Business Mathematics: Lesson 2 (Student Copy)

Continuous Probability Distributions

We consider two families of continuous probability distributions, the uniform probability distribution, and the
normal probability distribution.

The Family of Uniform Probability Distributions

This distribution is rectangular in shape and is defined by minimum and maximum values.

Example 1:

The time to fly via a commercial airliner from Orlando, Florida, to Atlanta,
Georgia, ranges from 60 minutes to 120 minutes. The random variable is the
flight time within this interval. The variable of interest, flight time in minutes,
is continuous in the interval from 60 minutes to 120 minutes.

A uniform distribution is shown. The distribution’s shape is rectangular and

has a minimum value of 𝑎 and a maximum of 𝑏. Also notice in the chart, the
height of the distribution is constant or uniform for all values between a and
b.
𝑎+𝑏
MEAN OF THE UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION 𝜇= 2

(𝑏−𝑎)2
STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION 𝜎=√ 12

The equation for the uniform probability distribution is:

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𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
𝑏−𝑎

The total area within a continuous probability distribution is equal to 1.00. You can verify this using the formula for
the area of a rectangle on chart above.

Example 2:

Southwest Arizona State University provides bus service to students while they are on campus. A bus arrives at the
North Main Street and College Drive stop every 30 minutes between 6 A.M. and 11 P.M. during weekdays. Students
arrive at the bus stop at random times. The time that a student waits is uniformly distributed from 0 to 30 minutes.

a. Draw a graph of this distribution.

b. Show that the area of this uniform distribution is 1.00.
c. How long will a student “typically” have to wait for a bus? In other words, what is the mean waiting time?
What is the standard deviation of the waiting times?
d. What is the probability a student will wait more than 25 minutes?
e. What is the probability a student will wait between 10 and 20 minutes?

Answer:

In this case, the random variable is the length of time a student must
wait. Time is measured on a continuous scale, and the wait times may
range from 0 minutes up to 30 minutes.

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 a. The graph of the uniform distribution is shown in the chart above. The horizontal line is drawn at a height
of 0.0333, found by 1/(30 − 0). The range of this distribution is 30 minutes.
b. Mean: 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 30

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ℎ × 𝑏
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × (𝑏 − 𝑎) = 1.0
(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎+𝑏
c. 𝜇= = 15
2
d. The area within the distribution for the interval 25 to 30 represents this particular probability. From the
area formula:
1
𝑃(25 < 𝑤𝑎𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 < 30) = (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) × (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) = × 5 = 0.1667
(30 − 0)

e. Now you work out this one and display using a graph such as the one above

Practice 1:

Australian sheepdogs have a relatively short life. The length of their life follows a uniform distribution between 8
and 14 years.

a. Draw this uniform distribution. What are the height and base values?
b. Show the total area under the curve is 1.00.
c. Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of this distribution.
d. What is the probability a particular dog lives between 10 and 14 years?
e. What is the probability a dog will live less than 9 years?

Exercise 1:

1. A uniform distribution is defined over the interval from 6 to 10.

a. What are the values for a and b?

b. What is the mean of this uniform distribution?
c. What is the standard deviation?
d. Show that the total area is 1.00.
e. Find the probability of a value more than 7.
f. Find the probability of a value between 7 and 9.

2. A uniform distribution is defined over the interval from 2 to 5.

a. What are the values for a and b?

b. What is the mean of this uniform distribution?
c. What is the standard deviation?
d. Show that the total area is 1.00.
e. Find the probability of a value more than 2.6.
f. Find the probability of a value between 2.9 and 3.7.

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3. The closing price of Schnur Sporting Goods Inc. common stock is uniformly distributed between $20 and 30 per
share. What is the probability that the stock price will be:

a. More than $27?

b. Less than or equal to $24?

