CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2

2. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 2

3. THREE IMPORTANT TERMS : (CONJUGATE, 3

MODULUS, ARGUMENT)

4. REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER 4

IN DIFFERENT FORMS

5. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE, 5

MODULUS, AMPLITUDE

6. VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER 8

7. SQUARE ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER 21

8. DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM : (D M T) 21

9. APPLICATION OF DMT TO DETERMINE THE CUBE 21

ROOTS OF UNITY

9.1 Cube Roots Of Unity 21

9.2 Nth Roots Of Unity 23

10. SUMMATION OF SERIES 26

10.1 SUMMATION OF SERIES USING COMPLEX NUMBERS 26

10.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS AND BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS 26

1
Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Complete development of the number system can be summarised as
N W I Q R C
Every complex number z can be written as
z = x + i y where x , y ϵ R and i = − 1. x is called the real part of complex number and y is the
imaginary part of complex number.
Note that the sign + does not indicate addition as normally understood, nor does the symbol i denote a
number. These things are parts of the scheme used to express numbers of a new class and they signify the
pair of real numbers (x, y) to form a single complex number.
Master Argand had done a systematic studies on complex numbers and represented every complex
number as a set of ordered pair (x, y) on a plane called complex plane.
All complex numbers lying on the real axis were called as
purely real and those lying on imaginary axis as purely imaginary.
In fact ever complex can be classified as

Hence 0 + 0i is both a purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
Note that :
(i) The symbol i combines itself and with real number as per the rule of algebra together with
i2 = -1; i3 = - i ; i4 = 1, i2005 = i ; i2006 = - 1. In fact i4n = 1, i4n + 1 = i, i4n + 2 = - 1, i4n + 3 = - i, n ϵI
note that (1 + i1 + i2 + … + i2006 = i)
(ii) Every real number can also be treated as complex with its imaginary part zero. Hence there is one-one
mapping between the set of complex numbers and the set of points on the complex plane.
2. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers are carried out like in ordinary algebra
using i2 = - 1 , i3 = - i etc. treating i as a polynomial. However some differences between algebra of
complex and algebra of real number are,
(i) Inequality in complex numbers are never talked. If a + i b > c + id has to be meaningful only if b = d = 0.
Equalities however in complex numbers are meaningful. Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are said to be
equal if
Re z1 = Re z2 and Im (z1) = Im (z2)
(i.e. they occupy the same position on complex plane)
(ii) In real number system if
a2 + b2 = 0 Therefore, a = 0 = b but if z1 and z2 are complex numbers then
z 2 + z2 = 0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0 e.g. z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 1 - i.
1 2
However if the product of two complex numbers is zero then at least one of them must be zero, same as
in case of real numbers.
(iii) In case x is real then
x, if x 0
|x|=
x, if x 0

but in case of complex, | z | altogether has a different meaning.

2
Complex Numbers
3. Three Important terms : (Conjugate, Modulus, Argument)
(i) Conjugate
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part and denoted
by z i.e. z a ib .
Note :
(a) z z= 2Re z (b) z z= 2i Im z (c) z z = a2 + b2
(d) If z lies in 1st quadrant then z lies in 4th quadrant and - z in the 2nd Quad.
(e) If x + iy = f (a + ib) then x - iy = f (a - ib)
e.g. (i) (2 + 3i)3 = x + iy then (2 - 3i)3 = x - iy
E.g. (ii) sin ( + i ) = x +sin iy ( - i ) = x - iy
Also z z =0 z is purely imaginary.
If z z =0
(ii) Modulus
If P denotes a complex number z = x + iy
then OP = | z | = x2 y2

note that | z | > 0. ; | i | = 1 ; i.e. | 1 |=1

All complex number having the same modulus lie on a circle with centre as origin and r = | z |.
(iii) Argument
If OP makes an angle with real axis then is called one of the argument of z.
General values of argument of z are given by
2n + , n N . Note that any two argument differ by 2 .
Note :
By specifying the modulus and argument, a complex number is completely defined. However for the
complex number 0 + 0i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is
completely defined by talking in terms of its modulus.

(a) Amplitude (Principal value of argument) :

The unique value of such that - < is called principal value of argument. Unless otherwise
stated, amp z refers to the principal value of argument.

(b) Least positive argument :

The value of such that 0 < <2 is called the least positive argument.

Ex.1 Evaluate in + in + 1 + in + 2 + in + 3, n R.
Sol. in (1 + i + i2 + i3) = in (1 + i - 1 - i)
= in (0) = 0

4. Representation of a complex number in different form

(i) Cartesian form / Algebraic form :
y
z = x + iy ; Here | z | x=2 ; z x iy , =x tan-1
y2

Generally this form is used in locus problems or while solving equations.

3
Complex Numbers
1
Ex.2 Find locus represented by : Re
x iy
1
Re
x iy < 2

x iy 1
Sol. Re 2 2
x y <2
x 1
x2 2 <2
y

Locus is the exterior of the circle with centre (1, 0) and radius = 1.
1
Ex.3 Show that the locus of the point P( ) denoting the complex number z + on the complex plane is a
z
standard ellipse where | z | = a , where a 0,1
1
Sol. Let w = z + where z = + i , 2 + 2 = a2 (as | z | = a )
z
1 i
x + iy = +i + +i 2 + 2 = 2
+i 2
i a a

1
x= 1 ; y= 1 12
2 a
a
x2 y2
2
+ 2
= 2 + 2 = a2;
1 1
1 1
a2 a2
2
x y2
2 2
1
1 1
a a
a a
The common polar forms
(ii) Trigonometric form / Polar form :
z = x + iy = r (cos + i sin ) = r CiS
where | z | = r ; amp z =
note that (i) (CiS ) (CiS ) = CiS( + )
(ii) (CiS ) (CiS (- )) = CiS( - )
1
(iii) = (CiS )-1 = CiS(- )
(CiS)
6 6
+ i sin find r and amp z.
Ex.4 If z = 1 + cos 5 5
3 3 3 3
3 3
+ 2 i sin cos = 2cos cos i sin 5
Sol. = 2 cos2 5 5 5 5 5

2 2 2 2
= - 2cos 2 cos i sin cos i sin
5 = 2 cos 5
5 5 5
2 2
Hence | z | = 2 cos ; amp z = -
5 5

4
Complex Numbers
(iii) Exponential form :

ix
eix e
are known as Eulers identities.
2 2i
ex
x
e
(b) cos ix = = cos hx is always positive real x R and is > 1.
2 note that f (x) = cos ix.

x x
e e
and sin ix = i = i sin hx is always purely imaginary.
2

5. Important Properties Of Conjugate, Modulus, Amplitude

(a) z + z = 2 Re (z) ; z z = 2 i Im (z) ; (z) =z ; z z 2 = z1 +z 2

;
1

z z
1 1
=z z = ; z2 0
1 2 1 2 1z2 1 2 z2 z2

2 1
(b) | z | 0 ; |z| Re (z) ; | z | Im (z) ; | z | = z |=| - z | ; z z =|z| ; if z |=1 then z=
z
z
1
|z 1 |
z1 z2 = z1 . z2 ; = , z2 0, zn = z n ;
z2 |z2|

z z
2
z z
2 z 2 z2
2
1 2 + 1 2 =2 1

z1 z2 z1 + z2 z1 + z[T
2 RIANGLE INEQUALITY]

(c) (i) amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2k , k I

z1
(ii) amp = amp z1 amp z2 + 2 k k I
z2

(iii) amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k

where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in ( , ].

Ex.5 For any complex number

amp z + amp of z = or amp z + amp (-1) + amp z =
Sol. If amp z = ...(i)
amp z = -
amp z = - ...(ii)

Hence amp z + amp (- z ) =

(1 i)(1 2i)(1 i
Ex.6 If z = then principal value of arg z is.
(1 i)(2 i)(3 i)

1 1
Sol. amp z = (tan-11 + tan-12 + tan-13) - [ tan-1(-1) + tan-1 + tan-1 ] + 2k
2 3

3
=
2 2
Hence amp Z = - /2

5
Complex Numbers
Examples on Properties Of Conjugate, Modulus, Amplitude :
1 z z2
Ex.7 Let z be a complex number such that z C \ R and 2
R then prove that | z | =1.
1 z z
2
1 z z2 1 z z 2
2z
Sol. We have 2 = 2 =1+
1 z z 1 z z z 1 1/ z
1 1 1
Hence z + z R; z+ z= z
z
1 1 z z
(z z) = = 2 (z z) ( | z |2 - 1) = 0
| z | = 1; z z |z|
z = z (not possible as z is not real)]

Ex.8 Let z1, z2, z3, zn are the complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| = + |zn| = 1. If=
n n
1
z= zk then prove that
k 1 k
zk
1
(i) z is a real number (ii) 0<z n2
1
Sol.
zz 1 z=
z
1 1 1
now z = (z1 + z2 + z3 + + zn)
z1 z 2
zn
= (z1 + z2 + + zn) z1 z2 z3

= (z1 + z2 + + zn) z z zn
1 2

= | z1 + z2 + + zn |2 which is real
| z1 | + | z2 | + + | zn | = n2
0 < z n2

6z i 1
Ex.9 If 1, then prove that | z |
2 3iz 3.
Sol. | 6z - i | | 2 + 3iz | | 6z - i |2 | 2 + 3iz |2
(6z - i) (6z i) (2 + 3iz)(2 3iz)

36 z z + 6 z i - 6i z + 1 4 - 6i z + 6iz - 9i2zz

36 z z + 1 4+9zz

27 z z 3
| z |2 1/9
| z | 1/3

Ex.10 Prove that for all complex numbers z with | z | = 1 is

2 | 1 - z | + | 1 + z2 | 4.
Sol. Let z = cos + i sin

| 1 - z | = | (1 - cos ) - i sin |= (1 cos )2 sin2 = 2 2cos = 2 sin ...(1)

2

| 1 + z2 | = | 1 + cos 2 + i sin 2 |= (1 cos2 )2 sin

2
2 = 2 2cos2 = 2 |cos |
| 1 + z2 | = 21 2 sin2
...(2)
2

6
Complex Numbers
from (1) and (2)

2 2sin + 21 2 sin2 4
2 2
when = both are simultaneously maximum maximum value = 4
& when = /2
minimum value = 2

Ex.11 If a, b, c are non zero complex numbers of equal moduli and satisfy az2 + bz + c = 0 then prove that

5 1 5 1
|z|
2 2
Sol. |a|=|b|=|c|=r

5 1 1 5
z z
2 2 0

Ex.12 Let x1, x2 are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + ax + b = 0 where a, b are complex numbers and
y1, y2 are the roots of the quadratic equation y2 + | a |y + | b |=0. If | x1 | = | x2 | = 1 then prove that | y1
| = | y2 | = 1.
x1
Sol. Let x2 + ax + b = 0 x2 where x1 and x2 are complex no.

x 1 + x2 = - a ...(1)
and x1x2 = b (2)
from (2) | x1 | | x2 | = | b | |b|=1
Also | - a | = | x1 + x2 |
|a| | x1 | + | x2 |
or |a| 2

y1
Now consider y2 + | a | y + | b | = 0
y2
where y1 & y2 are complex no.

2
|a| |a| 2
4|b| |a| 4 |a| i
y1,2 = 2 =

2 2
|a| 4 |a|
| y1,2 | = =1
2
Hence | y1 | = | y2 | = 1.

Ex.13 | z | 1 ; | w | 1 prove that

| z - w |2 ( | z | - | w | )2 + (arg z - arg w)2
Sol. z = r (cos + i sin ), 0 < r 1
w = R (cos + i sin ), 0 < R 1
L.H.S. | (r cos - R cos ) + i (r sin - R sin ) |2
= r2 + R2 - 2rR cos ( - )

7
Complex Numbers

= r2 + R2 - 2rR 1 2 sin2 = (r - R)2 + 4rR.sin2 2

2
2
( | z | - | w | )2 + 4 = ( | z | - | w | )2 + (arg z - arg w)2
2

6. Vectorial Representation of A Complex no.

Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that point . If the point P
represents the complex number z then,
OP= z & OP = z
Geometrical meaning of ei

= z1 = r ei ( + ) = z . ei

(ii) If z = OA = 1 + i then z1 = OB = i (1 + i) = - 1 + i

(iii) Using the vectorial concept and section formula, complex numbers corresponding to centroid ,
incentre, orthocentre and circumcentre for a triangle whose vertices are z1 , z2 , z3 can be deduced.
(iv) If z1, z2, z3 are collinear then z1 | z2- z3 | + z2 | z3 - z1 | + z3 | z1 - z2 | = 0.
Centroid, Incentre, Orthocentre & Circumcentre of a triangle on a complex plane
z1 z2 z 3
(i) Centroid ' G ' =
3

(ii) Incentre ' I ' 1 2 3

a b c

(iii) Orthocentre :
ZD = cos 2 cos
3
a
Now AE = c cos A ; l = AE cosec C = c cos A cosec C

c
l = 2 R cos A 2R
sinC
and m = c cos B cot C or m = 2 R cos B cos C

b cos C z c cos B z
2RcosBcosCz 2RcosA 2 1
mz1 ZD 1 a
Hence ZH = =
m 2R (cosA cosBcosC)
Distance of orthocentre
from A is 2R cos A and
from BC is 2R cosB cos C
a cos cos Cz 1
bcos A cos Cz 2
ccos A cos Bz 3
=
a cos (B C) cos cosC

(sin cosB cosC) (sin cosC cosA) z (sin cosA cosB) z

z1 2 3
=
sinA (sinB sinC)
A z tanB ztanC ztanA z tan B z tan C
1
tan 2 3
ZH = z or 1 2 3

tanA tanA

8
Complex Numbers
(iv) Circumcentre :
We have z0 being equidistant from
the vertices gives,
z1 z 0 = z2 z0 = z z
3 0
2 2
Consider , z1 z0 = z2 z0

(z1 z0) z
1 z 0 = (z2 z0) z2 z0

z1 z
1 0 2
z
2 0
z =z 0 z1z 0z 2z zz 0

z1 1z 0 2 2z 0 z = z zz z 012 z....(1)
Similarly 1st & 3rd gives
z1 z1 z z0 3 z3 z = z ....(2)
0z z 013

dividing (1) by (2) eliminatez0and get z0.

