STS NOTES

Sumerian Civilization
➢ The first people to settle in
Legend: Mesopotamia
➢ Lasted for short of 2,000 years before
Terms the Babylonians took charge in 2004
Meaning B.C.
➢ Created a civilization by the
Enumeration development of methods and
Important technologies in:
▪ Architecture
Names ▪ Language
Dates ▪ Agriculture
▪ Governance
Places
City of Uruk
➢ Sumerians built cities along
the rivers of South
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN Mesopotamia in 4500 BCE.
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION ➢ Considered to be the first true
city in the world.
Early Civilizations ➢ No building stones used
Nomads ➢ Lumber was limited
➢ Basic Needs: Food, Shelter, Clothing ➢ Mud/clay from the river
➢ People who stay on the move looking added with reeds and bricks
for food. ➢ Houses made of sunbaked
➢ Without a permanent home bricks.
➢ Lived in areas of bountiful resources
of foods Ziggurats
➢ Small tribes of hunter-gatherers ➢ Cities had corresponding
➢ Used stone tools for survival king living in Ziggurat.
▪ Hunting fish and wild animals ➢ With temple at the top
▪ Preparing foods reserved for their high
▪ Making shelter priests to serve their
▪ Protect territory from patron gods and
invasion. goddesses.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
(Mountain of God)
Mesopotamia - Sunbaked bricks
➢ The foundation of human civilization began inside structure.
in Mesopotamia*. - Fired bricks outside
structure
Meso – middle - No inner chambers
Potam – river - Height around 170
feet
Settlers of Mesopotamia - Took 12 years of
• Sumerians excavation
• Babylonians
 - Primarily built as a ➢ Temple activities
temple to Nanna—the ➢ Businesses
god of the moon. ➢ Presenting stories, myths,
and personal letters.
Sumerian Cuneiform Alphabet

Agriculture
➢ Sumerian Agricultural
Products:
o Wheat and Barley
o Fruits and
vegetables like
grapes and onions
o Sheep, goats, and
cows.
Levees
- Dug wide canals from
rivers out to farms.
- Dug small ditches
from canals to fields to
water all the crops. Sumerian Boats
- Put gates on the ➢ Skin-float or raft made of
ditches to control the hides stretched over wood
amount of water frames and a broad, short
- Brought water to boat made of waterproof
farmland. material.
- Controlled flooding of ➢ Made of reeds
the rivers. ➢ To travel along the river
➢ To carry products for
Cuneiform trading.
➢ First writing system
➢ Pictures and triangular
symbols
➢ Carved in mud/clay tablet
➢ Using reed stylus
➢ Trading
➢ Recording goods and
livestock
 Wheel Hanging Gardens of Babylon
➢ The 1 wheels were not
st
- Said to be a structure made up of
used for transportation but layers of gardens.
for farm work in 2000 BC. - Species of plants, trees, and vines.
- 75 ft. high
- Approximately 8,200 gallons of
water each day to keep the plants
watered.
- No physical evidence to prove
such existence.
- Exact location is also unknown.
- No records
- Mythical place
Plow
➢ Enabled the Sumerians to Babylonian Number System
dig the soil land where
seeds would be planted at
faster pace.
➢ Mass produced food
without taking too much
effort and time.
Medicine
➢ Sumerians believed that
diseases were punishment
from god Egyptian Civilization
o Committed sins - Around 3150 BCE, the creation of the
o Wrong-doing Egyptian civilization began with Egypt
o Action of demons brought together under one ruler, King
o Bad spirits Narmer.

Priest – sufficient magic Temples

power to fight the mystic - Believed to be the homes of the gods and
force of disease and illness goddesses.
(due to supernatural forces) - Every temple was dedicated to a god or
goddess.
Exorcists – drive away the - Worshipped by the temple priests and the
spirits by charms and spells. pharaoh.
Babylonian Civilization - Every day, temple priests:
- Emerged near the Tigris and o Washed the god’s statues
Euphrates river. o Changed cloths with fine linen
- Great builders, engineers, and o Put jewelry
architects. o Offered food and wine.
- Transpired during Bronze Age Mummification
Weapons - Egyptians believed in life after death
- Bronze material (Alloy of copper - Eternal life was only possible if the
and tin). individual’s corpse remained intact.
- Believed that if the body decayed, so
as the soul.
 - Deceased’s soul should be recognized - Hieroglyphics writings were well-
and returned in the next life. preserved since these were carved at the
walls of pyramids and other structures.
Process
1. Washing of the body
2. Removal of the different internal
organs by making a cut in the left
side of the abdomen: intestines,
stomach, liver, and lungs.
3. Internal organs are placed in the
corresponding Canopic jar.

*From left to right Medicine and Physician

Hapi – baboon-headed; God of - Knowledge of healing herbs
the North; Lungs - Repairing physical injuries
Imsety – human-headed; God of o Knew how to stitch a wound
the South; Liver - Eye-surgery operation
Duamutef – jackal-headed; God - Knowledge of Anatomy came from the
of the East; Stomach practice of embalming the dead.
Qebehseneuf – falcon-headed; - Practiced dentistry.
God of the West; Intestines o Extracted teeth
4. Brain is removed through the nose o Drained abscesses
by using hooked instruments then o Made false teeth
being thrown away. Irrigation System
*Heart is untouched as believed - Canals and ditches
to be used for intelligence and - Shaduf
emotion in the next life.
* heart also revealed evidence of Calendar
the deceased’s true character. - 12 months = 30 days each
5. The inside of the body is rinsed - 1 year = 360 days
with wine and spices. - In 4000 BC added 5 extra days at the end
6. Moisture from the body is of every year.
eliminated. - Solar year = 365 days
7. Application of a salt(Natron) for
Wigs
70 days is done to preserve the
- Used to protect the shaved heads of the
body.
wealthy Egyptians from harmful sun
8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in
rays.
linen cloth and placed in a
- Symbol of social status
sarcophagus.
- Used by both sexes.
Hieroglyphics - Were worn for beauty, vanity and
- Pictures of living creatures and symbols personal hygiene.
of objects used in daily living.
 Other Discoveries and Inventions
- Paper from papyrus

Greek Civilization
• Government
• Art
• Architecture
• Philosophy
• Sport Water Mill
• Polytheistic society - Was used in agricultural processes like
• Believed in Mythology to explain natural milling of grains.
mysteries - Mass production of rice, cereals, flours,
Greek Mythology and the likes.
a. Zeus – God of the sky Greek Houses
b. Hera – Queen of Olympian Gods; Goddess • Poor Greek – rural area or crowded
of marriage and of the life of women urban slums; multi-story blocks of
c. Poseidon – God of the sea (and water apartments.
generally), earthquakes, and horses. • Well-to-do Craftsmen or farmers –
d. Hades – God of the underworld large and luxurious; accommodation for a
e. Athena – Goddess of war, handicraft, and large household including many slaves.
practical reason.
f. Apollo – God of divine distance/ God of the Trade
sun and light - 150 years after 750 BC
g. Artemis – Goddess of wild animals, hunt, - Sea for their livelihood
vegetation, chastity and childbirth. - Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea
h. Aphrodite – Goddess of sexual love and
Greek Philosophers
beauty.
a) Socrates
i. Hermes – God of trade, thieves, travelers,
- Developed the “Socratic Method”
sports, athletes, and border crossings.
of analyzing good and justice.
j. Ares – God of war
- The problem is broken down into
k. Hephaestus – God of fire
series of inquiries that would lead
l. Hestia – Goddess of hearth
to answers to the problem.
Theater b) Plato
- Art and literature performances. - Became the student of Socrates
- Large - Laid the foundations of Western
- Open-air structures philosophy and science.
- Theatron – tiered seating area - Founded The Academy of
- Orchestra – a circular space for the Athens, the first institution of
actors to perform higher learning in the Western
- Skene – Stage world.
c) Aristotle
- Became a student of Plato
- Developed Empirical approach
in studying nature.
 - Founded the Theory of Four
causes (Material, Formal,
Efficient, Final).
d) Thales – believed that water was the only
substance that was source of all things.
e) Pythagoras
- Made important contributions in
the field of mathematics.
- Developed the Pythagorean
Theorem.
f) Empedocles – believed in the four
fundamental elements (fire, air, earth, and Image on the bottom left: Constantine I, also
water). known as Constantine the Great—the first
g) Democritus Roman emperor to profess Christianity.
- Established the concept of
atomism. Roman City: The Forum
- Everything in nature is made up The Regla – a place where the
of indivisible elements called original kings of Rome lived. Later it
atoms. became the office for the head of the
h) Archimedes – known for his physical Roman priesthood, the Pontifex
law of buoyancy. Maximus.
The Comitium – the main meeting
place for the Assembly and the center
Roman Civilization of politics and judicial activity in
- Foundation of Rome is around 753 BC. Rome.
- According to legends, Mar’s twins Remus
and Romulus, are suckled by a she-wolf, and Temple of Caesar – the main temple
raised by a shepherd. where Julius Caesar was honored
after his death.
Roman Legion – a military organization,
originally in the armies of ancient Rome; denotes Temple of Saturn – Temple to the
a military system by which Imperial Rome god of agriculture.
conquered and rules the ancient world. Tabularium – the main records
office of Ancient Rome.
Rostra – a platform where people
would make speeches.
Senate Curia – the place where the
Senate met.
Arch of Septimius Severus – a giant
triumphal arch

Image above: The Praetorian Guard,

legionnaires and elite soldiers. Marble relief in
the Louvre Museum, Paris.
 Maison Carree – the only temple that is
Roman Architecture
completely preserved up to this day.
• Cathedrals
• Basilicas
• Coliseums
• Amphitheaters
• Aqueducts
The Pantheon – temple of all the Roman
gods.

Building Materials
• Tufa – Volcanic stone native
• During the 2nd century BCE, travertine
white limestone was utilized the late
substitute for marble.
Colosseum – largest amphitheater;
• Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks.
seating capacity of 50,000.
Roman Aqueducts
Aqueducts – convey water from far
away springs and mountains into
cities and towns and through gravity
to supply water in:
• Fountains
• Gardens
• Public and private baths
• Latrines
• Houses of wealthy Romans
• Agricultural lands
Roman Numerals
Arch of Septimius Severus – • Old number systems could not keep
monumental arch; built in recognition of up with high calculations
Roman victories over Parthians.
 requirements due to increasing trade
among nations.
• Roman numeral became the standard
counting system for trade concerns.
• Symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M.
• Used for communication and trading.
3. Yarns of silk are then woven to
Other discoveries and inventions different kinds of silk cloth.
• Bound Books – cover was made of
wax but later changed to animal skin.

Chinese Civilization
Ancient China is responsible for a rich
culture, still evident in modern China. From small
farming communities rose dynasties such as:
a) Zhou (1046 - 256 BCE)
b) Qin (221 - 206 BCE)
c) Ming (1368 – 1644 CE)
Each had its own contribution to the region:
a) Zhou Dynasty: (1) writing was standardized, Tea Production
(2) iron workings refined, (3) Confucius and 1. Tea leaves are harvested, processed,
Sun-Tzu lived and shared their philosophies. and compressed into cake form.
b) Qin Dynasty: Qin Shi Huang commissioned
the Terracotta Army.
c) Ming Dynasty: refurbished the Great Wall to
protect the nation from Mongol attacks.
Production of Silk
1. Cultivate silkworms on mulberry
leaves.

2. The dried teacake known as brick tea

will be ground with the use of stone
mortar.

2. Pupate of silkworms are dissolved in

boiling water to extract and feed
individual long fibers into the
spinning wheel.

3. Ancient tea was produced by pouring

hot water to shredded or crushed tea
leaves.
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
NATION BUILDING:
TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF
REVEALING.
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY AGENDA
The Concept of Nation Building
➢ Early definitions of nation include a group or
race of people who shared a common history,
Great Wall of China culture, and traditions, as well as religion
- Was successful in blocking the and, in most cases, language.
semi-nomadic invaders—The Factors/aspects to address to build a powerful
Huns—except on very large- nation:
scale attacks. • Building a political entity (territory,
- Built during the Ming Dynasty. rules, norms, principles, and common
- Stretched 21,196 km in length. citizenship);
Gunpowder • Building institutions (symbolizes
- Was originally developed by political entity – institutions such as a
Chinese alchemists to achieve bureaucracy, and economy, the
immortality. judiciary, universities, a civil service,
- Used for fireworks to drive away and civil society organizations); and
evil spirits. • Building a common sense of purpose,
- Used for artillery a sense of shared density, and a
- Usually made up of: collective imagination of belonging.
• 75% saltpeter (potassium Role of Science and Technology in the
nitrate) Philippine Nation Building
• 15% charcoal SCIENCE AND
• 10% sulfur TECHNOLOGY
Compass
- An artificial magnetic pointing
HUMAN
device made from lodestone. SOCIETY
DEVELOPMENT
- The oldest south-pointing
navigational device.
- End to ignorance
- Increase perception of fact or a
situation
- Awaken ability to use all
resources
- Creativity to improve the
quality of life and sustainable
development.
 Major Contributions of Science and • HEALTH SUFFICIENCY
Technology to Philippine Nation Building o Fundamental studies on
• Development of Agricultural potential sources of natural
Systems products, basic veterinary
• Improvement of transportations studies, social dimensions on
• Improvement of Education System health.
• Improvement of Communication o LIKAS Program (Likas
Yaman sa Kalusugan)
• CLEAN ENERGY
HARMONIZED R & D (CONCEPT) o Alternative energy
Harmonized National Research and Development o ALERT Program (Alternative
Agenda (HNRDA) Energy Research Trends)
- Aligned with AmBisyon natin 2040: matatag, • SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES
maginhawa at panatag na buhay para sa lahat. o Vulnerable ecosystems, data
- The formulation of HNRDA is in line with analytics on natural
DOST’s mandate of providing central phenomena, environmental
direction, leadership, and coordination of the and anthropogenic activities.
scientific and technological efforts in the o SAKLAW Program (Saklolo
country. sa Lawa)
• INCLUSIVE NATION-BUILDING
AmBisyon Natin 2040 and the three pillars form the o Documentation of indigenous
foundation for more inclusive growth, ahigh-trust knowledge, data collection on
and resilient society and a globally competitive social phenomena, education,
knowledge economy. national security and
Three Pillars of HNDRA sovereignty, arts, history and
1. Malasakit (Enhancing the social culture.
public) o ATIN Program (Ang Tinig
2. Pagbabago (Reducing inequality) Natin)
3. Kaunlaran (Increasing potential b. Health Research and Development
growth) Agenda
• Drug Discovery and Development
Harmonized National R&D Agenda (2017 – 2022) • Diagnostics
R&D Priority Areas and Programs • Functional Foods
a. National Integrated Basic Research • Hospital Equipment and Biomedical
Agenda (NIBRA) Devices
• WATER SECURITY • Information and Communication
o Watershed studies, water Technology for Health
quality, accessibility and • Dengue
availability. • Nutrition and Food Safety
o TUBIG Program (Tubig ay • Disaster Risk Reduction
Buhayin at Ingatan) • Climate Change Adaptation
• FOOD AND NUTRITION • Molecular Technologies for Health
SECURITY c. Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural
o Food safety, biodiversity Resources Sector (ANNR)
studies. • AGRICULTURE
o SAPAT Program (Saganang o Crops - Germplasm research;
Pagkain Para sa Lahat) Varietal improvement and
 selection; Good quality o Biodiversity; Watershed
planting materials (QPMs); management and utilization;
Cultural management and Soil management and
crop production systems; rehabilitation; Agricultural
Postharvest processing and and forest waste-based
product development. product development;
o Livestock - Animal Climate change strategies and
improvement; improved decision support tools;
reproduction, feeding and Resource assessment and
nutrition; Conservation and monitoring; Habitat
improvement of native management; Marine
animals; Vaccine, biological environmental management;
and diagnostics; Defection of Innovative systems for unique
chemical residues and landscapes and ecosystems
antimicrobial resistance; • TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Decision support systems; o Upscaling of technology
Product development and transfer and
processing. commercialization; New and
• FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE innovative extension
o Applied genomics; Culture modalities; Technology
systems; Culture of new business incubators
cultivable species; Fish • SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLICY
health, disease diagnostics RESEARCH
and management; Nutrition, d. Industry, Energy, and Emerging
feeds and feeding systems; Technology
Postharvest handling, • Food and Nutrition Security
processing and product • Countryside Development
development; Automation of • Competitive Industries
feeding, water and culture • Delivery of Social Services
management and post • Intelligent Transportation Solutions
production; Fishkill warning
• Renewable Energy and Energy
and mitigation systems and Storage Solutions
environmental management;
• Human Security
Management of fisheries.
e. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate
• FORESTRY Change Adaptation (DRR CCA)
o Development and sustainable
• Observation and Monitoring
management of tree
Networks
plantations; HYV
• Technology Development and
development and priority
Application for Monitoring
timber species; Production
• Modelling and Simulation for
protocols for the production
Improvement of Monitoring and
of QPM; Sustainable cultural
Forecasting
management practices,
harvesting and postharvest • Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk
and techniques and marketing Assessment
strategies. • Warning and Risk Communication
• NATURAL RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENT
 • Technology Development and Who are the Government Funding Agencies:
Application for Disaster Risk a. Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
Management b. DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL
• Policy Research DEFENSE (DND)
c. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
Government Policies Pertaining To Science AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR)
and Technology d. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (DA)
Some policies or guidelines were created by the e. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
government about science and technology to f. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE)
contribute to nation building (Congress of the g. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (UP)
Philippines, 2009) SYSTEM
1. Republic Act 10055 According to Senator Edgardo J. Angara, the
- This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Principal Sponsor of RA 10055 " The Philippine
Technology Transfer Act of 2009" Technology Transfer Act of 2009 is timely strategic
- This Act aims to promote and facilitate the planning that will foster innovation, growth,
transfer, dissemination, and effective use, progress, and economic security for the country.
management, and commercialization of With these benefits and more, I strongly believe that
intellectual property, technology and the Philippines must join this move towards
knowledge resulting from R&D funded by technological advancement and development"
the government for the benefit of national
economy and taxpayers. Dr. Reynaldo Garcia from UP System
Technology Licensing Office "Commercializing a
new technology rapidly is crucial to gain competitive
advantage in this age of globalization. From
Identifying potential technologies, securing funding,
working with R&D institutions, filling intellectual
property, to producing and marketing products, there
are a lot of gaps to be filled. Our focus now is to
efficiently transfer our research results and
knowledge to the marketplace.
2. Republic Act 2067
- This Act shall be known as the "Science Act
of 1958” which focuses on the integration,
coordination, and intensification of scientific
and technological research and development
and fostering inventions, to provide funds
and for other purposes.
Science Education in the Philippines
Science Education
- This Act shall be known as the "Higher
Key Players of R.A. 10055 Education Act of 1994". Section 2.
• Government Funding Agencies Declaration of Policy.
• Research Development Institutions - The State shall protect, foster, and promote
(Public/Private) the right of all citizens to affordable quality
• Researchers education at all levels and shall take
appropriate steps to ensure that education
shall be accessible to all.
Importance of Science Education e) Lack of Science Education Facilities –
Science education is justified by the vast Lack of adequate science teaching facilities
amount of scientific knowledge developed in this will surely affect the teaching and learning
area that prepares citizens in a scientifically and process in science subjects.
technologically driven world. f) Shortage of Qualified Science Teachers –
Dwindling numbers of qualified science
Science education provides skills and
teachers is worsened by the brain drain
knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in
phenomenon.
what Knight (1986) describes as the age of science
g) Incongruent Teaching Assignments with
and to develop a citizenry that will meet the goals of
Teacher's Educational Background –
science in society (Tilghman, 2005).
Shortage of qualified science teachers in
Therefore, developing a SCIENCE many schools resulted in assigning teachers
CULTURE is an immense responsibility for schools. to teach science subjects in spite of limited
educational background.
Science Schools in the Philippines h) Limited Scholarship – Scholarship is a
One outstanding program for science financial award given to students that qualify
education supported by the government is the to the requirements set by a donor and be
establishment of science schools in various parts of called "Iskolar ng Bayan.”
the country. There are also several government
programs implemented by the Department of Solutions to Science Education
Education and few private schools for science • Invest more for Better Educational
education. Infrastructure
• Improved Quality of Teaching & Teachers
• Philippine Science High School System
• Build more Laboratory Rooms
(PSHSS)
• Improved Quality of Textbooks & Materials
• Special Science Elementary School (SSES)
• Increase Science Equipment
Project
• Teachers' raise enlightenment on the
• Quezon City Regional Science High School
significance of Science Education to students
The Problem in Science Education and Its • More Funds on Scholarship
Solution
Technology As a Way of Revealing
The Problems in Science Education “Technology is a way of revealing. If we give heed to
a) Ratio of Students to the Teacher & this, then another whole realm for the essence of
Classroom – Large class sizes and classroom technology will open itself upon us. It is the realm of
shortages have been the consistently major revealing, I.E., of truth.” – Martin Heidegger
problems of public schools in the country for
years. Heidegger saw technology as a medium of revealing
b) Lack of Laboratory rooms – Laboratories or bringing forth information.
are lacking in many schools and in some
The Human Condition Before Common Era
schools where they can be found reagents and
equipment are lacking. • The early humans had no civilizations and
c) Inadequate Science Equipment – Due to were usually nomadic species.
inadequacy in science equipment might have • Their sources of food are usually from
hindered the conduct of scientific hunting; fruits and animals.
investigations. • If there are no animals observed in a
d) Shortage of Quality Textbooks – In the last particular area where they were staying, they
few years, controversies over errors and will begin to move out and look for another
inaccuracies in many textbooks, including place to stay.
science textbooks, created a lot of noise.
Stone Age Period • Literacy Rate - access to education provided
➢ Prehistoric cultural stage or level of human to more individuals generally creates a more
development informed public.
➢ Is characterized by the formation and use of • Gross Domestic Product - the higher
stone country is brought upon by high productivity,
➢ The Earth was in an Ice Age for much of this often an indicator of the presence of
time. technology.
o Paleolithic Period (30,000 BCE–
10,000 BCE)
o Mesolithic Period (10,000 BCE–
8,000 BCE) INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
o Neolithic Period (8,000 BCE–3,000 THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
BCE) Intellectual Revolution
Metal Age Period - Used to describe Greek speculation regarding
➢ People made a variety of metal objects. They nature in the period before Socrates (roughly
also invented new methods for making clay 600 to 400 BCE).
pottery. - Other technical terms:
o Copper Age (c. 3200–2300 BCE) • Pre-Socratic
o Bronze Age (2300–700 BCE) • Non-Theological
o Iron Age (700–1 BCE) • First Philosophy

The Holocene Extinction This form of Philosophy has three (3)

- also called “The Sixth Mass Extinction” or characteristic features:
the Anthropocene Extinction 1. The world is a natural whole.
- occurred as early as between 100,000 to 2. There is a natural ‘order; ‘Laws of
200,000 years up to the present. nature’ exist.
- pertains to the ongoing extinction of several 3. Humans can ‘discover’ those laws.
species-both flora and fauna due to human
3 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
activity.
DEFINED SOCIETY
- Its roots in the Driven to their primal need to
I. Ideas of Known Intellectuals
survive that leads to extinction.
Copernican Revolution
Holocene – comes from the Greek words “holos” - Named for Nicolaus Copernicus, whose
meaning whole or entire and “kainos” meaning ‘Commentariolus’ (Little Commentary),
new. was the first explicit presentation of the
heliocentric model in Renaissance
Evident Problems That Can Lead To Our
scholarship.
Extinction
- As articulated by the Polish astronomer
• Overpopulation
Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century,
• Overexploitation it is a shift in the field of astronomy from
• Climate change a geocentric understanding to
Some Notable Condition Then and Now heliocentric understanding of the
• Mortality Rate - due to technology, lesser universe.
women and children die during birth. - This shift marked the start of a broader
Scientific Revolution that set the
• Average Lifespan - science is able to
foundations of modern science and
prolong lives and the distribution of medicine
allowed science to flourish as an
is also made easier and faster.
 autonomous discipline within its own o SUPER EGO - it
right. carries the internalized
moral standards and
Darwinian
ideals that we obtain
- Darwinism: a theory of biological
from our parents and
evolution developed by the English
society or simply say
naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-
our sense of right and
1882) and others, stating that all
wrong.
species of organisms arise and
o EGO - it mediates the
develop through the natural selection
demands of the id, the
of small, inherited variations that
super ego, and the
increase the individual’s ability to
reality; guarantees that
compete, survive, and reproduce.
the satisfaction of the
- Evolution is change in the heritable
id can be shown in an
characteristics of biological
appropriate manner.
populations over successive
generations. Information Civilization
- Natural selections is the process − started 5 to 6 thousand years ago; discovered
through which populations of living and developed different methods and tools to
organisms adapt and change. efficiently disseminate their information.
Freudian − Tools in a different era that were used in
- Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939): an writing and disseminating information.
Austrian neurologist and the founder Prehistoric Age
of psychoanalysis. • The Sumerian Pictograph
- Psychoanalysis: a method for • Stone/Clay Tablets
studying the mind, specifically the • Movable Typing Press
unconscious mind; it has remained
the best method for exploring the Industrial Age
unconscious and treating mental • Newspaper
disorders. • Typewriter
- Freudian Revolution: refers to • Telegraph
Sigmund Freud’s theories or methods
in relevance of how people’s hidden Electronic Age
thoughts and feelings influence their • Transistor Radio
behavior. • Electronic Circuits
- Freudian Theory of Personality: • Early Computers
• Events are consciously and Information Age
unconsciously absorbed • Social Networks
within human developmental • Mobile Devices
phases, wherein the mind
• Personal Computers
structure is divided into 3
parts: The 4 Cradles of Early Science
o ID - This aspect of Mesoamerican and 3 Major Indigenous Civilizations
personality is entirely (Mayan, Inca, Aztec)
unconscious and
driven by the pleasure A. Mayan
principle. ➢ Developed the science of astronomy,
calendar systems, and hieroglyphic writing.
 ➢ Ceremonial architecture: pyramids, temples, Characteristics of Humans that Evolved Over
palaces, and observatories. Time
➢ Skilled weavers and potters
B. Inca Walking Upright > Tools and Foods > Changes in
➢ Terraces Bodies
➢ Freeze Drying Complexity of Brains > Social Life > Use of
➢ Brain Surgery Language and Symbols
C. Aztec
➢ The Calendar Society and Social Life
➢ Mandatory Education
Society
Asian Civilization − From the Latin word “Socius”
India − In sociological terms, society refers to a
• Mathematics group of people who live in a definable
• The Indian System of Astronomy territory and share the same culture. On a
• Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism broader scale, society consists of the people
and institutions around us, our shared beliefs,
China and our cultural ideas.
• The Compass
• Gunpowder Social Life
1. Support for each other
Middle East Civilization 2. Formation of social groups
• The Alphabet 3. Formation of culture
• Cryptography 4. Regulation of policies and standards
• Potter’s Wheel 5. Achieving a common goal

African Civilization Flourishing

• Metallurgy and Tools − A state where people experience positive
• Astronomy emotions, positive psychological and positive
• Mathematics social, most of the time, living "within an
optimal range of human functioning."
Conclusion
Without the developments from the past, we Human Flourishing
might be living the opposite life without these − The ability to live a good life.
intellectual revolutions. They have truly made the − Rooted in Aristotelian ethics, it values health
world so much easier to understand, to live in and intrinsically and applies universally to all
learn to grow within this advanced environment. human lives, Human flourishing embraces
our shared humanity and serves everyone’s
interest.
THE HUMAN PERSON
FLOURISHING The Nicomachean Ethics
In terms of science and technology; Human Human flourishing arises as a result of
flourishing as reflected in progress and development. different components which are Phronesis,
Friendship, and Wealth
Human Beings
Happiness
− an individual person that makes up the
society and responsible for the researches and − In psychology, happiness is a mental or
innovations available today. emotional state of well-being which can be
defined by, among others, positive or
− Nature, Needs, Carter needs
 pleasant emotions ranging from contentment and living well as a human being, which means being
to intense joy. engaged in relationships and activities that are
− To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of meaningful, i.e. aligned with both their own values
emotions we experience when we do and humanistic values, in a way that is satisfying to
something good or positive. them. Flourishing is conditional on the contribution
of individuals and requires an enabling
Human Flourishing for Aristotle
environment.”
• “Eudaimonia” is a term that combines the
Greek words for "good" and "spirit" to Five Pillars of well-being (PERMA)
describe the ideology. Eudaimonia defines − Dr. Martin Seligman
happiness as the pursuit of becoming a − American psychologists, educator, and
better person. author.
• Aristotle believed that human flourishing − Credited as the father of Positive Psychology.
requires a life with other people.
PERMA – Theory of Well-being
• Aristotle taught that people acquire virtues
❖ Positive Emotions - Positive emotions aren't
through practice and that a set of concrete
just happiness. It also includes optimism,
virtues could lead a person toward his natural
hope, joy, love, compassion, pride,
excellence and happiness.
amusement, gratitude, contentment, and
• There is an end of all the actions that we
interest.
perform which we desire for itself. This is
❖ Engagement - According to studies,
what is known as eudaimonia, flourishing, or
engagement is in line with the concept of
happiness.
flow, which enables the person to lose
• Flourishing is the highest good of human consciousness and become fully absorbed in
endeavors. their engagement in activities. The person
Principles of Human Flourishing finds the fulfillment of their well-being with
1. Dignity of the Human person their skills during the activities.
• Innate personal values or rights which ❖ Relationships - Relationships in the PERMA
demands respect for all people, model refer to feeling supported, loved,
regardless of race, social class, wealth appreciated, and valued by others. This
etc. element is based on the idea that humans are
2. Common Good social creatures, meaning that we surround
• Sacrificing self-interest to provide for ourselves with our loved ones and friends.
the basic human needs of everyone ❖ Meaning - Studies say that humans are
makes the whole community flourish. naturally in search of their purpose, meaning,
3. Preferential Option for the Poor and sense of value and worth in life. Having
• When decisions are made by first a meaning in life differs from every other
considering the poor. person. They may find that sense of value in
4. Subsidiarity their profession, social or political cause,
creative endeavor, and spiritual beliefs.
• When all those affected by a decision
❖ Accomplishment - the sense of
are involved in making it.
accomplishment through hard work, reaching
5. Universal Purpose of Goods
goals, mastering an endeavor, and finishing
• The Earth’s resources serve every
what you're set out to do. Perseverance and a
person’s needs regardless of who
desire to achieve goals are also concepts
“owns” them.
associated with achievement.
Human Flourishing Development
“Human flourishing is both the optimal
continuing development of human beings’ potentials
THE GOOD LIFE and easy solutions. Inquires into deeper
meaning and comprehension.
Intellectual virtues
7. Open-Mindedness - a capacity to think
− Personal qualities or character strengths beyond the box. Accepts opposing
required for good thinking and learning. viewpoints with honesty.
− the qualities that will make us excellent 8. Intellectual Courage - a willingness to
thinkers. understand or communicate despite fear,
− These qualities include open-mindedness, including shame or failure.
intellectual courage, curiosity, love of 9. Intellectual Tenacity - a willingness to
truth and fair-mindedness. accept intellectual battle. Never lose sight of
− There is a distinction between Intellectual the goal.
Virtues and Moral Virtues.
Happiness
Intellectual Virtues Moral Virtues − has many different definitions, it is often
developed through a described as involving positive emotions and
can be obtained through
process of habituation. life satisfaction.
learning and following
Through repetition and
instructions. These are − Happiness is an emotional state characterized
experience this may
the character strengths by feelings of joy, satisfaction, contentment,
develop genuine moral
of a “good thinker” and fulfillment.
virtue. Character
(curiosity, −
strengths of a “good Happiness is a state, not a trait; in other
attentiveness, words, it isn’t a long-lasting, permanent
neighbor” (kindness
intellectual courage)
and generosity) feature or personality trait, but a more
fleeting, changeable state.
− Internal to us; sustainable; lasting, liberating,
“A person can be very knowledgeable and
a place where there is no more suffering;
intellectually gifted while also being intellectually
internal state of the mind and heart:
hasty, lazy, dishonest, arrogant, servile, distracted,
emotional stability, inner peace.
superficial, careless, or close-minded.”
Pleasure
9 Core Intellectual Virtues
1. Curiosity - a tendency to think and question − also a joy, enjoyment mean the agreeable
why. A thirst for knowledge and exploration. feeling that accompanies getting something
2. Intellectual Humility - accept one's good or much wanted.
intellectual shortcomings and errors. Not − The opposite of pain. Pain feels bad, but
bothered about intellectual or social position. pleasure feels good. People talk about sexual
3. Intellectual Autonomy - possessing the pleasure, but that's just one kind. People get
ability to think for oneself. Self-reliance in pleasure from delicious foods, great movies,
reasoning and thinking. beautiful music, and all sorts of other things
4. Attentiveness - an eagerness for personal (Vocabulary.com, 2022).
involvement in the learning process. Reduces − External to us,; unsustainable,; feels good
the likelihood of being distracted. Engaged in momentarily, eventually fades out; pursuit of
a conscious effort to be mindful. externalities: power, money, partner,
5. Intellectual Carefulness - a sense of what physical pleasure.
excellent thinking requires. Alert to “Happiness is different from pleasure. Happiness
intellectual hazards and blunders. Aims for has something to do with struggling, enduring, and
precision accomplishing.” – George Sheehan
6. Intellectual Thoroughness - a desire to seek
and explain. Dissatisfied with superficiality
Why addictive pleasure isn’t the same as true Two Defining Characteristics of Public Goods
happiness 1. Non-Excludable – costly or impossible to
Dopamine (Pleasure) Serotonin (Happiness) exclude someone from using the good.
Addictive 2. Non-Rivalrous
Short term, like Not addictive − Goods and services do not reduce its
enjoying a piece of cake availability as people consume it.
Visceral – it’s felt in the Long term, like − One person uses the public good,
body contentment another can also use it.
Inspires taking, like
Ethereal – it’s felt
cashing in your chips at Examples of Public Goods
above the neck
the casino • Freeways – in contrast to toll roads, freeways
Generally shared allow all drivers to travel long stretches of
Typically experienced
(spending time with road without having to pay any extra fees.
alone (eating,
friends, family, • Information – one of the most global public
shopping, drinking,
colleagues, a
binging) goods; the free flow of information is
congregation, etc.)
available to anyone with an internet
Makes the brain say Makes the brain say,
“This feels good, I want “This feels good, and connection and a sense of curiosity.
more.” it’s enough.” • Languages – everyone can use languages
Too much leads to Too little leads to free of charge to create a greater sense of
addiction. depression. social cohesion, and no one can prevent
another person from using a language.

“Pleasure may come from illusion, but happiness can 2 Types of Goods Besides Public Goods
come only of reality.” – Nicolas Chamfort You can compare public goods—which are free and
open resources to society—to other goods in the field
Public Good of economics. Here are two common types of goods:
− In economic theory, these are non-excludable
and non-rivalrous resources available to a 1. Common Good – very similar to a public
common pool of people. good, except for the fact that it can be
− Everyone can use these goods without depleted.
exclusion or fear of the aggregate of Ex. Oceans, lake, mineral resources
resources being depleted. 2. Private Goods
- Goods that are neither non-
Utilitarianism excludable nor non rivalrous are
− An ethical theory that determines right from private goods. You must purchase a
wrong by focusing in outcomes. private good to enjoy it.
− A form of consequentialism. Ex. Food from grocery store,
membership at an exclusive golf
Two Concepts of Public Goods
course.
1. Politico-Ethical Sense
➢ National people and the public goods Eudaimonia
➢ Education, national defense, public − also known as happiness, welfare, flourishing
health, public highways, social and well-being
highways − It is a combination of prefix eu (good, well)
2. Politico-Economic Sense and daimon (spirit)
➢ Microeconomy − People intend to find a deeper sense of
➢ Macroeconomy happiness in life, not just the concept of
pleasure and absence of pain. This is the
“eudaimonistic” notion of happiness. Which
 focuses on living well and actualizing one’s eventually, it will become a part of your character.”
potential through personal development. – Aristotle
Aristotle’s View of Eudaimonia
Aristotle’s eudaimonia is a moral happiness General Concepts and Science and
concept. It is about living a life in accordance with Technology Society Historical
virtues. Developments: Historical
People look for a good life but not only for Antecedents in which Social
themselves, but also a good life with others. This
sense of mutual flourishing is embedded in the view
Considerations changed the course of
of common good. Science and Technology
Ancient Age: Three Age System
Ex. Volunteering – by doing this activity, you
Pre-historical periods (Murray, 2007)
help others’ well-being.
5 Tips On How To Achieve Eudaimonia Stone Bronze Iron
2.5 mya – 3000 3,000 – 1,200 1,500 BC –
1. Know your life goals
BC BC 450 AD
2. Focus your capabilities and skills towards
Tools and
achieving your goals. Period of
weapons were
3. Developing your best potentials weapons made
already widely Tools were
4. Get engaged in these activities of stone, wood,
made with made of iron.
5. Express yourself bone and other
copper and
materials.
bronze.
Green Economy
− Prioritizes the people and the environment.
− One of the goals is to lessen the use of oil and Age Stone Age
Bro
Iro
Paleolithic n
gas, have solar systems, have better Low Mid Upp
Mesoli Neoli nze
Ag
transportation, better shelters, and most thic thic Age
er dle er e
importantly protect the environment. 2.5 200,
1,5
Dati 50,0 3,00 00
mya 000
Social Consumption and Production – ng
– –
00 –
10,000 – 3,000
0– BC
mainstreaming of eco-efficient production and 10,0 1,20 –
200, 50,0 BC
00 0 45
responsible consumption behaviors. 000 00
BC BC 0
BC BC
AD
Resource Efficiency – reducing resource use and
emissions.
Who can help to achieve a green economy?
A. Business
• By financial share of the businessman
• Technical innovation
B. Citizens
• Increase awareness of the people
• Cooperation
• Lifestyle
C. Taxes on Carbon Emissions
“Your character developed through, habituation, if
you do virtuous thing over and over again,
Stone Age their own
Age/Period Time Characteristics crops
• Neanderthals (farming
and Cro- agriculture)
Magnons
lived during
Middle Age (450 – 1450 AD)
this time
period. Major developments in Science and Technology in
• These early some parts of the World (Abastillas, 2006)
humans China Europe India
lived as • Agricul
2.5 million
Paleolithic hunter and
– 8,000 ture
Age gatherers. and
BC
• They used Econo
early stone my
tools with • Scienc
single sharp e • economy
edges. (physic • education
• These early s, (Cathedral • sci
humans used mathe School/Uni en
cave art to matics, versity) ce
depict life. astrono • technology
• Developed my, • medicine
needles and medica
thread for l
making biology
animal skin )
clothes. • technol
• Began to use ogy
Mesolithic 10,000 – controlled
Age 6,000 BC fires and
developed Pre-Columbian America (450 – 1450 AD)
language Mayan
Aztec (Pre-
• Began to (Ancient Inca (Pre-
Columbian
migrate from Natives of Colombian of
Indians of
Africa to Central Peru)
Mexico)
other parts America)
of the world. • Infrastru
• Only homo ctures • Agricu
sapiens lived • Econom • astron lture
• Learned to y omy • astron
polish stone • astronom omy
tools and y
make pottery
Neolithic 8,000 –
Age 6,000 BC • Moved away
from being Scientific Revolution (1440 – 1690 AD)
hunters and This period refers to the great scientific intellectual
gatherers to achievements that led to radical changes in scientific
raising inquiries.
animals and
growing
1. Universe Model (Nicholas Copernicus) – sun
as the center of the Universe.
2. Law of Planetary Motion (Johannes Kepler) -
Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical
(not circular)
3. Works of Motion (Galileo Galilei) -
Relations among distance, velocity,
acceleration and law of inertia.
4. Laws of Motion (Isaac Newton) - Inertia,
Acceleration and Interaction.
5. Laws of Universal Gravitation (Isaac
Newton) - Any particle of matter in the
universe attracts any other with a force
varying directly as the product of the masses
and inversely as the square of the distance
between their centers.