HEATING EFFECT OF CURRENT

PROJECT REPORT

by

S. PRIYANKA

Velammal Vidhyashram, Ambattur

Month & Year

This is to certify that this project report entitled HEATING EFFECT OF

CURRENT, is a bonafide record of work done by S.PRIYANKA under the supervision of

Mr. Mohamed Sultan during the academic year 2022 - 2023 in partial fulfillment of AISSCE

physics practical examination of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

Signature of External Examiner Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal

(ii)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As a student of class 12. I did this project on a part of my studies

entitled to "Heating Effect of current". I owe a deep sense of gratitude

to my Physics Teacher whose valuable advice, guidance and helped

me in doing this project from conception to completion.

At the same time, I thank my principal for extending her generous

patronage and constant encouragement. Finally I thank my parents for

helping me economically and also for giving me a helping hand

every step of the project.

Name of Author

(iii)
 DECLARATION BY AUTHOR

This is to declare that this report has been written by me. No part of the report is

plagiarized from other sources. All information included from other sources have been duly

acknowledged.

Name of Author

Place :

Date :

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 ABSTRACT

Advantages of heating effect of electric current:

The heating effect of current is used in heating appliances such as electric iron, room heaters

and water heaters. An electric fuse is an important application of the heating effect of current.

The working principle of the fuse is based on the heating effect of the current. They are also

utilized in electric bulbs and electric lamps to produce light.

This project is based on the heating effect of electric current, how the electric current is

heated up and the current flows is the topic.

I inserted the nichrome wire to a stand and connected it to a 9v battery and it gets heated up

when the electrons flow.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iii

1. Introduction ......................................................................... 1

1.1 Heating effect of electric current............................ 1

1.1.1 joules law of heating ............................................. 3

1.1.2 factor on which heat depends on ........... 5

1.2 Application of heating effect of electric current ........... 7

1.2.1 Electric iron ............................... 7

1.2.2 Electric bulb ...................................... 8

1.2.3 Electric heater ................. … … .. 9

1.2.4 Electric fuse …………… … … … 10

1.3 Scope of the project ............................................... 11

2. Approach Used of Determining .........................................

12

2.1 list of references .................. 12

Heating effect of electricity is one of the widely used effects in the

world. When electric current is passed through a conductor, it

generates heat due to the resistance it offers to the current flow. The

work done in overcoming the resistance is generated as heat.

When current flows through a conductor, heat energy is generated in

the conductor. The heating effect of an electric current depends on

three factors:

The resistance, R of the conductor. A higher resistance

produces more heat.

The time, t for which current flows. The longer the time

the larger the amount of heat produced.

The amount of current, I. the higher the current the larger

the amount of heat generated.

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 MATERIALS REQUIRED

📍9v battery
📍2 iron nails
📍Nichrome wire
📍clips

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1.1. Heating effect of electric current:

Electrons are very minute small particles that exist inside the

molecular structure of a substance. Sometimes very commonly, these electrons are tightly

held, and some other times they are very loosely held. When electrons are very loosely held

by the nucleus, they are able to travel freely within the limits of the appliance or source.

Electrons are negatively charged particles therefore they tend to move a number of electrical

charges, we say this movement of electrons is the electric current. It has to be noted and

observed that the number of electrons that tend to move governs the ability of a particular

substance to conduct electricity. Some materials allow the electrical current to move better

than others. Based on the ability of the material to conduct electricity, materials are classified

into conductors which allow current flow and insulators which do not allow current flow.

This flow of current in any appliance apart from the useful work liberates or exerts the

residual energy in form of heat or magnetism. In this article, we will explain the heating

effect of the electrical current. Also, the force that is required to drive the current flow

through the conductor is known as voltage.

when an electrical current is passed through a conductor, it generates excess heat due to the

resistance caused by the electrons in conductor to the flowing current. The work done in

overcoming this resistance to the current generates what we call heat in that conductor.The

electrical heating effect of the electrical current is most commonly and widely applied and

used in our daily life. For example, the electrical irons, kettles, toasters, electrical heaters, etc.

are used widely as alternatives as the conventional methods of cooking and also laundry. This

same effect is used widely in electrical bulbs which are the alternatives of conventional

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incandescent lamps. These devices have modernized and revolutionized the new sustainable

world over the years.

1.1.1. Joules law of heating :

The very famous physicist James Prescott found that the amount of heat

generated per second that develops in a conductor having current is directly proportional to

the electrical resistance of the wire and also with the square of the current given. This heat

which is liberated or generated because of the electrical current that flows in an electrical

wire is expressed in Joules.

Joule's first law :

By applying ohms law to the equation H = V × I × t. We can deduce the Joules law

or joules first law which gives the relationship between the heat that is produced by flowing

charges of electric current through a conductor. It is directly proportional to the square of the

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supplied current, the electrical resistance exerted by the appliance, and the time for which we

used it. This is known as joule’s law of heating. The following is its expression:

H = I2 × R × t

Where,

● H indicates the amount of heat.

