INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 2470-1

Second edition
2016-09-15

Paper, board and pulps —

Measurement of diffuse blue
reflectance factor —
Part 1:
Indoor daylight conditions (ISO
brightness)
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Papier, carton et pâtes — Mesurage du facteur de réflectance diffuse
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dans le bleu —
Partie 1: Conditions d’éclairage intérieur de jour (degré de
ISO 2470-1:2016
blancheur ISO)
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Reference number
ISO 2470-1:2016(E)

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ISO 2470-1:2016(E)


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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Principle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Apparatus...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.1 Reflectometer............................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5.2 Reference standards for calibration of the instrument and the working standards................... 3
5.3 Working standards............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6 Sampling and conditioning......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
7 Preparation of test pieces............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
8 Procedure..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
9 Expression of results......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
10 Test report.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Annex A (normative) Spectral characteristics of instruments for measuring ISO brightness.................. 6
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Annex B (normative) UV calibration service................................................................................................................................................. 8
Annex C (informative) Precision(standards.iteh.ai)
............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
ISO 2470-1:2016
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ISO 2470-1:2016(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
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Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first ISOedition (ISO 2470-1:2009), of which it constitutes a
2470-1:2016
minor revision including the following modifications:
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— references in Clause 2 and in the Bibliography have been updated;
— the terminology (Clause 3) has been revised to be consistent with the information provided in
ISO/TR  10688 and, wherever possible, with the symbols used in the CIE International Lighting
Vocabulary;
— references to “ISO/TC 6 authorized laboratories” have been eliminated;
— the precision statement has been moved to an informative annex (Annex C).
ISO 2470 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper, board and pulps — Measurement
of diffuse blue reflectance factor:
— Part 1: Indoor daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
— Part 2: Outdoor daylight conditions (D65 brightness)

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Introduction
The diffuse reflectance factor (radiance factor) depends on the conditions of measurement, particularly
the spectral and geometric characteristics of the instrument used. This part of ISO 2470 is therefore
intended to be read in conjunction with ISO 2469 which defines the geometric characteristics of the
instrument and also defines the photometric calibration procedure to be adopted.
The definition of ISO brightness is historically linked to the Zeiss Elrepho instrument having, as a light
source, an incandescent lamp which excites fluorescence to only a limited extent. It is specified here
that, in instruments of the abridged spectrophotometer or filter colorimeter type, the UV content of
the illumination be adjusted to conform to the CIE illuminant C as defined by a fluorescent reference
standard having an assigned value of ISO brightness as described in Annex B. Only if this is done can
the property measured on a fluorescent material be called ISO brightness.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2470-1:2016(E)

Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue

reflectance factor —
Part 1:
Indoor daylight conditions (ISO brightness)

1 Scope
This part of ISO  2470 specifies a method for measuring the diffuse blue reflectance factor (ISO
brightness) of pulps, papers and boards.
This part of ISO 2470 is limited in its scope to white and near-white pulps, papers and boards. The
measurement can only be made in an instrument in which the ultraviolet energy level of the illumination
has been adjusted to correspond to the CIE illuminant C[6] using a fluorescent reference standard.
The CIE illuminant C is taken to be representative of indoor daylight conditions because it contains a
suitable proportion of UV radiation.[9]
NOTE The property called D65 brightness is measured with an instrument adjusted to correspond with CIE
standard illuminant D65,[4] which has a much higher UV content than that specified in this part of ISO 2470. The
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measurement of D65 brightness is described in ISO 2470-2.[2]

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2 Normative references
ISO 2470-1:2016
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
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indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
1f09edd85f8d/iso-2470-1-2016
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 2469, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor)
ISO 3688, Pulps — Preparation of laboratory sheets for the measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor
(ISO brightness)
ISO 4094, Paper, board and pulps  — International calibration of testing apparatus  — Nomination and
acceptance of standardizing and authorized laboratories
ISO 7213, Pulps — Sampling for testing

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
diffuse radiance factor
β
ratio of the diffusely reflected radiance of a body in a given direction to that of the perfect reflecting
diffuser under specified conditions of irradiation
Note 1 to entry: For fluorescent (luminescent) materials, the specified conditions of irradiation in this part of
ISO 2470 are CIE illuminant C and the diffuse radiance factor is strictly the total radiance factor, β, which is the
sum of two components, the reflected radiance factor, βR , and the luminescent radiance factor, βL , so that:

β = βR + βL

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Note 2 to entry: For non-fluorescent materials, the diffuse radiance factor, βR , is simply the diffuse reflectance
factor R.

3.2
diffuse reflectance factor
R
ratio of the radiation reflected and emitted from a body to that reflected from the perfect reflecting
diffuser under the same conditions of diffuse illumination and normal detection
Note 1 to entry: The ratio is often expressed as a percentage.

