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SUBJECT : IT8601 - Computational Intelligence

SEM / YEAR: VI Sem/ III Year

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UNIT I INTRODUCTION

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence-Search-Heuristic Search-A* algorithm-Game Playing- Alpha-
Beta Pruning-Expert systems-Inference-Rules-Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining- Genetic
Algorithms
PART – A
BT
Q.No. Questions Competence
Level

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1 Define Artificial Intelligence. BTL1 Remembering

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2 List the criteria to measure the performance of different search BTL1 Remembering
strategies.
3 Describe the four categories under which AI is classified. BTL1 Remembering
4 What are Expert Systems? BTL1 Remembering
5 List the characteristic features of expert system.
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6 Define Inference. BTL1 Remembering
7 Infer some of the application domain where the agent based
BTL2 Understanding
problem solving is appropriate.
8 Give any four names of earliest expert systems. BTL2 Understanding
9 Infer some of the uninformed search techniques. BTL2 Understanding
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10 Give the components of Game software. BTL2 Understanding
11 Write the general form of the genetic algorithm BTL3 Applying
12 Show the definition of state-space search technique. BTL3 Applying
13 Show the meaning of heuristic search. BTL3 Applying
14 Compare Informed & Uninformed search with examples. BTL4 Analyzing
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15 Will Breadth-First Search always find the minimal solution why? BTL4 Analyzing
16 State the Point of view of alpha-beta pruning. BTL4 Analyzing
17 Appraise when hill climbing fails to find a solution? BTL5 Evaluating
18 Assess the forward chaining rules with example. BTL5 Evaluating
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19 Name the three activities supported by the programs that interact

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with domain experts to extract expert knowledge.
20 Write the ways to formulate a problem. BTL6 Creating
PART – B
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1 Describe informed search strategies with an example. (13) BTL1 Remembering

2 List the advantages and limitations of Genetic Algorithm. State the BTL1 Remembering
taxonomy of the crossover operator. (13)
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3 Define A* search algorithm. Discuss about the admissibility of A* BTL1 Remembering

algorithm. (13)
4 List and describe the problem characteristics that need to be BTL1 Remembering
considered for selecting appropriate heuristics for a given class of
problems. (13)
5 (i) Distinguish A* and AO * algorithm with each other. (6) BTL2 Understanding

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(ii) Demonstrate why some times unnecessary backward
propagation occurs in AND OR graph. (7)
6 Infer in details about Rule Based Systems with some BTL2 Understanding
examples. (13)
7 i. Give the characteristics of AI problems? Explain with example (7) BTL2 Understanding
ii.Express what is Control Strategy and Production System? How
this is helpful in AI (6)

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8 Write short notes on Expert system tools and expert BTL3 Applying
system shell. (13)

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9 How is AI useful in game playing techniques. Describe what is BTL3 Applying
adversarial search? (13)
10 i. Illustrate the role of knowledge engineer, domain expert and an BTL3 Applying
end user in an expert system. (6)
ii. Explain the difficulties involved in developing an expert

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system. (7)

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11 Point out the procedures of genetic algorithms and what are the BTL4 Analyzing
different genetic representations
12 (i) Infer what is alpha beta pruning / search. (7) BTL4 Analyzing
(ii) Explain MINIMAX search technique / algorithm with an
example.(6)
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Draw the state space graph of Hill climbing search. What are the
draw backs of this algorithm? Also discuss about time space
complexity of this algorithm (13)
BTL5 Evaluating

14 Consider the block world problem with four blocks A,B,C,D with BTL6 Creating
the start and goal states given below,
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Assume the following two operations: Pick and a block and put it
on table, pick up a block and put it on another block. Solve the
above problem using Hill Climbing algorithm and a suitable
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heuristic function. Show the intermediate decisions and states. (13)

PART – C
1 Is it advisable to apply GA’s for all kinds optimization problems? BTL5 Evaluating
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Justify. (15)
2 Solve the given problem. Describe the operators involved in it. BTL6 Creating
Consider a Water jug Problem: You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon
one and a 3-gallon one. Neither has any measuring markers on it.
There is a pump that can be used to fill the jugs with water. How
can you get exactly 2 gallons of water into the 4-gallon jug?

