9TH Bridge Course Notes SST

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BRIDGE COURSE

SOCIAL SCIENCE
CLASS: 9

DAY 1: UNDERSTANDING LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES


Both longitude and latitude are angles measured with the center of the earth as an origin.
A longitude is an angle from the prime meridian, measured to the east (longitudes to the west are
negative). Latitudes measure an angle up from the equator (latitudes to the south are negative).

DAY 2: DETERMIATION OF TIME


The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation or to cover 360° of longitudes. This means that the
Earth covers 15° of longitudes every hour. One degree of longitude takes 4 minutes.
(1 hour = 60 minutes, divided by 15° per hour = 4 minutes per longitude)
DAY 3: HEAT ZONES AND TRDAE WINDS

DAY 4: MAP READING AND MAP INTERPRETATION:


Physical map can be understood as a map used to indicate the forms of landscape and water bodies
of an area.
Political map refers to a map that helps in representing the political boundaries, roads, and other
similar features of an area.
DAY 5: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Economic activities can be classified based on their nature and purpose.
Based on their nature the economic activities can be classified into three sectors: primary sector,
secondary sector and tertiary sector.
Based on their purpose, economic activities can be classified as market activities and non-market
activities.

The primary sector economic activities are agriculture and forestry, animal husbandry, fishing,
poultry farming, and mining.
The secondary sector economic activities include manufacturing of goods.
The tertiary sector economic activities include trade, transport, communication, banking, insurance,
education, healthcare and tourism.
Economic activities are activities that involve the production and consumption of products and
services for monetary benefit.
Non-economic activity is defined as an activity carried out happily with the goal of giving services
without regard for monetary gain.

DAY 6: RESOURCES
Resources are anything that has utility and adds value to your life. Air, water, food, plants,
animals, minerals, metals, and everything else that exists in nature and has utility to mankind is a
'Resource'.
Conservation is the care and protection of these resources so that they can persist for future
generations. It includes maintaining diversity of species, genes, and ecosystems, as well as functions
of the environment, such as nutrient cycling.
DAY 7: POOR AND POVERTY
Different way to measure poverty:
1. Expenditure methods: In this method, the poverty line is estimated by using the expenditure of
the person as a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, etc.
2. Consumption method: A minimum nutritional food requirement is measured and energy obtained
from this food is measured in calories. If the calories requirement is not fulfilled then the person is
considered to be below the poverty line. It is 2100 for urban area and 2400 for rural areas.
Reason of poverty in India:
1. High population growth rate
2. High level of illiteracy
3. Poor health care facilities
4. Lack of access to financial resources
5. Large family size etc.

DAY 8: BANKING PROCESS


Functions of Commercial Banks: -
1. Primary functions include accepting deposits, granting loans, advances, cash, credit, overdraft
and discounting of bills.
2. Secondary functions include issuing letter of credit, undertaking safe custody of valuables,
providing consumer finance, educational loans, etc.
Difference between saving and current account: While a Savings Account is one wherein you
deposit your savings with the bank and earn interest on the same, a current account is one where you
deposit money to carry out business transactions.
DAY 9: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Constitution: A constitution is the rule book for a state. It sets out the fundamental principles by
which the state is governed. It describes the main institutions of the state, and defines the relationship
between these institutions (for example, between the executive, legislature and judiciary).
Constituent Assembly of India:
In 1934, M N Roy first proposed the idea of a constituent assembly.
The demand was taken up by the Congress Party in 1935 as an official demand.
The British accepted this in the August Offer of 1940.
Under the Cabinet Mission plan of 1946, elections were held for the formation of the constituent
assembly.
The members of this assembly were elected indirectly, i.e., by the members of the provincial
assemblies by the method of a single transferable vote of proportional representation.
The constituent assembly was formed for the purpose of writing a constitution for independent India.
DAY 10: DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
Universal Adult Franchise means that the right to vote should be given to all adult citizens without the
discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or gender. It is based on equality, which is a basic principle of
democracy.

DAY 11: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES


Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution:
The Indian Constitution provides 6 Fundamental Rights which are as follow-:
1. Right to equality (Articles 14–18)
2. Right to freedom (Articles 19–22)
3. Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24)
4. Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25–28)
5. Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30)
6. Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)
The fundamental duties:
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the
National Anthem;
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women;
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to
have compassion for living creatures;
8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation
constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement;
11. Who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child, or as the case
may be, ward between the age of six to fourteen years.

DAY 12: TIME LINE


AD and BC:
"A.D." stands for anno domini (Latin for "in the year of the lord"), and it refers specifically to the birth of
Jesus Christ. "B.C." stands for "before Christ."
CE and BCE:
CE is an abbreviation for Common Era. BCE is short for Before Common Era. The Common Era
begins with year 1 in the Gregorian calendar. Instead of AD and BC.
DAY 13: IMPORTANT MONUMENTS AND PLACES ON THE MAP OF INDIA
DAY 14: THE WORLD WARS
First World War
There were 4 main causes of World War I namely militarism, imperialism, alliances and
nationalism. The World War I was a direct consequence of these 4 causes, however, it was triggered
by when the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Bosnian
revolutionary “Gavrilo Princip”.

The major consequences of the First World War:

1. End of King Rule in Germany: In November 1918 Germany became a republic the German
Emperor named Kaiser William II had to flee to Holland.
2. Majority of the people faced unemployment
3. The famine was one of the major consequence of the war
4. The USA emerged as a superpower.
5. Japan emerged as a powerful country in Asia.
6. Formation of USSR in 1922 was the outcome of the WWI. The emergence of the USA as a
superpower.
7. The European supremacy started to end.
8. Yugoslavia, Poland and Czechoslovakia attained independence.
9. In Turkey, the rule of Ottomans ended.

2nd World War

The major causes of World War II were numerous. They include the impact of the Treaty of Versailles
following WWI, the worldwide economic depression, failure of appeasement, the rise of
militarism in Germany and Japan, and the failure of the League of Nations.

Consequences of 2nd WW:

• End of colonialism and imperialism.


• End of dictatorship in Germany and Italy.
• Germany was divided into West Germany and East Germany. West Germany was controlled by
Britain, France and USA. East Germany by USSR. (Read more about the re-union of Germany
in 1989 when you check our post about the fall of the Berlin wall).
• Strengthening of nationalist movements in Africa and Asia. (From Britain – India, Myanmar,
Egypt, Sri Lanka; From America – Philippines; From France – Indo-China; From Dutch –
Indonesia)
• 5 crore deaths (2.2 crore soldiers and 2.8 crore civilians)
• Economics problems – Unemployment, low growth etc.
• Emergence of two power blocks – USA and USSR. This resulted in cold war.
• Emergence of third world Countries.
• UNO was set up in 1945.

DAY 15: INDIAN HISTORY


Indian History division:
Ancient India (the beginning-647AD) From Lithic (Stone) to death of Harsha
Medieval India (647-1757AD) From the end of Harsha to the Battle of Plassey
Modern India (1757- till date) From the Battle of Plassey to contemporary

Prepared by: Abhishek Kumar Gupta, TGT(SST)

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