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Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1:

Introduction to Statistics
Mathematics – Grade 7
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Introduction to Statistics

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion

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Antonio A. Apat

Printed in the Philippines by Davao City Division Learning Resources Management

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Telefax: (082) 224 0100
E-mail Address: [email protected]
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Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1:

Introduction to Statistics
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

Hello learners! Welcome to our lesson for this week which is all about
Statistics. We will seek to achieve the following learning competencies: (1) the learner
poses real-life problems that can be solved by Statistics (M7SP-IVa-2); (2) formulates
simple statistical instruments (M7SP-IVa-3); and (3) gathers statistical data (M7SP-
IVb-1).

Specifically, you are expected to:

1. define statistics;
2. give the importance and history of the study of Statistics;
3. differentiate a population from a sample;
4. distinguish quantitative data from qualitative data and discrete
numbers from continuous numbers;
5. identify the levels of measurement; and
6. identify the methods in collecting the data.

Let Us Try

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on

targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer
relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Gathering data in statistics is one of
topics to be discussed in this module. But before we go further, let us check your
prior knowledge about basic concepts in statistics.

Let us have a drill.

Activity 1:
A. Tell whether the following variables are qualitative data or quantitative
data. Write your answer on the space provided.

____________________1. educational attainment

____________________2. weight of a boy
____________________3. zip code
____________________4. number of years in school
____________________5. color of the eyes

B. Determine whether the numbers obtained in the following variables are

discrete or continuous.
____________________1. distance of the towns in a province from the city
____________________2. school days in a year
____________________3. height of PBA players
____________________4. passing score in the exam
____________________5. average temperature in Baguio City in a month

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Activity 2
Directions: Give the contribution of the following persons involved in the field
of statistics.

1. Sir Ronald Fisher-

_________________________________________________________________

2. De Moivre-
______________________________________________________________________

3. William S. Gosset-
_________________________________________________________________

4. Karl Pearson-
_____________________________________________________________________

5. Sir Francis Galton-

_________________________________________________________________

Let Us Study

Statistics is a branch of mathematics, which deals with the collection,

organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data/information.
• Collection refers to the process of gathering data or information.
• Organization and Presentation refers to summarizing data into tables,
graphs, or charts.
• Analysis refers to describing the data using statistical methods and
procedures.
• Interpretation refers to the process of drawing conclusions based on the
analyzed data.
There are two major areas of Statistics.
Descriptive Statistics is defined as the collection, presentation, and
description of sample data.
Inferential Statistics refers to making decisions and drawing conclusions
about populations.

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Application of Statistics
Statistics is very essential to different disciplines as well.
Education – statistical tools are used to get the information on enrollment,
finance, facilities, grading system, etc.
Government – statistics are gathered to guide the officials in managing the
affairs of the state.
Medicine and Physical Sciences – methods of statistical designs of
experiments are significant. The causes and effects of factors which affect
experiments are best evaluated using statistical tools.
Psychology – Psychologists are able to understand human behavior better if
they are able to gather and interpret data on different tests.
Sociology – Statistics is used in the study of the conditions of the society. In
order to improve a society, different observations must be done, and with proper
analysis and interpretation, it may result to a positive action that will benefit the
people.
Business – Statistics plays an important role in the financial transactions and
marketing of new products, forecasting of business trends, controlling the quality of
goods produced.
Sports – Statistics are taken and recorded. These records help to keep track
of succeeding performances for comparison.

Brief Historical Development of Statistics

Statistics as a discipline began with the beginning of man’s existence. In

ancient times, it was used to provide information pertaining to taxes, soldiers,
agricultural crops and even to athletic endeavors. Later, it developed into an
inferential science sometimes in the sixteenth century and largely depended on the
theory of probability. Then it continued to develop as a result of the diligent research
made by people in various fields during the past 400 years.

Statistics also developed as a science partly due to man’s tendency for

gambling. This inclination then led to the early development of the probability theory.
During this time, the gamblers asked assistance from mathematicians to provide
them optimum techniques for various games of chance for the purpose of having
wins. Their requests were considered by some mathematicians like Pascal, Leibnitz,
Fermat, and James Bernoulli.

