FACULTY DEPARTMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND

TECHNOLOGY
BGN 154 (BUILDING CONSRUCTION II)

LECTURER:
EN. ANAS ZAFIROL BIN ABDULLAH HALIM

REPORT TITLE:
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED BY:
NUREEN HUMAIRA BINTI HAMIDI

METRIC NUMBER:
2020879624

CLASS:
AAP1162B

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 1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to praise our one and only God, Allah S.W.T. for letting me
have the live and energy to finish this assignment before the due date.

I would want to thank you our Building Construction II lecturer, Sr Anas Zafirol Bin
Abdullah for the guidance and teaching us all through the semester. Thanks to him,
we learnt a lot and understanding lots of things regarding anything related to this
subject.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to my classmates

and everyone who had helped me a lot in regarding answering questions and helped
me a lot making this task a complete success. They also shared their information
and knowledge about what they know best to me. I would also like to thank
especially my parents for providing me enough food, shelter and also give me
chance to learn new things everyday.

2.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE
INTRODUCTION 3

REPORT 4-16

CONCLUSION 17

REFERENCES 17

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 3.0 INTRODUCTION

Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional
need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed
shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to
a wide variety of climates and become a global species. Man Requires different
types of building: houses, bungalows & flats for living; hospitals & health centers for
health; schools; colleges & universities for education; banks, shops, offices, buildings
& factories for doing work; railway buildings, bus stations & air terminals for
transportation; clubs, theaters & cinema houses for recreation; and temples,
mosques, churches, dharmshalas etc. for worship. The above building activities are
an important indicator of the country’s social progress. In modern days, building
constructions are getting harder since some of the designs can be complicated. But
there are certain technologies that can help mankind to ease their work and one of it
is AutoCAD which we be able to see every length of the building in detail.

4.0 REPORT (QUESTION 1-5)

Question 1: With the appropriate sketches, briefly describe the following

terms:

a. Gauged Brick Arches

b. Flemish Bond
c. Precast Concrete Lintels
d. Precast Concrete Claddings
e. Damp Proof Course

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4.1 Questions:
a) Gauged Brick Arches

Diagram 1

A wire saw is used to cut the bricks to the exact shape and size of the required
voussoir in this type of arch. The main purpose of voussoirs is to create a thin,
uniform joint that converges on the arch’s centre point or points. The bricks are finely
dressed, thin and truly radial, with lime putty joining them and only soft bricks are
used for gauged bricks arches.

b) Flemish Bond

Diagram 2

Bonding is the arrangement of bricks in a structure such as a wall or column. It is to

distribute loads throughout the structure, to achieve maximum strength and to
ensure stability. This is built alternately laying headers and stretchers in each course.
The patterns are arranged in such way that each header is supported in the middle
by the stretchers underneath it.

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c) Precast Concrete Lintels

Diagram 3
Lintels function as beams to support the wall weight and other loads over an
opening, and to transfer these loads to the adjacent masonry. Because of their
rigidity, strength, durability, fire resistance and aesthetics, the most common types of
lintels for concrete masonry construction are those manufactured of precast
reinforced concrete or reinforced concrete masonry units. The color and surface
texture of these lintels can be used as an accent or to duplicate the surrounding
masonry.

d) Precast Concrete Claddings

Diagram 4

Precast concrete cladding panels are individual units which are attached to the
external frame of a building to enclose it. They may be load bearing, or they may be
just decorative to act as a façade. The techniques that are used in the manufacture
of panels permit a variety of finishes that imitate virtually any type of architecture at a
fraction of the cost.

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e) Damp Proof Course

Diagram 5

A damp-proof course is a barrier, usually formed by a membrane built into the walls
of a property, typically 150 mm above ground level, to prevent damp rising through
the walls. Historically, damp-proof courses may have been formed using bitumen,
slates, lead, pitch, asphalt or low absorption bricks.

Question 2: Describe differences between bonding and pointing.

Bonding may be achieved by overlapping alternate courses (rows or layers) in

brickwork, by using metal ties, and by inserting units vertically so they join adjacent
courses. A bond course of headers (units laid with their ends toward the face of the
wall) can be used to bond exterior masonry to backing masonry. Headers used in
this manner may also be called throughstones, or perpends. Units laid with their
lengths parallel to the face of a wall are called stretchers. Pointing, in building
maintenance, the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other
masonry elements. When aging mortar joints crack and disintegrate, the defective
mortar is removed by hand or power tool and replaced with fresh mortar, preferably
of the same composition as the original. Often an entire wall, or even a whole
structure, is pointed because defective points cannot easily be detected, and
adjacent joints may also be in need of repair. The mortar is packed tightly in thin
layers and tooled to a smooth, concave, finished surface. Tuck-pointing is a
refinement of pointing, by which sharply defined points are formed for decorative
purposes.

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 Question 3: Briefly five (5) materials suitable to be used in the manufacturing
of door and windows

I. WOOD: Wooden doors and windows are the most common types. Wood is the
cheapest and most locally available material in most places on the planet. There
are many benefits of wood when used to construct houses. Wood is a poor
conductor of heat, therefore, serves to keep the house warm. It avoids excessive
heat loss from the house. Wood also contributes to noise apartment in the house.
II. METAL: Metal is the most secure material. Metal is more compatible with
technology and its dynamicity than wood. Metallic doors and windows have been
modified and customized to suit specific needs. There is a wide array of metals
that are used as a material for doors and windows. This ranges from iron, which
is the most common and preferred, aluminium, and copper. Metals have their
unique characteristics that make them suitable or not for construction materials.
Some of the desirable characteristics are malleability, ductility, conductivity for
both heat and electricity, hardness, and reactivity to the different climatic
conditions as exposed.
III. FIBREGLASS: Fiberglass is a tough, weather-resistant material. We use it to
keep exteriors maintenance-free and combine it with beautiful wood interiors. The
combination of these materials make our windows and doors rigid yet lightweight
for easy operation.
IV. COMPOSITE: There are a growing number of windows and doors that are made
using two or more different materials. The most common combination is to have a
timber window that is clad with aluminium on the outside to protect it from the
weather. Other composites may comprise timber and aluminium sandwiched
around a layer of insulating foam. These composites can achieve some good
thermal results.
V. ALUMINIUM: Aluminium is a strong and lightweight material that is 100%
recyclable with no loss of quality. The window or door usually comprises
aluminium profit less sandwiched around what is known as a polyamide thermal
break – an often complex strip of rigid insulation material.

QUESTION 4: With the aid of sketches, explain the following door components

i) 8 Panel Door

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 Diagram 6

The components for 8 panel door is either a solid panel, timber frame or a glass
panel. The basic framework has a stile at each side of the door and a horizontal top
rail with a bottom rail. This framework might be subdivided by intermediate rails, a
lock rail and muntin. As for this type of door which is 8 panel door, it has 8 panels
design and the hinges uses side hung and single swing.

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ii) Skeleton Core Flush Door

Diagram 7

This skeleton core flush door consists of a framework of stile, bottom and top rail
with honeycomb hollow core that is fixed and can be built using only cardboard. The
lock block is placed to place the flush and front and back of the skeleton core is
covered by veneer finish.

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iii) French Casement Window

Diagram 8

A French casement door has two sashes that extend outward from the center of the
window to create a wide opening. With no central post in the door frame, French
casement door panels crank open simultaneously for twice the ventilation and an
unobstructed view. This specialty door features our fold-away casement cranks that
won’t get in the way of roomside door treatments. And one easy-to-reach handle on
the sill locks both sashes securely.

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iv) 4 Aluminium Casement Sliding Door

Diagram 9

Sliding door refers to a door that is fitted to runners and it moves on a fixed track to
ensure smooth operation. Sliding door usually consists of two door leaves and it can
be opened by sliding the door leaf back and forth. Unlike traditional swing doors,
sliding doors don’t take up much space for the door to swing open but compared to
folding doors, sliding doors have limitation in providing a smaller entrance way as
only one of the door leaves can be moved at a time. When opened, the moving door
leaf will slide in front of the stationary door leaf, resulting in half the entrance way
being blocked. 

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iv) One Hour Fire-Rated Door

Diagram 10
Most 1 hour fire rated wood door are built to 45 mm thickness and made from high
quality timber. It is also built with compressed mineral wool, high density chipboard
and hardboard and plywood which can resist high heat.

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Question 5: Briefly explain with the aid of sketches the installation of
Aluminium Casement vertically sliding sash window
Step 1
Inspect the window. Make sure it is
the right size and shape. A quick
check with a tape measure will
confirm the size marked on the
packaging is the size the window
actually is. Check for damage such
as cracks, gaps or twisted framing.
Bent corners can usually be bent
back into shape with pliers. Inspect
the nailing fin to make sure it is
secure to the window unit. This is the
main fastening component of the
window.
Step 2
Make sure your window is square.
To confirm square, measure the
window diagonally both ways, like an
X. If these dimensions are not equal,
the window is not square and should
not be installed.

Step 3
Remove packaging material from the
window unit and clean the frame with
a cotton cloth. Check the lock to
make sure it functions properly.
Leave the unit in the locked position
for installation.

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Step 4
Use a weather seal silicone caulk
on any gaps in the framework,
making sure you are not sealing
the working portion of the window.

Step 5
Check the manual for your
window to see if it requires spray
adhesive. Apply a thin coating of
spray adhesive to the rough
opening of the window frame.
Make sure not to spray the glass
on your window. Once the spray
adhesive is on, apply a 3-inch-by-
3-inch piece of self-adhesive
flashing to each upper frame
corner.
Step 6
Prepare the sill pan. The sill pan
diverts water away from the
window to the outside and helps
avoid water damage. It is three-
sided and made out of sheet
metal. The window should sit in
the sill pan on the rough opening.
Follow the manufacturer's
instructions to properly cut, bend
and size your sill pan. There
should be an extra inch for
flashing on the outside of the
rough opening.

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Step 7
Prepare the rough opening. It's the
studded framework that the window sits
in, which should be ½- to ¾-inch wider
and taller than the window frame. Check
the rough opening for square as you did
the window. Using a bubble level, check
the opening for level and plumb. Level
is the horizontal dimension and plumb is
the vertical. None of these
measurements should exceed 1/16 inch
for every two feet of rough opening and
this should never exceed 1/8 inch. The
rough opening has double studs for
reinforcement. If there is building wrap
around the rough opening, peel back 3
inches from the rough opening.
Step 8
Install the sill pan. Apply adhesive spray
3 inches from the edge of the sill pan
and 6 inches along the sides of the
rough opening adjacent to the sill pan.
Seal the corners of the sill pan using
self-adhesive flashing. Cut the flashing
to the size of your sill pan, attach it to
the pan and apply the plastic drain
screen if provided.

Step 9
Check your window and position it with
its right side up and right side out.
Check the location of the weep holes. If
your window is positioned correctly, the
weep holes will be facing outward.

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Step 10
Fit the window into the rough opening.
Check for square and plumb. If the
window is not square or out of plumb,
adjust the position using wooden
shims to compensate. Attach the
window to the rough opening by
driving a nail through the nailing fin 3
to 7 inches from the corner. Leave
some play so you can adjust the shims
again before completely nailing down.
Check the shims again for square and
plumb. Once you are sure the window
is in the proper position, run a bead of
sealant around the shims.
Step 11
Test your window to make sure it will
open and close and its lock works
before completely securing the frame.
Secure nails and apply sealant to all of
the seams and the window unit.
Step 12
Install the drip cap on the header,
maintaining a 1/8-inch overhang on
both sides. Nail the cap to the header
and seal the nail fin completely with
spray adhesive. Exercise care with
spray adhesive so you do not spray it
on the glass. Apply the self-adhesive
flashing around the outside of the
window frame and pull the building
wrap over the flashing. Check the
weep holes to ensure they have not
become blocked. Take a step back to
look over the entire window. If there
are no loose ends, your installation is

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 finished.

V.0 CONCLUSION
Coming to the conclusion, there were many challenges happening when it comes on
making this report regarding finding suitable answers for the questions. Despite the
challenges I faced, I learnt a lot of things such as the differences between bonding
and pointing. I also learnt that there are many more materials out there to build door
and windows, and people can be creative and also build it safe just like one hour fire-
rated door which can resist fire or high heat. I could never done it without the help of
my friends, and also the guides from my lecturer, Sr Anas Zafirol bin Abdullah Halim.
I would like to thank all for the help I got in every aspects of knowledges that you all
have gave and provided me to make this report a complete success.

6.0 REFERENCES
 Notes from Sr Anas Zafirol bin Abdullah Halim in LOOM
 https://theconstructor.org/concrete/precast-concrete-cladding-types-loads-
construction/6338/
 https://ncma.org/resource/precast-concrete-lintels-for-concrete-masonry-
construction/
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/pointing-brickwork
 http://www.mjclasouterraine.net/different-materials-for-windows-and-doors/
 https://www.andersenwindows.com/windows-and-doors/materials/
 https://reynaersathome.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/HowToGuide-
WindowAndDoorMaterials.pdf
 https://www.pella.com/ideas/windows/custom/specialty-windows/
 https://window-elements.com/benefits-of-aluminium-sliding-doors-for-your-
home/
 https://www.hunker.com/12128136/how-to-install-an-aluminium-window

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