Alternatively :

BD r ABD Ar. PBD 3

= x = A =A =
DC y Ar. ADC Ar. PDC = Ar ADC Ar. PBC 2

R2 sin2C sin 2 C
x = 2 =
y R2 sin2B sin 2 B
2
sin2B(z 2
) sin2C(z) 3
Hence ZD =
sin2B sin2C
Now PAPD = m = PBD = CPD = ABP APC
PBD CPD

3 2 2 C sin 2 B
= sin
m = 1 sin 2 A
Hence ZD 1
= z1sin2A z2 sin2B z3 sin2C
m sin2A

Ex.14 If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an isosceles triangle right angled at z 2 then prove that
z2 2 z 22 z 32 = 2 z2 (z1 + z3)
1

Sol. (z1 - z2) = (z3 - z2)ei /2

(z3 - z2)2 = i2 (z1 - z2)2
z 23 z 22 2z 3 z 2 = z 12 2
z 2 2z 1z 2
z12 + 2z22 + z32 = 2 (z2) (z1 + z3)
Ex.15 A, B, C are the points representing the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 respectively and the circumcentre of
the triangle ABC lies at the origin. If the altitudes of the triangle through the opposite vertices meets the
circumcircle at D, E, F respectively. Find the complex numbers corresponding to the points D, E, F in
terms of z1, z2, z3.

Sol. (a) OD OBei( 2B)

= z2ei( 2B) = - z2 e- i2B

= - z2 e- i2B .....(1)
Also, z1 = z3 e i2B . ...(2)
z 2 z3
z1 = - z2 z3
z1
z3z1 z1z2
Similarly, and
z2 z3

9
Complex Numbers
Ex.16 If
2
z12 , z22 , z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle then prove that
2 2
z z

Sol. Given,
i /3

- 2z2z3 = 0

z 23
2
Given z1 + z2 + z3 = 3 z0 ; z12 2 z1 z 2 9z20 ; 3 z1 2
9z0
Ex.17 If zr( r = 1, 2, ...6) are the vertices of a regular hexagon then

, where z0 is the circumcentre of the regular hexagon.

Sol. Here by the diagram,

3z2 z12 z 32 z 52
0
3z2 z22 z 24 z 26
0
________________________
6
6z2 zr
2
0
r 1

Ex.18 Prove that the triangle whose vertices are the points z1 , z2 , z3 on the Argand plane is an equilateral

triangle if and only if

Sol. Let ABC be a triangle such that the affixes of the vertices A, B and C are respectively z1, z2 and z3.
...(i)

| |=| |=| |
| |2=| |2=| |2= (say)

, , ...(ii)

Now, + + = 0 [from (i) ]

0
0 [ Using (ii) ]

1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0which is the required condition.
z2 z 3 z3 z1 z1 z2
Conversely , let ABC be a triangle such that
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 i. e. 0
z2 z3 z3 z 1 z1 z2

10
Complex Numbers
1 1 1
Then, we have to prove that the triangle is equilateral. We have, 0

1 1 1 1

1
2 =
| |2 = | | | |2 = | | | |
| |3 = | | | | | |
Similarly, | |3 = | | | | | | and | |3 = | | | | | |
| |=| |=| |
|z2 - z3 | = | z3 - z1 | = |z1 - z2 | BC = CA = AB
Hence the given triangle is an equilateral triangle.

1 1 1
Ex.19 Prove that the roots of the equation = 0 (where z1, z2, z3 are pair wise distinct
z z 1 z z z z
2 3
complex numbers) correspond to points on a complex plane, which lie inside a triangle with vertices
z1,z2, z3 excluding its boundaries.
z z1 z z2 z z3
Sol. 2 2 2
=0
z z1 z z2 z z3

t 1(z z ) t (z z ) t (z z ) = 0,
1 2 2 3 3

1
where z z12 = etc.
t1
where t1 , t2 , t3 R+
t1 (z z1) + t2 (z z2) + t3 (z z3) = 0

t 1z tz tz
1 2 2 3 3
(t1 + t2 + t3) z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3 z= 3
t1 t2 t

2
t1 t 2 t3z 3 1 2
t 3z 3
= 1 1z 2z z +
t1 t 2 t1 t 2 t 3 t 1 t2 t3 t1 t2 t3 t 1 t 2 t 3

1 2 z t z 33
z lies inside the z1 z2 z3
t1 t2 t3

If t1 = t2 = t3 z is the centroid of the triangle . Also if a = b = c

z z1 = z z2 = z z3 z is the circumcentre

Ex.20 Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz+ q = 0, where the coefficients
p and q may be complex numbers. Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If
AOB = 0 and OA = OB, where O is the origin, prove that p2 = 4q cos2 /2.
Sol. Since z1 and z2 are roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0
z1 + z2 = - p and z1 z2 = q ....(i)
Since OA = OB. So OB is obtained by rotating

OA in anticlockwise direction through angle .

OB OA e
i z2 = z1 ei

11
Complex Numbers
z2 z2
ei cos i sin
z1 z1

z2 z2 z 1
1 1 cos isin 2 cos cos i sin 2 cos ei /2
z1 z1 2 2 2 2
2
z2 z1 i /2 z z 2 i
2 cos e 2 1 4 cos e
z1 2 z1 2

2
z z 2 z2
2 1
4 cos (z2 + z1)2 = 4z1z2 cos2
z1 2 z1 2
(- p)2 = 4 q
cos2 p2= 4 qcos2
2 2
Ex.21 On the Argand plane z1 , z2 and z3 are respectively the vertices of an isosceles triangle ABC with
AC = BC and equal angles are . If z4 is the incentre of the triangle then prove that
(z2 - z1) (z3 - z1) = (1 + sec ) (z4 - z1)2
z 2 z 1 z 4 z 1 i /2
Sol. e ...(1) (clockwise)
|z2 z1| |z4 z1|

z3 z 1
z4 z1 i /2
and e ...(2) (anticlockwise)
|z3 z1| |z4 z1|

multiplying (1) and (2)

(z2 z1)(z3 z1) |(z2 z1)||(z3 z1)|
2
(z z1 ) |z 4 z 1 |2
4

(AB)| AC| 2(AD) (AC)

= =
(AI) 2
(AI) 2

2(AD)2 AC
= 2 = 2 cos2 sec = (1 + cos ) sec
(AI) AD 2

Following loci on z can easily be interpreted based on vectorial concept.

(1) | z - (1 + 2i) | = 3 denotes a circle with centre (1, 2) and radius 3.

(2) | z - 1 | = | z - i | denotes the equation of the perpendicular

bisector of join of (1, 0) and (0, 1) on the Argand plane.

(3) | z - 4i | + | z + 4i | = 10 denotes an ellipse with foci at (0, 4) and (0, - 4); major axis 10; minor axis 6 with
e = 4/5.

2 2
36 64 4 x y
e2 = 1 - e= 1

(4) | z - 1 | + | z + 1 | = 1 denotes no locus

12
Complex Numbers
(5) | z - 1 | < 1 denotes area inside a circle with centre (0, 1) and radius
1.
(6) 1 | z - 1 | < 3 denotes region between the concentric circles
of radii 3 and 1. Centred at (1, 0) including the inner boundary.

(z 0)
(7) 0 Arg Z
4
where defined by positive real axis and the part of the line x = y in
the first quadrant. It includes the boundary but not the origin.

(8) Re (z2) > 0 denotes the area between the lines x = y and x = - y which includes the x-axis.
Hint (x2 - y2) + 2xyi = 0
x2 + y2 > 0
(x - y)(x + y) > 0
Condition for two lines l1 (joining z1 and z2) and l2 (joining z3 and z4) to be parallel and
perpendicular and orthocentre and circumcentre of the triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3.
[Proof: Let the angle between l1 and l2 be Ɵ
From the figure
amp (z4 - z3) - amp(z2 - z1) =

z4 z3
or amp
z z1
2

z4 z3
Let P
z2 z1

z4 z3
Hencez2 z1 = P (cos + i sin )

z4 z3
If l1| | l2 then =0 is purely real. ....(1)
z2 z1

z4 z3
If l1 l2 then = is purely imagina ....(2)
2 z2 z1
(1) and (2) gives the required conditions.
For example :
If z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 in order are the vertices of the square taken in order then

z1 - z3
(a) is purely imaginary
z2 - z4
z1 z2
(b) is purely real
z3 z4
z4 z3
(c) is purely imaginary
z2 z3
z z
(d) 24 = 1 as mid point is same.
z1 z
3
This concept can also be used to compute the orthocentre of a .

13
Complex Numbers
Let z be the orthocentre
z z1
We have , is purely imaginary
z2 z3
z z1 z z1
z2 z
+ z2 z 3
= 0 ....(1)
3
z z2 z z2
|||ly z =0 ....(2)
3
z1 z3 z
1
Note : Eliminating z we get z in terms of z1 , z2 , z3.

(a) If z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 in order are the vertices of a

parallelogram then z1+ z3= z2+ z4.
(b) Let z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of a triangle with origin as the circumcentre. If z is the orthocentre then
z = z1 + z2 + z3.
(c) Orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are collinear.
(d) If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of a triangle such that |z1 - 1 | = | z2 - 1 | = | z3 - 1 | and
z1 + z2 + z3 = 3 then the triangle is an equilateral triangle.
Here, (1, 0) is the circumcentre. Also centroid is
But given that z1 + z2 + z3 = 3.
hence centroid is also (1, 0).
Since centroid and circumcentre coincide = triangle is equilateral.
(d) The area of the triangle formed by z , iz and z + iz is
1
| z | | iz |.
2
z3 z1
Ex.22 If z1, z2 are conjugate complex numbers and z3, z4 are also conjugate, then arg - arg is equal
z2 z4

to
z3 z1
Sol. S = arg - arg
z2 z4
S = arg (z3) - arg (z2) - arg (z1) + arg (z4)
= arg (z3) + arg (z4) - (arg(z2) + arg (z1)) = 0
2
(1 i)(1 i
Ex.23 If z = , then |z|, and arg z is equals to
(1 i)

2 2 2
(1 i)(1 i (1 i)(1 i 8(e i /4 2
) (e
i /3 2
)
Sol. z= = =
(1 i) 2 2

3 1
z = 4 ( ei /2 )ei2 /3 = 4 i (cos 2 /3 + i sin 2 /3) = 4 i = - 2 (i +
2 2
|z| = 4 arg (z) = + /6.

Find the value of expression x4 - 4x3 + 3x2 - 2x + 1 when x = 1 + i is a factor of expression.

Ex.24
x=1+i
Sol.
x-1=i (x - 1)2 = - 1 x2 - 2x + 2 = 0
Now x4 - 4x3 + 3x2 + 1= (x2 - 2x + 2) (x2 - 3x - 3) - 4x + 7
x4 - 4x3 + 3x2 - 2x + 1 = 0 - 4 (1 + i) + 7 = - 4 + 7 - 4i = 3 - 4i

14
Complex Numbers
Ex.25 Solve for z if z2 + |z| = 0
Sol. Let z = x + iy (x + iy)2 + x2 y2 = 0 (x2 - y2 x+2 y2 ) + (2ixy) = 0
Either x = 0 or y = 0
when x = 0 - y2 + |y| = 0
y = 0, 1, - 1 z = 0, i, - i
& when y = 0 x2 + |x| = 0
z=0
z = 0, z = i, z = - i
Ex.26 Express the complex number z = - 1 + 2 i in polar form.
Sol. z=-1+i 2
|z| = ( 1)2 ( 2) 2 = 1 2= 3

2
Arg z = - tan-1 = - tan-1 2 = (say)
1

Ex.27 If |z - 5 - 7i| = 9, then find the greatest and least values of |z - 2 - 3i|.
Sol. We have 9 = |z - (5 + 7i)| = distance between z and 5 + 7i.
Thus locus of z is the circle of radius 9 and centre at 5 + 7i. For such a z (on the circle), we have to find
its greatest and least distance as from 2 + 3i, which obviously 14 and 4.
Ex.28 Find the minimum value of |1 + z| + |1 - z|.
Sol. |1 + z| + |1 - z| |1 + z + 1 - z|
|1 + z| + |1 - z| 2
minimum value of (|1 + z| + |1 - z|) = 2
Geometrically |z + 1| + |1 - 2| = |z + 1| + |z - 1| which represents
sum of distance of z from 1 and - 1
it can be seen easily that minimum (PA + PB) = AB = 2.
2
Ex.29 z
z = 1, then find the maximum and minimum value of |z|.