Note 2 to entry: The diffuse reflectance factor is influenced by the backing if the body is translucent.

Note  3  to entry:  This part of ISO  2470 prescribes diffuse illumination and normal detection in an instrument
calibrated in accordance with the provisions of this part of ISO 2470.

3.3
intrinsic diffuse reflectance factor
R∞
diffuse reflectance factor of a layer or pad of material thick enough to be opaque, i.e. such that increasing
the thickness of the pad by doubling the number of sheets results in no change in the measured radiance
[reflectance] factor
Note 1 to entry: The diffuse reflectance factor of a single non-opaque sheet is dependent on the background and
is not a material property.

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ISO brightness
R457 (standards.iteh.ai)
intrinsic diffuse radiance (reflectance) factor measured with a reflectometer having the characteristics
described in ISO 2469, equipped with a filter or corresponding
ISO 2470-1:2016 function having an effective wavelength
of 457 nm and a half bandwidth of 44 nm, and adjusted so that the UV content of the irradiation incident
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upon the test piece corresponds to that of the CIE illuminant C
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Note 1 to entry: The filter function is described more fully by the weighting function factors given in Annex A and
Table A.1.

4 Principle
A test piece is illuminated diffusely in a standard instrument and the light reflected normal to the
surface is either allowed to pass through a defined optical filter and then measured by a photodetector
or measured by an array of photosensitive diodes, where each diode responds to a different effective
wavelength. The brightness is then determined directly from the output from the photodetector or by
calculation from the photosensitive diode outputs using the appropriate weighting function.

5 Apparatus

5.1 Reflectometer

5.1.1 Reflectometer having the geometric, spectral and photometric characteristics described
in ISO 2469 and calibrated in accordance with the provisions of ISO 2469, and equipped for the
measurement of blue reflectance factor as defined in Annex A.

5.1.2 In the case of a filter reflectometer, the radiation falling upon the test piece shall have a UV
content corresponding to that of the CIE illuminant C.

5.1.3 In the case of an abridged spectrophotometer, the instrument shall have an adjustable filter with
a cut-off wavelength of 395 nm or some other system for adjustment and control, and this filter shall be

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adjusted or the system shall be calibrated with the help of the fluorescence reference standard (5.2.3), so
that the UV content of the illumination falling upon the sample corresponds to that of the CIE illuminant C.

5.2 Reference standards for calibration of the instrument and the working standards

5.2.1 Use reference standards sufficiently frequently to ensure satisfactory calibration and UV
adjustment.
NOTE This frequency interval can be fixed according to a defined schedule or control limits (e.g. from drift
analysis of the measuring instrument).

5.2.2 Non-fluorescent reference standard for photometric calibration, fulfilling the requirements
for international reference standard of level 3 (IR3) as prescribed in ISO 2469.

5.2.3 Fluorescent reference standard for use in adjusting the UV content of the radiation incident
upon the sample, having an ISO-brightness value and other related data as specified in Annex B and
fulfilling the requirements for international reference standard of level 3 (IR3) as prescribed in ISO 2469.

5.3 Working standards

5.3.1 Two plates of flat opal glass, ceramic or other suitable non-fluorescent material, cleaned
and calibrated as described in ISO 2469.
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In some instruments, the function of the primary working standard can be taken over by a built-in
internal standard.
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5.3.2 Stable plastic or other tablet, incorporating a fluorescent whitening agent.
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5.3.3 Black cavity, having a reflectance factor which does not differ from its nominal value by more
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than 0,2 %, at all wavelengths. The black cavity should be stored upside down in a dust-free environment
or with a protective cover.
NOTE The condition of the black cavity can be checked by reference to the instrument maker.

6 Sampling and conditioning

If the tests are being made to evaluate a lot of paper or board, the sample shall be selected in accordance
with ISO 186. If a lot of pulps is to be evaluated, the sample shall be selected in accordance with ISO 7213.
If the tests are made on another type of sample, make sure that the test pieces taken are representative
of the sample received.
Conditioning according to ISO 187 is recommended but not required, but preconditioning with elevated
temperatures should not be applied since it might change the optical properties.

7 Preparation of test pieces

Regarding pulp samples, prepare laboratory sheets in accordance with ISO 3688.
Avoiding watermarks, dirt and obvious defects, cut rectangular test pieces approximately
75 mm × 150 mm. Assemble at least 10 of the test pieces in a pad with their top sides uppermost; the
number should be such that doubling the number of test pieces does not alter the diffuse reflectance
factor. Protect the pad by placing an additional sheet on both the top and bottom of the pad; avoid
contamination and unnecessary exposure to light or heat.
Mark the top test piece in one corner to identify the sample and its top side.

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