Chapter 9: The Industrial

Revolution, 1700–1900
The Industrial
Revolution begins
in Britain, spreads
to other countries,
and has a strong
impact on
economics, Rail locomotives began connecting U.S.
politics, and cities in the 1840s, enabling transport of
goods between factories, cities, and
society. ports.
Section 1: The Beginnings of
Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in England and
soon spreads to other countries.
Industrial Revolution
Begins in Britain
New Ways of Working
• Industrial Revolution—
greatly increases output of
machine-made goods
• Revolution begins in
England in the middle 1700s
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
• Enclosures— large farm fields enclosed by fences
or hedges; wealthy landowners buy, enclose land
once owned by village farmers
• Enclosures allow experimentation with new
agricultural methods
 Industrial Revolution
continued

Begins in Britain
Rotating Crops
• Crop rotation— switching crops each year
to avoid depleting the soil
• Livestock breeders allow only the best to
breed, improve food supply
Why the Industrial Revolution
Began in England
• Industrialization— move to
machine production of goods
• Britain has natural resources—
coal, iron, rivers, harbors
• Expanding economy in Britain
encourages investment
• Britain has all needed factors of
production— land, labor, capital
Inventions Spur
Industrialization
Changes in the Textile
Industry
Flying
• Weavers work faster with shuttle
flying shuttles, spinning jennies
• Water frame uses water power
to drive spinning wheels

Water frame
Spinning Jenny
 Power
Inventions Spur
continued
loom
Industrialization
• Power loom, spinning
mule speed up production,
improve quality
• Factories— buildings that
contain machinery for
manufacturing
• Cotton gin
boosts
American
cotton
production to
meet British
demand Cotton gin Spinning mule
Improvements in
Matthew Boulton
Transportation
Watt’s Steam Engine
• Need for cheap, convenient
power spurs development of
steam engine
• James Watt improves steam James Watt
engine, financed by
entrepreneur Matthew Boulton
Robert
Water Transportation Fulton
• 1807: Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont
• England’s water transport improved
by system of canals
Road Transportation
• British roads are improved;
companies operate them as toll roads
The Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Locomotives
• 1804: Richard Trevithick builds
first steam-driven locomotive
• 1825: George Stephenson
builds world’s first railroad line Richard
The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad Trevithick
• Entrepreneurs build railroad from
Liverpool to Manchester
• 1829: Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged
as best locomotive
Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
• RRs spur industrial growth, create jobs
• Cheaper transportation boosts many George
industries; people move to cities Stephenson
Section 2: Industrialization
(case study, Manchester)
The factory system changes the way people live
and work, introducing a variety of problems.
Industrialization
Changes Life
Factory Work
• Factories pay more than
farms, spur demand for
more expensive goods
Industrial Cities Rise
• Urbanization—
city-building and
movement of people to cities
• Growing population provides
work force, market for factory
goods
• British industrial cities:
London, Birmingham,
Manchester, Liverpool
 Industrialization
continued

Changes Life
Living Conditions
• Sickness widespread; epidemics,
like cholera, sweep urban slums
• Life span in one large city is only
17 years, while wealthy
merchants, factory owners live in
luxurious suburban homes
• Rapidly growing cities lack
sanitary codes, building codes,
adequate housing, education, and
fire/police protection
Working Conditions
• Average work day 14 hrs./day, 6
days a week (year round)
• Dirty, poorly lit factories injure
workers; many coal miners killed
by coal dust
Class Tensions Grow
The Middle Class
• Middle class— skilled workers, merchants, rich
farmers, professionals
• Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners,
aristocrats
• Middle class has comfortable standard of living
The Working Class
• Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by
machines
• Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them
out of work
• Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers
riot
Positive Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs, enriches nation,
encourages technological
progress
• Education expands, clothing
cheaper, diet and housing improve
• Workers eventually win shorter
hours, better wages and
conditions
Long-Term Effects
• Improved living and working
conditions still evident today
• Governments use increased tax
revenues for urban improvements
The Mills of
Manchester
Manchester and the
Industrial Revolution
• Manchester has labor, water
power, nearby port at Liverpool
• Poor live and work in
unhealthy,
even dangerous, environment
• Business owners make
profits by risking their own
money on factories
• Eventually, working class
sees its standard of living rise
some
 The Mills
continued