2
Sol. z 2
z = 1|z| z
z 2
z |z| + 2
z

2 1 r+2
Let |z| = r r
r r

r+2 1 r R+ .....(i)
r

and r 2 1 -1 r-2 1 r (1, 2) . ....(ii)

r r
from (i) and (ii) r (1, 2).

Ex.30
Sol. From the figure, it is clear that there is no z, which satisfy both ray

15
Complex Numbers
Ex.31
Sol. If n = 2, then zn - 1 = z , i.e., z = z which in turn implies that z is any real number. suppose n 2.
Then zn - 1 = z
|z|n - 2 = 1
|z| = 1, so z is of the form
z = cos + i sin . Then, zn - 1 = z
(cos + i sin )n - 1 = cos - i sin
(cos + i sin )n = 1
cos (n ) + i sin (n ) = 1 [using
[DeDeMoivre's
Movier’sTheorem]
theorem]
cos (n ) = 1 and sin (n ) = 0
2m
= ; m = 0, 1, 2, , n - 1
n
2m 2m
Thus. z = cos + i sin m = 0, 1, 2,..., n - 1
n n ,
Ex.32 If |z| 3, prove that the least value ofz 8
1 is
z 3.

1
Sol. z 1
|z| - |z| ...(i)
z
Now if |z| 3

|z| - 1 3-1 ...(ii)

|z| 3=3

1 8
Hence from (i) and (ii), we get z
z 3
Least value is 8/3.

Ex.33 If the complex number z is to satisfy |z| = 3, |z| - {a(1 + i) - i} 3 and |z + 2a - (a + 1) i| > 3
simultaneously for at least one z then find all a R.
Sol. All z at a time lie on a circle |z| = 3 but inside and outside the circles |z - {a(1 + i) - i}| = 3 and
|z + 2a - (a + 1) i| = 3, respectively
Let z = x + iy then equation of circles are
x +y =92 2 ...(i)
(x - a) + (y - a + 1) = 9
2 2 ...(ii)
and (x + 2a)2 + (y - a - 1)2 = 9 ...(iii)
Circles (i) and (ii) should cut or touch then distance between their centres sum of their radii
2
(a 0) 2 (a 1 0) 3+3

a2 + (a - 1)2 36
2a2 - 2a - 35 0
35
a2 - a - 2
0

1 75
a
0
2
1 75
75
a 1 ...(iv)
2 2
Again circles (i) and (iii) should not cut or touch then distance between their centres > sum of their radii
( 2a 0)2 (a 1 0)2 >3+3

16
 Complex Numbers

5a
2
2a 1 >6 5a2 + 2a + 1 > 36

5a2 + 2a - 35 > 0 2a - 7 > 0

a2 +
5
1 4 11 1 4 11
a a
then
5 5

1 4 11 1 4 11
, , ...(v)
a 5 5

The common values of a satisfying (iv) and (v) are

a , ,

Ex.34 Find the complex number z which satisfies the condition |z - 2 + 2| = 1 and has the least absolute value.
Sol. |z - 2 + 2i| = 1 z - 2 + 2 i = cos + i sin
Where is some real number.
z = (2 + cos ) + (sin - 2) i
|z| = [(2 + cos )2 + (sin - 2)2]1/2
= [8 + cos2 + sin2 + 4 (cos - sin )]1/2
1/2

= 9 4 2 cos
4

|z| will be least if cos ( + /4) is least, that is, if cos ( + /4) is least, is,
if cos ( + /4) = - 1 or = 3 /4.
This, least value of |z| is (9 - 4 2)1/2
1 1
& (9 - 4 2 )1/2 for z= 2
2
+i 2
2

Prove that |a + b|2 + |a - b|2 = 2(|a|2 + |b2|). Interpret the result geometrically and deduce that
Ex.35
|c + c 2 d 2 | + | c - c2 d2 | = | c + d | + | c - d| all numbers involved being complex.
S = |a + b|2 + |a - b|2
Sol.
= |a|2 + |b|2 + 2 Re b (A) + |a|2 + |b|2 - 2 Re b (A)
= 2(|a|2 + |b|2) (proved)
Now |a | b|2 + |a - b|2 = 2(|a|2 + |b|2)
This is nothing but Appolonius theorem. In OAB, M is midpoint of AB on applying appolonius theorem
we get
OA2 + OB2 = 2(AM2 + OM2)
Now take a = d and b = d
2 then using result |a + b|2 + |a - b|2 = 2(|a2| + |b2|)
2

2 2
c d c d
RHS. = 2 = |c + d| + |c - d|
2 2
2 2
c d c d c d c d
L.H.S = +
2 2 2 2
On simplifying we get

L.H.S = | c + c2 d2 | +|c- c2 d2 | (proved)

17
Complex Numbers

Ex.36 If arg then find the locus.

1
Sol. arg z =
z i 3

1 z
arg =
i z 3

Here arg represents the angle between lines joining - 1 and z and 1 + z. As this angle is

constant, the locus of z will be a of a circle segment. (angle in segment is count). It can be seen that locus
1 z
is not the complete side as in the major arc arg will be equal to
i Z 3
Now try to geometrically find out radius and centre of this circle.
1 2
centre 0, Radius
3 3 3 3

Ex.37 If A(2 + 3i) and B(3 + 4i) are two vertices of square ABCD (take in anticlock wise order) then find
C and D.
Sol. Let affix of C and D are z3 + z4 respectively
Considering angle DAB = 90º & AD = AB
i
4 (3 4i) (2 3i) 2
(2 3i
we get z ) = e
AD AB
z4 - (2 + 3i) = (1 + i) i
z4 = 2 + 3i + i - 1 = 1 + 2i
i
andz 3 (3 (2 3i) (3 4i)
4i
)= e 2
CB AB
z3 = 3 + 4i - (1 + i) (- i)
z3 = 3 + 4i + i - 1 = 2 + 5i

z1 z 2 iz1
Ex.38 If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that z2 0 and = 1 prove that z2 = k where k is a
z1 z 2
real number. Find the angle between the lines from the origin to the points z1 + z2 and z1 - z2 in terms of k.

1 z z2 z
Sol. z z2
=1 z
1 2
= cos + i sin
1 1 z z2
Where α is a real number. Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
z1 cos
2
( /2) 2isin( /2) cos( /2) i2cos( / 2)[cos( / 2) i sin( / 2)]
= 22sin2( = = i cot
z2 /2) 2isin( /2) cos( /2) 2 sin( / 2)[cos( / 2) i sin( / 2)] 2

iz1

z2
= - cot 2 = k where k is some real number. Now
z z1 z / z21 2
ik 2 11 1 ik 1 ik)(1 ik) k 2ik
= z / z1 = =( = 1
1 z z2 2 1 ik 1 = 1 ik (1 ik)(1 ik) 1 k2

If the angle between the lines joining z1 + z2 to origin and z1 - z2 to origin, then
2k/(k 2 1) 2k 2k
tan = (k 2
= 2 = tan-1k 2
1)/(k 2 1) k 1 1

18
Complex Numbers
Ex.39 If z1, z2, z3, z4 be the vertices of rhombus in argand plane and CBA = π /3, then prove that
2z2 = z1 (1 + i 3 ) + z3 (1 - i 3 ) and 2z4 = z1 (1 - i 3 ) + z3 (1 + i 3 ).
Sol. Rotation about B in anticlockwise sense
z1 - z2 = (z3 - z2) ei /3

or z1 - z2 = (z3 - z2) ( 1 i 3)
2

(1 i 3)
1 i 3) 1
z1 - z3 . ( = z2 or z1 - z32 (1 + i 3 ) = 3 (i - i 3)
2 2

4 i 3
Multiply by )= 1 + i 3 to get 2z2
1 i 3 = 4(14

z1 (1 + i 3 ) - z3 (-2 + 2i 3 ) = 2z2
2
or z1 (1 + i 3 ) + z3 (1 - i 3 ) = 2z2
Similarly we get 2z4 by rotation about D.
Ex.40 If z1, z2 are two complex numbers representing consecutive vertices of a regular hexagon then find
complex numbers z3 representing the vertex adjacent to z2.
Sol. Clearly, |z1 - z2| = |z3 - z2| . ......(1)
1 2
and ampz z = 23 = Z1Z2Z3,
3 2
where the point Z1 represents Z1, etc.
z z1 2 z z1 2
2 2
= cos isin
z z z z 3 3
3 2 3 2

1 3
=1 i
2
, using (1)
2

z1 - z2 = (z3 - z2),
i 3
where = 1
2
= , 2 (and 3 = 1)
or 2 (z1 - z2) = 3 (z3 - z2) = z3 - z2
or z3 = z2 + 3 (z1 - z2)
1 3 1 i 3
z3 = 2z1 +(1 - 2)z2 = i z1 + 1
2 2 2
3 )z2
=-1 3 ) z1 + 1
2 (1 i 2 (3 i
Ex.41 If z1, z2, z3 are non-zero complex numbers such that z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, and z1-1 + z2-1 + z3-1 = 0 then
prove that the given point are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Sol. Given z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, and from 2nd relation z2z3 + z3z1 + z1z2 = 0
2

z13 = z1 z2 z3 = z23= z33

Above shows that distance of origin from A, B, C is same.
Origin is circumcentre, but z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
that centroid is also at the origin. Hence circumcentre and centroid coincide so that the triangle must
be equilateral.

19
Complex Numbers
Ex.42 If origin O, A and B are vertices of an isosceles right angled triangle with right angle at origin and
A 1 + i then find B.
Sol.
OB = (OA).ei π/2
= (1 + i) i = - 1 + i
B = (- 1 + i) - (0)
B = (- 1 + i)
3
Ex.43 OAB is an equilateral triangle, where O is origin & A is 1 i then find B.

Sol. OB = (OA) × ei /3

3 1 3 1 3 3 3
= 1 i i
= 1 +i +i 3.
2 2 2 2 2 2 =2

Ex.44 If z1, z2, z3 represents vertices of an equilateral triangle then prove that + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1.
Sol. (z2 - z1) eiπ/3 = (z3 - z1)(1)
(z3 - z2) eiπ/3 = (z1 - z2) (2)
from (1) and (2)
z2 z 1 z3 z 1
z z3 = z 2z2
1

z1z2 - z12 - z22 + z1z2 = z32 - z1z3 - z2z3 + z1z2

z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z1z3 + z2z3

Ex.45 If a, b are complex numbers. Find numbers z1, z2 so that the points z1, z2 and a, b be opposite corner of
a square.
Sol. (a - z1) ei /2 = (b - z1)
(a - z1) i = b - z1
i 1 Similarly (b - z2) ei /2 = (a - z2) z2 =aii b1 .
z1 = i

Ex.46 Let z1, z0 be two complex numbers. Its is given that |z| = 1 and the numbers z, z0, z z0 , 1 and 0 are
represented in an Argand diagram by the points P, P0, Q, A and the origin respectively. Show that the
triangles POP0 and AOQ are congruent. Hence, or otherwise, prove that |z - z0| = |z z0 - 1|
Sol. We have OP = |z| = 1 = OA, OP0 = |z0| and P0OP = arg (z0/z)
OQ = |z z0 | = |z| | z0 | = |z0| = OP0 and AOQ = arg (1/z z0 )
1 zz
We have AOQ = arg = arg
zz 0 zz0

z
= arg = arg z
z0 z0

= -ar = arg z0 =
z0 z

Thus, the triangle OPO0 and AOQ are congruent

PO0 = AQ |z - z0| = |z z0 - 1|.

20
Complex Numbers

Ex.47 Prove that the complex numbers z1 and z2 and the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle
2π if z12 + z22 + z1z2 = 0.
3
Sol. Here OA = OB ...(i)
z1 0
2
z2 0
= OA 3i
OB e

z1 2 2
= cos isin {from (1)}
z2 3 3

z1 z1 1
3 3
z2
=-1 =i
2+i 2 z2 2 2
squaring both sides,
z12 z z12 z1
1
+1 =-3 + z2 + 1 = 0
z2 4 + z2 4 z2

z12 + z22 + z1z2 = 0

7. Square Root of a Complex number

The square root of z = a + ib is
L Oa i
L|z| a
|z| a|z|
i
|z| aO
, for b > 0 and
a ib
2
=
M 2 P M 2 2 P, for b < 0
F1 I
Note : (i) The square roots of i is
G 2i J (Here b = 1).
(ii) The square root of - i is F1 i I (Here b = -1).
G2J
(iii) The square root of is 2

(iv) The square root of 2 is

8. Demoivre’s Theorem : (DMT)

Statement
cos n + i sin n is the value or one of the values of (cos + i sin )n, n Q Value of n is an
integer. One of the values if n is rational which is not an integer, the theorem is very useful in determining
the roots of any complex quantity.
Note: Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined using theory of
equations.
4 basic steps to determine the roots of a complex number are
(a) Write the complex number whose roots are to be determined in polar form.
(b) Add 2mπ to the argument
(c) Apply D M T
(d) Put m = 0, 1, 2, 3,… (n - 1) to get all the n ; nth roots.

9. Application of DMT to determine the cube roots of unity

9.1 Cube Root Of Unity :

(i) The cube roots of unity are 1 , 1i 3 , 1 i 3

2 2
(Note that 1 i 3 2 and 1 + i 3=-2 2 )

21
Complex Numbers
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + ω + ω² = 0 .
In general 1 + r + 2r = 0 ; where r = I, but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2 4
cos + i sin ; cos + i sin 23 , cos + i sin 4
3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the vertices of an equilateral
triangle.
(note that the 3 cube root of i lies on the vertices of an isosceles triangle)
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :

Ex.48 If the area of the triangle in the Argand diagram, formed by Z, ω Z and Z + ωZ where ω is the usual
complex cube root of unity is 163 square units, then |Z| is equal.
Sol. Z, ωZ, Z + ωZ represent the vertices A, B, C of the parallelogram OACB in the Argand plane
(wz is the vector obtaining by turning the vector z by 2π/3 anticlockwise.)
2
area of ABC = 1/2(OA)(OB) sin
3

3 3
= 1/2 |Z|2 = |Z|2
2 4

3
By data , |Z|2 = 16 3 |Z| = 8
4
Ex.49 Find all the complex numbers z satisfying z2 + z | z | + | z2 | = 0
2
z z
Sol. 1 0 ; 2 + +1=0
|z | |z|
z
or 2 z= , 2 where >0
|z|

Ex.50 If (a + ) 1 + (b + ) 1 + (c + ) 1 + (d + ) 1 = 2 1 and

(a + 2) 1 + (b + 2) 1 + (c + 2) 1 + (d + 2) 1 = 2 2 where w is the complex cube root of unity then

show that :
(i) abc = 2 & (ii) a=2 a.
Hence show that (a + 1) 1 + (b + 1) 1 + (c + 1) 1 + (d + 1) 1 = 2, a, b, c, d R.
1 1 1 1 2
Sol. If ...(i)
a b c d
1 1 1 1 2
and 2 2 2 22 ...(ii)
a b c d
(i) and (ii) implies that and 2 are the roots of the equation
1 1 1 1 2

a x b x c x d x x

2x4 + a x3 - abc x2 - a=0 ...(iii)

2 + a – abc 2 - a =0 ...(iv)

22
 Complex Numbers
2 + a – abc 2 - a =0 ...(v)

Subtract - - + +
(iv) - (v) _______________________________________

2( - )- abc ( - ) =0 abc =2

a = 2 a
Also put x = 1 in equation (3) & verify that x = 1 satisfies it.

1 1 1 1
Hence 2. Also the 4th root can be computed as
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1

2abcd
1. . 2 r=- =-abcd r=abcd
2

Ex.51 If z12 + z 22 + z 23 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 , then z1 , z2 and z3 need not be equal.

(z1 z 2 )2 (z2 z )3
2
(z 3 z1 ) 2
Sol. 22 2
If z1 z 2 + z 3 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 then =0
(may simply z1 = z2 = z3) 2

Also, z12 z2
2 2
z 3 – z1 z2 - z2 z3 - z3 z1= 0

(z1+ z2 + 2 z3)(z1+ 2 z2+ z3) = 0 (where w is the cube root o

Let z1 + z2 + 2 z3 = 0
z1 + z2 + (- 1 - ) z3 = 0
z1 - z3 = (z3 - z2) (1)
| z1 - z3 | = | (z3 - z2) | = | | | z3 - z2 |
| z1 - z3 | = | z3 - z2 |
and amp (z1 - z3) = amp w + amp (z3 - z2)
2
amp (z1 - z3) - amp (z3 - z2) =
3
2
1 - 2 =
9.2 nth Roots Of Unity
If 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 n 1 are the n1 nth root of unity then-
2 2
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio e i (2 /n) =cos i sin and
n n

(ii) 1p p
1
p
2
p if p is not an integral multiple of n
0
n 1
1p + ( 1)p + ( ) +
2 p + ( n - 1)p = n if p is an integral multiple of n

(iii) (1 ) (1
1 2 ) (1 n 1 ) =n
(iv) (1 + 1) (1 + 2 ) (1 + n 1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.

(v) 1 . 1 . 2 . 3
n 1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.
0 if n 3k

(vi) (w - ) (w -
1 2 ) (w - )=
n-1
1 if n 3k 1
1 w if n 3k 2

Note that sum of all the n, nth roots always vanishes.

23
Complex Numbers
Explanation:
1 1 2m sin 2m
(ii) Let z = = cos i
1n (cos0 isin0)n n n
put m = 0, 1, 2 ...(n - 1), we get
2 2 4 4 2(n 1) 2(n 1)
1 ,cos i sin ,cos i sin , ... ,cos i sin
n n n n n n

nth roots are in G.P.

( p )n ( n )p
Now S = 1p + p + 2p + 3p + ... + (n-1)p =1 p =1 p
1 1

0
0 if p is not an integral multipleofn
np non zero
( )
=1 0
1 p = indeterminant if p is an integral multipleofn
0
Again, If x is one of the nth root of unity then
xn - 1 (x - 1) (x - 1) (x - 2) ... (x - n-1)
n
x 1
1 + x + x2 + ...+ xn-1= x 1 (x - 1 ) (x - 2) ... (x - n-1 )
Put x = 1, to get,

(1 - ) (1 -
1 2) (1- n-1 )=n
|||ly put x = - 1, is to get other result.

Ex.52 Using (1 - )(1-

1 2 ) (1 - n-1 )=n
where 1 , 2 , n-1 are the imaginary nth roots of unity, prove that

2 3 7
sin . sin . sin =
7 7 7 8

Sol. |1 - |
1 2 |1- 2 2 | |1- n-1 2| = n2 ....(1)

(1 1)(1 )1 (1 2 )(1 )2 (1 n 1)(1 n 1 ) = n2

consider (1 1 )(1 1)

2
where 1 = cos + i sin ; 1= cos - i sin and =
n

1- 1 1 + 1 1

1 - 2 cos + 1 = 2 (1 - cos ) 4 sin2 /2

(1) becomes 2n-1 sin .sin 2 .sin 3 ... sin(n - 1) =n (where )

2 2 2 2 2= n

when n = 7

2 3 4 5 6
26 sin sin sin sin sin sin =7
7 7 7 7 7 7

2 3 7
or sin2 sin2 sin2 result
7 7 7 = 64

24
Complex Numbers

Ex.53 If Z r, r = 1, 2, 3 . . . . .2m, m ɛ N are the roots of the equation

2m
1
Z2m + Z2m-1 + Z2m-2 + + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that = m
r 1 Zr 1

Sol. Method 1
Let Z2m + Z2m-1 + Z2m-2 + + Z + 1 (Z - Z1) (Z - Z2) ... (Z - Z2m)
Taking log on both the sides and diffrentiating w.r.t. Z

2mZ 2m 1
(2m 1)Z2m 2
2z 1 1 1 1
2m 2 2 = Z Z1
Z2m Z 2m 1
Z ... Z Z 1 Z Z2 Z Z2m

1 2 3 2m 1 1 1
put z = 1, =
(2m 1) 1 Z 1 1 Z2 1 Z2m

2m
1 2m(2m 1)
m]
r 1Zr
1 2(2m 1)

Method 2
L.H.S. : note that Z1 , Z2 , ... , Z2m are the roots of Z2m+1 = 1 ,

1 1 1 1
now
Z1 1 Z2 1 Z3 1 Z 2m 1

Clubbing 1st and last ; 2nd and 2nd last and so on

1 1 1
1
= Z1 1 Z2m 1 Z2 1 Z2m 1 1 = (-1)+(-1) + .. m times = - m ]

2
Ex.54 Use complex numbers to prove that tan tan2 + tan2 tan4 + tan4 tan = - 7 where =
7

Sol. Consider
a = cos + i sin = ei
b = cos2 + i sin2 = ei2
c = cos4 + i sin4 = ei4

2
when =
7
now a b c = (cos + i sin ) (cos2 + i sin2 ) (cos4 + i sin4 )
ei7 = cos cos2 cos4 (1 + i tan ) (1 + i tan2 ) (1 + i tan4 ) ]

Ex.55 If cos + cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin + sin

then cos(2 ) 3 and sin(2 ) 0

Sol. Let a = cos + i sin = ei e.t.c.

a+b+c=0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

2 2 2
a b c
or 3
bc ca ab
e i (2 - - ) + e i (2 - - ) + e i (2 - - ) = 3 + 0result
i

25
Complex Numbers
10. SUMMATION OF SERIES
10.1 Summation of series using complex numbers
(i) cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + + cos n = cos n
sin /2 2

sin n /2
(ii) sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + + sin n = sin n 1
sin / 2 2
Note : If = (2 /n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.

10.2 Complex numbers and binomial coefficients

(i) C0 + C4 + C8 + . . . . . (ii) C1 + C5 + C9 + . . . . .
(iii) C2 + C6 + C10 + . . . . . (iv) C3 + C7 + C11+ . . . . .
(v) C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + . . . . .

Ex.56 If (1 + x + xn2)n = a0 + a1x + a2 x2 + + 22nx2n and E1=a0 + a3 + a6 + , E2= a1 + a4 + a7 + ,

E3 = a2 + a5 + a8 + , then prove that E1 = E2 = E3 = 3n-1
Sol. We have
(1 + x + x2)n = (a0 + a3, x3 + a6 x6 +. . . . . ) + x (a1 + a4 x3 + a7 x6 + x2 (a2 + a5 x3 + a8 x6 +. . . )
Putting x = 1, ω and ω2 respectively, we get
3n = E1 + E2 + E3 (1)
0 = E1 + ωE2 + ω2 E3 (2)
0 = E1 + ω2 E2 + ω E3 (3)
Adding (1) and (3) we get 3n = 3E1 E2 = 3n-
1
Multiplying (1) by (2) by ω2 and (3) by ω and adding, we get
3 = 3E2 = E2 = 3n-
1
Similarly, multiplying (1) by 2 by ω and (3) ω2 and adding we obtain E3 = 3n-1
Hence E1 = E2 = E3 = 3n-1

Ex.57 If 1, , 2 , n 1 are n, nth roots of unity, then the value of (5 - ) (5 - 2 )

equal to
Sol. Let x = (1)1/n
xn - 1 = 0 (has n roots i.e. 1, , 2 , n 1 )
Xn - 1 = (x - 1) (x - ) (x - )
2 (x - n 1 )

xn 1
= (x - ) (x - 2 ) (x - n 1 )
x 1
Putting x = 5 in bot sides, we get

(5 - ) (x - 2 ) (5 - n 1 ) = 5n 1
4
Ex.58 The value of (1 + - 2 ) (1 - + 2 ) is
Sol. (1 + - 2 ) (1 - + 2 ) = (-2 2 ) (-2 )
=4 3 =4

Ex.59 Find the roots of the equation z6 + 64 = 0 where real part is positive
Sol. Z6 = - 64
z6 = z6 . e+ i(2n + 1) x z

z = z ei(2n 1)
6

11
i i5 i
6 6
, zei2 ,ze 2

26
Complex Numbers
7

roots with + ve real part are = e6 + ei16

i 6
2e

Ex.60 If and are the roots of z + 1/z = 2 (cos + i sin ), 0 < < show that | + i| = | + i|
Sol. We know that cos + i sin = ei
1
z= 2
(2ei ) 4)
2 (2ei
= ei 2ei 4

Now, e2i - 1 = cos + i sin 2 - 1 = (cos 2 - 1) + i sin 2 = - 2 sin2 + 2 i sin cos - 2 sin
[- sin + i cos ]
= 2 sin [cos ( /2 + ) + i sin ( /2 + )]
e2i 1 = 2sin [cos ( /4 + /2) + i sin ( /4 + /2)]
Let = ei + e2i 1
= cos + 2sin cos ( /4 + /2) + i (sin +2sin sin ( /4 + /2)]
Thus, |a - i|2 = {cos + 2sin cos ( /4 + /2) - 1}2
+ {sin + 2sin sin ( /4 + /2)}2
=2+2 2sin cos ( /4 + /2 - ) - 2 2sin sin ( /4 + /2)
=2+2 2sin sin {( /2) - ( /2 - /2)} - 2 2sin sin ( /4 + /2) = 2.
Similarly, | - i|2 = 2
| - i| = | - i|.
Ex.61 Show that all the roots of the equation
zn cos 0 + zn - 1 cos 1 + zn - 2 cos 2 + + z cos n 1 + cos n = 2 lie outside the circle
1
|z| = 2 where 0 , 1 . etc. are real.
Sol. Here |zn cos 0 + zn - 1 cos 1 + zn - 2 cos 2 + + z cos n 1 + cos n | = 2 . .....(1)
By triangle inequality,
2 = |zn cos n + zn - 1 cos 1 + zn - 2 cos 2 + + z cos n 1 + cos n |
|zn cos n | + |zn - 1 cos 1 | + |zn - 2 cos 2 | + + |z cos n 1 | + |cos n |
= |zn| |cos n | + |zn - 1| |cos n |+ + |z| |cos n 1 | + | cos n | |z|n + |z|n - 1 + + |z| + 1
( |cos i | 1 and | zm | = |z |m)
n 1
|
z| 1 1
=1 < 2<
1 |z| 1 |z| 1 |z|

1
So 1 - |z| is positive and 1 - |z| < 1 |z| > 1 -
2 2=2
1
all z satisfying (1) lie outside the circle |z| =
2.

27
Complex Numbers
z 2n 1
Ex.62 If z + 1 = |tan n |.
z = 2 cos , prove that z2n 1

Sol. Here z + 1
z2 - 2 cos .z + 1 = 0
z = 2 cos ;
2
cos 4cos 4
z=2 = cos i sin
2
Taking positive sign, z = cos + i sin
1
z = (cos + i sin )-1 = cos - i sin

n 1
z
z2n 1 zn
= 1
z2n 1 z
n

zn
n n n
(cos isin ) n i sinn (cos isinn ) sin
= (co s isin )n n = cos n n = 22cosn
(cos isin ) (cos isin ) cosn isin n (cos isin )
Taking negative sign, similarly we get

z2n 1 sin
= 2 = - i tan n
z2n 1 2 cosn

z2n 1
=| i tan n | = |tan n |, for | i| = 1.
z2n 1

28
Complex Numbers

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 If z1 and z2 are 1-i, -2 + 4i respectively, z 3
Ex.4 Show that =2 represents a circle.
z 3
z1z2 Sol. Let z = x + iy
find Im
z1 z 3
=2
z 3
z1z2 (1 i)( 2 i 2 2i 4i 4
Sol. = =
z1 1 i 1 i x 3 iy
x 3 iy =2
2 6i 1 i 2 6i 2i 6
= 1 i = = 4 + 2i | x - 3 + iy |2 = 22 | x + 3 + iy | 2.
1 i 2
or (x - 3)2 + y2 = 4 ((x +3)2 + y2)
3x2 + 3y2 + 30x + 27 = 0
z1z 2
Im =2 which represents a circle.
z
1 If | z1 | =| z2 | = = | zn|= 1,
Ex.5
Ex.2 Find the square root of z = -7 - 24i prove that
Sol. Let z0 = x + iy be a square root; then,
1 1 1
-7 - 24i = x2 - y2 + 2ixy z1 z2 ... zn
Equating real and imaginary parts we get z z2 zn
1
x2 - y2 = -7 ...(i) Sol. | zj |=1 zj zj =1 j= 1, ... , n
and 2xy = -24 ...(ii)
( z = | z |2)
(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 - y2)2 + 4x2y2 L.H.S.=
= (-7)2 + (-24)2
= 625 1 1 1
z1 z2 ... zn
x2 + y2 = 25 ...(iii) z1 z2 zn
Solving (i) and (iii), we get (x, y) = (3, -4);
1 1 1 1
(-3, 4) by (ii)
=
z0 = ± (3 - 4i) z 1 z2 z 3 zn

Ex.3 If n is a positive integer and ω be an 1 1 1

imaginary cube root of unity, prove that =
z1 z2 z n
= R.H.S

n 2n 3,whennis a multiple of 3 Ex.6 If |z1+ z2|=|z1-z2|,prove that arg z1-arg

0,when n is not a multiple of 3
z2= odd multiple of
Sol. Case I n = 3m : m I 2
1+ n+ 2n = 1 + 3m + 6m Sol. | z1 + z2 | 2 = | z1 - z2 |2
= 1 + 1 + 1, [ 3 = 1] (z1 z 2 )(z 1 z 2 ) = (z 1 z 2 )(z 1 z2 )
=3 or
Case II n = 3m + 1 or 3m + 2 : m I zz z z z z zz zz z z z z zz
1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2
(a) Let n = 3m + 1
or 2(z 2 z1 zz
1 2
) 0; Re( z 1
z2 ) 0
L.H.S. =1+ 3m+1 + 6m+2

=1+ + ,
Let z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) & z2 = r2
(cos 2+ i sin 2); then,
=0
(b) Let n = 3m + 2 z1z2 = r1r2(cos( 1 - 2) + isin( 1 - 2))

1+ 3m+2 + 6m + 4 = 1+ + 4 cos( 1- 2) = 0 (as Re (z1z2) = 0)

= 1+ + 1- 2 = odd multiple of
= 0 2

29
Complex Numbers
Ex.7 If | z-1|< 3, prove that |iz+ 3 - 5i | < 8. Solving (i) and (ii) , we
Sol. Here i z + 3 - 5 i is to be written as the get
sum of two complex numbers containing z -
or xx2 + c= c2(x[(x1)+21)21+
= 1]
1,
| iz +we3 have
because - 5 i |= iz -| iz +- 13 |- <4 3.
to| use i| 0 (c2 - 1)x2 + 2c2x + 2c2 = 0
or
= | 3 - 4 i + i (z - 1) | If c = 1, then x = -1. Let c > 1; then,
| 3 - 4i | + | i(z - 1) |
(by triangle inequality) 2c2 4c
4
8c2(c
2
1)
x=
< 5 + 1.3 = 8 2(c2 1)
Ex.8 If (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x +a2x2 + ... + anxn,
2
then show that 2 c2
= c c
n c2 1
n
(a) a0 - a2 + a4 + ... = 22cos As x is real and c>1, we have: 1 < c 2
4
n
(Thus, for c > 2 , there is no solution)
n Since both values of x satisfy (ii), both
(b) a1 - a3 + a5 + ... = 22sin
4 values are admissible.
Sol. Put x = i in the given expansion
(1 + i)n = a0 + a1i + a2i2 + ... + anin, Ex.11 Find the sixth roots of z = 64
n i.
2 cos i sin Sol. z = 64 cos i sin
4 4 22
= (a0- a2 + a4 + ... ) + i(a1- a3+a5+ ... ) zr = z 6
1

n/2 n n
2 cos i sin 2r 2
2r 2
4 4 =2 cos i sin ,
6 6
= (a0 - a2 + a4 + ...)+ i(a1- a3 + a5+ ... )
Equating real and imaginary parts, where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
The roots z0, z1, z2, z3, z4, z5 are given by
n
22cosn = a0 - a2 + a4 + ...
4
z0 =2 cos i sin
n 12 12
22sinn = a1 - a3 + a5 + ...
4
5 5
Ex.9 Solve the equation zn-1 = z : n N z1 =2 cos i sin
12 12
Sol. zn-1 = z
| z |n-1 = | z | = | z |; |z| =0 9 9
z2 =2 cos i sin
or | z |= 1
12 12
If | z | = 0 then z = 0.
Let | z | = 1; then, zn = z z =1 13 13
z3=2 cos i sin
2m 2m 12 12
z =cos i sin :m= 0,1,...,n -1
n n
2 cos i sin
Ex.10 For constant c 1, find all complex numbers 12
12
z satisfying the equation z+c|z+1|+ i = 0
Sol. Let z = x + i y. 17 17 5 5
z4 =2 cos i sin 2 cos isin 12
The equation z+c |z+1| + i = 0 becomes 12 12 12

x+iy+c (x 1)2 y2 + i = 0 21 21
z5 = 2 cos i sin
or x + c (x 1)2 y2+ i (y+1)= 0. 12 12
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
9 9
y+1=0 y = -1 ...(i) = 2 cos i sin
12 12
and x+ c (x 1)2 y2 = 0 : x < 0 ...(ii)

30
Complex Numbers
= cos ± isin
Ex.12 Locate the region in the Argand plane
for
the complex number z satisfying z
1
(a) | z- 4| < |z - 2| (b) argz = | cos ± isin |=1
6 4 z2

|z1|
| x + iy - 4 | < | x + iy - 2 | =1 |z| | z | or OA OB1
(x - 4)2 + y2 < (x - 2)2 +y2 |z2|
or - 4x + 12 < 0 Hence points A(z1), B(z2) and the origin are
Y
Sol. (a) Let z = x + iy the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

1 iz
Ex.14 If z = x + iy and with | | =1,
X
z i

O X show that, z lies on the real axis.

1 iz

Sol. | |= 1 |1- iz| = |z - i|

z i
Y x=3
or |1- ix + y | = | x + i ( y - 1)|
Figure (1)
or x > 3 or (1 + y)2 + x2 = x2 + (y - 1)2

Re(z) > 3. (see fig.1) or 4y = 0

(b) Let z =x+ iy; theY, x > 0 and y > 0 Hence z lies on the real axis .
y Y=x Ex.15 Let three vertices A, B, C (taken in clock
arg z = tan-1
y x wise order) of an isosceles right angled
triangle with right angle at C, be affixes of
tan tan arg(z) =
6 x 4 6 complex numbers z1, z2 , z3 respectively.
1 y O X Show that (z1 - z2)2 = 2(z1 - z3) (z3 - z2).
1
3 x Figure (2) π
Sol. Given CB = CA and angle C =
x 3y and y x 2
Hence the given inequality represents the z z3
region bounded by the rays y =x and 2 e
i2

z1 z3
y = x except the origin (fig.2).
3
A(z )
Ex.13 If z12 + z22 - 2z1 z2 cos = 0, show that 1

the points z1, z2 and the origin, in the Argand

plane, are the vertices of an isosceles
triangle.
Sol. z12 + z22 - 2 z1 z2 cos = 0
2
z z1 B(z )
1 C(z3 ) 2
–2 cos +1=0
z2 z2
or z3 - z2 = i (z1 - z3)
z1 4cos2 4 (z3 - z2)2 = -(z1 - z3)2
=2cos
z2 2
or z32 + z22 - 2z2z3 + z12 + z32 - 2z1z3
= 0. Add and subtract 2z1z2, we get
B(z ) 2 2 2 2
z1 z2 2z1 z2 2z3 2z2z3 2z1 z3 2z1 z2 0,
2
A(z1) or(z 1
z)2 2[z(z
3 3
z)2 z(z1 3
z)]
2
0

2
or (z1 z2) 2(z z )(z z) 0,
O
or 2
(z1 z )2 2(z 1 z )(z
3 z3 2 )

31
Complex Numbers
Ex.16 If A,B,C be the angles of a triangle then prove B(a + b)
(b)
2iA iC iB
e e e
iC
M(a)
that e e 2iB e iA
is purely real. O
iB iA
e e e 2iC
Sol. This question is based on the following: A(a - b)

A + B + C = ,e i = cos + i sin = -1, OA2 + OB2 = 2(AM2 + OM2)

e- i =- 1 ...(1)
c d c d
ei (B+C) = ei ( -A) = e i e- iA = - e- iA Now take a = and b =
2 2
e -i (B+C) = - eiA ...(2) then using result
Take eiA, eiB and eiC common from R1, R2
|a + b|2 + |a - b|2 = 2(|a|2 + |b|2)
and R3 respectively.
= ei (A+B +C) 2 2

c d c d
e iA
e i(A C)
e i(A B) RHS =2 2 2

i(B C) iB i(B A)
e e e
i(B C) i(C A)
= |c+d|+|c-d|
e e eiC L.H.S.

e iA e
iB
e
iC 2
c d c d
iA
=-1 e e iB e
iC
, by (2)
= 2 2 +

eiA e
iB
e
iC

2
Take eiA, eiB and eiC common from C1, C2 and c d c d
C3 and again put ei (A + B + C )=ei = -1. 2 2

On simplifying we get

1 1 1 2 2 2 2
L.H.S.=|c+ c d |+|c- c d |
1 1 1
= (- 1) (- 1) (proved)
1 1 1
Ex.18 Show that the triangles whose vertices are
z1, z2, z3 , and a, b, c, are similar if
Now make two zeros and expand =- 4
which is purely real. z1 a 1

Ex.17 Prove that |a + b|2 + |a - b|2 = 2 (|a|2 + |b|2). z2 b 1 = 0.

Interpret the result geometrically and deduce z3 c 1
that |c + c
2
-d
2 | + |c -
c
2
d
2 | Sol. Suppose z1 , z2 , z3 are given by A, B,C
respectively and a,b,c are given by D, E, F
= |c + d| + |c - d| all numbers involved being respectively. Since the triangles ABC and DEF
complex.
are similar
Sol. S = |a + b|2 + |a - b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2 Re (ab) AB BC
+ |a|2 + |b|2 - 2Re (ab) = 2(|a|2 + |b|2) = and ABC = DEF = (say)
DE EF
(proved) z z
1 2
Now |a + b|2 + |a - b|2 = 2 (|a|2 + |b|2) We have B = arg z
= arg
3 z2
This is nothing but Appolonius theorem. In
ΔOAB, M is midpoint of AB on applying a b
Appolonius theorem we get c b

32
Complex Numbers
Ex.20 If b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 = 0 where b1 etc., are non
z1 z2
AB (cos + isin ) ...(1) zero real numbers, sum of no two being zero,
z3 z 2 = BC and b1z1 + b2z2 + b3z3 + b4z4 = 0 where no
three of the points z1, z2, z3, z4 are collinear
a b
and = DE (cos + i sin ) ...(2) then prove that the four points will be concyclic
c b EF if b1b2 |z1 - z2|2 = b3 b4 |z3 - z4|2.
A(z1) D(a)
Sol. Here b1 + b2 = - (b3 + b4)
Also b1z1 + b2z2 = - (b3 z3 + b4z4)
b1z1 + b2z2
Dividing these,
B(z2) C(z3) E(b) F(c) b1 + b2
z z3
A 1b 2 b4 C
AB BC AB BC b3 z 3 bz4 4
Since = we have = b3 Pb1
DE EF DE EF = b3 b4 z4 z2
D B
Thus, from (1) and (2) we get
The left side gives the point that divides the
z1 z z z a b line segment joining A(z1), B(z2) in the ratio
2 a b 1 2
= c b =0 b2 : b1 and the right side gives the point that
z3 z2 z3 z2 c b
divides the line segment joining the points
C(z3), D(z4) in the ratio b4 : b3. So the line
z z a1 2 b 0
segments intersect at P which represents
z2 b 1 =0
b1z1 b2z2 b3z3 b4z4
z z c3 2 b 0 as well as
Applying R1 R1 + R2 and R3 R3 + R2
b1 b2 b 3 b 4

Now, AB = |z1 - z2|

z1 a 1
z b 1 b2
we get 2 = 0. PA= |z1 - z2|
z3 c 1 b1 b2

Ex.19 If z1, z2, z are non-zero complex numbers such b1

3
that z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, and z1-1 + z2-1 + z3-1 = 0 & PB = |z1 - z2|
b1 b2
then prove that the given points are the vertices
Also, CD = |z3 - z4|
of an equilateral triangle. Also show that
|z1| = |z2| = |z3|. b4
Sol. Given z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, and from 2nd relation z2 PC= |z3-z4|
b3 b4
z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 = 0
b3
z2z3 = - z1 (z2 + z3) = - z1 (- z1) =z12 and PD = |z3 - z4|
b3 b4

3
z3=
1
z1 z2 z3 = z 32 =z 3
The four points A, B, C, D will be concyclic if
PA .PB = PC.CD
|z1 |3 = |z2 |3 = |z3 |3
Above shows that distance of origin from A, b1b2
i.e., |z1- z2|2
B, C is same. b1 b 2 2

Origin is circumcentre, but z1 + z2 + z3 = 0

b 3b 4
that centroid is also at the origin. Hence = |z3 - z4|2
b3 b4 2
circumcentre and centroid coincide so that the
triangle must be equilateral. i.e., b1 b2 |z1 - z2|2 = b3 b4 |z3 - z4|2
{ b1 + b2 = - (b3 + b4)}

33
Complex Numbers
Ex.21 Show that all the roots of the equation 4cos2 4
z = 2cos
zn cos 0 + zn-1 cos 1 + zn-2 cos + 2
= cos ± i sin
…..+ zcos n-1 + cos n = 2 lie outside the circle

1 Taking positive sign,

|z| = where 0 , 1 , etc. are real.
2 z = cos + i sin
Sol. Here |zn cos 0 + zn-1
cos ……+ zcos n- 1 + cos n |=2 ...(1) 1 = (cos
z
+ i sin )-1 = cos - i sin

By triangle inequality,
2 = |zn cos n + zn-1 cos 1 + zn-2 cos +...+
2 n 1
z
zcos n-1 + cos |
n | zn cos n| + |zn-1 cos 1| z2n 1 zn
=
+ |z n-2 cos 2 |+ + |zcos n-1 | + |cos n | z2n 1 n 1
z
= |zn| |cos n |+|zn-1| |cos |+
n +|z| |cos n-1 | zn
n n
+ |cos n| | z | n + |z| n - 1 + + |z| + 1 (cos i sin ) (cos isin )
= n n
( |cos i| 1 and |zm| = |z|m) (cos i sin ) (cos isin )
n 1
1 |z| 1 1 cos n i sinn (cos n i sinn )
= 2<
1 |z| < 1 |z| 1 |z| = cos n i sin n (cos n i sinn )

1
So 1 - |z| is positive and 1- |z| < 2isinn
2 = 2cosn = i tan n
1 1
|z| > 1 -
2= 2 Taking negative sign, similarly we get
1
all z satisfying (1) lie outside the circle |z|= z2n 1 2isinn
2 = 2cosn = - i tan n
Ex.22 If |z| 3, prove that the least value of z2n 1

1 8
z z 2n 1
is
z 3 = | ± i tan n | = |tan n |,
z2n 1
1 1
for | ± i | = 1.
Sol. z |z| - |z| ...(1)
z
Ex.24 Find the complex number z which satisfies the
condition |z - 2 + 2i| = 1 and has the least
1 1 1 absolute value.
1 or - -
|z| 3 |z| 3 Sol. |
Adding the two like inequalities z - 2 + 2i = cos + i sin
Where is some real number.
1 1 8
|z| - 3-
3
= 3
...(2) z = (2 + cos ) + (sin - 2) i
|z|
|z| = [(2 + cos ) 2 + (sin - 2)2]1/2
1 8
Hence from (1) and (2), we get z = [8 + cos2 + sin2 + 4 (cos - sin )]1/2
z 3 1/2
Least value is 8/3
= 9 4 2 cos
2n 4
1 z 1
Ex.23 If z+ =2cos , prove that |z| will be least if cos ( + / 4) is least, that is
z z2n 1 , if cos ( + /4) = - 1 or = 3 / 4. Thus,
= |tan n |. least value of |z| is
Sol. Here z +
1 = 2 cos ; 1 1
z (9 -4 2 )1/2 for z = 2 2
+i
z2 - 2 cos . z + 1 = 0 2 2

34
Complex Numbers
Ex.25 For every real number c 0, find all the Ex.27 Consider a square ABCD such that Z1, Z2,
complex numbers z which satisfy the equation Z3 and Z4 represent its vertices A, B, C and D
2|z| - 4 cz + 1 + ic = 0. respectively. Express ‘Z3’ and ‘Z4 ’ in terms of
Z1 & Z2 .
Sol. 2 x2 y2 – 4c (x+ iy ) + 1 + ic = 0
Sol. Consider the rotation of AB about A through
- 4 cy + c = 0 y = 1/4 ...(1) an angle π/4. We get
1 Z Z Z Z i
2 x2 - 4cx + 1 = 0 3 1 3 1
e 4
16 Z2 Z1
=
Z2 Z1

1
or 4 x2 16 = (4 cx -1)2 + i sin
= 2 (cos )
4 4
3 Z3 = Z1 + (Z2 - Z1) (1 + i)
4x2 (4c2 - 1) - 8 cx + =0 Similarly Z4 = Z1 + i(Z3 - Z1)
4
2 2 A(Z1) D(Z4)
8c 64c 12(4c 1)
x= /4
8(4c2 1)

4c 4c2 3
or x = ...(2)
B(Z2) C(Z3)
4(4c2 1)
* The triangle whose vertices are the points
x is real as c 0. z = (x, y) as given by (1) and represented by complex numbers Z1, Z2, Z3
(2), c 0 is equilateral if

Ex.26 Find the equation of the circle for which arg 1 1 1

z 6 2i Z2 Z 3 +Z 3 Z 1 +Z 1 Z2 =0
= /4.
z 2 2i i.e. if3 Z1.
Ex.28 If a complex number z lies in the interior or on
z 6 2i
Sol. arg = /4 represent major arc the boundary of a circle of radius as 3 and
z 2 2i centre at (0, -4) then greatest and least value
of circle of which of |z + 1| are-
(A) 3 + 17 , 17 - 3 (B) 6, 1
z (C) 17 , 1 (D) 3, 1
/4
O Sol. Greatest and least value of |z + 1| means
/4 maximum and minimum distance of circle from
/4
the point (-1, 0). In circle greatest and least
A(2, 2) M B(6, 2) distance of it from any point is along the normal.

line joining (6, 2) and (2, 2) is a chord that

subtends an angle
Π /4 at circumference. Clearly AB is parallel
to real (x) axis, M is mid-point, M (4, 2),
OM = AM = 2
O (4, 4) and OA = OM2 + AM2 =2 2
equation of required circle is greatest distance =3+ 12 42= 3 + 17
|z - 4 - 4i| =22
least distance = 12 4 2 –3= 17 - 3

35
Complex Numbers

EXERCISE-I
Q.1 Find all non zero complex numbers z Q.16 Prove that there exist no complex number z
1 n r
satisfying
such that |z|< and arz 1where |ar|< 2.
3 r 1
1 2i 3i2 in the form A + iB.
Q.2 Express
1 2i 3i2 Q.17 Let a complex number , 1, be a root
Q.3 Find x and y if (x + iy) (2 - 3i ) = (4 + i). of the equation zp + q - zp - zq + 1 = 0
where p, q are distinct primes. Show that
Q.4 Find x and y if either1 + + 2 + + p-1=0
(1 i)x 2i (2 3i)y i
or 1+ + 2+ + q - 1 = 0 but
3 i 3 i
not both together.
Q.5 If x = a + b, y = a +b and z=a + Q.18 Show that the area of the triangle on the
Argand diagram formed by the complex
1
numbers z, iz and z + iz is : | z |2.
1 7i 2
Q.6 Put in the polar form.
(2 i)2 Q.19 If iz3 + z2 - z+ i = 0 then show that |z| = 1
Q.7 Find the square root of -8 - 6i. Q.20 Find the value of the expression 1(2- )(2-
Q.8 Find the value of smallest positive integer n, + 2(3- ) (3- 2) + +(n-1) (n- ) (n- 2)
n where is an imaginary cube root of unity.
1 i
for which 1 1
1 i Q.21 If x = (5 - 3 i ), then find the value of
2
Q.9 Show that the complex number z = x + iy x4 - x3 - 12 x2 + 23 x + 12.
z 5i Q.22 Let the complex numbers z1, z2 and z3be the
which satisfies the equation 1lies vertices of an equilateral triangle. Let z0 be
z 5i the circumcentre of the triangle. Then
on the x-axis.
prove
that z12 + z22 + z32 = 3 z02.
3 Q.23 If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an isosceles
Q.10 If z = 1 + i tan , where < < ,
2 triangle, right angled at z2 , prove that
find the value of | z | cos α .
z12 + 2 z22 + z32 = 2 z2 (z1 + z3).
Q.11 Solve the equation : x5+16 2 -16 2i= 0.
Q.24 Show that the equation
Q.12 If be the cube roots of unity, find the
roots of the equation (x - 1)3 + 8 = 0 . A2 B2 C2 H2
= x + l,
x–a x –b x c x-h
Q.13 If | z | < 4, prove that | i z + 3 - 4 i |< 9.
where A, B, C,...; a, b, c,. . , and l are real,
cannot have imaginary roots.
Q.14 2 +i 3 is a vertex of square inscribed in Q.25 Find the common roots of the equation z3 +
circle | z -1| = 2 . Find other vertices. 2 z2 + 2 z +1 = 0 and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0.

Q.15 Find the centre and radius of the circle Q.26 If n is an odd integer greater than 3 but not a
multiple of 3, prove that [(x + y)n - xn - yn]
formed by the points represented by z = x+ iy
is divisible by x y (x + y) (x2 + xy + y2 ).
|z |
satisfying the relation |z | = k(k 1) Q.27 If and are any2 two2complex numbers,
where & are constant complex numbe show that |α α -β | |α- α2 -β 2 |

given by = 1+i 2& = 1 + i 2. =| + |+| - |

36
Complex Numbers
Q.28 Let z1 = 10 + 6 i and z2 = 4 + 6 i. If z
is any complex number such that the
z– z 1
argument
of is , then prove that | z - 7 - 9
z– z 2 4
i| =
Q.29 If | z | 1, | w | 1, show that |z- w|2
(| z | - | w | ) 2 + (Arg z - Arg w)2.
Q.30 Let A and B be two complex numbers such

that A B
= 1, prove that the origin and
B A
the points represented by A and B form the
vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Q.31 Let z1, z2, z3 be three complex numbers and
a, b, c be real numbers not all zero, such that
a + b + c = 0 and a z1 + b z2 + c z3 = 0.
Show that z1, z2, z3 are collinear.
Q.32 If | z - 4 + 3i | 2, find the least and the
greatest values of | z | and hence find the
limits between which | z | lies.

z1 - z2
Q.33 If | z1 | < 1 and < 1, then show
1-z 1 z2
that | z2 | < 1.
Q.34 Find the locus of points z if log 3
|z| 2 -| z| 1 < 2.
2 |z|

Q.35 For complex numbers z and , prove that

| z |2 - | |2 z = z - if and only if z =
or z = 1.

37
Complex Numbers

EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-II
Q.1 Prove that , with regard to the quadratic Q.10 Let zi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) represent the vertices of
equation z2 + (p + ip ) z + q + iq = 0 a square all of which lie on the sides of the
where p , p’, q , q’ are all real. triangle with vertices (0,0), (2,1) and (3, 0). If
(i) if the equation has one real root then z1 and z2 are purely real, then area of triangle
q’2 pp q + qp 2 = 0 .
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then formed by z3 , z4 and origin is m (where
p2 p 2 = 4q & pp = 2q amnd n are in their lowest form). Find the value
of (m + n).
State whether these equal roots are real or
complex.
Q.11 (i) Let Cr's denotes the combinatorial
Q.2 Let Z=18 + 26i where Z0=x0+ iy0 (x0,y0 ϵ R) coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n, n ϵ
is the cube root of Z having least positive
N. If the integers
argument. Find the value of x0y0(x0 + y0).
an = C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + . . . .
Q.3 Show that the locus formed by z in the equation
bn = C1 + C4 + C7 + C10 + . . . .
z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate axes
And cn = C2 + C5 + C8 + C11 + . . , then
in the Argand’s plane. Further show that
prove that (a) a 3n b3 c 3 - 3anbncn = 2n,
n n
Im(z)
|z| = (b) (an - bn)2 + (bn - cn)2 + (cn - an)2 = 2.
2 Re(z) Im(z) 1
(ii)Prove the identity:
Q.4 Consider the diagonal matrix An = dia(d1, d2,
(C0-C2+ C4-C6+ )2 +(C1- C3+C5- C7
d3, dn) of order n where di= i-1,1 i n
+ )2 = 2n
i2
Q.12 Let z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 be the vertices A,B,C, D
and =en ;i= 1, is the nth root of
unity. Let respectively of a square on the Argand
L : represent the value of Tr. (A7)7 , diagram taken in anticlockwise direction then
M: denotes the value of det (A2n+1)+ det (A2n). prove that :
Find the value of (L + M). (i) 2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 i)z3 &
[Note: Tr(A) denotes trace of square matrix A] (ii)2z4 = (1 i) z1 + (1 + i) z3

Q.5 Let z1, z2 C such that z12 + z22 R. If Q.13 A function f is defined on the complex number
z1(z12 - 3z22) = 10 and z2(3z12 - z22) = 30, by f (z) = (a + bi)z, where 'a' and 'b' are positive
Find the value of (z12 + z22). numbers. This function has the property that
Q.6 If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, the image of each point in the complex plane is
z2, z7, find the value of equidistant from that point and the origin. Given
u
7 that | a + bi | = 8 and that b2 = where u and
Im(Zr) v
(a) ReZr) and (b) 7
r 1 r 1 v are coprimes. Find the value of (u + v).
Q.7 If z is one of the imaginary 7th roots of unity,Q.14 Prove that:
then find the equation whose roots are (a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + +
(z + z4 + z2) and (z6 + z3 + z5).
x 2
nCn cos (n + 1) x =2n . cosn . cos n x
Q.8 If the expression z5 - 32 can be factorised 2 2
into linear and quadratic factors over real
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + +
coefficients as
(z5 - 32) = (z - 2)(z2 - pz + 4)(z2 - qz + 4) 2
nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn x. sin n x
then find the value of (p2 + 2p). 2 2
Q.9 Let z1 & z2 be any two arbitrary complex
Q.15 Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d be a cubic
numbers then prove that :
polynomial with real coefficients satisfying
1 z 1 z2 f(i) = 0 and f (1 + i) = 5. Find the value of
z1 + z2 |z1| |z2|
2 |z 1| |z2| a2 + b2 + c2 + d2.

38
Complex Numbers
Q.16 Let 1, 2, 3, n be the complex Q.23 If the area of the polygon whose vertices are
numbers. A line L on the complex plane is called the solutions (in the complex plane) of the
a mean line for the points 1, 2, 3, equation x7 +x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x +1=0,
can be expressed in the simplest form as
n if L contains the points (complex numbers)
n
z1, z2, z3, a b c
zn such that (zk k )= 0. , find the value of (a + b + c + d).
k 1 d
Now for the complex number 1 = 32 + 170 Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that
i, 2 = - 7 + 64i, 3 = - 9 + 200i, 4 = 1 + N= (a +ib)3-107i is a positive integer. Find N.
27i and 5 = -14 + 43i, there is a unique mean
line with y-intercept 3. Find the slope of the Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
line. (a, b, c, d R) has 4 non real roots, two with
sum 3 + 4i and the other two with product
Q.17 A particle starts to travel from a point P on
the curve C1 : |z - 3 - 4i| = 5, where | z | is
Q.26 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors
maximum. From P, the particle moves through

an angle tan-13 in anticlockwise direction on

4
|z - 3 - 4i| = 5 and reaches at point Q. From Q.27 (a) If x = 1+ i 3 ; y = 1 i 3 & z = 2 , then
Q, it comes down parallel to imaginary axis
by 2 units and reaches at point R. Find the (b) Find the sum of the series 1(2 - )(2 - 2)
complex number corresponding to point R + 2(3 - ) (3 - 2) (n - 1)(n- )(n - 2)
in where is one of the imaginary cube root of
the Argand plane. unity.
Q.18 Evaluate:
p
Q.28 Dividing f(z) by z i, we get the remainder
32 10 2q
2q i and dividing it by z + i, we get the
(3p 2) sin i cos
11 11 remainder 1 + i. Find the remainder upon
p 1 q 1
the division of f(z) by z² + 1.
Q.19 Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers such
Q.29 (a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where
a b c
that = = = k. Find the value x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be the
1 b 1 c 1 a
sets defined by
of k.
A = {z | | z | 2} and B = {z | (1 - i)z +
Q.20 Let , be fixed complex numbers and z is a (1+i) z 4}. Find the area of the region A B.
variable complex number such that,
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping
z 2 +z 2 = k.
1
f (x)= , where i = 1. If there exist real
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of x i

z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of number a, b, c and d for which f (a), f(b), f (c)
and f (d) form a square on the complex plane.
the circle.
Find the area of the square.
Q.21 C is the complex number. f : C R is defined
(c) For all real numbers x, let the mapping
by f (z) = | z3 - z + 2|. Find the maximum value
of f (z) if | z | = 1. 1
, where i = 1. If there exist real
Q.22 Let a, b, c are distinct integers and w, w2 are
numbers a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 for which f(a1),
the imaginary cube roots of unity. If minimum f(a2), f(a3), f(a4), f(a5) and f(a6) form a regular
value of | a + bw + cw2 | + | a + bw2 + cw | is hexagon on the complex plane whose area is
1
n4 where n ϵ N, then find the value of n. a b
(a, b, c N). Compute minimum value
c
of (a + b + c).

39
Complex Numbers
Q.30 Column-I Column-II
Let be a non real cube root of unity then the number
(A) of distinct elements in the set (P)

2 n m
(1 ) | m,n N is

(B) Let 1, , 2 be the cube root of unity. The least possible (Q) 5
degree of a polynomial with real coefficients having roots
2 , (2 + 3 ), (2 + 3 2), (2 - - 2), is

(C) = 6 + 4i and = (2 + 4i) are two complex numbers on (R) 6

the complex plane. A complex number z satisfying amp

z
moves on the major (S) 7
z 6

segment of a circle whose radius is

40
Complex Numbers

EXERCISE-III
EXERCISE-III
Q.1 The set of points on the complex plane such Q.7 Let z1 & z2 be non zero complex numbers
that z2+ z + 1 is real and positive satisfying the equation, z12 - 2z1z2 + 2z22 = 0
(where z = x + iy, x , y ϵ R ) is : The geometrical nature of the triangle whose
(A) Complete real axis only vertices are the origin and the points
(B) Complete real axis or all points on the line representing z1 & z2
2x + 1 = 0 (A) An isosceles right angled triangle
(C) Complete real axis or a line segment joining (B) A right angled triangle which is not isosceles
(C) An equilateral triangle.
points excluding both.
(D) An isosceles triangle which is not right
angled
(D) Complete real axis or set of points lying
inside the rectangle formed by the lines. Q.8 Let z1, z2 & z3 be the complex numbers
2x+1=0;2x-1=0;2y 3 0& 2y 3 0 representing the vertices of a triangle ABC
respectively and a, b, c are lengths of BC, CA,
Q.2 If | z 4| 3,z C ,then the greatest and AB. If P is a point representing the complex
least value of |z + 1| are : number z0 satisfying : a(z1-z0)+ b(z2- z0)
(A) (7,1) (B) (6,1) + c(z3 -z0) = 0 , then w.r.t. the triangle ABC,
(C) (6,0) (D) None the point P is its :
Q.3 The maximum & minimum values of |z + 1| when
(A) Centroid (B) Orthocentre
|z + 3| 3 are
(A) (5,0) (B) (6,0) (C) Circumcentre (D) Incentre
(C) (7,1) (D) (5,1) Q.9 Three complex numbers are
Q.4 The points z1 3 3iand z 2 2 3 6i represented in the Argand diagram by the three
are given on a complex plane. The complex points A, B, C respectively. The complex
number represented by D where A, B, C, D
form a parallelogram with BD on a diagonal is:

(3 2 3) 3 2 (A) (B)
(A)z i
2 2 (C) (D)
(B) z = 5 + 5i (C) z = -1-i
(D) None Q.10 The set of points on an Argand diagram which
Q.5 The complex numbers whose real and imaginary
parts are integers and satisfy the relation satisfy both |z| 4Argz
& is :
3
zz3 z3z 35 forms a rectangle on the (A) A circle & A line (B) A radius of a circle
Argand plane, the length of whose diagonol is- (C) A sector of a circle (D) An infinite part line
(A) 5 (B) 10
Q.11 If z1 & z2 are two complex numbers & if
(C) 15 (D) 25
z1 z2
Q.6 If z1, z2, z3, z4 are the vertices of a square in arg but |z1 2z | |z1 z2|
that order, then which of the following do(es) z1 z2 2
not hold good ?
then the figure formed by the points represented
by 0, z1, z2, & z1 + z2 is :
(A) is purely imaginary
z3 z 2 (A) A parallelogram but not a square rectangle
z1 z 3 or a rhombus
(B) z is purely imaginary
2 z4 (B) A rectangle but not a square
z z (C) A rhombous but not a square
1 2
(C) is purely imaginary
z3 z4 (D) A square
(D) None of these

41
Complex Numbers
Q.12 If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of the ΔABC on Q.18 On the complex plane triangles OAP & OQR
the complex plane & are also the roots of the are similar and (OA ) 1. If the points P and
equation z3 - 3 z2 + 3 z + x = 0, then the Q denotes the complex numbers z1 & z2 then
condition for the ΔABC to be equilateral the complex number ‘z’ denoted by the point R
triangle is : is given by :
(A) 2= (B) = 2 z1
(C) 2=3 (D) =3 (A) z1 z2 (B) z
2
Q.13 Let A, B, C represent the complex numbers
z1 , z2 , z3 respectively on the complex plane.If z2 z1 z 2
(C) z (D) z
the circumcentre of the triangle ABC lies at
the origin. then the orthocentre is represented Q.19 Which of the following represents a point in an
by the complex number :
argand’s plane, equidistant from the roots of
(A) z1 + z2 - z3 (B) z2 + z3 - z1 equation (z + 1)4 = 16z4 ?
(C) z3 + z1 - z2 (D) z1 + z2 + z3
(A) (0,0) (B)
Q.14 If the complex number z satisfies the condition
1
|z| 3, then the least value ofz is
z (C)
equal to :
(A) 5/3 (B) 8/3 Q.20 If A and B be two complex numbers satisfying
(C) 11/3 (D) None of these A B
1 Then the two points represented
Q.15 Points z1 & z2 are adjacent vertices of a regular B A
octagon. The vertex z3 adjcent to z2(z3 z1) by A and B and the origin form the vertices of.
can be represented by : (A) An equilateral triangle
1 (B) An isoseles triangle which is not equilateral
(A)z2 (1 i) (z1 z2) (C) An isoseles triangle which is not right angled
2
(D) A right angled triangle
1
(B) z2 (1 i) 1() 2 Q.21 The equation of the radical axis of the two
2 circles represented by the equations,
| z - 2 | = 3 and | z - 2 - 3i | = 4 on the
1 (1
(C) z2 i) (z2 1z ) complex plane is :
2
(A) 3y + 1 = 0 (B) 3y - 1 = 0
(D) None of these
(C) 2y - 1 = 0 (D) None
Q.16 If q1, q2, q3 are the roots of the equation,
Q.22 Number of real solution of the equation,
x3 + 64 = 0, then the value of the determinant
z3 + iz - 1 = 0 is :
q q q
1 2 3 (A) zero (B) one
q q q (C) two (D) three
2 3 1 is :
q3 q1 q2 Q.23 A point ‘z’ moves on the curve | z - 4 - 3i | = 2
in an argand plane. The maximum and minimum
(A) 1 (B) 4 values of | z | are :
(C) 10 (D) None of these
(A) 2,1 (B) 6,5
Q.17 If z = (3 + 7i) (p + iq) where p , q I {0} , (C) 4,3 (D) 7,3
purely imaginary then minimum value of | z |2 isQ.24 The solutions of the equation in
(A) 0 (B) 58
z, |z|2 (z z) i (z z) 2 0are
3364
(C) (D) 3364 (A) 2 + i , 1 - i (B) 1 + i , 1 - i
3 (C) 1 + 2i , - 1- i (D) 1 + i , 1 + i

