100 Geometry Problems: Solutions

Alvin Zou

April 26th, 2015

1. Let ra, rb, rc be the radii of the circles centered at A, B, C respectively. We then have the following system
of equations

BC = 9 = rb + rc
 AX = ra = 6 +

 rb

AY = ra = 5 + rc.
10
Solving yields rb = 4, rc = 5, and AX = .
2. Denote ∠BAC = α and ∠BAD = φ, then φ is our unknown. By AC = AD we get ∠DAC = ∠CAD = α φ
−
and thus ∠ACD = 180◦ 2(α φ). By that we can now get ∠ABC = 180◦ (180◦ 2(α φ)) α = α 2φ.
— − − − − − −
And now using the condition we get

30◦ = ∠CAB − ∠ABC = α − (α − 2φ) = 2φ ⇔ φ = 1 .

3. We can draw the perpendicular from the center of the semicircle to CE (call this point X). Notice that the
radius of the semicircle is 1. Since ABCD is a square, BC and EA are tangents as well. We have
CX = BC = 2 and EX = EA. We can Pythagorean Theorem △EDC with legs DE = 2 − EA and DC = 2
with a hypotenuse CE = 2 + EA. Solving, we get EA = 1
and CE = 5 .
2 2
4. The diagram:

A M 6 B

6 3

D C

It is given that ∠AMD ∼= ∠CMD. Since ∠AMD and ∠CDM are alternate interior angles and AB DC,
∠AMD ∼= ∠CDM ∠CMD ∼= ∠CDM . Use the Base Angle Theorem to show DC =∼ MC. We know
−
that
ABCD is a rectangle, so it follows that MC = 6. We notice that BMC is a 30 60 90 triangle, and
△ − −
∠BMC = 30◦. If we let x be the measure of ∠AMD, then

2x + 30 = 180
2x = 150
x = 75

1
5. From F draw a perpendicular to AD and let the foot be G. Then, we quickly notice that triangles ABE,
EFG, GFD are congruent because of 2 equal sides and the right angle. (SsA) Let the side length of the
square be a then by the Pythagorean Theorem we get

302 −
( 1a)2 = a2
3
10
900 = a2
9
a2 = 81
6. First, we draw the diagram:

B C

Since ∠DEC = ∠DBC = 90, quadrilateral DEBC is cyclic, from which the result follows due to same
inscribed arcs. Q.E.
7. Let △ABC be an equilateral triangle with side length a, and point D be on line AC such that
CD = AC = a, and point A and D are distinct. ∠BCD = 120, and BC = CD, so △ B√C D is isosceles. Also,
∠CBD√ = ∠CBD = 30, so ∠ABD = 90. Thus, △ABD is a 30-60-90 triangle, so b = a 3, and
b
= a 3 = √3 .
a a

8. Drawing the diagram, we get:

L
M

N A B

Since quadrilateral ABLM is cyclic, ∠MLB = 180 − ∠A = 90◦ = ∠MLC. Thus ∠CML = 90 − ∠C. We also
have ∠C = ∠ANM since ALCN is cyclic. Then since ∠MAN = 180 − ∠A = 90◦, we get
∠AMN = 90 − ∠ANM = 90 − ∠C = ∠CML.
Since the vertical angles are congruent, L, M, N are collinear. Q.E.

2
 9. First, a diagram:

E
I

B X D Y C

Let D and E be the feet of the altitudes from I to BC and AB respectively. Since IX = IA and ID = IE we
have that △IDX ∼= △IEA by HL congruence (both are clearly right triangles). It is also easy to show that
△IDX ∼= △IDY. So, AE = s − a = XD = 1 XY, and thus XY = b + c − a = 1400 + 1800 − 2014 118 = .
2
10. Notice that, since ADBE is cyclic, we want to show that it is an isosceles trapezoid. Thus, it suffices to
prove that arc DB = arc AE. However, we have arc AB = arc AC and arc AD = arc CE (since AD = CE).
Thus, we have arc DB = arc AB - arc AD = arc AC - arc CE = arcQ.E. AE.
11. Let P be the shape’s perimeter and A its area. Note that if we dilate the shape by a factor of k, its perimeter
becomes kP and its are becomes k2A. Thus, if we want our dilated shape to equiable, or kP = k2A, we
should dilate the shape by a factor of k = P .
A
Q.E.
12. By simple angle chasing, we notice that triangle AEB is similar to EFC. Let the side length of the square be
a, EC = x and thus BE = a − x. Because of similarity, it is
a x 3
= ⇔ x = a.
4 3 4
That yields BE = 1 a. Using the Pythagorean Theorem in triangle AEB the result is
4
2 1 17 2 2 162
a + ( a) = 16 ⇔ a = 16 ⇔ a = 17
4 16
13. ∠ABN = ∠AMN since they are subtended from the same chord. Since ∠MXN = ∠MY N = 90◦, it follows
that M , X, Y , and N are concyclic. Then, since M and X form angles subtended from the same chord,
∠Y XN = ∠Y MN = ∠AMN = ∠ABN . Because BN is an extension of XN , and because
∠Y XN = ∠ABN , it follows that AB XY . Q.E.
14. Solution 1: Let M be the intersection point of the diagonals of the square. Then reflect A, B about M and
we’ll get C, D. Thus, the reflection of E about M which we call E′ will give us DE′ = 5 and E′C = 12, E′
must be F ! Thus
EM = MF.
Now notice that
√
(5, 12, 13) is a pythagorean triple which yields ∠BEA = 90◦. Obviously, ∠AMB = 90◦ and
AM = MB = 2·13 √
. Then AEBM √
is a cyclic √ we get
quadrilateral and by Ptolemy
2 ·
2 13 ·
2 13 2 · 17
·5+ · 12 = 13 · ME ⇔ ME = .
2 2 2
√
Therefore EF = 2 · ME = 2 · 17, √
2
so EF = ( 2 · 17)2
= 2 · 289
= 57 .

3
 Solution 2:

A B

D C

Extend FC, EB, EA, FD as shown until the sides intersect. The two intersection points as well as point E
and F form a sq√u a re , as the newly formed triangles are congruent to triangles AEB and CFD by ASA =∼.
So
then EF 2 = (17 2)2 = 57 .
15. Let O be △ABC’s circumcenter. Note that ∠BFE = 1 ∠BOE = 1 ∠BOC = 1 ∠A. Similarly, ∠AEF = 1
∠B 2 4 2 2
1 1
and ∠DFB = ∠C. Since ∠DFE + ∠AEF = ∠DFB + ∠BFE + ∠AEF = (∠A + ∠B + ∠C) = 90◦, it
2 2
follows that DF ⊥ AE. Q.E.
16. Call P the projection of D onto AB, and let Dp be the projection of D onto plane ABC. Since AB = 3, we
have DP = 2 · 12 = 8. By definition, ∠DDpP = 90◦ so DDpP is a 30-60-90 triangle. Then DDp = 1 DP = 4,
3 2
so [ABC] · DDp
VABCD = = (15 4)/3 = 20 .
3 ·

4
17. Here’s a colorful diagram:

P1 A3

P4 P2
P3 A1

Since the quadrilateral is orthodiagonal, we can write the statement we want to show as D2 = P1P 2 + P3P 2.
2 4
Let A1 and A3 be the antipodes of P1 and P3, respectively, and let O be the center of the circle. The claim
is
that reflecting P1P2P3P4 over the diameter of the circle that is parallel to P1P3 results in the new
quadrilateral A3P4A1P2. We can prove this by noting that P1OP3 ∼= A3OA1, so P1 goes to A3 and P3 goes
to A1 (and obviously P2 and P4 switch places). Now, after reflecting, we get that A1P2 = P3P4, so now we
want
to show that D2 = P1P 2 + A1P 2 which is true by the Pythagorean Theorem on △P1P2A1. Q.E.
2 2
18. Notice that the midpoint of AB, the centers of the two circles, and the center of the sphere form a rectangle.
Thus, if we know the sides of the rectangle we can compute the distance from the center of the sphere to the
midpoint of AB. Then, since this line is perpendicular to AB, we can then compute the √rad i u s of the sphere.
F√i r s t , we find the distances from the centers of the circles to midpoint of AB. They 542 − 212 and
are
6622 − 2122. Thus,
√54 the distance from the center of the sphere to the midpoint of AB is
− 21 + 662 − 212. Finally, we apply pythagorean theorem once more to get the radius of the sphere to
√
be 542 − 212 + 662 − 212 + 212. Squaring, we get that R2 = 683 .
19. Extend AB and CD to meet at X. We see that ∠AXD is a right angle, so XM and XN are medians of
triangle XBC and XAD, respectively. We can also see that X, M, N are collinear. Hence, XN = AN and
XM = BM , so we easily find that MN = XN − XM = 1004 − 500 = 50 .
20. First, we know that EF ||AB by symmetry. Now we wish to show that DF ||EF , as this would imply that
D, E, F collinear. Since line l is tangent to the circle, ∠DBC = ∠A, and therefore ∠BCD = 90 − ∠A.
Notice that quadrilateral BDCF is cyclic (opposite angles 90). Thus, we have ∠BCD = ∠DFB = 90 − ∠A.
However, we also have ∠EFB = ∠FBA = 90 − ∠A by parallel lines, so lines DF and EF make the same
angle with BF . This implies that lines DF and EF are parallel, which implies D, E, F collinear. Q.E.

21. Let the center of the circle with radius 1 be A. Let the circle shaded grey have center B and let the circle
shaded black that is adjacent to that grey circle be C. Let r be the radius that we want to find. Clearly,
BC = 2r, AB = 4 r and AC = r + 1. We can also see that, from symmetry, ∠BAC = 60◦. From Law of
−
Cosines, we have
4r2 = (r + 1)2 + (4 − r)2 − 2(r + 1)(4 − r) cos 60◦)
This reduces down to r2 + 9r − 13, and plugging into the quadratic formula:
√
−9 + 133
r=
2
We arrive at −9 + 133 + 2 = 12 .

5
22. ∠BAC inscribes arc BC. Assume that BD is tangent to the circle. Then, clearly, ∠DBC also inscribes
arc BC, so ∠DBC = ∠BAC. However, if we let BD be not tangent, it will either increase or decrease the
angle. But since we were given that the angles are equal, this is not possible. Thus, BD must be tangent
to the
circle. Q.E.

23. Clearly, we see that CQMB and ANPC are cyclic quadrilaterals, implying that ∠CMB = ∠CQB and
∠CNA = ∠CPA. Therefore, we can deduce that
∠MCN = 180◦ − (∠CMN + ∠MNC) = 180◦ − (90◦ − A/2 + 90◦ − B/2) = 4
24. Note that since AMCN is cyclic, we have ∠ANM = ∠ACB and ∠AMN = ∠ACD = ∠CAB so
△MAN ∼ △ABC by AA similarity. Q.E.

25. (a) We angle chase. Since AH is perpendicular to BC, ∠BAH = 90 ∠B. Now consider the circumcircle of
−
ABC. We have ∠AOC = 2∠B (since it inscribes the same arc but goes through the center). Since triangle
OAC is isosceles (OA = OC), we have ∠OAC = (180 − 2∠B)/2 = 90 − ∠B.
Q.E.
(b) Notice that ∠HAO = |∠A − ∠BAH − ∠OAC|. Substituting in our values from part (a), we get
∠HAO = |∠A −(90 − B) −(90 − B)| = |∠A +2∠B − 180| = |(∠A +∠B +∠C) +(∠B −∠C) − 180| = |∠B −∠C|.
Q.E.
26. We know ∠APB = ∠CPD, so ∠APB + ∠BPC = ∠CPD + ∠BPC, or ∠APC = ∠BPD. We also know
AP PB
= , so by SAS similarity △PAC ∼ △PBD. Q.E.
PC PD
27. Note that ∠OY X = ∠OXY , so ∠Y ZO = ∠OZX. Let ∠Y ZO = α, then by Law of Cosines on triangles Y ZO
and OZX we get 121 + 49 − 2 · 11 · 7 cos α = 121 + 169 − 2 · 11 · 13 cos α, which simplifies to cos α = 10 .
1
√30
Plugging this back in we have OY 2 = 170 − 140 = 30, so OY = .
28. Let ∠AKF = ∠FKB = α and ∠AMH = ∠HMD = β. Also let FE HG = X. Then because
∩
∠KAF = ∠DCB, we have ∠MFX = α + C, so ∠MXF = 180 (α + β + C). However we also know
−
that 2α + C + D = 180 and that 2β + C + B = 180, so adding these we see that 2α + 2β + 2C + (B + D)
= 360.
But we also know that B + D = 180 because quadrilateral ABCD is cyclic, so we get that α + β + C = 90.
Which means ∠MXF = 180 − 90 = 90. From this we conclude that triangles EMX and FMX are
congruent, and triangles HKX and GKX are congruent. Thus EX = XF , HX = XG, and HG ⊥ FE, so
EGFH is a rhombus. Q.E.

29. The diagram:

A 5 H M 7 C

With some simple calculations we see th√at AH = 5, HM = 2, and MC = MP = 7. Also BH = 12. So by the
Pythagorean
MP PD
theorem
7
we
PD
have BM = 2 37. Let the foot
42
of the altitude from P to AC be D. Then
MB = BH . Or √
2 37
= √ . Solving we have PD = √ Thus the area of △PAC is
12 37
1 42 294 294 37

2
· 14 · √
37
= √
37
= 37
. Therefore p + q + r = 294 + 37 + 37 = 36
6
30. The complicated diagram:

D
B
E′

A O
M

D′ P
C

Let O be the circumcentre of △ABC and M be the midpoint of BC. Then its clear that PM ⊥ BC. Since
∠BDP = 90◦ = 190 − ∠PMB, quadrilateral PMBD is cyclic. So we have ∠MDP = ∠MBP . Also
∠ADM = 9⌢0◦ − ∠MDP = 90◦ − ∠MDP . As BP is tangent to the circumcircle of △ABC we must have
∠MBP = B = ∠A. Therefore ∠ADM = 90◦ − ∠MDP = 90◦ − ∠A. Let D′ = DM ∩ AE then ADD′ is 2
right. So DD′ is the D-altitude of △ADE. Similarly EE′ is the E-altitude of △ADE which means that M is
the orthocentre of △ADE. Q.E.D.
31. Note that HHABHC and HHACHB are cyclic. Then ∠HCHAA = ∠HCBHB = 90 − ∠BAC and
∠AHAHB = ∠ACHC = 90 − ∠BAC. Therefore, H lies on the angle bisector of ∠HCHAHB. The same
argument can be repeated for the angles HCHBHA and HAHCHB to show that H is the incenter. Q.E.
32. Let Y and Z be the intersections of AC with the circle, w.l.o.g. CY < CZ. Then clearly CY = 97 86 =
−
11 and CZ = 97 + 86 = 183. Now, CB CX = CY CZ = 11 183 = 3 11 61. If BX and CX have integer
· · · ·
lengths, this also holds for BC and since BC CX 11 (the latter holds by the Triangle Inequality) the
≥ ≥
only possible values are CX = 11, V C = 183 and CX = 33, BC = 61. But in the first case, ACX would be
degenerated which implies X ∈ AC, only possible if X = C but this contradicts AX = 86 /= 97 = AC. Hence
CX = 33 and BC = 61 is the only possible solution.

7
33. Let ∠BAC = A⌢, ∠ABC = B, a n d ∠ B C A = C. We know that ∠BOC = 2A, so the measure of
PQ
B^N C = 4A. Then A = 4A− ⌢ means PQ = 2A, and ∠PNQ = A. Because the center of circle τ
, which
also lies on the2
perpendicular bisector of BC, we know that ∠NOB = ∠NOC = A. Thus ∠NQC = ∠NOC = A, so
∠NQA = 180 − A, and ∠NPA = 180 − A. From this we conclude APNQ is a parallelogram. Q.E.
34. First we’re going to have to visualize this.

Drawing the center of the square to each of the 8 vertices we see that we are looking for the area of 4 sectors
of a circle with central angle 45◦, 4 right triangles with length and width equal to the√2half the side of the
square, and 4 tiny external right triangles. The sectors form a semicircle with radius , so the area of that is
1·1 2
π 1
. The 4 big right triangles have a total area of 4 · 2 2 = . Then the small external triangles are isosceles
4 √ 2 2
2−1
right triangles, and have height , so their area is
2
√ 2
2−1 √
2 3−2 2
4 · 2 = 2

So the total area is .

35. Take O the midpoint of the diameter. thus, M, O, P, S are concyclic, so ∠MPS = ∠MOS; since ST has
constant length, we are done. Q.E.
36. We have ∠BAC = ∠BDA1 since they intercept the same arc in the circumcircle of triangle ADB and
∠BCA = ∠BDC1 thus
∠A1DC1 = ∠A1DB + ∠BDC1 = ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180◦ − ∠ABC = 180◦ − ∠A1BC1 hence the quadrilateral
BA1DC1 is insciptible and ∠BAC = ∠BDA1 = ∠BC1A1 which proves that A1C1//AC. Q.E.
48 27 36
37. From simple similarity we find AE = , EC = , and DE = . Now notice that quadrilateral ABDF is
5 5 5
cyclic, so ∠AFE = ∠ABC. Thus △AFE ∼ △ABD, and AE = AD . It is well known that for a 13 − 14 − 15
triangle AD = 12 and BD = 5. So we have 12 = 45 , and EEF = D
4. Therefore DF = 36 − 4 = 16 , so
m+n= . 5 EF 5 5
21

8
38. Let BX = m, CX = n, and AX = d. Furthermore let the circumcircles of triang√les AXB and AXC have
radii√ R and R respectively. We know that the√area of ABC is, by Heron’s, 6 6. So the area of △ABX is
m·6 6 △1 2 the area of △AXC equals n·6 6 . Then
. Similarly
7 7
5md 35d
√
R1 = √
=
m·6 6 24 6
4·
7
From the same logic we arrive at
7d
R
√2 =
6
Thus we see that the area of the circumcircles is minimized when d2 is minimized and hence when d
is minimized. To minimize d, we have to make it the length of the altitude from A to BC. Setting √6 we
7d
=6 2
√
find d = , and that BX = 1 .
12 6
7 9
39. Since ∠KBL = ∠KDL = 90, KDLB is cyclic. Therefore, ∠BDL = ∠BKL But also,
∠BAF = ∠BAC = ∠BDC = ∠BDL = ∠BKL = ∠BKF Therefore, BAKF is cyclic. Then since
∠KAB = 90, ∠KFB = 90 so BF ⊥ KL. Q.E.
40. Of course, a diagram would help.