of Manchester
Children in Manchester
Factories
• Children as young as 6
work in factories; many
injured (1819 Factory Act
restricts working age, hours)
• Pollution fouls air, poisons
river
• Nonetheless, Manchester
produces consumer goods
and creates wealth
Section 3: Industrialization Spreads
The industrialization that begins in Great Britain
spreads to other parts of the world.
Industrial Development in
the United States
Industrialization in the
United States
• U.S. has natural and labor
resources needed to industrialize
• Samuel Slater, English textile
worker, builds textile mill in U.S.
• Lowell, MA a mechanized textile
center by 1820; manufacturing
towns spring up around factories
across the country
• Young single women flock to
factory towns, work in textiles
• Clothing, shoemaking industries
soon mechanize
 Industrial Development
continued

in the United States

Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
• Industrialization picks up during
post-Civil War technology boom
• Cities like Chicago expand
rapidly due to location on RR lines
• Small companies merge to form
larger, powerful companies
The Rise of Corporations
• Stock— limited ownership rights
for company, sold to raise money
• Corporation— company owned
by stockholders, share profits not
debts; large corporations attempt
to control as much business as
they can
Continental Europe Industrializes
Troubles in Continental Europe
• Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century
economy
Beginnings in Belgium
• Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation
• British workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799)
Germany Industrializes
• Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroads boom by mid-
century
Expansion Elsewhere in Europe
• Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles
• Industrialization in France more measured, with fewer urbanization
problems; agriculture remains strong
The Impact of
Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality
• Wealth gap grows; non-
industrialized countries lag further
• European powers, U.S., Japan
exploit colonies for resources
• Imperialism spreads due to need
for raw materials, markets
Transformation of Society
• Europe, U.S. gain economic
power
• African and Asian economies lag,
based on agriculture, crafts
• Rise of middle class strengthens
democracy, calls for social reform
Section 4: Reforming the
Industrial World
The Industrial Revolution leads to economic,
social, and political reforms.
The Philosophers of
Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
• Laissez faire—economic policy
of not interfering with businesses
• Originates with Enlightenment
economic philosophers
• Adam Smith—defender of
free markets, author of
The Wealth of Nations
• Believes economic liberty
guarantees economic progress Adam
• Economic natural laws— self- Smith
interest, competition, supply and
demand
 The Philosophers of
continued

Industrialization
The Economists of Capitalism
• Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo
boost laissez-faire capitalism
• Capitalism— system of privately Thomas
owned businesses seeking profits Malthus
• Malthus thinks populations grow
faster than food supply
• Wars, epidemics kill off extra
people or misery and poverty
result
• Ricardo envisions a permanent,
poor underclass providing cheap David
labor Ricardo
The Rise of Socialism John
Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism
• Jeremy Bentham’s
utilitarianism (judge things
by their usefulness)
• John Stuart Mill favors regulation
to help workers, spread wealth Jeremy
Utopian Ideas Bentham
• Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions,
rents cheap housing
• 1824: Owen founds utopian community,
New Harmony, IN
Socialism
• Socialism— factors of production owned by,
operated for the people
• Socialists think government control can end Robert Owen
poverty, bring equality
Marxism: Radical Socialism Karl
Marx
Marxism’s Prophets
• Karl Marx— German journalist
proposes a radical socialism,
Marxism
• Friedrich Engels— German whose
father owns a Manchester textile mill
The Communist Manifesto
• Marx and Engels believe society is
divided into warring classes
• Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers
known as the bourgeoisie
• Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known
as the proletariat
• Marx, Engels predict the workers will Friedrich
Engels
overthrow the owners
 Marxism: Radical
continued

Socialism
The Future According to Marx
• Marx believes that capitalism
will eventually destroy itself
• Inequality would cause workers
to revolt, seize factories and
mills
• Communism— society where
people own, share the means of
production
• Marx’s ideas later take root in
Russia, China, Cuba
• Time has shown that society not controlled by
economic forces alone Renoir
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Unionization
• Unions— associations formed by laborers to work for
change
• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with
employers
• Sometimes they strike— call a work stoppage— to
pressure owners
• Skilled workers are first to form unions
• Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form
unions
• Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved
conditions
continued Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Reform Laws
• British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of
industrialization
• 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working
underground
• 1847: Workday for women, kids limited to 10 hours in
Britain
• 1904: U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours