think about the benefits and the
risks? Why do some people commit crimes regardless of the consequences?
Why do others never commit a crime, no matter how desperate their
circumstances? The thing comes in our mind after studing the above mentioned
cases-----"Every crime has a logic. To solve a crime, you have to study
psychology and human behaviour,"

Report of Sobhraj’s analysis of Aarushi murder case

64-year-old Sobhraj, who is keenly following media reports about the mysterious
murder of the teen in her own home in New Delhi's Noida suburb.

Aarushi was found dead on May 16. The police initially named the Talwars'
domestic help Hemraj as the prime suspect, but had to retract after his body was
found the next day on the terrace of the house. Aarushi's father Rajesh Talwar
was arrested May 23 and police said he killed his daughter in a fit of rage as he
objected to her alleged closeness with Hemraj.

A second arrest in the case was made on June 13 when the CBI held Talwar's
compounder Krishna. Later, they arrested Rajkumar, the domestic help of
Aarushi's father's business partner. Krishna and Rajkumar, both Nepalis, were
subjected to narco-tests.

Sobhraj, who had been behind bars in India in the 90s, says the CBI-conducted
narco-tests would not be accepted by any Indian court.

Under the influence of drugs, Rajkumar is recently reported to have told

investigators that Krishna was humiliated by Aarushi's father and wanted to take
revenge.

Accordingly, he, Krishna and Hemraj went to Aaurushi's room on that fateful night
in May, Rajkumar reportedly told CBI investigators after the recent test in
Bangalore, which is being hailed as a breakthrough in the murder case.
He also reportedly said he attempted to rape Aarushi and when she resisted,
Krishna slit her throat with a khukuri - the sharp dagger used in Nepal - to silence
her.

Rajkumar also reportedly said that when Hemraj got cold feet and said he would
tell Aarushi's father everything, they killed him.

"CBI never took the permission of any court to administer the narco-tests,"
Sobhraj told IANS in Kathmandu's central jail. "Therefore, it is illegal.”

"Also, under Section 164 of the IPC, a confession is valid only when it is recorded
before a magistrate, who has to be satisfied that it was not made under any
coercion or inducement. The drug Pentathol is used for these narco-tests. So the
tests definitely fall under the category of inducement. Also, the effect of Pentathol
is to make you very susceptible to suggestions. If your interrogator poses any
question in a suggestive manner, under the influence of the drug you are likely to
say what he wants you to say," Sobhraj said.

Sobhraj says the CBI, being under intense pressure from the media, resorted to
the tests in order to find a scapegoat.

"The postmortem report and the girl's father's statement are at loggerheads,"
Sobhraj says. "The first says she was killed in the morning while her father says
she was alive in the afternoon. It means till now, they have not been able to
establish the actual time of death and are trying to juggle facts to fit the post
mortem report."

According to Sobhraj, who himself knows how it is to be pursued by the media,

no human right organisations took up cudgels on behalf of Krishna and Rajkumar
because "they are not Indians."

However, the issue has generated heat in Nepal, with a leading daily writing that
Nepalis were being victimised in India.

Sobhraj feels the murder was committed by someone for whom it was his first
crime. That is why police are finding it difficult to catch him since the perpetrator
would not have any previous record.

"I feel it could be a case of jealousy," he says. "It could be the result of rivalry
between two boyfriends. But whoever it was must have been known to the girl
and trusted by her."

The police's best hope would be, he says, if someone close to the "boyfriend
murderer", who suspects something amiss, comes forward with information.

Factors affecting human behaviour to commit a crime

The first thing of human behavour that comes in our mind is the abnormal
behavour abnormal social behavior, including crime. Efforts to control "bad"
behavior go back to ancient Babylon's Code of Hammurabi some 3,700 years
ago. Later in the seventeenth century European colonists in North America
considered crime and sin the same thing. They believed evil spirits possessed
those who did not conform to social norms or follow rules. To maintain social
order in the settlements, persons who exhibited antisocial behavior had to be
dealt with swiftly and often harshly.

By the twenty-first century criminologists looked to a wide range of factors to

explain why a person would commit crimes. These included biological,
psychological, social, and economic factors. Usually a combination of these
factors is behind a person who commits a crime.