D
E

A B

Let AD = x and BE = y. Then, we have DC = 2x and EC = 3y. By power of a point, we have that
DC(AC) = EC(BE) =⇒ (2x)(3x) = (3y)(4y) =⇒ x2 = 2y2. Now, since AB is the diameter, ∠A√DB and
∠BEA are both right angles by Thales Theorem. By Py t h agor e an Theorem, we have that BD = 900 − x2.
Thus, the problem reduces to finding [ABC] = 1 (3x)(√ 900 − x2). Note, that by Pythagorean Theorem, we
√ 2
also have BD = (4y)2 − (2x)2. Using Pythag. yet again on △ABD gives:

(16y2 − 4x2) + x2 = 900

=⇒ 16y2 − 3x2 = 900
=⇒ 16y2 − 3(2y2) = 900
=⇒ 10y2 = 900
√
=⇒ y = 3 10
√ √ √ √
Thus, x = 2·y = 2 · 3 10 = 6 5. Plugging in our value of x, we finally get:
√ √ √ √
1
[ABC] = (18 5)( 900 180) = (9 5)(12 5) = .
2 − 54
9
41. The diagram:

D′ D C C′

P′ P
P ′′

A′ A B B′

We seek the value of ∠DAP + ∠BCP . We begin by constructing congruent rectangles BCC ′ B ′ to the right
and ADD′A′ to the left of rectangle ABCD. Denote the points P ′ and P ′′ as the points in rectangles ADD
′ ′
A and BCC ′ B ′ , respectively, that satisfy

∠A′P ′D′ + ∠AP ′D = 180◦

and
∠BP ′′C + ∠B′P ′′C′ = 180◦,
respectively. In other words, P ′ and P ′′ are the corresponding points to P in rectangles ADD′A′ and
BCC ′ B ′ , respectively. Since P ′ and P ′′ are just translations of P in the horizontal direction, the line P ′P ′′ is
parallel to AB and is thus perpendicular to AD and BC. Now, note that by the ∠APD + ∠BPC = 180◦
condition, we have that APDP ′ and PBP ′′C are cyclic quadrilaterals. Then, by inscribed arcs, we have that

∠BCP = ∠BP ′′P = ∠APP ′

the last equality following from congruence. Thus, we have that

∠DAP + ∠BCP = ∠DAP + ∠APP ′ = 180◦ − 90◦ = 9

42. Let the circumcircles of triangles APR and BPQ intersect at a point X. Because quadrilaterals APXR and
BPXQ are inscribed in circles we know ∠PXR = 180 − ∠A and ∠PXQ = 180 − ∠B. Therefore
∠QXR = 360 − (180 − ∠A + 180 − ∠B) = ∠A + ∠B = 180 − ∠C. Thus quadrilateral QXRC is also cyclic.
Q.E.
43. First, find that ∠R = 45◦. Draw AB C D√E F . Now draw △PQR around AB√C D E F such that Q is adjacent
to
C and D. The height of ABCDEF is 3,√so the length√of base QR is √2 + 3√. Let the equation of RP be
y = x. Then, the equation √of PQ is y = − 3(x − (2 + 3)) → y √
= −x √
3 + 2 3√+ 3. Solving the two
equations gives y = x = 3+3 . The area of △PQR is 1 ∗ (2 + 3) ∗ 3+3 = 5 3+9 .
2 2 2 4
a + b + c + d = 9 + 5 + 3 + 4 21
=
44. It suffices to show that MB = MI = MC. First of all, since M is the midpoint of arc BC, it obviously lies on
the perpendicular bisector of BC so MB = MC. Now note that ∠IMB = ∠C and ∠BIM = 1 ∠A + 1 ∠B
and since 2 2
◦
1 1 1 1
∠MBI = 180 − (∠C + ∠A + ∠B) = ∠A + ∠B = ∠BIM
2 2 2 2
so MB = MI = MC as desired. Q.E.
45. Let D be the point on AB such√that TD ⊥ AB. Then △ATD √i s 30 − 60 − 90 and △TDB is 45 − 45 − 90, so
we have TD = 12 and AD = 12 3, so BD = 12 and AB = 12( 3 + 1). △AC√T is isosceles so AC = AT√=
24. 2
Using the area of a triangle with sine we have the area of ABC is 1 · 24 · 12( 3 + 1) · sin 60 = 216 + 72 3,
10
so
a + b + c = 29 .
π + 2 − √2
4

11
46. As always, we start with a diagram:

B C
MD

Note that OBEM and ABED are both cyclic quadrilaterals (with diameters BO and BA respectively).
Furthermore, since O is the circumcenter, △AOB is isosceles =⇒ ∠OAB = ∠OBA. Therefore

∠MED = ∠AED − ∠OEM

= ∠ABD − ∠OBM
= ∠ABO = ∠BAE = ∠BDE,

so △MED is M -isosceles and ME = MD as desired. Q.E.

47. Let O be the circumcenter of △ABC. Note that ADOF and ADFN are both cyclic quadrilaterals, so ND
and AO are both diameters of the circumcircle of △ADF . Q.E.
48. Let N be the intersection of the perpendicular bisector of AC and AC and O be the intersection of NM and
BP . We have MN//AB and BO//AN so ANOB is a parallelgram, therefore BO = AN = NC and
BO//NC imply that BNCO is also a parallelogram. M is the middle of ON and since NPO = 90◦ then M
is the circumcenter of NPO and MP = MO. Finally, since QB//MO then
∠QBP = ∠MOP = ∠MPO = ∠BQP so QB = QP . Q.E.

49. The if case (where ABC is equilateral) is easy; all one needs to do is to observe the many symmetries an
equilateral triangle possesses. It suffices to show the converse: that if UV W = XY Z then ABC is
△
equilateral. And to do this, we angle chase. Note that since the two triangles have the same circumradius
(since all six points U, V, W, X, Y, Z are concyclic), the problem is reduced to the case where the two
triangles are similar. Next, note that
1 1
∠UWV = ∠UIV = (180◦ − ∠ZAI − ∠ZBI)
2 2
and that
∠XZY = ∠XIC = 90◦ − ∠ICX.
If the two angles ∠UWV and ∠XZY are congruent, then we must have
1
(180◦ − ∠ZAI − ∠ZBI) = 90◦ − ∠ICX
2
2∠ICX = ∠ZAI + ∠ZBI
2∠C = ∠A + ∠B = 180◦ − ∠C
∠C = 60◦.

Applying this cyclically, we see that △ABC is equilateral. Q.E.

12
50. Note that DB = DI and EC = EI so the perimeter of △ADE is 43. Thus the ratio of similitude between
△ADE and △ABC is 43 : 63. Hence
43
860
DE = · 20 =
63 =⇒ m + n = 92
63
51. ∠BPQ = ∠BPA = ∠BCA so AP is the angle bisector √ of ∠BPC Let QD and QE be the perpendiculars
from Q to PB and PC respectively.
√ QD = QE = 23 PQ. Area of √
QD(PB+PC)
△PCB = = 3 PQ(PB + PC) Also, Area of △PCB = P B·P C·sin 120
= 3
PB · PC.
Equating
2 4 2 4
the two equations for the area we get the desired result. Q.E.D.

52. The diagram:

A
A2

A1 M
C2

B C1 C

Notice that triangles ABM and BMC are isosceles, so MA1 BC and MC1 AB. Also, A1C1 AC
because A1 and C1 are midpoints. Triangles AA1A2 and CC1C2 are isosceles because of equal tangents, so
A1A2 is an external angle bisector of ∠BA1C1 and similarly C1C2 is an external angle bisector of ∠BC1A1.
So P is the B-excenter of △BA1C1, and therefore it lies on the angle bisector of ∠ABC.
Q.E.
◦
53. Suppose that X is near to B than C. ∠KBO = ∠KXO = 90 thus KBXO is cyclic quadrilateral and
∠OXL = ∠OCL = 90◦ thus OCLC is cyclic. From the previous result
∠XKO = ∠XBO = ∠OCX = ∠OLX because OB = OC so OK = OL and since X is the projection of O
into KL then X is the middle of KL. Q.E.

54. Denote by B1, B2 the orthogonal projections of B on the lines IA, and IC, respectively, and similarly, let D1,
D2 be the projections of D on the same lines IA, and IC, respectively. We consider the following
preliminary result:
Lemma. Let ABC be a triangle, and denote by M the midpoint of segment BC. If X, Y are the orthogonal
projections of the vertices B, C on the internal angle bisector of angle BAC, then MX = MY = |b − c|/2.
Proof. We shall resume to proving that MX = |b − c|/2. For this, let B′ be the intersection of the line BX
with the sideline CA. Since the triangle ABB′ is isosceles, the length of segment CB′ is |b − c|. On other
hand, X, M are the midpoints of segments BB′, and BC, respectively. Thus XM = CB′/2 = b c /2. This
| −
proves our Lemma.
Returning to the problem, let T be the midpoint of the diagonal BD. According to the Lemma, applied for
the triangle BAD, we have that TB1 = TD1 = |AB − AD|/2. Similarly, according to the same Lemma, this
time applied in triangle BCD, we have that TB2 = TD2 = BC CD /2. On the other hand, the
| −
quadrilateral ABCD beeing circumscribed, AB + CD = AD + BC (Pithot’s theorem), and hereby, we
conclude that TB1 = TB2 = TD1 = TD 2 , i.e. the projections of B, and D on the lines IA, and IC lie on a
single circle (with center T , the midpoint of diagonal BD).
Q.E.

13
55. Let P be an arbitrary point in the set of points such that [APB] = [APD], and let PB and PD be the feet of
the perpendiculars from P to AB and AD respectively. It’s not hard to prove that PPB : PPD = 3 : 2.
Furthermore ∠PDPPB is constant (and equal to 180◦ ∠DAB), so all such triangles PDPPB are
homothetic to each other. In particular, this proves that—
the locus of points P is a line ℓ passing through
point A. Our goal is to find CE, where E is the projection of C onto ℓ. (This definition of E clearly
minimizes said distance.)
Let X = ℓ CD, and define XB and XD as before. Furthermore, let H be the foot of the altitude from A to
∩ trapezoid computations (i.e. dropping the altitude from A and doing Pythagorean Theorem)
CD. Standard
yield AH = XXB = 12, so XXD = 8. Now since △AHD ∼ △XXDD we obtain
XD AD 5 5
XXD =
= =⇒ XD = · 8 = 10.
AH 4 √ 4 √
This implies AXB = HX = XD − HD = 1, so AX = 122 + 12 = 145.
Finally, since XXB ⊥ CD angles AXXB and CXE are supplementary, so △AXBX ∼ △XEC. Since
XC = CD − XD = 18, by similar triangle ratios
CE XXB 12 12
√· 18 = 216 .
= =√ =⇒ EC = 145 √145
CX XA 145

56. Denote the intersection of MN and BC as X. Notice that proving that the projections of D and C onto MN
implies that DX = XC. This is also equivalent to showing that triangles DMN and CMN have the
same area (same base same altitude).
Now for an ugly area bash: Let the area of the quadrilateral be 1, to make the calculations simpler. Then
[BCM ] = [ABN ] =2 1 . Notice that[ABN
[BMN] [BMN]
= [BCM . This simplifies toAB
BM
= BC
BN
. Let this ratio equal k.
] ]
Now we can compute [BMN ] to be [BMC] ∗ k = k .
2
By complimentary counting, we have that
[DMN ] = [ABCD] − [ADM ] − [CDN ] − [BMN ] = 1 − (1 − k) ∗ 1 − (1 − k) ∗ 1 − k
= k . Thus, we have
2 2 2 2
[BMN ] = [DMN ], which implies that X is the midpoint of BC. QED
57. Denote the intersection of HM with the circumcircle to be H′. Then ∆MHC is similar to ∆BMH ′ (i.e. H′
is the reflection of H across M ), so ∠HCB = 90 − B = ∠CBH′, and ∠HCB = 90 − C = ∠BCH′. Hence A
is antipodal to H′, and the result follows. Q.E.D.

58. Obviously I = BN CM is the incenter, and let X = MN AB. Since MNCB is cyclic, ∠MNB = c/2,
and since ∠XBN = ∩b/2, ∠NXB = 180 b/2 c/2. But, since ∩ I is the incenter, ∠BIC = 180 b/2 c/2
and so ∠MIB = b/2 + c/2, so MXBI is cyclic and ∠IXB = 90, implying that X is the incircle −
— − −
tangency
point to AB. We can replicate the argument for AC. Q.E.

59. Let C be the reflection of B wrt AN . Then AC = AB and AC = AM from the properties of reflection. So
AB = AM , from there we let AM = y and drop a perpendicular from A meeting MN at D. DB = DM = 2.
Using pythagoras in △AND, △AMD and △ANM , we get: x2 + y2 = 100 x2 − 64 = y2 − 4 so x2 =80
60. Let M = Y C ∩ AH and N = XA ∩ HC. Notice that ∠AHI = 90◦ − ∠HAI = 90◦ − ∠ZCM = ∠CY J , so
△Y JC ∼ △HIA ∼ △Y MH. Similarly, △HJC ∼ △XIA ∼ △XNH.
Notice that IX = XN·AI = AI·JH and JY = Y M·JC = HI·JC . Therefore, we have:
HN JC HM AI

IX JH
IX · JY = JH · HI = ZI · JZ ⇒ =
IH JY
◦
and we therefore see that Y JZ ∼ ZIX, so ∠Y ZJ + ∠IZX = 90 , so X, Y, Z are indeed collinear. Q.E.
61. Notice that ∠O2O1A is half of arc AD with respect to circle (ABD). Hence, ∠AO1O2 = ∠ABD = ∠ABC
and similarly we arrive at ∠AO2O1 = ∠ACB, so from AA similarity, we are done. Q.E.

14
62. First, we draw a diagram:

M
B D C

Let M be the midpoint of BC. As ABEC is a cyclic quad, ∠EBC = ∠EAC = ∠EAB = ∠ECB, so EBC
△
is isosceles. (This is well-known.)
Now let DE = x. By Angle Bisector Theorem, we can easily compute BD = 18 and DC = 22. Since
∠EBC = ∠EAB, △DBE ∼ △BAE, so
BD AB ⇒ BE AB 36
= = = = = 2.
DE BE DE BD 18
Therefore CE = BE = 2x. Now by Pythagorean Theorem,

DE2 = DM 2 + ME 2 = DM 2 + EC2 − MC 2
=⇒ x2 = 22 + (2x)2 − 202.

Solving this gives x2 =

13 .
63. Note that since ∠BHC = ∠BIC = 120, quadrilateral BICH is cyclic. This implies that
∠CHI = ∠CBI = C . We then have that ∠AHI + ∠CHI + ∠BIC + ∠AHB = 360, so
2
∠AHI = 60 + B − C = 3B . Q.E.
2 2

64. Let r and s meet the line CD at E and F , respectively. Angle chasing easily shows that A Eˆ D = BFˆC.
Note that triangles ABC and ADE are similar, and also are the triangles ABD and CBF . This yields
DE AD AD.BC
B
= A
=⇒ DE = A

CF BC AD.BC
A
= A
=⇒ CF = A
That is, DE = CF , so r and s are symmetrical relative to the perpendicular bisector of CD. The conclusion
follows. Q.E.

65. Draw triangle ABC such that AB=425, AC=450, and BC=510. Let the line through P parallel to AB have
endpoints D and E, where D is on AC and E is on BC. Let the line through P parallel to AC have endpoints
F and G, where F is on AB and G is on BC. Let the line through P parallel to BC have endpoints H and J,
where H is on AB and J is on AC.
Note that AFPD, HPEB, and PJCG are all parallelograms (you can angle-chase to see this). Therefore
d = DP + PE = AF + HB, so HF = AB (AF + HB) = 425 d. Analogously, DJ = 450 d. Let
— − −
HP = x, so PJ = d x. We can see that FAP and DPJ are similar to ABC (more angle-chasing can prove
425−d − 425 450−d 450
this), so AP
F A
= x = AB = and DJ
PJ
= d−x = AC = . Cross-multiplying gives the equations
BC 450 BC 510
425 ∗ 510 = 510d + 425x
450 ∗ 510 = 960d − 450x

15
 Dividing both sides of the first equation by 425 and both sides of the second equation by 450 gives
510
510 = d−x
4
510 = 960 d + x
4
You can now add these two equations together to
get 1020 = 510∗450+960∗425 d.
425∗450 ∗
Now before you start multiplying stuff, you can see that a bunch of 5s cancel out from the numerator and the
denominator. Then you see that a couple 2s and 3s cancel out as well. After canceling stuff out, you get the
equation
1020 = 18+32 d = 10 d.
15 3
Solving this is simple, and yields d = 30 .
66. Using mid-segments, we can find that P1P2 and P4P3 are parallel to AC and that P1P4 and P2P3 are
parallel to BD, so P1P2P3P4 is a parallelogram. Therefore P1P3 and P2P4 intersect at the midpoint of
P1P3. Again using midsegments, P1P6 and P5P3 are parallel to AD and P1P5 and P6P3 are parallel to BC
so P1P5P6P3 is a parallelogram, And we get P1P3 and P5P6 also intersect at the midpoint of P1P3, so the
three lines are concurrent.
Q.E.
67. In equilateral ABC, WLOG let P , the point on the incircle, be closest to A, and suppose d(P, AB) = 1,
△
d(P, AC) = 4. Denote by D and E the tangency points of the incircle of the triangle with AB and AC
respectively. Furthermore, let the line parallel to BC passing through P meet AB and AC at M and N
respectively. T√h e n it is easy to√see that △AMN and △ADE are both equilateral, so it is easy to compute
2 3 8 3
that PM = . Now the fact that P lies on the incircle implies that ∠DPE = 120◦ by
3 and PN = 3
some simple angle chasing. Furthermore, it is obvious that ∠DMN = ∠MNE = 120◦ and that
∠MPD = ∠PDE, ∠NPE = ∠PED, hence △DMP ∼ △DPE ∼ △PNE. Let DM = EN = x. Then by
√
similarity ratios
x 3/3 4 3

√
8

√ √ =
10 3 2 3/3 =⇒ x =
√ √ ,x 3 √
4 3 14 3 28 3
so AD = NM + MD = + = . The side length of the triangle is twice this, or , and the
3 3 3
3
requested answer is 28 + 3 + 3 = 34 .