De Moivre (1733) discovered the equation for the normal distribution upon
which many of the theories of inferential statistics have been based. This same bell
shaped distribution was referred to as the Gaussian distribution from a study of
errors in repeated measurements of the same quantity. It was during this time that
the work Laplace gained popularity for it was about the application of statistics to
astronomy.

Adolph Quitelet (1796-1874), a Belgian by origin. He made applications of

statistics in the field of psychology and education. For this accomplishment he was

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considered the first statistician to demonstrate that statistical techniques derived in
one area of research could be applied to other areas.

Sir Francis Galton(1822-1911) was one of the greatest contribution of

statistics to the social sciences. His most notable contribution was the application of
statistics to heredity and eugenics and his discoveries of percentiles. Along with
Galton was Karl Pearson (1857-1936) who worked with him to develop the theory
of regression and correlation. Pearson was responsible for evolving the present
theories of sampling.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, William S. Gosset developed

methods for decision-making derived from smaller sets of data. This idea was
continued by Sir Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) who developed statistics for
experimental designs.
Adopted from: Statistics: A simplified approach
By Twila G. Punsalan and Gabriel G. Urartu

Authors: Bernardo D. Estrabo, Jr. &

Irene Ofresencia A. Garovillas

The study of Statistics is considered to be very important because we

frequently organize and express data numerically. Everyday, we encounter Statistics
from weather forecast, election results, surveys, population census, grades in school,
and understanding data regarding medical conditions of people in a certain place.
Statistics can greatly affect our decisions in life.

In this times where fake news is rampant, learning Statistics will be our
guiding tool in determining which data shown by the media is factual or not. Our
knowledge in Statistics will help us process more effectively information, thus leading
us to make the best decision in different situations.

Statistical Terms

Population, as used in statistics, refers to a complete set of individuals,

objects, places, or events under study.

Examples: the total number of sari-sari stores in a town, residents of a

barangay, dialects in the Philippines, or students in Salaysay National High School
and others.

A Sample is defined as a subset of a population or a collection of some

elements in a population.

Examples: a group of 150 students chosen from the different grade levels, a
handful of sugar examined from a sack of sugar or three favorite subjects of all
students in Mapaya National High School.

Census is an official count or survey of a population, typically recording

various details of individuals.

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 Data is the information we gather about the sample or the population. Data
may be classified into two major types: Qualitative and Quantitative.

1. Qualitative data refers to the attributes or characteristics of the samples.

Examples: information of individuals such as the gender (male or

female), color of the skin (brown, white, black), religion (Christianity,
Buddhism, Islam), taste of a mango, smell of lemon and more.

2. Quantitative Data refers to the numerical information gathered about the

samples. It can be subjected to the arithmetic operations.

Examples: the number of children in a family, age, monthly income,

length of service in the government, weight of guavas, number of students
in a particular school and many more.

Two (2) types of Quantitative Data

a. Discrete data are values of the variables obtained through

the process of counting. It can only have specific values.

Examples: the number of students in a class, number of

teachers in a school and number of ASEAN countries.

b. Continuous data are values of the variables obtained through

the process of measuring or weighing. It can take on any value
in an interval.

Examples: are time, weight, height, and temperature.

In an interval number from 1 to 10, a continuous data can be equal to 1,

1.7, 1.35, 6.8 or it can be any value from 1 to 10, but if we are referring to discrete
data, we can only consider specific numbers or whole numbers like 5, 7, 3, and the
like.

Levels of Measurement:

1. Nominal Variable is a qualitative variable that categorizes, describes, or

names an element of a population.
Example: gender, political party, GSIS number, cellphone number, hair color

2. Ordinal Variable is a qualitative data that incorporates an ordered position

or ranking, but differences between data values cannot be determined or are
meaningless.
Example: socio-economic status (“low-income”, “middle income”, high
income”), educational level (“high school”, “college”, “masters”, “doctorate”),
output performance (“needs improvement”, “good”, “very good”, “excellent”)

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 3. Interval is a quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the
difference between the two variables is meaningful and equal. It has no
inherent (natural) zero starting point (where zero does not mean none of the
quantity is present.)
Example: temperature in Baguio City (0℃ does not mean absence of
temperature)