Reasons for committing a crime include greed, anger, jealously, revenge, or

pride. Some people decide to commit a crime and carefully plan everything in
advance to increase gain and decrease risk. These people are making choices
about their behavior; some even consider a life of crime better than a regular job
—believing crime brings in greater rewards, admiration, and excitement—at least
until they are caught. Others get an adrenaline rush when successfully carrying
out a dangerous crime. Others commit crimes on impulse, out of rage or fear.

The desire for material gain (money or expensive belongings) leads to property
crimes such as robberies, burglaries, white-collar crimes, and auto thefts. The
desire for contro l, revenge, or power leads to violent crimes such as murders,
assaults, and rapes. These violent crimes usually occur on impulse or the spur of
the moment when emotions run high. Property crimes are usually planned in
advance.

Discouraging the choice of crime

The purpose of punishment is to discourage a person from committing a crime.

Punishment is supposed to make criminal behavior less attractive and more
risky. Imprisonment and loss of income is a major hardship to many people.
Another way of influencing choice is to make crime more difficult or to reduce the
opportunities. This can be as simple as better lighting, locking bars on auto
steering wheels, the presence of guard dogs, or high technology improvements
such as security systems and photographs on credit cards.

A person weighing the risks of crime considers factors like how many police
officers are in sight where the crime will take place. Studies of New York City
records between 1970 and 1999 showed that as the police force in the city grew,
less crime was committed. A change in a city's police force, however, is usually
tied to its economic health. Normally as unemployment rises, city revenues
decrease because fewer people are paying taxes. This causes cutbacks in city
services including the police force. So a rise in criminal activity may not be due to
fewer police, but rather rising unemployment. Another means of discouraging
people from choosing criminal activity is the length of imprisonment. After the
1960s many believed more prisons and longer sentences would deter crime.
Despite the dramatic increase in number of prisons and imposing mandatory
lengthy sentences, however, the number of crimes continued to rise. The number
of violent crimes doubled from 1970 to 1998. Property crimes rose from 7.4
million to 11 million, while the number of people placed in state and federal
prisons grew from 290,000 in 1977 to over 1.2 million in 1998. Apparently longer
prison sentences had little effect on discouraging criminal behavior.

Parental relations

Cleckley's ideas on sociopathy were adopted in the 1980s to describe a "cycle of

violence" or pattern found in family histories. A "cycle of violence" is where
people who grow up with abuse or antisocial behavior in the home will be much
more likely to mistreat their own children, who in turn will often follow the same
pattern.

Children who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in
life than others. Similarly, sexual abuse in childhood often leads these victims to
become sexual predators as adults. Many inmates on death row have histories of
some kind of severe abuse. The neglect and abuse of children often progresses
through several generations. The cycle of abuse, crime, and sociopathy keeps
repeating itself. The cycle of violence concept, based on the quality of early life
relationships, has its positive counterpart. Supportive and loving parents who
respond to the basic needs of their child instill self-confidence and an interest in
social environments. These children are generally well-adjusted in relating to
others and are far less likely to commit crimes.

By the late twentieth century the general public had not accepted that criminal
behavior is a psychological disorder but rather a willful action. The public cry for
more prisons and tougher sentences outweighed rehabilitation and the treatment
of criminals. Researchers in the twenty-first century, however, continued to look
at psychological stress as a driving force behind some crimes.

Heredity and brain activity

Searching for the origins of antisocial personality disorders and their influence
over crime led to studies of twins and adopted children in the 1980s. Identical
twins have the exact same genetic makeup. Researchers found that identical
twins were twice as likely to have similar criminal behavior than fraternal twins
who have similar but not identical genes, just like any two siblings. Other
research indicated that adopted children had greater similarities of crime rates to
their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. These studies suggested a
genetic basis for some criminal behavior. With new advances in medical
technology, the search for biological causes of criminal behavior became more
sophisticated. In 1986 psychologist Robert Hare identified a connection between
certain brain activity and antisocial behavior. He found that criminals experienced
less brain reaction to dangerous situations than most people. Such a brain
function, he believed, could lead to greater risk-taking in life, with some criminals
not fearing punishment as much as others.

Studies related to brain activity and crime continued into the early twenty-first
century. Testing with advanced instruments probed the inner workings of the
brain. With techniques called computerized tomography (CT scans), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), researchers
searched for links between brain activity and a tendency to commit crime. Each
of these tests can reveal brain activity.

Research on brain activity investigated the role of neurochemicals, substances

the brain releases to trigger body activity, and hormones in influencing criminal
behavior. Studies indicated that increased levels of some neurochemicals, such
as serotonin, decreases aggression. Serotonin is a substance produced by the
central nervous system that has broad sweeping effects on the emotional state of
the individual. In contrast higher levels of others, such as dopamine, increased
aggression. Dopamine is produced by the brain and affects heart rate and blood
pressure. Researchers expected to find that persons who committed violent
crimes have reduced levels of serotonin and higher levels of dopamine. This
condition would have led to periods of greater activity including aggression if the
person is prone towards aggression.

In the early twenty-first century researchers continued investigating the

relationship between neurochemicals and antisocial behavior, yet connections
proved complicated. Studies showed, for example, that even body size could
influence the effects of neurochemicals and behavior.

Hormones

Hormones are bodily substances that affect how organs in the body function.
Researchers also looked at the relationship between hormones, such as
testosterone and cortisol, and criminal behavior. Testosterone is a sex hormone
produced by male sexual organs that cause development of masculine body
traits. Cortisol is a hormone produced by adrenal glands located next to the
kidneys that effects how quickly food is processed by the digestive system.
Higher cortisol levels leads to more glucose to the brain for greater energy, such
as in times of stress or danger. Animal studies showed a strong link between
high levels of testosterone and aggressive behavior. Testosterone
measurements in prison populations also showed relatively high levels in the
inmates as compared to the U.S. adult male population in general.
Studies of sex offenders in Germany showed that those who were treated to
remove testosterone as part of their sentencing became repeat offenders only 3
percent of the time. This rate was in stark contrast to the usual 46 percent repeat
rate. These and similar studies indicate testosterone can have a strong bearing
on criminal behavior.

Cortisol is another hormone linked to criminal behavior. Research suggested that

when the cortisol level is high a person's attention is sharp and he or she is
physically active. In contrast, researchers found low levels of cortisol were
associated with short attention spans, lower activity levels, and often linked to
antisocial behavior including crime. Studies of violent adults have shown lower
levels of cortisol; some believe this low level serves to numb an offender to the
usual fear associated with committing a crime and possibly getting caught.

It is difficult to isolate brain activity from social and psychological factors, as well
as the effects of substance abuse, parental relations, and education. Yet since
some criminals are driven by factors largely out of their control, punishment will
not be an effective deterrent. Help and treatment become the primary responses.

Education

Conforming to Merton's earlier sociological theories, a survey of inmates in state

prisons in the late 1990s showed very low education levels. Many could not read
or write above elementary school levels, if at all. The most common crimes
committed by these inmates were robbery, burglary, automobile theft, drug
trafficking, and shoplifting. Because of their poor educational backgrounds, their
employment histories consisted of mostly low wage jobs with frequent periods of
unemployment.

Employment at minimum wage or below living wage does not help deter criminal
activity. Even with government social services, such as public housing, food
stamps, and medical care, the income of a minimum wage household still falls
short of providing basic needs. People must make a choice between continued
long-term low income and the prospect of profitable crime. Gaining further
education, of course, is another option, but classes can be expensive and time
consuming. While education can provide the chance to get a better job, it does
not always overcome the effects of abuse, poverty, or other limiting factors.

Peer influence

A person's peer group strongly influences a decision to commit crime. For

example, young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of
academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes
become lost in the competition. Children of families who cannot afford adequate
clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap. Researchers believe
these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminal gangs, since
membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different manner. In gangs,
antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility.

Like society in general, criminal gangs are usually focused on material gain.
Gangs, however, resort to extortion, fraud, and theft as a means of achieving it.
The fear of young people, mostly boys, joining gangs influenced many
government projects in the last half of the twentieth century including President
Lyndon Johnson's (1908–1973; served 1963–69) "War on Crime" programs.

Drugs and alcohol

Some social factors pose an especially strong influence over a person's ability to
make choices. Drug and alcohol abuse is one such factor. The urge to commit
crime to support a drug habit definitely influences the decision process. Both
drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions (socially defined rules
of behavior), giving a person greater courage to commit a crime. Deterrents such
as long prison sentences have little meaning when a person is high or drunk.

