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DE Morgan's Theory and The Universal Gates: Objectives

The document discusses De Morgan's theory and universal gates. It explains that NAND and NOR gates are universal gates that can be used to implement any Boolean function. It shows how to represent NOT, AND and OR gates using only NAND gates or only NOR gates. Examples are given of implementing logic functions using only NAND gates and only NOR gates. The lab tasks involve using software to demonstrate gate equivalencies and implementing logic functions using only NAND or NOR gates.

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Salam Shaikh
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58 views14 pages

DE Morgan's Theory and The Universal Gates: Objectives

The document discusses De Morgan's theory and universal gates. It explains that NAND and NOR gates are universal gates that can be used to implement any Boolean function. It shows how to represent NOT, AND and OR gates using only NAND gates or only NOR gates. Examples are given of implementing logic functions using only NAND gates and only NOR gates. The lab tasks involve using software to demonstrate gate equivalencies and implementing logic functions using only NAND or NOR gates.

Uploaded by

Salam Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB# 5

DE Morgan’s Theory and the Universal Gates

OBJECTIVES
1- Practically show the correctness of De Morgan’s Theory.
2- Show how to represent any gate using NAND gates only or NOR gates only.
3- Universal gates - NAND and NOR.
4- How to implement NOT, AND, and OR gate using NAND gates only.
5- How to implement NOT, AND, and OR gate using NOR gates only.
6- Equivalent gates.
7- Two-level digital circuit implementations using universal gates only.
8- Two-level digital circuit implementations using other gates.

Background
The NAND gate represents the complement of the AND operation. Its name is an
abbreviation of NOT AND. The graphic symbol for the NAND gate consists of an AND
symbol with a bubble on the output, denoting that a complement operation is performed on
the output of the AND gate.

The NOR gate represents the complement of the OR operation. Its name is an abbreviation of
NOT OR. The graphic symbol for the NOR gate consists of an OR symbol with a bubble on the
output, denoting that a complement operation is performed on the output of the OR gate.

A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use
any other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.

In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to
fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.

In fact, an AND gate is typically implemented as a NAND gate followed by an inverter not
the other way around!! Likewise, an OR gate is typically implemented as a NOR gate
followed by an inverter not the other way around!!

Implement any gate with NAND gates only


To build an inverter (NOT gate) using a NAND gate: All NAND input pins connect to the
input signal A gives an output A’.
An AND gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The AND is replaced
by a NAND gate with its output complemented by a NAND gate inverter).
An OR gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The OR gate is replaced
by a NAND gate with all its inputs complemented by NAND gate inverters).

The following figure shows all cases presented above

Implement any gate with NOR gates only


To build an inverter (NOT gate) using a NOR gate: All NOR input pins connect to the input
signal A gives an output A’.
An OR gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The OR is replaced by a NOR
gate with its output complemented by a NOR gate inverter)
An AND gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The AND gate is replaced
by a NOR gate with all its inputs complemented by NOR gate inverters)

The following figure shows all cases presented above


Equivalent Gates
A NAND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input OR gate.

An AND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input NOR gate.

A NOR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input AND gate.

An OR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input NAND gate.

Building Circuits using NAND and NOR gates only

Example: Building Circuits using NAND gates only


Implement the following function using AND, OR gates

F = XZ + Y’Z + X’YZ
Re-implement the same function above using NAND gates only

Example: Building Circuits using NOR gates only


Implement the following function using AND, OR gates F = (X+Z) (Y’+Z) (X’+Y+Z)

Re-implement the same function above using NOR gates only


LAB TASKS:
Task 1: Use EWB to show that the following gates are equivalent
Task 2: Use EWB to show that the following gates are equivalent
Task 3: Implementing circuits using NAND gates only
Implement the following function using AND, OR gates
F = (A+B).C’+A’D
Task 3: Implementing circuits using NOR gates only
Implement the following function using AND, OR gates
F= (A+B).C’+A’D
Task 4: Implementing circuits using NAND gates only
Implement the following function using NAND gates (Use the logic converter
in EWB) F= AB (A+C'D)+A'C'B
Task 5: Implement the following function using NAND gates (Use the logic converter in EWB)
F=CA’+B(A’.C'+D)+A'CB’

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