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Explicit Assumptions: A jug can be filled from the pump, water
can be poured out of a jug onto the ground, water can be poured
from one jug to another and that there are no other measuring
devices available. (15)
3 Consider a two player game in which the minimax search BTL6 Creating
procedure is used to compute the best moves for the first player.
Assume a static evaluation function that returns values ranging

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from -10 to 10, with 10 indicating a win for the first player and -10
a win for the second player. Assume the following game tree in

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which the static scores are from the first player ‘s point of view.
Suppose the first player is the maximizing player and needs to
make the next move. What move should be chosen at this point?
Can the search be optimized? (15)

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4
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Assess the following types of hill climbing search techniques
i)
ii)
Simple hill climbing(5)
Steepest- Ascent Hill climbing(5)
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iii) Simulated Annealing(5)

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UNIT II KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND REASONING
Proposition Logic - First Order Predicate Logic – Unification – Forward Chaining -Backward
Chaining - Resolution – Knowledge Representation - Ontological Engineering - Categories and
Objects – Events - Mental Events and Mental Objects - Reasoning Systems for Categories -
Reasoning with Default Information - Prolog Programming
PART – A
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BT
Q.No. Questions Competence
Level
1 Identify how predicate logic is helpful in knowledge
BTL1 Remembering
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representation.
2 Define unification. BTL1 Remembering
3 Define Ontology. BTL1 Remembering
4 List the predicates of time intervals. BTL1 Remembering
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5 What is independent axiom. BTL1 Remembering

6 List the names of logical agents for wumpus world problem. BTL1 Remembering
7 Give the expansion of LISP and PROLOG. BTL2 Understanding
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8 Infer FOL with an example. BTL2 Understanding

9 State in your own words about uniqueness quantifier. BTL2 Understanding
10 Can you write a brief outline about daunting. BTL2 Understanding
11 Differentiate prepositional logic and predicate logic. BTL3 Applying
12 Differentiate declarative and procedural knowledge. BTL3 Applying
13 Show what is the problem that the effect of axiom say. BTL3 Applying

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14 Analyze the definition of logic. BTL4 Analyzing
15 Analyze the time and event calculus. BTL4 Analyzing
16 Analyze the following in a predicate logic: For all x and y, if x is a
BTL4 Analyzing
parent of y then y is a child of x.
17 Identify the relationship between agents and mental objects. BTL5 Evaluating
18 Assess the chances for representing categories in first-order logic. BTL5 Evaluating
19 For the given sentence “All Pompeian’s were Romans” write a
BTL6 Creating

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well formed formula in predicate logic.
20 Convert the following into Horn Clauses.

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∀x:∀y:cat(x) ˅ fish(y) → likes - to - eat(x,y) BTL6 Creating

PART – B
1 Describe briefly about Ontological Engineering. (13) BTL1 Remembering
2 Define the term logic. What is the role of logic in Artificial BTL1 Remembering

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Intelligence? Compare Propositional logic with First order logic
(Predicate Calculus). (13)

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3 Describe Unification algorithm in brief with an example. (13) BTL1 Remembering
4 Label how to convert English to prolog facts using facts and rules. BTL1 Remembering
(13)
5 Classify the steps needed for Knowledge engineering Process in BTL2 Understanding
predicate logic. (13)
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6 Illustrate how to create more general and flexible representations BTL2 Understanding
in Ontological engineering. (13)
7 Infer the ontology for situation calculus.(13) BTL2 Understanding
8 Explain how categories and objects are presented in any four sets. BTL3 Applying
(13)
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9 i. What is resolution Principle in propositional logic, explain? (7) BTL3 Applying
ii. Let the following set of axioms is given to be true: P , (P ˄ Q )
→ R , ( S ˅ T ) → Q , T . Assumption is that all are true. To
Prove that R is true (6)
10 Explain Backward and forward Chaining , with example in logic BTL3 Applying
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representation. Also mention advantages and disadvantages of

both the algorithms. (13)
11 Explain briefly about the characteristics of a prolog programming. BTL4 Analyzing
(13)
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12 How is resolution in first order predicate logic different from that BTL4 Analyzing
of propositional performed? What is Unification Algorithm & why
it is required?
13 Trace the operations of the unification algorithm on each of the BTL5 Evaluating
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following pairs of literals:

i) f(Marcus) and f(Caesar) (3)
ii) f(x) and f(g(y)) (5)
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iii) f(Marcus, g(x,y)) and f(x, g(Caesar, Marcus)) (5)

14 Convert the following well formed formula into clause from with BTL6 Creating
sequence of steps: (13)

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PART – C
1 Consider the following sentences:
 John likes all kinds of food
 Apples are food
 Chicken is food
 Anything anyone eats and isn’t killed by is food BTL6 Creating
 Bill eats peanuts and is still alive

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 Sue eats everything Bill eats
i) Translate these sentences into formulas in predicate logic(7)

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ii) Convert the formulas of part a into clause form.(8)
2 Evaluate the unification algorithm used for reasoning under
predicate logic with an example. Consider the following facts. (15)
a. Team India
b. Team Australia

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c. Final match between India and Australia

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d. India scored 350 runs, Australia scored 350 runs,
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India lost 5 wickets, Australia lost 7 wickets.
e. The team which scored the maximum runs wins.
f. If the scores are same the team which lost minimum
wickets wins the match.

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Represent the facts in predicate, convert to clause form and prove
by resolution “India wins the match”.
i. Why we use prolog programming language? (5)
ii. Write a sample program in prolog language?(6)
BTL5 Evaluating
iii. Criticize how prolog language can be stated as procedural
language?(4)
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4 Convert the following sentences to wff in first order predicate
logic. (15)
(i) No coat is water proof unless it has been specially treated.
(ii) A drunker is enemy of himself.
(iii) Any teacher is better than a lawyer. BTL6 Creating
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(iv) If x and y are both greater than zero, so is the product of x

and y.
(v) Every one in the purchasing department over 30 years is
married.
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UNIT III UNCERTAINTY

Non monotonic reasoning-Fuzzy Logic-Fuzzy rules-fuzzy inference-Temporal Logic-Temporal
Reasoning-Neural Networks-Neuro-fuzzy Inference
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PART – A
BT
Q.No. Questions Competence
Level
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1 Define Neural Networks BTL1 Remembering

2 What is Fuzzy Logic? What is its use? BTL1 Remembering
3 Define non monotonic reasoning. BTL1 Remembering
4 List the Application of neural networks BTL1 Remembering
5 What are the ways in which one can understand the semantics of
BTL1 Remembering
a belief network?

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6 What are the two functions in Neural network’s Activation
BTL1 Remembering
functions?
7 State in your own words about Hedges? BTL2 Understanding
8 Give some example of non-monotonic reasoning. BTL2 Understanding
9 What are the disadvantages of closed world Assumption? How
BTL2 Understanding
will you overcome it
10 Express fuzzy inference. BTL2 Understanding

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11 What are the structures of neural network? BTL3 Applying
12 Generalize single layer and multilayer feed forward neural

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BTL3 Applying
network?
13 Produce the main difficulties involved with the gradient descent
BTL3 Applying
method.
14 Analyze the different types of FLC. BTL4 Analyzing
15 Point out the degree of membership. BTL4 Analyzing

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16 Differentiate fuzzification and defuzzification. BTL4 Analyzing

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17 What happens if the examples are not linearly separable? BTL5 Evaluating
18 Criticize the remarks on back propagation. BTL5 Evaluating
19 Tell how do you think about non-monotonic reasoning is in terms
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of arguments.
20 In a class of 10 students (the universal set), 3 students speaks
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German to some degree, namely Alice to degree 0.7, Bob to
degree 1.0, Cathrine to degree 0.4. what is the size of the subset A
of German speaking students in the class.
PART – B
BTL6 Creating

1 Define Fuzzy Set? Explain in brief about Fuzzy set BTL1 Remembering
operations? (13)
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2 Identify the different key issues with respect to non-monotonic BTL1 Remembering
reasoning system? (13)
3 Describe briefly about the neuro fuzzy inference in detail. (13) BTL1 Remembering
4 Identify the list of basic structure of a generic temporal BTL1 Remembering
models. (13)
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5 Classify the fuzzy rules with examples. (13) BTL2 Understanding

6 Demonstrate fuzzy inferences from imprecise data. (13) BTL2 Understanding
7 Interrelate the factors influencing back propagation neural BTL2 Understanding
network. (13)
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8 Write a note on fuzzy logic. How do it uses for probabilistic BTL3 Applying
reasoning. (13)
9 Distinguish between single layer and multi layer perception neural BTL3 Applying
networks? (13)
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10 Generalize the representations fuzzy elements. (13) BTL3 Applying

11 Explain in brief about fuzzy propositions? (13) BTL4 Analyzing
12 Point out the type of problems that can be solved with neural BTL4 Analyzing
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network? What are the advantages? What are the inconvenient.(13)

13 Assess the Temporal Logic with Reasoning. (13) BTL5 Evaluating
14 Write the most popular algorithm for training a neural network? BTL6 Creating
What is its principle? (13)
PART – C
1 Assess the conventional reasoning system with non-conventional BTL5 Evaluating

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reasoning system? (15)
2 With the help of diagram, explain the training algorithm of Back BTL6 Creating
propagation networks and discuss how the various parameters are
chosen for training the neural net? (15)
3 Explain the neuro fuzzy architecture and give some applications. BTL5 Evaluating
(15)
4 Explain fuzzy logic control with the neat diagram. (15) BTL5 Evaluating