4. According to the Insurance Institute of America, a family of four spends between $400 and $3,800 per year on all
types of insurance. Suppose the money spent is uniformly distributed between these amounts.

a. What is the mean amount spent on insurance?

b. What is the standard deviation of the amount spent?
c. If we select a family at random, what is the probability they spend less than $2,000 per year on insurance
per year?
d. What is the probability a family spends more than $3,000 per year?

5. The April rainfall in Flagstaff, Arizona, follows a uniform distribution between 0.5 and 3.00 inches.

a. What are the values for a and b?

b. What is the mean amount of rainfall for the month? What is the standard deviation?
c. What is the probability of less than an inch of rain for the month?
d. What is the probability of exactly 1.00 inch of rain?
e. What is the probability of more than 1.50 inches of rain for the month?

6. Customers experiencing technical difficulty with their Internet cable hookup may call an 800 number for technical
support. It takes the technician between 30 seconds to 10 minutes to resolve the problem. The distribution of this
support time follows the uniform distribution.

a. What are the values for a and b in minutes?

b. What is the mean time to resolve the problem? What is the standard deviation of the time?
c. What percent of the problems take more than 5 minutes to resolve?
d. Suppose we wish to find the middle 50 percent of the problem-solving times. What are the end points of
these two times?

The Family of Normal Probability Distributions

(𝑋−𝜇)2
1 −[ ]
NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝜎 √2𝜋
𝑒 2𝜎2

A normal distribution is based on— that is, it is defined by—its mean and standard deviation.

You will not need to make any calculations from formula. Instead you will be using a table, which is given at the end
of this handout, to look up the various probabilities.

The normal probability distribution has the following major characteristics:

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 1. It is bell-shaped and has a single peak at the center of
the distribution. The arithmetic mean, median, and
mode are equal and located in the center of the
distribution. The total area under the curve is 1.00. Half
the area under the normal curve is to the right of this
center point and the other half to the left of it.
2. It is symmetrical about the mean. If we cut the normal
curve vertically at the center value, the two halves will
be mirror images.
3. It falls off smoothly in either direction from the central
value. That is, the distribution is asymptotic: The curve gets closer and closer to the X-axis but never actually
touches it. To put it another way, the tails of the curve extend indefinitely in both directions.
4. The location of a normal distribution is determined by the mean, 𝜇. The dispersion or spread of the
distribution is determined by the standard deviation, 𝜎.

With a continuous probability distribution, areas below the curve define probabilities. The total area under the
normal curve is 1.0. This accounts for all possible outcomes. Because a normal probability distribution is symmetric,
the area under the curve to the left of the mean is 0.5, and the area under the curve to the right of the mean is 0.5.

The Standard Normal Probability Distribution

The number of normal distributions is unlimited, each having a different mean (𝜇), standard deviation (𝜎), or both.
Fortunately, one member of the family can be used to determine the probabilities for all normal probability
distributions. It is called the standard normal probability distribution, and it is unique because it has a mean of 0
and a standard deviation of 1.

Any normal probability distribution can be converted into a standard normal probability distribution by subtracting
the mean from each observation and dividing this difference by the standard deviation. The results are called 𝑧
values or 𝑧 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠.

𝑧 value, is the signed distance between a selected value, designated 𝑋, and the mean, 𝜇, divided by the standard
deviation, 𝜎.

So, a 𝑧 value is the distance from the mean, measured in units of the standard deviation.
𝑋−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
Once the normally distributed observations are standardized, the z values are normally distributed with a mean of
0 and a standard deviation of 1. So the z distribution has all the characteristics of any normal probability distribution.

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Example 3:

The chart here shows the distribution of box weights of Sugar Yummies. To
explain, suppose we wish to compute the probability that boxes of Sugar
Yummies weigh between 283 and 285.4 grams. From the chart, we know that
the box weight of Sugar Yummies follows the normal distribution with a mean
of 283 grams and a standard deviation of 1.6 grams. We want to know the
probability or area under the curve between the mean, 283 grams, and 285.4
grams. We can also express this problem using probability notation, similar to
the style used in the previous chapter:

𝑃(283 < 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 < 285.4)

To find the probability, it is necessary to convert both 283 grams and 285.4 grams to z values using formula 𝑧 =
𝑋−𝜇
. The z value corresponding to 283 is 0 and the z value corresponding to 285.4 is 1.50 found. Next we go to the
𝜎
z-score table given to you. Go down the column of the table headed by the letter z to 1.5. Then move horizontally
to the right and read the probability under the column headed 0.00. It is 0.4332. This means the area under the
curve between 0.00 and 1.50 is 0.4332. This is the probability that a randomly selected box of Sugar Yummies will
weigh between 283 and 285.4 grams. This is illustrated in the following graph.

Applications of the Standard Normal Distribution

Example 4:

The weekly incomes of shift foremen in the glass industry follow the normal probability distribution with a mean of
$1,000 and a standard deviation of $100. What is the z value for the income, let’s call it X, of a foreman who earns
$1,100 per week? For a foreman who earns $900 per week?

For X = $1100 For X = $900

𝑋−𝜇 𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= = 1.00 𝑧= = −1.00
𝜎 𝜎
The z of 1.00 indicates that a weekly income of $1,100 is one standard deviation above the mean, and a z of -1.00
shows that a $900 income is one standard deviation below the mean. Note that both incomes ($1,100 and $900)
are the same distance ($100) from the mean.

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Practice 2:

Using the information in the preceding example convert:

(a) The weekly income of $1,225 to a z value. (b) The weekly income of $775 to a z value.

The Empirical Rule

Before examining further applications of the
standard normal probability distribution, we
will consider three areas under the normal
curve that will be used extensively in the
following chapters.

1. About 68 percent of the area under the

normal curve is within one standard
deviation of the mean. This can be
written as 𝜇 ± 1𝜎.
2. About 95 percent of the area under the
normal curve is within two standard
deviations of the mean, written 𝜇 ± 2𝜎.
3. Practically all of the area under the normal curve is within three standard deviations of the mean, written 𝜇 ±
3𝜎
Transforming measurements to standard normal deviates changes the scale. The conversions are also shown
in the graph. For example, 𝜇 ± 1𝜎 is converted to a z value of 1.00. Likewise, 𝜇 − 2𝜎 is transformed to a z
value of -2.00. Note that the center of the z distribution is zero, indicating no deviation from the mean, 𝜇.

Example 5:

As part of its quality assurance program, the Autolite Battery Company conducts tests on battery life. For a particular
D-cell alkaline battery, the mean life is 19 hours. The useful life of the battery follows a normal distribution with a
standard deviation of 1.2 hours.

Answer the following questions.

1. About 68 percent of the batteries failed

between what two values?
2. About 95 percent of the batteries failed
between what two values?
3. Virtually all of the batteries failed
between what two values?

We can use the results of the Empirical Rule to

answer these questions.

1. About 68 percent of the batteries will

fail between 17.8 and 20.2 hours, found by 19.0 ± 1(1.2) hours.
2. About 95 percent of the batteries will fail between 16.6 and 21.4 hours, found by 19.0 ± 2(1.2) hours.
3. Practically all failed between 15.4 and 22.6 hours, found by 19.0 ± 3(1.2) hours.

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Practice 3:

The distribution of the annual incomes of a group of middle-management employees at Compton Plastics
approximates a normal distribution with a mean of $47,200 and a standard deviation of $800.

(a) About 68 percent of the incomes lie between what two amounts?
(b) About 95 percent of the incomes lie between what two amounts?
(c) Virtually all of the incomes lie between what two amounts?
(d) What are the median and the modal incomes?
(e) Is the distribution of incomes symmetrical?

Exercise 2:

1. Explain what is meant by this statement: “There is not just one normal probability distribution but a ‘family’
of them.”
2. List the major characteristics of a normal probability distribution.
3. The mean of a normal probability distribution is 500; the standard deviation is 10.
a. About 68 percent of the observations lie between what two values?
b. About 95 percent of the observations lie between what two values?
c. Practically all of the observations lie between what two values?
4. The mean of a normal probability distribution is 60; the standard deviation is 5.
a. About what percent of the observations lie between 55 and 65?
b. About what percent of the observations lie between 50 and 70?
c. About what percent of the observations lie between 45 and 75?
5. The Kamp family has twins, Rob and Rachel. Both Rob and Rachel graduated from college 2 years ago, and
each is now earning $50,000 per year. Rachel works in the retail industry, where the mean salary for
executives with less than 5 years’ experience is $35,000 with a standard deviation of $8,000. Rob is an
engineer. The mean salary for engineers with less than 5 years’ experience is $60,000 with a standard
deviation of $5,000. Compute the z values for both Rob and Rachel and comment on your findings.
6. A recent article in the Cincinnati Enquirer reported that the mean labor cost to repair a heat pump is $90
with a standard deviation of $22. Monte’s Plumbing and Heating Service completed repairs on two heat
pumps this morning. The labor cost for the first was $75 and it was $100 for the second. Assume the
distribution of labor costs follow the normal probability distribution. Compute z values for each and
comment on your findings.

Finding Areas under the Normal Curve

Example 6:

Recall in an earlier example we reported that the mean weekly income of a shift foreman in the glass industry is
normally distributed with a mean of $1,000 and a standard deviation of $100. That is, 𝜇 = $1,000 and 𝜎 = $100.
What is the likelihood of selecting a foreman whose weekly
income is between $1,000 and $1,100? We write this question
in probability notation as: 𝑃($1,000 < 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 <
$1,100).

First find the z score corresponding to 𝑋 = 1100 = 1

Read the corresponding area value from the z score table.

That is the value corresponding intersecting value under
column 0.00 and row value for z= 1.00. The value is 0.3413.
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The area under the normal curve between $1,000 and $1,100 is .3413. We could also say 34.13 percent of the shift
foremen in the glass industry earn between $1,000 and $1,100 weekly, or the likelihood of selecting a foreman and
finding his or her income is between $1,000 and $1,100 is .3413.

suppose we wanted the probability of selecting a foreman who earned less than $1,100. In probability notation, we
write this statement as 𝑃(𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 < $1,100).

Hence the answer is 0.8413. About 84 percent of the foremen in the glass industry earn less than $1,100 per week.

Example 7:

Refer to the information regarding the weekly income of

shift foremen in the glass industry. The distribution of
weekly incomes follows the normal probability
distribution, with a mean of $1,000 and a standard
deviation of $100. What is the probability of selecting a
shift foreman in the glass industry whose income is:

1. Between $790 and $1,000?

2. Less than $790?

We begin by finding the z value corresponding to a

𝑋−𝜇
weekly income of $790, 𝑧 = 𝜎
= −2.10 Move down the left margin to the row 2.1 and across that row to the
column headed 0.00. The value is 0.4821. So the area under the standard normal curve corresponding to a z value
of 2.10 is 0.4821. However, because the normal distribution is symmetric, the area between 0 and a negative z value
is the same as that between 0 and the corresponding positive z value. The likelihood of finding a foreman earning
between $790 and $1,000 is 0.4821.

In probability notation, we write 𝑃($790 < 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 < $1000) = 0.4821

Now you work out the answer to the second Question.

Practice 4:

The temperature of coffee sold at the Coffee Bean Cafe follows the normal probability distribution, with a mean of
150 degrees. The standard deviation of this distribution is 5 degrees.

(a) What is the probability that the coffee temperature is between 150 degrees and 154 degrees?
(b) What is the probability that the coffee temperature is more than 164 degrees?

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In brief, there are four situations for finding the area under the standard normal probability distribution.

1. To find the area between 0 and z or (-z), look up the probability directly in the table.
2. To find the area beyond z or (-z), locate the probability of z in the table and subtract that probability from
0.5000.
3. To find the area between two points on different sides of the mean, determine the z values and add the
corresponding probabilities.
4. To find the area between two points on the same side of the mean, determine the z values and subtract the
smaller probability from the larger.

