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Design of Basic Quadcopter Architecture: Assignment-3

The document discusses the basic architecture and design of a quadcopter. It describes the main components, including the frame made of light, rigid materials to support motors, propellers, batteries and sensors. It also details the block diagram, which shows how the flight controller board receives signals from gyroscopes and the remote control to vary motor speeds through ESCs and maintain stable flight. Finally, it outlines the mechanisms controlling the quadcopter's motions, such as using throttle control and varying rotor speeds to change altitude or induce rolling, pitching and yawing.

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Praveen J L
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53 views6 pages

Design of Basic Quadcopter Architecture: Assignment-3

The document discusses the basic architecture and design of a quadcopter. It describes the main components, including the frame made of light, rigid materials to support motors, propellers, batteries and sensors. It also details the block diagram, which shows how the flight controller board receives signals from gyroscopes and the remote control to vary motor speeds through ESCs and maintain stable flight. Finally, it outlines the mechanisms controlling the quadcopter's motions, such as using throttle control and varying rotor speeds to change altitude or induce rolling, pitching and yawing.

Uploaded by

Praveen J L
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ASSIGNMENT-3

Design of basic quadcopter architecture

QUADCOPTER STRUCTURE

The main part of the quadcopter is frame which has four arms. The frame
should be light and rigid to host a LIPO battery, four brushless DC motors
(BLDC), controller board, four propellers, a video camera and different types of
sensors along with a light frame. The speed of BLDC motors is varied by
Electronic Speed Controller (ESC).For higher stability i.e. to have lower C.G.
the batteries are placed at lower half. The motors are placed equidistant from the
centre on opposite sides. To avoid any aerodynamic interaction between
propeller blades the distance between motors is roughly adjusted. All these parts
are mounted on the main frame or chassis of the quadcopter as shown in Fig.1.
The detail quadcopter part list is given at the end of this article in section
Appendix. Nowadays, main structure consists of a frame made of carbon
composite materials to increase payload and decrease the weight.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF QUADCOPTER

Onboard WIFI Ground


Right Motor ESC 2
Camera Transreceiver Station

Flight Controller Board + IMU


sensors
Front
ESC 1 Rear
Motor  Gyroscope ESC 3
Motor
 Accelerometer
 Barometer

PWM-PPM Wireless RC
Left Motor ESC 4
Modulator Receiver Transmitter

Quadcopter system works on the principle of air lifting phenomena with high
pressure. There is no particular design for such type of UAV because ongoing
research in new designs is unstable with nature of the conventional designs.
Every new design is aimed to be more stable and manoeuvrable. The stable
flight of a UAV heavily depends on the design and complexity in the designing
control system arises due to lower stability of the system. The motion of UAV
depends on the resultant forces and moments about the centre of gravity. A
good quantitative relation of forces and torque about C.G. of the body can be
obtained by the Newton-Euler model. For example, if a UAV needs to hover at
a particular height, the moments about the centre of gravity need to be zero. The
forces and moments applied at the centre of gravity depend on the structure and
design. The design of quadcopter has both mechanical engineering and
computer engineering aspects. The brief about computer engineering aspect is
given in Fig. 3. It is carried out in two stages as software and hardware
respectively . The quadcopter design is based on the embedded system platform.
It consists of microcontrollers which control the overall performance of
quadcopter such as flying mechanism and live streaming of videos. After the
microcontroller ESC is used to control the propeller speed depending on the
signal from the computer. The power supply of the quadcopter is achieved by
the battery. These requirements make sure that the quadcopter maintains stable
flight while moving or hovering.

Quadcopter Orientation

Gyroscope (roll, pitch, and yaw) send input to control board via microcontroller
to stabilize the copter during flight. As per code burnt in microcontroller, it
processes these signals to the ESC. These signals instruct the ESC to make fine
adjustments to the motors rotational speed which in turn stabilizes the
quadcopter. The control board also recives signals from the radio system
receiver (Rx) and passes these signals to the microcontroller via the aileron,
elevator, throttle and rudder inputs. Once this information has been processed
the IC will send varying signals to the ESC which will adjust the rotational
speed of each motor to induce controlled flight like (up, down, backwards,
forwards, left, right, yaw) as shown in the Fig. 4 Gyrogain for all 3 axis (Roll,
Pitch and yaw) is controlled by using 3 adjustable potentiometer .

Mechanism and Motion

Take –Off and Landing Motion (Throttle Control) Take-off is movement of


quadcopter that lifts up from ground to hover position and vice versa for landing
position. It is controlled by increasing or decreasing speed of four rotors
simultaneously which means changing the vertical motion. Forward and
Backward Motion (Pitch Control) Forward and backward motion is controlled
by increasing or decreasing speed of rear or front rotor. It also affect the pitch
angle of the quadcopter. Left and Right Motion Bend left and right motion of
quadcopter is controlled by changing the roll angle. Rotate left and right motion
of quadcopter is controlled by changing the yaw angle. Yaw angle control by
increasing /decreasing counterclock wise or decreasing /increasing clockwise
rotor speed. The Roll, Pitch and Yaw of quadcopter decide the movement and
motion in particular direction by varying the speed of rotors with help of ESC.

S. N. Component Name Qt. Image

1 Frame 1

2 Propeller Pairs 4

3 Motor 4

4 Remote Control 1

5 LI-PO Battery 1

6 ESC 4

7 Flight Control 1

8 Servo Leads 4

9 Micro SD Card 1

10 Camera with Lens Cap 1

11 Gimble Clamp 1

12 Propeller Detaching

Wrench
1

13 AA Batteries 4

14 DJI Smart Flight Battery 1

15 Charger 1

16 Power Cable 1

17 Plug Set 1

18 Micro-USB Cable 1

19 Stickers 1

14 Spare Dampers 4

15 Spare Screws 11

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