Substance abuse, commonly involving alcohol, triggers "stranger violence," a

crime in which the victim has no relationship whatsoever with his or her attacker.
Such an occurrence could involve a confrontation in a bar or some other public
place where the attacker and victim happen to be at the same time.
Criminologists estimate that alcohol or drug use by the attacker is behind 30 to
50 percent of violent crime, such as murder, sexual assault, and robbery. In
addition drugs or alcohol may make the victim a more vulnerable target for a
criminal by being less attentive to activities around and perhaps visiting a poorly
lighted or secluded area not normally frequented perhaps to purchase drugs.

The idea that drug and alcohol abuse can be a major factor in a person's life is
why there are numerous treatment programs for young people addicted to these
substances. Treatment focuses on positive support to influence a person's future
decision making and to reduce the tendency for antisocial and criminal behavior.

Easy access

Another factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier
is the availability of handguns in U.S. society. Many firearms used in crimes are
stolen or purchased illegally (bought on what is called the "black market").
Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders
some distance or detachment from their victims. Of the 400,000 violent crimes
involving firearms in 1998, over 330,000 involved handguns. By the beginning of
the twenty-first century firearm use was the eighth leading cause of death in the
United States.

Similarly, the increased availability of free information on the Internet also makes
it easy to commit certain kinds of crime. Web sites provide instructions on how to
make bombs and buy poisons; all this information is easily available from the
comfort of a person's home. Easy access, however, will not be the primary factor
in a person's decision to commit a crime. Other factors—biological,
psychological, or social—will also come into play.

Chapter-V

Conclusion
This article examines how various crime, victim, and defendant characteristics
affect the amount of space and attention provided to newspaper crime stories.
Although there is a rather large body of research documenting the presentation
of crime in the news, few studies have used multivariate statistical applications.
This study uses multiple regression to identify the important variables that
increase the salience of crime stories. The findings indicate that the number of
victims affected by a crime is the best predictor of increased story salience. The
type of offense also had some influence. Other variables tested, such as victim
and defendant characteristics, had very little influence on the space and attention
provided to newspaper crime stories.

Certificate
This is to certify that this project assignment title (PRINT MEDIA
& CRIME JOURNALISM) submitted for the partial fulfillment the
degree of B.sc MEFT to Punjab Technical University, Jalandher is
a original research work carried out by RAHUL DEV KHOSLA
under our supervision. I certify that no part of this project
assignment has been submitted for any other degree
.

Mrs. Nidhi gupta                                                 Mrs. Shalini Gupta

coordinator                                                       Director General
Department of  B.Sc MEFT                                DBIMCS, Mandi Gobindgerh.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is very practical & arduous take to complete an objective report
of this nature. The work presented is the result of guidance
provided by the staff of DBIMCS (Mandi Gobindgarh)

I show my deep gratitude to all those who have helped me in the

completion of this study & make it possible to hand over this
report in your hard today.

First and foremost I would like to expand my sincere thanks to

H.O.D. & Lect. Mrs. Poonam Bansal & faculty of DBIMCS
(Mandi Gobindgarh) under whose guidance the project was
completed.

I also acknowledgement my sincere thanks to respondents who

have co-operated with me & my entire classmates who directly
supported me.

Last but not least, I would like to pay my regard to Mrs. Shalini
Gupta director of DBIMCS Mandi Gobindgarh who has given me
such assignment which is practical in nature & provided me an
exposure to see the actual market.

Rahul Dev Khosla

PROJECT
 PRINT MEDIA AND CRIME
JOURNALISM

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mrs. Poonam Bansal Rahul Dev Khosla

Class Incharge B.Sc. MEFT
6th Sem.
Roll No.705757048

DESH BHAGAT INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND

COMPUTER SEICNECE
MANDI GOBINDGARH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.wikipedia.com

 www.google.com

 www.tribune.com

 www.hindustantimes.com

 www.punjabkesari.com

 Journalism in India, K.C. Sharma - 2007 - 388 pages

 Mass communication and Journalism in India by Dalpat

Singh Mehta.
 INDEX

Chapter Topics Page No.

No.
1. Introduction 1-29

2. Crime Journalism 30-54

3. Case studies 55-65

4. Analysis 66-73

5. Conclusion 74

Bibliography