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UNIT IV LEARNING

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Probability basics - Bayes Rule and its Applications - Bayesian Networks – Exact and Approximate
Inference in Bayesian Networks - Hidden Markov Models - Forms of Learning - Supervised
Learning - Learning Decision Trees – Regression and Classification with Linear Models - Artificial
Neural Networks – Nonparametric Models - Support Vector Machines - Statistical Learning -
Learning with Complete Data - Learning with Hidden Variables- The EM Algorithm –

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Reinforcement Learning
PART – A

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BT
Q.No. Questions Competence
Level
1 Define Bayes theorem. Give the Baye’s rule equation. BTL1 Remembering
2 What is localization problem. BTL1 Remembering
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Define Artificial Neuron model.
Mention the statistical learning methods.
What is HMM.
BTL1 Remembering
BTL1 Remembering
BTL1 Remembering
6 Define EM algorithm. BTL1 Remembering
7 State in your own words about conditional probability. BTL2 Understanding
8 Infer what is Reward Function in Reinforcement learning ? BTL2 Understanding
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9 Give the different forms of learning. BTL2 Understanding
10 State the support vector in SVM? BTL2 Understanding
11 Generalize the categories of neural network structures? BTL3 Applying
12 Distinguish between full joint probability distribution and joint
BTL3 Applying
probability distribution.
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13 Organize the key features of reinforcement learning. BTL3 Applying

14 Organize the types of learning. BTL4 Analyzing
15 Difference between Classification and Regression. BTL4 Analyzing
16 Identify the issues that affect the design of an learning element. BTL4 Analyzing
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17 Assess Bayesian networks with an example. BTL5 Evaluating

18 Write some applications of Supervised Learning. BTL5 Evaluating
19 Given that P(A)=0.3,P(A |B)=0.4 and P(B)=0.5, compute P(B|A). BTL6 Creating
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20 Draw the state transition diagram for Markov system. BTL6 Creating
PART – B
1 Describe Hidden Markov Model and its applications in AI. (13) BTL1 Remembering
2 Define EM algorithm and explain the general form of EM BTL1 Remembering
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algorithm. (13)
3 Describe briefly about the Regression and Classification with BTL1 Remembering
Linear Models. (13)
4 Identify Various Types of Reinforcement Learning Techniques. BTL1 Remembering
(13)
5 Distinguish between Supervised Learning and Unsupervised BTL2 Understanding

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Learning. Also mention some of the application areas of both. (13)
6 Express the statistical Learning with examples. (13) BTL2 Understanding
7 Describe briefly about BTL2 Understanding
(i) Continuous model for Maximum likelihood Estimation (6)
(ii) Learning with Hidden Variables. (7)
8 Marie’s marriage is tomorrow BTL3 Applying
 In recent years , each year it has rained only 5 days
 The weatherman has predicted rain tomorrow

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 When it actually rains the weatherman correctly forecasts

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rain 90% of the time
 When it doesn’t rain, the weatherman incorrectly forecasts
rain 10% of time.
What is the probability that it will rain on the day of Marie’s
wedding? (13)

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9 Generalize Support Vector Machines in detail. What are BTL3 Applying

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advantages and disadvantages of SVM. (13)
10 Tell briefly about the Decision Tree Learning? Why it is useful in BTL3 Applying
AI applications? (13)
11 i. Explain ANN and Artificial neuron. (6) BTL4 Analyzing
ii. What is feed forward neural network. (7)
12

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What is learning with complete data? Explain Maximum
Likelihood Parameter Learning with Discrete Model in detail. (13)
Can linear regression be used for classification? Justify. (13)
BTL4

BTL5
Analyzing

Evaluating
14 What is the maximum number of edges in a Bayesian network BTL6 Creating
(BN) with n nodes? Prove that a valid BN containing this number
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of edges can be constructed (remember that the structure of a BN
has to be a Directed Acyclic Graph). (13)
PART – C
1 Construct the Bayseian network and define the necessary CPTs for
the given scenario we have a bag of three biased coins a, b and c
with probabilities of coming up heads of 20%, 60%and 80%
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respectively. One coin is drawn randomly from the bag (with BTL4 Analyzing
equal likelihood of drawing each of the three coins) and then the
coin is flipped three times to generate the outcomes X1, X2 and
X3. (15)
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2 The following table consists of training data from an employee

database. The data have been generalized. Let status be the class
label attribute. Construct Decision tree from the given data. (15)
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Department Age Salary Count Status

Sales 31…35 46k..50k 30 Senior
Sales 26…30 26k..30k 40 Junior
Sales 31…35 31k..35k 40 Junior BTL5 Evaluating
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Systems 21…25 46k..50k 20 Junior

Systems 31…35 66k..70k 5 Senior
Systems 26…30 46k..50k 3 Junior
Systems 41…35 66k..70k 3 Senior
Marketing 36…40 46k..50k 10 Senior
Marketing 31…35 41k..45k 4 Junior

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Secretary 46…50 36k..40k 4 Senior
Secretary 26…30 26k..30k 6 Junior
3 Consider the following data provided for Weather Forecasting BTL6 Creating
Scenario. (15)
Two states (Hidden) : ‘Low’ and ‘High’ atmospheric pressure.
Two observations (Visible States) : ‘Rain’ and ‘Dry’.