68. Let X = CQ PB. X is the A-excenter of ABC. Hence, A, I, X are collinear. Through some
∩
angle chasing, we can prove that IC CX and that IB BX. Hence I, B, X, C are cyclic,
⊥ ⊥
so
∠IXQ = ∠IXC = ∠IBC = ∠ABC . Also R, P, X, Q are cyclic, and again through some angle chasing we can
find that ∠RXQ = ∠RPQ = ∠ABC2 . Therefore, R, I, X are collinear, and so A, R, I, X are collinear. Chasing
some more angles, we get that AC 2 = AQ. Now draw a perpendicular from A to D on QC. Since AC =
AQ,
D is the midpoint of QC, and since AD IC RQ, A must be the midpoint of IR (known property of
trapezoids) and therefore AR = AI. Q.E.

69. Since △OPR is a right triangle with hypotense OQ, r = OQ,

1 so it suffices to show that PS = OP . Let
2
2
SR 1 OQ
2
IX denote the projection of O to the segment PS. Remark that since OP = OS and △OPS ∼ △RQS, we
have ∠OSP = ∠RSQ = ∠RQS. Furthermore, since PR is tangent to C1 and since PQRO is cyclic, we have
∠ROQ = ∠SPR = 1 ∠SOP = ∠SOX.
2

Therefore △SXO ∼ △QRO and PO

QR SX 1
= = PS
QO SO 2 =
⇒
16
 OP PS PS
1
= = ,
OQ QR SR
2

as desired. Q.E.

17
70. Let ∠PAD = x, then ∠DAB = 2x, ∠ADC = 180 2x, and ∠ADP = 90 x. Hence ∠APD = 90. Now let
— −
M and N be the midpoints of BC and DA, respectively. It follows that M is the circumcenter of APD.
Then ∠PMD = 2 ∠MAP = 2x. So MP//BC//AB. But that means that MP is the mid line of ABCD. △
·
But by symmetry NQ is the mid line as well. So M , P , Q, and D form a line.
Notice that MP is equal to the circumradius of △APD, but since it is a right triangle, that value is AD .
Now it follows that 1 1
2
[APD] · · AD · d(AB, CD) AD
= 2 2 =
[ABCD] MN · d(AB, CD) 2AB + 2CD
We have a symmetrical result for BCQ. We can subtract those areas from the total area of the trapezoid to
get the desired area. Hence △

[APDCQB] 2AB + 2CD − BC − AD 2 · 11 + 2 · 19 − 5 − 7 4

[ABCD] = 2AB + 2CD =
2 · 11 + 2 · 19
=
5
Now construct B′ on segment CD such that AB = B′C. Since AB//B′C as well, ABCB√′ is a
parallelogram.
Hence AB′ = 5 and DB′ = 19 − 11 = 8. We can use heron’s formula to get [AB′D] = 10 3. Now
[ABCD]
= AB + 11 + 19 15
[AB′D] = =
DC 8 4
A′D
We can finish the problem by multiplying those ratios:
√
4 15 30√3
[APDCQB] = 10 3
· · =
5 4
71. Consider the homothety that takes w to w1. This homothety takes X to A and Y to D, so AD||XY by
homothety. Similarly, we have BC||XY . Now consider a reflection of A and B over the line that goes through
the centers of the two circles. Since this line is perpendicular to the radical axis of w1 and w2, or XY , it is
also perpendicular to AD and BC. Thus, it takes A to a point on AD, but since this point is also on w1, it
must be D. Similarly, this reflection takes B to C. Finally, since reflection preserves, lengths, we have
AD = BC. Q.E.

72. Note that showing < BKC =< CDB is the same as showing KBCD cyclic. Extend AC and let a point D′
be on AC with CD = CD′. Now the metric condition given becomes MA(MC + CD′) = MB(MD) so
MA(MD′) = MB(MD). This implies that quadrilateral ABD′D is cyclic. Now let
< CDD′ =< CD′D =< AD′D =< ABD =< 1 (by cyclic quads). Since < DCA is an exterior angle, it is the
sum of < CDD′ and < CD′D, so < DCA = 2 < 1. Since CK is the angle bisector of
< DCA, < DCK =< KCA =< 1. Now let X be the intersection of CK and BD. Since < XCA =< XBA,
quadrilateral BAXC is cyclic as well. Now this question is just a simple angle chase. Let
< CAB =< CXB =< 2. Then < CKA =< CAB− < KCA =< 2− < 1 (by exterior angles).
< CDM =< CXM − < DCX =< 2− < 1 (by exterior angles again). Thus, < CKA =< CDM , so
quadrilateral KBCD is cyclic. Finally, this implies that < BKC =< CDB. Q.E.
73. First, a diagram:

B′ Y
C′
X
B A′ C

18
D

19
 By simple angle chasing, ∠AB′C′ = ∠AA′C′ = ∠ABC. Using traditional chords-intercepting-arcs formulae
we can thus write 1 AˆC = 1 (AˆX + YˆC) =⇒ AˆX = AˆY . Thus △AXY is isosceles and DA
2 2
bisects ∠XDY .
It is well known that △AB A ∼ △AA′C, so A′A2 = AB′ · AC. In addition, ∠AY X = ∠AXY = ∠ACY , so
′ ′

△AY B′ ∼ △ACY and AY 2 = AB′ · AC. Hence AY = AA′ = AX, so A is the circumcenter of △XA′Y and
by Fact 5 we win. Q.E.

74. Let O1, O2, O3 be the circumcenters of triangles AQR, BRP, CPQ respectively. Now from Miquel’s
theorem, the three circumcircles concur at some point M .
∠O3O1O2 = ∠O3O1M + ∠MO1O2 = 90 − ∠O1MQ + 90 − ∠O1MP = 180 − ∠PMQ = ∠CAB. From
symmetry, we can determine the other angles are equal as well, so the triangles are similar. Q.E.

75. First, a diagram:

X
B C

A′ H′

Let X be the foot of the altitude from A to BC, and denote by H′ the second intersection point of AX
with the circumcircle of △ABC. By Problem 25, ∠BAA′ = ∠CAH ′
ˆ, so ˆ BA′ = CH ′ and A′H′ BC. This
means that the distances to BC from A and H are equal; in other words, [BA′C] = [BH′C]. The area of
′ ′
△
BH′C is much easier to compute. By Law of Cosines, we have
√
AC2 + BC2 − 52 + 82( 41)2 3
cos ∠ACB =
AB 2
= − = ,
2 · AC · BC 2·5·8 5
so XC = 3. Thus BX = 5 and by Pythagorean Theorem AX = 4. Finally, Power of a Point gives
BX · CX 15
BX · CX = AX · XH ′ =⇒ XH ′ = = ,
AX 4

so the area of △BH′C is 1

(BC)(XH′) = 15 .
2
76. Note that the center of P lies on the ray BI where I is the incenter of ABC, and similarly, the center of Q
lies on the ray CI. Now note that r = [ABC] = 24·7·16 = 21. Now since△ the inradius is larger than the
radius
s 128
of P , point P lies on the interior of segment BI. Now let R, S, T denote the projections from P, I, Q
respectively onto BC. Then note that △BPR ∼ △BIS ∼ △CQT . Thus from the first similarity, we have
PR IS 16 21 64
= =⇒
RB SB = =⇒ RB =
RB 28 3
This means that SR = 28 − RB = 20 . Denoting the radius of circle Q as r, from the second similarity we

20
 4r 3 84−4r
receive that TC = so TS = 28 − . Now consider trapezoid TQPR. Let Q′ denote the
3
TC 3

21
 projection from Q onto PR, and then consider right triangle QQ′P . We have QP = 16 + r and PQ′ = 16 r
−
as well as QQ′ = TR = 104−4r . Then pythagorean theorem yields
3

(16 − r)2 +
2
104 − 4r = (16 + r)2 =⇒ r = 44 − 6 √35
3
so our final answer is 25 .
77. From problem 26, PAC P MPBD. PM and PN are corresponding medians in these similar triangles so
△ ratio: ∼ = P A . Also because they are corresponding medians, ∠MPA = ∠NPB. So
they follow the same PN PB
∠NPM = ∠DPA − ∠MPA − ∠DPN = ∠DPA − ∠DPB = ∠BPA. Therefore △PAB ∼ △PMN ∼ △PCD
as desired. Q.E.D.

78. Let BC = 2a and let AC = 2b. Then, we can establish the following: 2(4b2 + 4a2) − 576 = 4(729)
q√
2(242 + 4b2 ) − 4a2 = 4(324) Solving this system gives us a = 279 = 3 √
31 b = 315 = 3 √ 35
2 2
Also, notice that [AFB] = 2[FEB] = 2[AFE]. Because [FEB] = 6FE sin ∠FEB = 6FE sin ∠BEC, we
need to find FE and sin ∠BEC. The former is quite easy; indeed, with power of a point, we obtain 27FE =
144 FE = 16
3
Now, we are l√o o k i ng for 32 sin ∠BEC. Finding sin ∠BEC is slightly more tedious; however, since we know
BC = 2a = 6 31, using the law of cosines to find cos ∠BEC will directly allow us to find our desired value.
√
We then proceed as follows: 144 + 729 − 648 cos ∠BEC = 1116 cos ∠BEC = 243 = 3 Thus, sin ∠BEC = 55
,
√ 648 8 8
and then we plug it into 32 sin BEC. Our final area is thus 4 55, and our final answer is 55 + 4 = 59 .
79. Let the incircle of ADC touch DC at H, and let F ′ be the A-excenter of ADC. Since ADC = BCD,
△ △ △
E and H are reflections over the midpoint M of DC, hence E is the point of contact of the A-excircle of
ADC with DC = EF ′ ′
CD. Since both F and F lie on AX, we have F ′
F . Now letting X be any
△ ⇒ ⊥ ≡
point on the extension of BC past C, we have

∠AGF = ∠FCX = ∠FCG = ∠FAG,

so △AFG is isosceles as desired. Q.E.