4. Ratio contains all of the features of the other 3 levels. At the ratio level, values
can be categorized, ordered, have equal intervals, and take on an inherent
zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present.)
Example: amount of money received (0 means no amount of money has been
received)

Nominal
Qualitative Data
Ordinal
Variable

Quantitative Data Discrete

Continuous

Data Collection

Data may be gathered by using any of the following methods:

1) Survey
a. Interview – it is a direct method of gathering data because this is done
when a person requires a face-to-face inquiry from another person.

b. Questionnaire – it is an indirect method of gathering data because this

makes use of questionnaires to be answered by respondents. This is
used when the interview method is a difficult one to use.

2) Observation of Outcome of Events – This method makes use of the

different human senses in gathering information.

3) Experiment – This method is usually conducted in laboratories where

specimens are subjected to some aspects of control to find out cause and
effect relationships.

4) Publication – This is where secondary data are gathered, like newspapers,

journals, books, encyclopedia, magazines, or thesis of other researches, etc.

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 Let Us Practice

I. Identify what is being asked in each item. Choose the correct answer from
the words found inside the box.

qualitative data census discrete Statistics

continuous sample quantitative data observation

______________1. It deals with methods in the collection, gathering, presentation,

analysis, and interpretation of data.
______________2. It refers to the numerical information gathered about the samples.
______________3. A subset of a population or a collection of some elements in a
population.
______________4. This method makes use of the different human senses in gathering
observation.
______________5. These are values of the variables obtained through the process of
measuring or weighing.

II. Determine whether the numbers obtained in the following variables are
discrete or continuous.

__________1. books in a library

__________2. weights of students
__________3. the number of staple wire in a stapler
__________4. average speed of five cars
__________5. number of cats in a barangay.

Let Us Practice More

Directions: Identify the most appropriate method of collecting data to be used

in each of the following research topic or situations. Write Survey, Observation,
Experiment, or Publication.

_____________1. The effectiveness of Filipino as medium of instruction in teaching

Mathematics

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_____________2. The changes in the behavior of drug dependents

_____________3. The physical and behavioral changes in a guinea pig subjected to a

new medicine for SARS

_____________4. Ben uses previous studies in gathering data about effective teaching
strategies

_____________5. Determining the type of bacteria that will increase in numbers given
a certain thermal condition

_____________6. The recreational activities of Grade 7 students and the relative effects
to their study habits

_____________7. The values that are required by some teachers from watching
telenovelas

_____________8. The learning styles of students

_____________9. The characteristics, problems, and needs of the Filipino people

_____________10. The average temperature in Davao City from January 1 to April 1

Let Us Remember

Statistics is a branch of mathematics, which deals with the collection,

organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data/information.
This is also very important to other disciplines such as in education,
government, sciences and many more. The two major areas of statistics are
descriptive statistics, which is the collection, presentation, and description
of sample data; and inferential statistics, which refers to making decisions
and drawing conclusions about populations.

Some terms that are often used in the study of statistics are population,
sample, and census. Population refers to a complete set of individuals,
objects, places, or events under study. Sample is a subset of a population or
a collection of some elements in a population. Census is an official count or
survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

Data is the information we gather about the sample or the population.

It can be Qualitative (attributes or characteristics of the samples) or
Quantitative (numerical information gathered about the samples).

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Quantitative data can either be discrete, if it results from finite number of
values; or continuous, if it results from infinite number of values between
any two real numbers.

Measurements are classified into four levels namely nominal, ordinal,

interval, and ratio.

The first procedure in Statistics is gathering or collecting data. The

following are the methods of collecting sets of data:

1. Surveys
2. Observation of Outcome of Events
3. Experiments
4. Publications

Let Us Assess

Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1) What branch of Mathematics is concern with the collecting, organizing,

presenting, analyzing, and interpreting of data?
A. Geometry B. Statistics C. Graph D. Picture

2) Which of the following statements describe statistics?

A. Statistics does not deal with data collection.
B. Statistics does not use graphs to present data.
C. Statistics uses data to make decisions.
D. Statistics deals with points, lines, and angles.