Exercise 3:

1. A normal population has a mean of 20.0 and a standard deviation of 4.0.

a. Compute the z value associated with 25.0.
b. What proportion of the population is between 20.0 and 25.0?
c. What proportion of the population is less than 18.0?
2. A normal population has a mean of 12.2 and a standard deviation of 2.5.
a. Compute the z value associated with 14.3.
b. What proportion of the population is between 12.2 and 14.3?
c. What proportion of the population is less than 10.0?
3. A recent study of the hourly wages of maintenance crew members for major airlines showed that the mean
hourly salary was $20.50, with a standard deviation of $3.50. Assume the distribution of hourly wages
follows the normal probability distribution. If we select a crew member at random, what is the probability
the crew member earns:
a. Between $20.50 and $24.00 per hour?
b. More than $24.00 per hour?
c. Less than $19.00 per hour?
4. The mean of a normal probability distribution is 400 pounds. The standard deviation is 10 pounds.
a. What is the area between 415 pounds and the mean of 400 pounds?
b. What is the area between the mean and 395 pounds?
c. What is the probability of selecting a value at random and discovering that it has a value of less
than 395 pounds?
5. A normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 4.
a. Compute the probability of a value between 44.0 and 55.0.
b. Compute the probability of a value greater than 55.0.
c. Compute the probability of a value between 52.0 and 55.0.
6. A normal population has a mean of 80.0 and a standard deviation of 14.0.
a. Compute the probability of a value between 75.0 and 90.0.
b. Compute the probability of a value 75.0 or less.
c. Compute the probability of a value between 55.0 and 70.0.
7. According to the Internal Revenue Service, the mean tax refund for the year 2007 was $2,708. Assume the
standard deviation is $650 and that the amounts refunded follow a normal probability distribution.
a. What percent of the refunds are more than $3,000?
b. What percent of the refunds are more than $3,000 but less than $3,500?
c. What percent of the refunds are more than $2,500 but less than $3,500?

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 8. The number of viewers of American Idol has a mean of 29 million with a standard deviation of 5 million.
Assume this distribution follows a normal distribution. What is the probability that next week’s show will:
a. Have between 30 and 34 million viewers?
b. Have at least 23 million viewers?
c. Exceed 40 million viewers?
9. WNAE, an all-news AM station, finds that the distribution of the lengths of time listeners are tuned to the
station follows the normal distribution. The mean of the distribution is 15.0 minutes and the standard
deviation is 3.5 minutes. What is the probability that a particular listener will tune in:
a. More than 20 minutes?
b. For 20 minutes or less?
c. Between 10 and 12 minutes?
10. Among U.S. cities with a population of more than 250,000, the mean one-way commute time to work is
24.3 minutes. The longest one-way travel time is New York City, where the mean time is 38.3 minutes.
Assume the distribution of travel times in New York City follows the normal probability distribution and the
standard deviation is 7.5 minutes.
a. What percent of the New York City commutes are for less than 30 minutes?
b. What percent are between 30 and 35 minutes?
c. What percent are between 30 and 40 minutes?

Previous examples require finding the percent of the observations located between two observations or the percent
of the observations above, or below, a particular observation X. A further application of the normal distribution
involves finding the value of the observation X when the percent above or below the observation is given.

Example 8:

Layton Tire and Rubber Company wishes to set a minimum mileage guarantee on its new MX100 tire. Tests reveal
the mean mileage is 67,900 with a standard deviation of 2,050 miles and that the distribution of miles follows the
normal probability distribution. Layton wants to set the
minimum guaranteed mileage so that no more than 4
percent of the tires will have to be replaced. What minimum
guaranteed mileage should Layton announce? The facets of
this case are shown in the following diagram, where X
represents the minimum guaranteed mileage.

Inserting these values we have

𝑋 − 67900
𝑧=
20500
Notice that there are two unknowns, z and X. To find X, we
first find z, and then solve for X. Notice the area under the
normal curve to the left of 𝜇 is .5000. The area between 𝜇 and
X is 0.4600, found by 0.5000 - 0.0400. Now refer to z-score
table. Search the body of the table for the area closest to
0.4600. The closest area is 0.4599. Move to the margins from
this value and read the z value of 1.75. Because the value is
to the left of the mean, it is actually -1.75.

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Knowing that the distance between 𝜇 and X is −1.75𝜎 or 𝑧 = −1.75, we can now solve for X (the minimum
guaranteed mileage): Plugging the values, paying attention to signs, we get 64312.

So Layton can advertise that it will replace for free any tire that wears out before it reaches 64,312 miles, and the
company will know that only 4 percent of the tires will be replaced under this plan.

Exercise 4:

1. Normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 4. Determine the value below which 95
percent of the observations will occur.
2. A normal distribution has a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 14. Determine the value above which
80 percent of the values will occur.
3. Assume that the mean hourly cost to operate a commercial airplane follows the normal distribute with a
mean of $2,100 per hour and a standard deviation of $250. What is the operating cost for the lowest 3
percent of the airplanes?
4. The SAT Reasoning Test (formerly called the Scholastic Aptitude Test) is perhaps the most widely used
standardized test for college admissions in the United States. Scores are based on a normal distribution
with a mean of 1500 and a standard deviation of 300. Clinton College would like to offer an honors
scholarship to students who score in the top 10 percent of this test. What is the minimum score that
qualifies for the scholarship?
5. According to media research, the typical American listened to 195 hours of music in the last year. This is
down from 290 hours four years earlier. Dick Trythall is a big country and western music fan. He listens to
music while working around the house, reading, and riding in his truck. Assume the number of hours spent
listening to music follows a normal probability distribution with a standard deviation of 8.5 hours.
a. If Dick is in the top 1 percent in terms of listening time, how many hours does he listen per year?
b. Assume that the distribution of times four years earlier also follows the normal probability
distribution with a standard deviation of 8.5 hours. How many hours did the 1 percent who listen
to the least music actually listen?
6. For the most recent year available, the mean annual cost to attend a private university in the United States
was $26,889. Assume the distribution of annual costs follows the normal probability distribution and the
standard deviation is $4,500. Ninety-five percent of all students at private universities pay less than what
amount?
7. In economic theory, a “hurdle rate” is the minimum return that a person requires before they will make an
investment. A research report says that annual returns from a specific class of common equities are
distributed according to a normal distribution with a mean of 12 percent and a standard deviation of 18
percent. A stock screener would like to identify a hurdle rate such that only 1 in 20 equities is above that
value. Where should the hurdle rate be set?
8. The manufacturer of a laser printer reports the mean number of pages a cartridge will print before it needs
replacing is 12,200. The distribution of pages printed per cartridge closely follows the normal probability
distribution and the standard deviation is 820 pages. The manufacturer wants to provide guidelines to
potential customers as to how long they can expect a cartridge to last. How many pages should the
manufacturer advertise for each cartridge if it wants to be correct 99 percent of the time?

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z- score table (Left of the Curve)
z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0 0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.091 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.148 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.17 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.195 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.219 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.258 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.291 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.334 0.3365 0.3389
1 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.377 0.379 0.381 0.383
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.398 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.437 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.475 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.483 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.485 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.489
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.492 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.494 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.496 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.497 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.498 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.499 0.499
3.1 0.499 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4997
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998

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z- score table (Right of the Curve)
z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0 0.5 0.504 0.508 0.512 0.516 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.591 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.648 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.67 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.695 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.719 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.758 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.791 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.834 0.8365 0.8389
1 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.877 0.879 0.881 0.883
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.898 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.937 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.975 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.983 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.985 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.989
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.992 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.994 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.996 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.997 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.998 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.999 0.999
3.1 0.999 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998

13