80. Extend NM such that it intersects AB at M ′. This is simply an extension of the radical axis. Notice that
the power of point M ′ with respect to G2 is M ′B2, and similarly, the power of M ′ with respect to G1 is
M ′A2. Because every point on the radical axis has the same power with respect to both circles, we can
state that
M ′B2 = M ′A2 M ′B = M ′A.
Notice that there exists a homothety centered at N which takes P to A, Q to B, and M to M ′. Since M ′ is
the midpoint of AB, M must be the midpoint of PQ. Now draw EE′ such that E′ lies on CD and EE′ is
perpendicular to CD. Then, △EE′C is similar to △AFC, and △EE′D is similar to △BGD. Let CF = x,
and let FE ′ = xk. Also, let FA′ = h, and by similarity, HE = hk. Additionally, let GD = y, and EH
therefore,
′
AB = x + y. Since AH = FE = xk, HB = x(1 − k) + y. Then, by more similarity, we have = EE
hk
= h(k+1)
2ky = (k + 1)(x − xk + y) xk2 + yk − (x + y) = HB E′D
0,
x(1−k)+y 2y

Which is a quadratic in k. Solving for k via the quadratic formula gives us k = −1 − y and k = 1. However,
x
it is fairly obvious that k must be positive, and hence, we take k = 1. Hence, FE ′ = FM = x, and M = E′.
′
Because EE was perpendicular to CD, EM must be perpendicular to CD. Now, because ∠EMC = 90 and
M is the midpoint of PQ, it immediately follows that EP = EQ, which is what we wanted to prove. Q.E.

22
 Here’s a diagram:

T
P

B C
A

81. Let O be the center of ω. Let ∠TOC = θ. Then note that we have TC = 9 tan θ and
TC 9
AC = − AO = −9
sin θ cos θ
Then since △ACP ∼ △OCT , we have
9
−9 AP
cos θ
= =⇒ AP = 9 − 9 cos θ
9
cos θ 9
Now from the Law of Cosines on △PAB, we have

BP 2 = 182 + (9 − 9 cos θ)2 + 2(18)(9 − 9 cos θ) cos θ

= −243 cos2 θ + 162 cos θ + 405
−162
This quantity is maximized when cos θ =
2(−243) = 1 3and plugging this value in we get that
2
m = −27 + 54 + 405 = 43 .
82. The diagram:

OB
B
A

OA
P
M

Let O be the midpoint of AB, the center of the semicircle (O) with the points C, D forming a convex
quadrilateral ABDC. OM = OA cos A^OM and ON = OB cos B^ON . ON AD is a midline of the
triangle

23
△ABD and OM BC is a midline of the triangle △ABC. Let E, F be the midpoints of PC, PD. Denote

24
 α = ∠(OO A, PE) = ∠(OM, PC) and β = ∠(OOB, PF ) = ∠(ON, PD). From the trapezoid OOAEP ,
OOA = P E and from the trapezoid OO B FP , OOB = P F . Since OA = OB = AB and
cos α cos β 2
PE = P C = CD = P D = PF , we get
2 4 2
OM cos A^OM
= , But from the circle (O) and form AD ON, BC OM ,
O cos OA
OO co
cos
=
β

α = ∠(OM, PC) = ∠(BC, DC) = ∠BCD = ∠BAD = ∠BON

β = ∠(ON, PD) = ∠(AD, CD) = ∠ADC = ∠ABC = ∠AOM Consequently, OM
= OOA
, which means
ON OOB
OAOB MN . Q.E.
83. This will probably help:

IC
IB DP
B

Notice that ∠BPC = ∠BPD + ∠CPD. Also, we have ∠BPD = 180 − ∠DIBB,∠AD
and ∠CPD = 180 − ∠CICD.
B +∠DBA
Then, ∠BPC = 360 − (∠DIBB + ∠CICD). Also, we have ∠DIBB = 180 − ( ) and
2
∠CICD = 180 − ( ∠ACD+∠ADC
). Adding, we obtain ∠DIBB + ∠CICD = 360 − ( ∠ADB+∠ADC+∠AC D+∠DBA )
2
∠ACD+∠DBA 180−(∠DCB+∠DCB)−∠CAB 2
Notice that 2 = 2 = ∠CDB−2∠CAB , and ∠ADB+2 ∠ADC = 360−∠2CDB .
360−∠CAB
Then, we add, and get ∠DIBB + ∠CICD = 360 . Now, it remains to find ∠CAB. Luckily, we
−
are given side lengths, and the law of cosines will do the2trick for us:
162 + 102 − 2(10)(16) cos ∠CAB = 142 cos ∠CAB = 1 ∠CAB = 60
2
Then, ∠DIBB + ∠CICD = 360 360−60 = 210 and ∠BPC = 360 (∠DIBB + ∠CICD) = 150. Now, we
— 2 −
have to find the maximum area of BPC with a side length 14 and its opposite angle 150. The area is
maximized when BPC is isosceles,
√ △ √
and we can use the law of cosines to find the length of the legs:
2r2 − 2r2 cos 150 △
= 196 2r2(1 + 3 ) = r2(2 + 3) = 196 Notice that to find the area, it suffices to find
2 1 r2 2
√
49
r sin 1502 = . Then, A = √ = 98 − 3 and our answer is 98 + 49 + 3 = 15 .
4 2+ 3
49
84. Let X = BM ∩ CN , and define B′ = AB ∩ MN , C′ = AC ∩ MN . First note that the condition
∠PAB = ∠BCA implies △PAB ∼ △ACB, and likewise ∠QAC = ∠CBA implies △CAQ ∼ △CBA.
Therefore ∠PQA = ∠BAC = ∠APQ and △APQ is isosceles.
Next note that a homothety centered at A with scale factor 2 send △ABC to △AB′C′ (due to the fact that
it sends △APQ to △AMN ), so additionally △ACQ ∼ △AC′N , etc. Length ”bashing” gives
AB AB CA
= C ′A C′C
AM 2AP = 2CQ = 2C′N = C′N ,

which coupled with ∠PAB = ∠AC′N gives BAM CC ′ N = ∠XMA = ∠XNM . Similarly,
∠XMN = ∠XNA. Therefore △ ∼ △
1
∠BXC = π − (∠XNM + ∠XMN ) = π − (∠ANM + ∠AMN )
2

25
 =π− (∠BAC + ∠BAC) = π − ∠BAC,
21
establishing the desired cyclicity. Q.E.

26
85. WLOG AB < AC. Say the incircle meets BC at E, AB at F. Then DE2 = x(2x) by power of a point.
Similarily DF 2 = 2x2. It’s well known we can write CE, AF = s − c, s − a, where s is the
semiperimeter.
Then DE = |s − c − 10|, and AF = s − a. So we have (s − a)2 = (s − c − 10)2. Solving, b = 10 or
a = c + 10 ⇒ c = 10. We chose c = AB < AC = b, so c = 10. Then s = a+b+c = 15 + b . From Stewart’s
2 2
theorem, we can easily derive 2x2 = b2 +c2 −200 . Finally, (s − a)2 = 2b +2c −200 . Putting all variables in terms
9 9
of
b, we get the quadratic b2 − √3 6 b + 260. Solving, b √= 10 or b = 26. Obviously, b = 26 is what we want.
Moving
to Heron’s formula, Area (28)(8)(18)(2) = 14. The answer 38 .

86. We will show that < I2I1I4 = 90 degrees. First, we claim that A1A2I1I4 is cyclic. Since
< A1I4A2 = 90 + 1/2 < A1A4A2 and < A1I1A2 = 90 + 1/2 < A1A3A2 (angle bisector angle formulas), and
< A1A4A2 =< A1A3A2 (cyclic quad A1A2A3A4), we have < A1I4A2 =< A1I1A2, which makes A1A2I1I4
cyclic. By similar arguments, we show that A2A3I2I1 is cyclic. Now all that remains is a basic angle chase.
We have < I2I1I4 = 360− < A2I1I4− < A2I1I2 = 360 − (180− < I4A1A2) − (180− < I2A3A2) = 1/2(<
A4A1A2+ < A2A3A4) = 1/2(180) = 90. Similarly, we can show that the other three angles are 90 degrees,
which makes I1I2I3I4 a rectangle. Q.E.

87. Let the line through the centers of circles C and D be vertical. WLOG, let A be to left of that line. We
want to show that the ratio ME/NF = PE/PF . Since AM = AN , we have ME/NF = (AM ME)/(NF
∗ ∗
AN ), which is the power of M wrt (with respect to) circle C divided by the power of N wrt circle C.
Now, extend MP and NP to intersect circle C again at points M ′ and N ′, respectively. Draw the horizontal
line through P (which is also the tangent line to both circles) and let X be a point on that line to the left
of P and Y be a point on that line to the right of P . Now we have < PMN =< Y PN =< XPN ′ =< M
′
N ′P (the first and last equality follow by cyclic quads). Similarly, we get < PNM =< PN ′M ′.
Therefore, triangles MNP and M ′N ′P are similar by AA similarity, so M ′P/N ′P = MP/NP . This
also means that
MM ′/NN ′ = MP/NP .
Now we can further simplify the original ratio. Since the power of M wrt circle C is also equal to
MP MM ′, and the power of N wrt circle C is equal to NPNN ′, we can rewrite the ratio as (MP/NP )2.
By Law∗ of Sines in triangle MNP , MP/NP = sin(PNM )/ sin(PNM ∗ ) = sin(AMP )/ sin(ANP ). Thus, we
2
can write the ratio (MP/NP ) as (MP/NP )(sin(AMP )/ sin(ANP ). By using Law of Sines once more on
triangles EMP and FPN, we can rewrite this ratio as (EP/FP )(sin(AEP )/ sin(PFN )).
Finally, we notice that < AEP =< AFP = 180− < PFN , so sin(AEP ) = sin(PFN ). Thus, we can simplify
the ratio to EP/FP , so the proof is complete. Q.E.D.

88. WLOG, let BC > AC. Then < CLB >< CLA. Let the projection of A onto CL be A′. Since L is the
midpoint of AA2 and A′ is the midpoint of AA1, A′L is the midline of triangle AA1A2, so A′ L||A1 A2 .
Thus, we have that triangles BCL and BA1A2 are similar. Similarly, we get that triangles ACL and
AB1B2 are similar. Note that O1 is inside triangle AB1B2 and O2 is outside triangle BA1A2, so O1 and O2
are outside of lines AC and BC, respectively.
In order to have < O1CB1 =< O2CA1, we would like to show that triangles O1CA and O2CA1 are similar
(more precisely, we would like to show that these triangles are congruent, but that is not actually necessary)
(Note: this is also the importance of having a good, precise, diagram, because it helps you realize things like
this). Notice that we have AB2 = BA2 by reflection, and < AB1B2 =< ACL =< BCL =< BA1A2, so the
circumradii of triangles AB1B2 and BA1A2 are equal. Thus, O1A = O2A1. By reflection, we have CA =
CA1. Now, all we need to show is that < CAO1 =< CA1O2, as then we would be done by SAS
congruency.
< O1AC = 180− < O1AB1 = 180 − (90− < B1B2A) = 90+ < ALC, where the equality
< O1AB1 = 90− < B1B2A follows since O1 is inside triangle AB1B2. Similarly, we get < O2CA1 = 180− <
O2A1B = 180 − (< A1A2B − 90) = 90 + (180− < A1A2B) = 90 + (180− < CLB) = 90+ < CLA. Thus,
< O1AC =< O2CA1, which means triangles O1CA and O2CA1 are congruent by SAS, which means that
< O1CA =< O2CA1 =< O2CB. Q.E.

27
89. Since FG is a tangent to the circumcircle of EDM , < EMD =< DEG =< CEF . Also, since
< BCD =< BAD, triangles MAD and ECF are similar by AA. Since EF is part of the ratio that we desire,
and EF is part of triangle ECF , we want EF to be part of our ratio from this similarity. Thus, we have
EF/EC = MD/AM . Cross-multiplying, we get EF ∗ AM = EC ∗ MD.
Also, we have < AGF = 180 < GCF < GFC =< ADB < GFC =< MDB, where the last equality
— − −
followed from similar triangles MAD and ECF . Now we want to find a way to express GE, since we
already have a way to express EF. Thus, we look for similar triangles involving GE. Fortunately, since
< CGE =< MDB and < GCE =< DBM , we have that triangles GCE and DBM are similar. Thus, we can
write the ratio GE/CE = DM/BM . Cross-multiplying, we get GE ∗ BM = CE ∗ DM . Fortunately, this
equals EF ∗ AM , so we have GE ∗ BM = EF ∗ AM . Rearranging, we get GE/EF = AM/BM .
Finally, all we have to do is find AM/BM in terms of t. Taking the reciprocal, of AM/AB, we get
AB/AM = 1/t. Subtracting 1 from both sides, we get MB/AM = (1 − t)/t. Finally, taking the reciprocal
once more, we get GE/EF = AM/BM = t/(t − 1). Q.E.

90. All of the cks will be some constant. Consider the homothety H that sends w1 to w2 centered at N. It is well
known that A, K, and M are collinear. Now, since arcs MB and AM are equal,
< BAM =< ABM =< BNM =< ANM . Thus, triangles BNM and KBM are similar by AA. We can now
write the ratio BM/KM = NM/BM , so BM 2 = NM ∗ KM . Since H takes NK to NM , NK/NM is a
constant, which means that NM/KM is also a constant. Thus, we can write BM 2 = KM 2 ∗ c1. Taking
the square root, we get BM = KM ∗ c2.
Now we divide both sides by sin(ANM ). Since BM/ sin(ANM ) = 2R = constant, we have
(KM/ sin(ANM )) ∗ c2 = c3, so (KM/ sin(ANM )) = c4. Finally, dividing by 2, we get
(KM/2 sin(ANM )) = c5, and since (KM/2 sin(ANM )) is the circumradius of triangle KBM , and it is
constant, we are done. Q.E.

91. Extend PC past the circle and intersect it with the tangent to the circle at E. Call this point P ′. Now draw
the other tangent from P ′ to the circle and label the tangency point as B′. Let the intersection of BE and B
′
D be X.
By Pascal’s Theorem with the configuration DDB’BBE, P , X, and the intersection of DE and BB′ are
collinear. Similarly, with the configuration EEBB’B’D, P ′, X, and the intersection of DE and BB′ are
collinear.
Since both pairs of collinearities have two common points, they are indeed the same line. Also, since P
and P ′ are both points on the line, the line is indeed PP ′. Thus, the intersection of BE and B′D lies on
AC. Finally, we know that the entire figure is symmetric with respect to the perpendicular bisector of DE
and AC, so CX = AX, and thus BE bisects AC. Q.E.
92. First, draw the diagram. As, lines AQ and MN look parallel in the diagram, we will try to prove this. Since
OM = ON , O lies on the perpendicular bisector of MN . Now let OA be the circumcenter of triangle AMN .
Clearly, OA also lies on the perpendicular bisector of MN . Now, we want to prove that the perpendicular
bisector of AQ passes through O and OA, as this would mean that AQ and MN are perpendicular to the
same line, which would make them parallel. Fortunately, as AQ is the radical axis of the two circles, the
perpendicular bisector of AQ must pass through O and OA, which means that AQ MN . Also, since they are
|
parallel, and AQMN is cyclic, AQMN is an isosceles trapezoid.
If AQ is tangent to circle w, then triangles AQB and ACQ are similar (prove by PoP and SAS). Thus, we
would like to prove that these triangles are similar. This is equivalent to proving that < PQB =< PCQ, as
the result would follow by AA similarity.
Now we do a little angle chase on < PCQ. We have < PCQ =< BCQ =< BAQ =< AMN =< PMB,
where the last equality follows from parallel lines AQ and MN . Thus, we would like to prove that
< BQP =< BMP , or that quadrilateral BMQP is cyclic.
Since cyclic quadrilaterals have a lot of nice angle properties, we will aim to prove that < BPM =< BQM ,
as we can manipulate these angles the best.
First we compute < BPM . < BPM =< CPN = 180− < C− < PNC = 180− < QAN − < C =< QBC− <
C =< QBA+ < ABC− < C, where the equality < PNC =< QAN comes from parallel lines AQ and MN .
Finally, we have < QBA+ < ABC− < C =< QBA+ < ABC− < QCA− < QCB =< QBA+ < ABC− <
QBA− < QCB =< ABC− < QCB.

28
 Now we compute < BQM . < BQM =< OQB− < OQM . Since triangle OQB is isosceles with vertex O, and
< QOB = 2 < QCB, < OQB = (180 − 2 < QCB)/2 = 90− < QCB. By symmetry, triangles OQM and
OAN are similar, so < OQM =< OAC = 90− < ABC. Now we can substitute these values to get
< BQM = (90− < QCB) − (90− < ABC) =< ABC− < QCB.
Since < BPM =< BQM , quadrilateral BMQP is cyclic, which implies that < PQB =< AQN =< PCQ,
which implies that triangles PQB and PCQ are similar, which implies that PQ is tangent to circle w.
Q.E.
93. Let the midpoint of TB be E. Then, since < XET =< XMT = 90, quadrilateral XMET is cyclic. Thus, we
have < BTM =< ETM =< EXM =< EXB+ < BXM . Now we want to find a value for < CTM .
Notice that, since E and M are the midpoints of BT and BC, respectively, EM CT . Therefore,
|
< CTM =< EMT . By cyclic quadrilateral XMET , < EMT =< EXT =< EXB.
Now we have that
< BTM − < CTM = (< EXB+ < BXM ) − (< EXB) =< BXM =< BAM = 1/2 < BAC, which is
constant. Q.E.D.