3) Which of the following refers to the process of making conclusions based on the
analyzed data?
A. collection of data C. analysis of data
B. organization of data D. interpretation of data

4) When Aling Maria buys a sack of rice for one-month consumption of her family,
she examines only a handful of rice from the sack to find out if it is of good quality
or not. Which one is considered the sample?
A. Aling Maria C. her family
B. a sack of rice D. a handful of rice

5) Refer to Question No. 4. Which one is considered the population?

A. Aling Maria C. her family
B. a sack of rice D. a handful of rice

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6) Which of the following describes any quantitative or qualitative information
collected?
A. sample B. data C. survey D. population

7) Which of the following is a qualitative variable?

A. civil status B. height C. weight D. age

8) Which of the following is a quantitative variable?

A. occupation B. test scores C. opinion D. color

9) Which of the following is an example of a discrete data?

A. quarterly grade B. temperature C. no. of pets D. age

10) What level of measurement refers to categorizing, describing, or naming an

element of a population?
A. nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

11) Data gathered are classified as secondary if these are gathered from these
sources, except one, which one is this?
A. books B. journals C. magazines D. interview

12) What data collection method is used in face to face interview or written
questionnaires?
A. survey B. observation C. experiment D. publication

13) You wanted to know the number of houses in an area that were damaged after
the typhoon Auring. Which of the following methods of gathering data is
inappropriate to use?
A. actual measurement B. interview C. observation D. survey

14) Which of the following set of data needs taking measurements in experiments as
a method of gathering data?
A. total number of students who use modular modality of learning
B. reaction of people about wearing face shields in riding public transportation
C. effectiveness of a fertilizer to produce more rice
D. popularity of Korean drama artists

15) To know more about Davao City’s history, which is the most appropriate method
of data gathering must be used?
A. Survey B. Observation C. Experiment D. publication

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 Let Us Enhance

Directions: Create a questionnaire form focusing on the qualities, hobbies,

or personalities of your schoolmates. Make at least five questions and let ten of your
schoolmates answer your survey form. Gather your data and provide a summary of
it.
Example:

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Your output will be rated using the rubric below:

Let Us Reflect

Write three to five sentences explaining the importance of learning Statistics

in your life as a student.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Let Us Assess
1. B 6. B 11. D
2. C 7. A 12. A Let Us Practice More
3. D 8. B 13. C 1. Survey
4. D 9. C 14. C 2. Observation
5. B 10. A 15. D. 3. Experimentation
4. Publication
5. Experimentation
6. Survey
7. Survey
Let Us Practice
8. Observation
I. II. 9. Survey
10. Observation
1. Statistics 1. Discrete
2. Quantitative 2.Continuous
3. Sample 3. Discrete
4. Observation 4. Continuous
5. Continuous 5. Discrete Let Us try. Activity 1
A.
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
Let Us Try. Activity 2 3. Qualitative
4. Quantitative
1. Sir Ronald Fisher- Developed statistics for experimented designs. 5. Qualitative
2. De Moivre- Discovered the equation for the normal distribution.
3. William S. Gosset- developed method s for decision-making derived B.
from smaller sets of data. 1. Continuous
4. Karl Pearson- developed the theory of regression and correlation 2. Discrete
5. Sir Francis Galton- contributed the application of statistics to 3. Continuous
heredity and eugenics and his discoveries of 4. Discrete
percentiles. 5. Continuous
Answer key
 References

Bernardo D. Estrabo Jr. and Irene Ofresenia A. Garovillas. Advanced Algebra,

Trigonometry and Statistics IV, 2004.
Fernando B. Orines, Catalina B. Manalo, Josephine L. Suzara, and Jesus P. Mercado.
Next Century Mathematics 7. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, 2012.

Minie Rose C. Lapinid, Olivia N. Buzon and Gladys C. Nivera. Advanced Algebra,
Trigonometry and Statistics: Patterns and Practicalities. Makati City: Salesiana
Books, 2007.

Orlando A. Oronce and Marlyn O. Mendoza. E-Math 7 (K to 12). Quezon City: Rex
Publishing, 2012.
Twila G. Punsalan and Gabriel G. Uriarte. Statistics: A Simplified approach. Rex
Bookstore, 1995

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax:

Email Address: [email protected]

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