INTRODUCTION CYCLES

There was a time were most regions were economically For some, globalization is a long term cyclical process,
self-sufficient. Locally produced foods, fuels and raw thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task
materials were generally processed for local
Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the
consumption. Trade between different regions were
idea that other global ages have appeared
quite limited
EPOCH
Today, the economies of most countries are so
interconnected that they form part of a single, Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of
interdependent global economy. globalization. These are also called “waves” and each
has its own origin
Globalization is arguably the most important factor
currently shaping the world economy. Although it is not The difference between epoch and cycles is that it does
a new phenomenon (waves of globalization can be not treat epochs as returning
traced back to the 1800s) the changes it is bringing
about now occur far more rapidly, spread more widely 1.GlobalizationofReligion
and have a much greater business, economic and social 2.Europeancolonial conquests
impact than ever before.
3.Intra-European wars
Globalization
4.Heydayof European imperialism
- IT ENCOMPASSES A MULTITUDE OF PROCESSES
THAT INVOLVES THE ECONOMY, POLITICAL 5.Post-World War IIperiod
SYSTEMS, AND CULTURE 6.Post-Cold Warperiod
- IT HAS GAINED MANY CONNOTIONS
PERTAINING TO PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT, EVENTS
AND INTEGRATION.
Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth
- OTHERS MAY SAW GLOBALIZATION AS A
view in explaining the origin of globalization
"POSITIVE PHENOMENON"
- ON THE OTHER HAND,SOME SEE IT AS CYCLES
OCCURING THROUGH AND WITH REGRESSION,
Scholars today point to these three notable changes as
COLONIALISM AND DESTABILZATION.
the origin of globalization that we know today
Characteristics of Globalization
1.The emergence of the United States as the global
- MOBILITY power (post-World War II)
- FREETRADE
2.The emergence of multinational corporations(MNCs)
- CONNECTIVITY
- BORDERLESS WORLD 3.Thedemiseof the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold
- CULTURAL DIVERSITY War
- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Metaphors of Globalization
Origins & History of Globalization
SOLIDITY
HARDWIRED
refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the
According to Nayan Chanda, globalization was made movement of things.
possible because of our basic human need to make our
It can be:
lives better.
(1) Natural – e.g. Landforms and bodies of water
Therefore, we can trace that globalization started when
our ancestors in Africa started to walk away to find (2) Man-made. – e.g. great wall of china and nine-dash
better food, shelter, etc. line
LIQUIDITY EIGHT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, - Having a global partnership for development.
things, information, and places in the contemporary - Improving maternal health
World. - Combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria
- Ensuring environmental sustainability
Flows
POVERTY
Flows are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by the growing “porosity” of global A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic
limitations(Ritzer, 2015) human needs including food, safe drinking water,
sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and
HEAVY
information.
It is characterized by that which is difficult to move.
People living in an absolute poverty makes less than
Because of their heaviness, workers tended to stay put $1.25 a day.
and what they produced could be moved only with
A person is officially living in poverty if he makes less
great effort and at great expense
than 100,536 pesos a year, around 275 pesos a day. In
LIGHT USA 12,140 USD

Goods and people that are easier or lighter to move - The UN reported that 836 million people still
because of advances especially in technology live in extreme poverty but that is down from
1.9 billion, so there’s success or at least a lot of
progress.
- The World Bank predicted that by 2030 the
number of people living in extreme poverty
could drop to less than 400 million.
- However, climate change has to be considered
since it is a threat to these improvements in
global poverty

How does poverty relate to global economy?

The grates contribution why extreme poverty is falling,

it is because of Economic Globalization

The world’s economies have become more

interconnected and free trade has driven the growth of
many developing economies

ECONOMY

The process or system by which goods and services are

produced, sold, and bought in a country or region.