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4 Point out Reinforcement learning technique in detail .Also
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Mention its applications in the field of Artificial intelligence. (15)

UNIT V INTELLIGENCE AND APPLICATIONS

Natural language processing-Morphological Analysis-Syntax analysis-Semantic Analysis-AIl
applications – Language Models - Information Retrieval – Information Extraction - Machine
Translation – Machine Learning - Symbol-Based – Machine Learning: Connectionist – Machine
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Learning
PART – A
BT
Q.No. Questions Competence
Level
1 Define CFG. BTL1 Remembering
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2 Define NLP. BTL1 Remembering

3 State Morphology. BTL1 Remembering
4 Label the terminologies are available in NLP? BTL1 Remembering
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5 What is nouns and give example for nouns. BTL1 Remembering

6 List out the advantages of NLP. BTL1 Remembering
7 Give the merits and demerits of context free grammars. BTL2 Understanding
8 Identify the components of Natural language processing. BTL2 Understanding
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9 Infer parse tree and give example. BTL2 Understanding

10 Express adjectives with examples. BTL2 Understanding
11 Sketch the basic definition of top down parse. BTL3 Applying
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12 Show how would you differentiate Machine Translation and

BTL3 Applying
Learning?
13 Prepare how mapping works in NLP? BTL3 Applying
14 Analyze why is NLP difficult? BTL4 Analyzing
15 Differentiate syntax and semantic analysis in NLP terminologies. BTL4 Analyzing
16 Point out the advantages and disadvantages of top down parser. BTL4 Analyzing

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17 Appraise the name of application in NLP? BTL5 Evaluating
18 Assess information retrieval process in the applications of NLP. BTL5 Evaluating
19 Tell about language models in the applications of NLP. BTL6 Creating
20 Write about symbol based application in intelligence. BTL6 Creating
PART – B
1 List the Steps in Natural Language Processing and explain them BTL1 Remembering
with some examples. (13)

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2 Describe the categories involved in Information Retrieval BTL1 Remembering
system. (13)

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3 Describe the structure of NLU and its difficulties. (13) BTL1 Remembering
4 Describe about NLP? Write in details about various application of BTL1 Remembering
NLP. (13)
5 Express the basic concept of Machine Translation System with a BTL2 Understanding
schematic diagram. (13)

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6 Discuss the concept of Computer Intelligence and its BTL2 Understanding

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application. (13)
7 i. Illustrate probabilistic models for information extraction (7) BTL2 Understanding
ii. Express conditional random fields for information extraction (6)
8 Explain briefly on implementation aspects of syntactic BTL3 Applying
analysis. (13)
9

10
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Write shot notes on Page Rank algorithm and HITS
Algorithm. (13)
Write short notes on
BTL3

BTL3
Applying

Applying
i. Phonology (2)
ii. Morphology (2)
iii. Discourse (2)
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iv. Semantics (3)
v. Syntax (4)
11 Identify about the application of natural language processing. (13) BTL4 Analyzing
12 Compare the machine learning and machine translation application BTL4 Analyzing
of NLP. (13)
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13 Evaluate whether an IR system is performing well? (13) BTL5 Evaluating

14 Organize how phrase structure ambiguity affects NLP? Illustrate BTL6 Creating
possible phrase structures for the sentence: "John saw the man on
the mountain with a telescope". (13)
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PART – C
1 Point out the importance of syntax and semantics in NLP. BTL4 Analyzing
Construct a grammar and draw the parse tree for the sentence "Bill
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Printed the file”. (15)

2 Case study: Find the algorithm that is capable of learning to BTL6 Creating
recognize the handwritten digits and squeezing every last drop of
predictive performance out of them. (15)
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3 What is Natural language processing? Mention its application BTL4 Analyzing

domain in AI. What are some of the problems which arise in
natural language understanding for autonomous machines like
robots, intelligent computers. (15)
4 Analyze the structure and research models involved in machine BTL4 Analyzing
translation. (15)

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