● I shows the amount of the electrical current supplied.

● R is the value of electric resistance exerted in the conductor.

● t denotes the time for which the appliance is operated.

1.1.2. Factor on which heat depends on:

● The amount of liberated or generated heat is directly proportional to the given wire’s

electrical resistance when the electrical current in the given circuit and the flow of

supplied current is not altered or changed.

● The amount of liberated or generated heat in the conductor carrying current is directly

proportional to the square of the electrical current that flows through the given circuit

when the electrical resistance and current supply is kept constant.

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 ● The amount of the heat generated or produced because of the electrical current flow is

directly proportional to the time of usage of flow when the electrical resistance and

the current flow is constant.

Mechanism of heating effect :

Every conductor has a large number of free electrons which move

randomly in a random direction. When Potential difference is applied the current starts

flowing i.e. electrons move in a particular direction. During their movement electrons collide

with atoms and for each collision they lose some energy. The Kinetic energy of vibration of

atoms of conductor. This results in production of heat.

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1.2. Application of heating effect of electric current:

Following are some of the widely used common devices in which the

heating effect of current is used and harnessed for other purposes:

1.2.1.Electric iron:

Between the metal part and the electrical coil in an iron, Mica is placed which is

by nature is an insulator. The coil of the iron becomes warm or heated with the continuous

passage of current which is then passed on or transferred to the metallic part through the mica

used. Finally, after a while, the metallic part becomes very heated or whatever temperature

we have set, which is then used for ironing different material clothes according to our wish.

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1.2.2. Electric bulb:

Electrical bulb contains a very thick metallic wire which is in turn made up of

highly resistive tungsten metal. This metal is always kept in an inert environment so that it

doesn’t react and with a neutral gas or vacuum. When the electrical current flows through the

used tungsten wire, it becomes warm or heated, and then it emits light. Most of the electrical

power which is drawn in the electrical circuit from the electrical source is liberated or

dissipated in the form of heat and the rest is given or emitted in the form of light energy. The

tungsten filament used also has a high resistivity and has a very high melting point so that it

doesn’t get heated easily when used.

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1.2.3. Electric heater:

In an electrical heater, a very high resistance nichrome wire is mostly and

commonly used as a coil. The coil is rotated or wound on grooves which are made up of the

ceramic material of the iron plate or china clay plate. Whenever the electrical current flows in

the coil, it quickly becomes warm or heated, which is then widely used to heat our cooking

vessels. In mountain areas, electrical room heaters are used to keep their rooms warm and

heated to save themselves from the exhaustive cold outside.

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1.2.4. Electric fuse:

In any electrical instrument which we sometimes use due to a sudden rise in the

amount of current, the instrument or appliance gets overheated or burnt down which

sometimes may result in a severe fire. A conducting wire with a very low melting point is

joined or connected in series connection with the device or appliance circuit to avoid any

mishap or this type of accident. Whenever the current value somehow accidentally rises, the

wire inside the fuse melts due to the excessive heating and thus results in breaking the

electrical circuit saving the device as well as our lives. We choose or select the fuse according

to the appliance used. A device or an appliance that works on a higher current needs a greater

value of fuse and vice versa.

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1.3. Scope of the project:

Heating effect of electric current is based on the The amount of heat

generated in the current carrying conductor. Definition of heating effect of electric current:

When a current passes through a conductor, the electrons in the conductor collide rapidly, and

due to the collisions of these electrons, conductors produce heat energy.

Methods of electric heating are divided into two parts: power frequency heating and high

frequency heating.

Power frequency heating are divided into three:

● Direct resistance heating

● Indirect resistance heating

● Radiant heating

High frequency heating are divided into two:

● Direct induction heating

● Indirect induction heating

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List of reference :

● https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://peda.net/id/ff3896

3c32e&ved=2ahUKEwjw5o-qlon4AhWczzgGHSepBhcQFnoECEoQAQ&usg=AOv

Vaw0QlGD44OdfiaivYCINpsOJ.

● https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://school.careers360.

com/physics/heating-effect-electric-current-topic-pge/amp&ved=2ahUKEwi2iPehw4

n4AhVp1zgGHaabBYMQFnoECAQQBQ&usg=AOvVaw3na7HrGg1aloMxw0EzDl

oL

● https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.geeksforgeek

s.org/heating-effect-of-electric-current/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwjw5o-qlon4AhWczzgG

HSepBhcQFnoECCgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2RVz6avADh1Y4APAyQUELf

Reference of picture:

● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_iron

● https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjGqeSRy4n4Ah

UHwjgGHWHICqcQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.toppr.com%2Fgui

des%2Fphysics%2Felectronics%2Felectric-bulb%2F&psig=AOvVaw2ucAoUY_kS3j

9e7DPt4yjb&ust=1654081293488315

● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_heater

● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_%28electrical%29

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