42
Complex Numbers
Q.25 If z1 = - 3 + 5i ; z2 = - 5 - 3i and z is a Q.31 If Ar (r = 1, 2, 3, , n) are the vertices of
complex number lying on the line segment a regular polygon inscribed in a circle of radius
joining z1 & z2 then arg z can be : R, then (A1A2)2 + (A1A3)2 + (A1A4)2
3 + + (A1An)2 =
(A) (B)
4 4
5 (A) nR2 (B) 2 nR2
(D) 2
(C)
6 6
(C) 4R2cot (D) (2n -1) R2
Q.26 The points of intersection of the two curves 2n
| z - 3 | = 2 and | z | = 2 in an argand plane are: Q.32 If the equation z4 + a1z3 + a2z2 + a3 z + a4 = 0,
1 1 where a1, a2, a3, a4 are real coefficients
(A) (7 i 3) (B) (3 i 7) different from zero has a pure imaginary root
2 2
a3 a1 a4
3 7 7 3 then the expression has the
(C) i (D) i a1a 2 a 2 a3
2 2 2 2 value equal to :
Q.27
(A) 0 (B) 1
then the modulus and the principal value of the (C) -2 (D) 2
argument of z are respectively :
Q.33 The locus represented by the equation,
|z-1| + |z+1| = 2 is :
(A) 2(1 sin ,
4 2 (A) An ellipse with focii (1,0) ; (-1,0)
(B) One of the family of circles passing through
(B) 2(1 sin ,
4 2 the points of intersection of the circles
|z-1| = 1 and |z+1| = 1
(C) 2(1 sin , (C) The radical axis of the circles |z-1| = 1
4 2 and |z+1| = 1
(D) The portion of the real axis between the
(D) 2(1 sin ,
4 2 points (1,0) ; (-1,0) including both.
Q.28 z1 & z2 are complex numbers. The equation
Q.34 Suppose A is a complex number & n ϵ N ,
z1 z2 z1 z2
z1z2 + z1z2 = such that An = (A + 1)n = 1, then the least
2 2
value of n is :
(A) 2 z 1 z2 (B) 2 z1 z2 (A) 3 (B) 6
(C) 9 (D) 12
2 2
(C)2 z1 2 z 2 2 (D) z 1 z 2
Q.35 All roots of the equation, (1 + z)6 + z6 = 0 :
(A) Lie on a unit circle with centre at the origin.
Q.29 Let z to be a complex number having the (B) Lie on a unit circle with centre at (-1,0)
argument , 0 /2 and satisfying the (C) Lie on the vertices of a regular polygon
with centre at the origin
6
equality |z-3i| = 3. Thencot is equal to:
z (D) Are collinear
(A) 1 (B) -1 Q.36 Let P denotes a complex number z on the
(C) i (D) -i Argand’s plane, and Q denotes a complex
Q.30 If , be the roots of the equation 2CiS he re
number 2|z|
u2 2u 2 0 & if cot x 1, then 4 w
ampz. if ‘O’ is the origin, then the
(x )n (x n)
is equal to : OPQ is :

sinn cosn (A) Isosceles but not right angled

(A) (B) (B) Right angled but not isosceles
sinn cosn
(C) Right isoscles
sinn cosn
(C) (D) (D) Equilateral
cosn sinn

43
Complex Numbers
Q.37 Q.44
z10 -z5 - 992 = 0 with real part negative is : =In0,the
p&quadratic equation
q are real. x2+of
If the sum (pthe
+iq) x+ of
squares
(A) 3 (B) 4 3i the roots is 8 then :
(C) 5 (D) 6 (A) p = 3, q = -1 (B) p = 3, q = 1
(C) p = -3, q = -1 (D) p = -3, q = 1
Q.38 Let z1, z2, z3 be three distinct complex numbers
satisfying |z1 -1| = |z2 -1| = |z3 -1|.
If z1 + z2 + z3 =3 then z1, z2, z3 must represent Q.45 The value of in + i-n, fori 1and n I is :
n 2n 2n 2n
the vertices of : (A) 2 (1 i)
(B)
(1 i) (1 i)
(A) An equilateral triangle (1 i)2n 2n 2
n
2
n
(B) An isoseles triangle which is not equilateral
(1 i)2n 2n 2n 2n
(C) A right triangle (C) n 2n (D) 2n 2n
2 (1 i) (1 i) (1 i)
(D) Nothing definite can be said.
Q.46 Let z1 & z2 be complex numbers such that
Q.39 If p a b c2 ; 2 z1 z2 & | z1| = | z2 |. If z1 has positive real part
r c a b 2 wherea,b,c 0 and is and z2 has negative imaginary part, then
the complex cube root of unity, then : z z
1 2
(A) p + q + r = a + b + c may be :
z1 z 2
(B) p2 + q2 + r2 = a2 + b2 + c2 (A) zero (B) real & positive
(C) p2 + q2 + r2 = 2 (pq + qr + rp) (C) real & negative (D) purely imaginary
(D) None of these Q.47 A complex number z satisfying the equation,
Q.40 z1 & z2 are two distinct points in argand plane.
az 1 bz 2
If a | z1 | = b | z2 | , then the point bz 2 az 1
is a point on the (a , b R) (A) can be purely real
(B) can be purely imaginary
(A) Line segment [-2,2] of the real axis (C) must be imaginary
(B) Line segment [-2,2] of the Imaginary axis (D) must be real or purely imaginary
(C) Unit circle | z | = 1
Q.48 Let S be the set of real values of x satisfying
(D) The line with arg z = tan-12
x 1 2i 2
Q.41 If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the inequality1 log2 0, then
the value of,(p+q)3+(p + q 2)3 +(p 2+ q 2 1
is- S contains :
(A) [-3, -1) (B) (-1,1]
(A) p3 + q3
(C) [-2,2) (D) [1,2]
(B) 3 (p3 + q3)
(C) 3 (p3 + q3) - pq ( p + q) Q.49 Given a, b, x, y R then which of the following
(D) 3 (p3 + q3) + pq ( p + q) statement(s) hold good ?
Q.42 The solution set of the equation, (A) (a ib) (x iy) 1 a ib x2 y2 1
x 0 (B) (1 ix)(1 ix) 1 a ib a2 b2 1
1 i3 x 2
(A) form an A.P. (B) form a G.P. (C) (a ib) (a ib) 1 x iy | x iy| 1
(C) form an H.P. (D) is a empty set 1
(y ix) (a ib) y ix |a ib| 1
Q.43 On the argand plane, let 2 3 , Q.50
2 3z & |z| =1. Then the correct , , R , then
statement is:
(A) x x cos( ) 1
(A) moves on the circle, centre at (-2,0)
and radius 3 x y
(B) 8 cos
(B) & describe the same locus z 2
x y
(C) a & move on different circles
(D) - moves on a circle concentric with |
z|=1

44
Complex Numbers
Q.51 If z x iy Q.56 If the complex numbers z1, z2,z3 & z1’, z2’ and
z3’ are representing the vertices of two triangles
of z is equal to : such that z3= (1-z0) z1+ z0 z2 & z3’ = (1-z0)
1 z1’ + z0 z2’ where z0is also a complex number
(A) r x ir x for y 0 then :
2
1 z1 z' 1
(B) r x ir x for y 0 1
2 1 0
(A) z 2 z 2'
1 z3 z 1
r x ir x for y 0 3'
C)
2
(B) The two triangles are congurent
1 (C) The two triangles are similar
(D) r x i r x for y 0
2 (D) The two triangles have the same area.
If ‘z’ be any complex number in a plane
Q.57
Q.52 If xr CiS r for 1 r r, n N then:
2 (| z | 0)then the complex number z for which
the multiplication inverse is equal to the additive
n

(A) Lim Re xr 1 inverse is :

n
r 1 (A) 0 + i (B) 0- i
n
(C) 1-i (D) 1 + i
(B) LimRe xr 0
n
r 1 Let z1, z2 be two complex nembers represented
n Q.5 by points on the circle |z1| = 1 and |z2|=2
(C) LimIm x r8 1
n respectively, then :
r 1
n (A) max |2z1 + z2| = 4 (B) min |z1 - z2| = 1
xr 0
(D) Lim mn 1
r 1
(C) z2 3 (D) None of these
Q.53 If 1, z1, z2, z3, zn-1 be the nth roots of z1

unity and be a non real complex cube root Q.59 If , be any two complex numbers such that
n 1

of unity then the product ( zr)can be

r 1 1, then
equal to : 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (A) | | 1 (B) | | 1
(C) -1 (D) 1+
i
(C) e , R (D) ei , R
Q.54 Identify the correct statements(s).
(A) no non zero complex number z satisfies 1 ix
Q.60 Given z a bi ; a,b,x R, then
the equation, z 4z 1 ix
which of the following holds good ?
(B)z zimplies that z is purely real
(C) z = -z implies that z is purely imaginary
(A) argz 0
(D) if z1, z2 are the roots of the quadratic 2
equation az2 +bz +c = 0 such that Im (z1z2) 0
(B) arg z 0
then a, b, c must be real numbers.
(C) |z| = 1
Q.55 For two complex numbers z1 & z2 , (D) arg z ; and | z | 1
bz2) if
(a,b,c,d R) :
a c a b

d c

45
Complex Numbers

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I

3 i 5 14
Q.1 z = 0, i, ± Q.2 -i Q.3 x= , y= Q.4 x = 3, y = -1
2 2 13 13

Q.6 3 3 Q.7 ±(1 - 3i) Q.8 n=4 Q.10 -1

2 cos isin
4
4

2r 3 2r 3
Q.11 x =2 cos isin where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5
20 5 20

Q.12 -1, 1 - 2 , 1 - 2 2 Q.14 z1 = (1- 3 ) + i; z2 = - i 3 ; z3 = (1 + 3)-i

2 (k ) n(n 1)(n2 3n 4)
k
Q.15 Centre 2 ; radius 2 Q.20 Q.21 5
1 k 1 k 4
Q.25 , 2 Q.32 3 |z| 7 Q.34 Interior of circle x2 + y2 = 25

EXERCISE-II
Q.2 12 Q.4 7 Q.5 10 Q.6 (a) - 7 , (b) zero Q.7 x2 + x + 2 = 0
2
Q.8 4 Q.10 41 Q.13 259 Q.15 26 Q.16 163 Q.17 (3+ 7i)
Q.18 48(1 - i) Q.19 - or - 2

2
Q.20 k>1 Q.21 | f (z) | is maximum when z = , where is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = 13
2
Q.22 144 Q.23 8 Q.24 198 Q.25 51

Q.26 (Z + 1) (Z² 2Z cos 36° + 1) (Z² 2Z cos 108° + 1)

2
i Q.29 (a) - 2 ; (b) 1/2 (c) 14 Q.30 (A) S; (B) Q; (C) P
2

EXERCISE-III
Q.1 (C) Q.2 (C) Q.3 (A) Q.4 (B) Q.5 (B) Q.6 (C) Q.7 (A)
Q.8 (D) Q.9 (A) Q.10 (B) Q.11 (C) Q.12 (A) Q.13 (D) Q.14 (B)
Q.15 (C) Q.16 (D) Q.17 (D) Q.18 (A) Q.19 (C) Q.20 (A) Q.21 (B)
Q.22 (A) Q.23 (D) Q.24 (D) Q.25 (D) Q.26 (B) Q.27 (A) Q.28 (D)
Q.29 (C) Q.30 (A) Q.31 (B) Q.32 (B) Q.33 (D) Q.34 (B) Q.35 (B)
Q.36 (C) Q.37 (C) Q.38 (A) Q.39 (C) Q.40 (A) Q.41 (B) Q.42 (A)
Q.43 (A)(B)(C) Q.44 (B)(C) Q.45 (B)(D) Q.46 (A)(D) Q.47 (A)(B)(D) Q.48 (A)(B)
Q.49 (A)(B)(C)(D) Q.50 (B)(C) Q.51 (A)(D) Q.52 (A)(D) Q.53 (A)(B)(D)
Q.54 (A)(B)(C) Q.55 (A)(D) Q.56 (A)(C) Q.57 (A)(B) Q.58 (A)(B)(C)
Q.59 (A)(B)(C)(D) Q. 60 (A)(B)(C)(D)

46
ROUGH WORK