94. First, draw the diagram, as always. Extend AB to intersect line l at a point B′.
We want to show that F, C, H collinear, or < ACH+ < ACF = 180. First of all, since H is a reflection
of G over the diameter AB, we have that HG is perpendicular to AB, so it is parallel to line l. With
nothing else in mind, we angle chase a little on < HCA. < HCA =< HGA =< B ′ FA =< DFA. Thus,
we want to prove that < DFA+ < ACF = 180. Since < ACF = 180 < DCF , we want to prove that
−
< DFA + (180 < DCF ) = 180, or < DFA =< DCF . Since triangles AFD and FCD have a shared
−
angle at < ADF , it suffices to prove that triangles AFD and FCD are similar.
After a (hopefully short) attempt to prove that < DAF =< DCF , as this leads nowhere, we move on to
try and prove that the triangles are similar by SAS. Thus, we want to show that AD/DF = FD/DC.
Cross-multiplying, we get that we want to show that AD DC = DF 2. Now notice that
∗
AD DC = DC DA, which is the power of point D with respect to the circle. However, since DE is tangent
∗ ∗
to the circle, it is also equal to DE2. Thus, we want to show that DE2 = DF 2, or DE = DF .
Finally, we can angle chase on triangle DEF . Let < DFE =< 1. Then, since AB′ is perpendicular to B′F ,
< FBB ′ = 90 < 1 =< EBA. Thus, since AB is a diameter, < EBA+ < EAB = 90, so
−
< EAB = 90 < EBA = 90 (90 < 1) =< 1. Finally, since DE is tangent to the circle,
— − −
< DEF =< EAB =< 1. Since < DEF =< DFE =< 1, triangle DEF is isosceles and DE = DF , so we may
conclude. Q.E.

95. Let M and N be the midpoints of BE and CD respectively. Note that since BEO and CDO are
△
both isosceles, AM MO and AN NO = AMON is
⊥ ⊥
cyclic. In addition, note that angle chasing gives
∠PDE = ∠PAE ∠PAB = ∠PCB. Similarly, ∠PED = ∠PBC, so PED PBC. Therefore by
Problem 77 PED≡ PMN and by Problem 26 PEM PDN .△This implies
∼ ∠PMA = ∠PNA
and so (APMN △ ) is also
∼ △cyclic. Hence A, P, M, O, N
△ all lie one
∼ circle, implying that ∠APO = ∠AMO =
90◦ as
Q.E.
desired.

96. It is easy to see that ABOPC is concyclic. Because BQPM is cyclic (by definition), we have
∠MBQ = ∠QPO = 90◦. Furthermore, we have ∠BQM = ∠BPM = ∠BPO = ∠BAO, so MBQ ∼ OBA.
Therefore, there is a spiral similarity about B mapping MQ to AO. Thus, MBO ∼ QBA. We therefore have

OB · AQ
OM = AB
Similarly, we can arrive at ON = OC·AQ which is clearly equal to OM because OB = OC and AB = AC.
A
Q.E.

29
97. Note that ∠LY A = ∠Y ZA = ∠Y AZ = ∠LY A by the conditions in the problem statement. This means that
△ALY is isosceles, so AL = AY . Draw in Y B. Then since
∠LAB = ∠LAY + ∠Y AZ + ∠ZAB = ∠LY A + ∠KY Z + ∠ZY B = 180◦ − ∠AY B = 90◦,

we have AL ⊥ AB. (I’m pretty sure simply the fact that the triangle was isosceles implies that the leg is
tangent, but whatever.) Furthermore, since OY ⊥ AZ ⊥ BZ, where O is the center of the circle, we have
KY ⊥ KB, so ALKB is cyclic.
Next, I claim that AK = ( AY )2. To prove this, note that △ALY ∼ △AY Z, so AY 2 = AL · AZ. In
A A
addition,
since ∠ALB = ∠AKB by cyclicity, △ALX ∼ △AKZ, so
AK AL
AK AZ · AL 2
= =⇒ = = AY ,
AZ AX AX AX2 AX
as desired.
Let AL = ℓ and WLOG let AB = 2. From standard altitude-to-hypotenuse calculations, it may be deduced
that AX = √ 2ℓ . In addition, since ∠LY O = ∠LAO = 90◦, ALY O is cyclic, so by Ptolemy
4
√ 2ℓ
AL · OY + AO · LY = AY · OL =⇒ 2ℓ = AY 1 + ℓ2 =⇒ AY = √ .
1+
Therefore

2 √ !2
AK AL 2 2 4 + ℓ2 ℓ2 3 ℓ2
AY AL 2ℓ/ 1 + ℓ2
+ =
AX A
A A
2 √ = .
+ =ℓ +=1+
2ℓ/ 4 + 4 1 + ℓ2
4
4 1 + ℓ2
Let S denote this sum. It suffices to find the maximum value of S. A way to do this without calculus is as
follows: subtracting 1 and adding 1 to both sides gives
4
s
3 3 1 + ℓ2 3 1 + ℓ2 √
S− = = 3
4 1 + ℓ2 1+ 4
4
√
Therefore S ≥ 34+ 3. The requested answer is 3 + 10 · 4 + 100 · 3 = 34 .
98. Very large diagram:

P
E
C

30
Clearly, we have ABC ∼ ADE (they practically give that to you) so we have AB
= AD
, which rearranges to
A A
AB AC and because ∠DAB = ∠EAC we have ABD ∼ ACE. (Alternatively, note that there is a spiral
=
A A

31
 similarity about A mapping BD to CE). Now we see that ∠ABD = ∠ACE so ABCP is cyclic. Similarly,
AEDP is cyclic. Furthermore, notice that

∠PDC = ∠BDC = ∠ADC − ∠ADB = ∠AED − ∠AEC = ∠PED

Which means that CD is tangent to circle (APDE). Similarly, CD is tangent to (ABCP ). Therefore, since
AP is the radical axis between (APDE) and (ABCP ), we see that AP bisects CD, as desired. Q.E.

99. Throughout the proof, we use directed segments. For each i, define Xi to be the second intersection point of
AiAi+2 with ⊙Oi+2 , taking A5 = A1, etc. Furthermore, let P be the intersection of the diagonals A1A3
and A2A4. The key observation is to note that A1A3 is the radical axis of ⊙O2 and ⊙O4, and that A2A4
is the radical axis of ⊙O1 and ⊙O3. This implies that P has equal power with respect to all four circles.
One consequence of this is that PA1 · PX1 = PA4 · PA2. Expansion gives

PA1 · (PA3 + A3X1) = (PX2 + X2A4) · PA2

PA1 · PA3 + PA1 · A3X1 = PX2 · PA2 + X2A4 · PA2.

By PoP we see that PA1 · PA3 = PA2 · PX 2 , so

PA2 · A4X2 + A3X1 · PA1 = 0 1 1

+ = 0.
=⇒ A3X1 · PA2 ·
PA1 A4X2
Next, clever manipulation gives

1 A 1A 3 PA3 − PA1
A3X1 · = A1A3 · A3X1 · = A1A3 · A3X1 · PA1
PA1 PA1

1 PA3 1
= − .
A1A3 A3X1 · PA1 A3X1
Through the fact that P has equal power with respect to all four circles, we obtain that

PX1 · PA1 = PX3 · PA3

(PA3 + A3X1) · PA1 = (PA1 + A1X3) ·
PA3 A3X1 · PA1 = A1X3 · PA3.

Thus

1 PA3 1 1 1 1
− = −
A 1A 3 A3X1 · PA1 A3X1 A1A3 A1X3 A3X1
1 1
= + .
A1A3 · A1X3 A3A1 · A3X1
1 1 1
Similarly, we get + =
. Finally, note that A1A3 · A1X3 is equal to the
A A ·AX A A ·A X A X · PA
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
power of the point A1 with respect to ⊙O1, which in turn is known to be equal to O1A2 − r2. Thus,
1 1
substituting our new expressions into one of our earlier equations and replacing all of the denominators with
corresponding (cyclic) Power of a Point expressions gives
1 1 1 1
2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2
+ = 0,
OA −r O A −r O A −r O A2 − r2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4

as desired. Q.E.
100. Let O denote the circumcenter of △ABC, and WLOG let AB < AC. By simple angle-chasing,

∠BFC = ∠BDM + ∠AEF

32
= 2∠BAD + 2∠EAC
= 2∠BAC = ∠BOC,

33
so BFOC is a cyclic quadrilateral. In addition, note that the circumcircle of APN passes through O since
△
∠APO = ∠ANO = 90◦. Therefore, if F is to lie on (APN ), OF must be the radical axis of the circumcircles
of APN and BOC. Now let X denote the point at which the tangent to the circumcircle of ABC at A
△ △
meets BC. As APN and ABC are homothetic, their circumcircles are tangent, and as such AX is the
△
radical axis of the two circles. Combining this with the fact that BC is the radical axis of (BFOC) and
(ABC) gives that X is the radical center of all three circles. Thus what we want to prove is simplified to
proving that X, F, and O are collinear.
Note that by some more angle-chasing we see that

∠FOC = ∠XBF = ∠XBA + ∠ABD

= ∠XAC + ∠BAD = ∠XAM + ∠A.

In addition, note that ∠OMC = 1 ∠BOC = ∠A, so ∠XAM = ∠FOM . However, since
2
∠XAO = ∠XMO = 90◦, quadrilateral XAOM is cyclic, so ∠XAM = ∠XOM . Therefore
∠XOM = ∠FOM , implying that X, F, O are collinear as desired. Q.E.

Acknowledgements
Thank you to everyone who posted solutions to these problems, and one big THANK YOU to David Altizio,
for making this compilation.

34