The system of production, distribution, and

consumption

GLOBAL ECONOMY

It refers to the increasing interdependence of world

economies as result of the growing scale of cross border
trade of commodities and services, flow of international
capital, and wide and rapid spread of technologies
it is a world-wide economic activity between various ▪ Protection of workers
countries that are considered intertwined and thus can
▪ Establishment of more just prices
affect other countries negatively or positively.
▪ Engagement in sustainable production
TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIES (ASSOCIATED WITH
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION) ▪ Creation of relationships between producers and
consumers
PROTECTIONISM
▪ Promotion of safe working environment
A policy of systematic government intervention in
foreign trade with the objective of encouraging WHAT IS ECONOMIC GROWTH?
domestic production.
an increase in the amount of goods and services
This encouragement involves giving preferential produced per head of the population over a period of
treatment to domestic producers and discriminating time
against foreign competitors.
To be most accurate, the measurement must remove
Trade protectionism comes in forms of tariffs and the effects of inflation.
quotas
HOW TO MEASURE ECONOMIC GROWTH
It occurred during the mercantilist era (15th to 16th
century) until the early years of Industrial Revolution Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the best way to
measure economic growth. It takes into account the
the peak of protectionism was during the Great country's entire economic output.
Depression of 1929
It includes all goods and services that businesses in the
Countries being accused of practicing protectionism: country produce for sale. It doesn't matter whether
they are sold domestically or overseas.
• Japan • China • United States of America
COMPUTING GDP:
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
GDP = private consumption + gross investment +
It is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers
government investment + government spending +
on the free exchange of goods between nations.
(exports – imports)
The World War II heavily LIBERALIZATION influenced
In our country, economic growth is projected to gain
the shifting of dominant economic policy from
further traction, rising from 6.7 per cent in 2017 to 6.9
protectionism to trade liberalization or free trade.
per cent in 2018 and 2019.
Technological advances in transportation and
We are considered “developing country” by the United
communication means goods and services move
Nations with a low middle income.
around the world more easily than ever
PHILIPPINES’ IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMY
There are several ways LIBERALIZATION the country can
make trade easier. One of them is Fair Trade After mine shutdowns in the Philippines due to
environmental concerns had driven the nickel price up
It is the concern for the social, economic, and
to $11,010 per ton on December 2016, the nickel price
environmental well-being of marginalized small
receded to $8,928 per ton in June 2017
producers.
The price of nickel increased thereafter to $10,849 in
FAIR TRADE
August 2017 amidst strong demand and uncertainty
as defined the International Fair Trade Association, is about supply conditions in major exporters, namely the
the concern for social, economic and environmental Philippines and Indonesia
well-being of marginalized small producers
In terms of fiscal policy, the Philippines announced a
It is concerned with: range of fiscal and pro-growth measures, including
accelerating infrastructure investment, improving Economic globalization has helped millions of people
access to finance for small and medium enterprises, and get out of extreme poverty, but the challenge of the
enhancing corporate tax incentives future is to lift up the poor while at the same time keep
the planet liveable.
In Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, adjustments
to energy or transportation subsidies during the year MICROCREDIT
exerted some upward pressure on overall prices.
In 2006, a Bangladeshi professor named Muhammad
However, the effect of these one-off factors on headline
Yunus won the Nobel Peace Prize for implementing a
inflation rates is expected to dissipate going forward.
simple idea;
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY, AND
He gave small loans, on average around $100, to low
INEQUALITY
income people in rural areas.
Economic and trade globalization is the result of
People on those areas often used the money to fund
companies trying to outmaneuver their competitors
plans that could raise their income.
Companies search for the cheapest place to make their
THEORIES OF STRATIFICATION
products, resulting in labor intensive products produced
in countries with the lowest wages and weakest MODERNIZATION THEORY
regulations
This theory frames global stratification as a function of
It’s a win-lose situation technological and cultural differences between nations.
Opponents of economic globalization called the This theory rests on the idea that affluence could be
outsourcing of jobs as exploitation and oppression, attained by anyone.
since the workers are exposed to safety hazards with no
regulations leading to mistreatment of workers. It pinpoints two historical events that contributed to
Western Europe: COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND
The rich become richer and the poor become poorer. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Thus, the economic stratification between rich and poor COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
countries widens.
• refers to the spread of goods, tech, education, and
STRATIFICATION diseases between the Americas and Europe after
Christopher Columbus’s so called discovery of the
refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of
Americas.
people in a hierarchy
• It worked out well for the European countries, they
It is perfectly clear that some groups have greater
gained agricultural staples which contributed to
status, power, and wealth than other groups. These
population growth.
differences are what led to social stratification
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
“The 1 to 2 billion poorest in the world who don’t have
food for the day suffer from the worst disease, • This is when new technologies, like steam power and
globalization deficiency. The way globalization is mechanization, allowed countries to replace human
occurring could be much better, but the worst thing is labor with machines and increase productivity
not being part of it.”
• It was very productive that it did not just benefit
 Hans Rosling Western Countries but, it improved the standards of
living for everyone.
Multiplier effect
BUT WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION NOT
an increase in one economic activity can lead to an
TAKE HOLD ANYWHERE?
increase in other economic activities
The theory argues that the tension between tradition • Many of these countries put social support systems in
and technological change is the biggest barrier to place to ensure that all of their citizens have access to
growth. basic necessities

WHY DID EUROPE MODERNIZE?

The Protestant Reformation primed Europe to take on

progress-oriented way of life in which financial success
was a sign of personal virtue.

WALT ROSTOW’S STAGES OF MODERNIZATION

According to Walt Rostow, modernization in the West

took place, as it always tends to, in 5 stages:

1. Traditional Stage

2. Preconditions for Take-Off Stage

3. Take-Off Stage

4. Technological Maturity Stage DEPENDENCY THEORY AND THE LATIN AMERICAN

EXPERIENCE
5. High Mass Consumption Stage
This theory was the product of the Latin American
TRADITIONAL
experience.
• refers to societies that are structured around small,
“Dependency” is the condition in which the
local communities with production being done in family
development of the nation-states of the South
settings, most of their time is spent on laboring, which
contributed to a decline in their independence and to
creates strict social hierarchy
an increase in economic development of the countries
Ex. What your parents do is what your parents did, and of the North (Cardoso and Felato, 1979).
what you will do when you grow up too
This theory argues that liberal trade causes greater
TAKE-OFF impoverishment, not economic improvement, to less
developed countries.
• People begin to use their individual talents to produce
things beyond the necessities. WHY THERE ARE MANY COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD NOT
DEVELOPING?
• This creates new markets for trade
These countries are not pursuing the right economic
• Greater individualism takes hold and social status is
policies or their governments are authoritarian and
more closely linked with material wealth
corrupt
TECHNOLOGICAL MATURITY
Dependency theory focuses on how poor countries
• Technological growth of earlier periods begins to bear have been wronged by richer nations.
fruit in the form of population growth, reduction in
“In a world with finite resources, we cannot understand
poverty levels, and more diverse job opportunities.
why rich nations are rich without realizing that those
•Nations in these phase typically begin to push for riches came at the expense of another country being
social change along with economic change. poor.”

HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION DEPENDENCY THEORY

• It is when a country is big enough that production The terms core nations and peripheral nations are at
becomes more about wants than needs. the heart of the dependency theory.
Core nations – more industrialized nations, received ways; Poor nations tend to have few resources to
much of the world’s wealth. export to rich countries

Semi-peripheral nations- middle income nations, closer However, corporations can by these materials cheaply
ties to the global economic core and then process them and sell them to richer nations.
As a result, profits tend to bypass poor countries which
Peripheral nations – less developed and receive
it leads to, unequal trade patterns.
unequal distributions
In sum, under the dependency theory, the problem is
two main sub-theories are the:
not that there is lack of global wealth; it is that we do
North American Neo-Marxist Approach not distribute it well

According to Andre Gunder Frank (1969);

• Less developed countries would develop by following The growth of the world economy and expansion of
the path taken by the developed countries. world trade have coincided with rising the standards of
living worldwide, with even the poorest nations almost
• He rejected the idea that internal sources cause a tripling in the last century
country’s underdevelopment, and that it is their
dependency to capitalist system that causes lack of With the increased trade between countries, trade
development agreements such as the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) have become a major point of
Latin American Structuralist Approach debate, pitting the benefits of free trade against the
According to Palma ; cost of jobs within a country’s borders

• The reason for Latin America’s underdevelopment • By learning economic globalization, an individual will
was the excessive reliance of primary commodities, be able to know about the issues and debates about it.
which were the object of fluctuating prices in the short An individual can able to think critically about solutions
term and a downward trend in relative value in the long to the various problems brought by globalization.
haul .

Dependency is not a general theory of

underdevelopment, but rather a methodology for the
analysis of concrete situations of dependency. -Cardoso
& Faletto, 1979

• In other terms the term dependency was used to

underscore the extent to which the economic and
whose center of gravity was located in the developed
nations.

• It also held that dependency was perpetuated by the

ensemble of ties among groups and classes both
between nations . This is the concept of linkage.

MODERN WORLD SYSTEMS

This history of colonialism inspired American sociologist

Immanuel Wallerstein the model of what he called the
capitalist world economy.

In Wallerstein’s model ,the periphery remains

economically dependent on the core in a number of
 manner, crises on weaker economy have less effect on
other countries.

Although countries are heavily affected by the gains and

crises in the world economy, the organizations that they
MARKET INTEGRATION consist also contribute to these events.

• The social institution that has one of the biggest 1. The Bretton Woods System
impacts on society is the economy.
2. The General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade (GATT)
• The economy is composed of people. It is the social and The World Trade Organization (WTO)
institution that organizes all productions, consumption,
3. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and The
and trade of goods in the society
World Bank
These economic systems – and the economic
4. OECD, OPEC, and EU
revolutions that created them – shape the way people
live their lives. 5. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Economic systems vary from one society to another. But THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
in any given economy, production typically splits into
•Bretton woods system of monetary management
three sectors:
established the rules for commercial and financial
PRIMARY SECTOR relations among its members.

• extracts raw materials from natural environments. •It was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary
order intended to govern monetary relations among
SECONDARY SECTOR
independent states.
• gains raw materials and transforms them into
The Bretton Woods System was established because of
manufactured goods.
the fear of recurrence of lack of cooperation among
TERTIARY SECTOR nations, political instability, and economic turmoil.

• involves services rather than goods. Reduction of barriers to trade and free flow of money
among nations became the focus to restructure the
Thus, economic system is more complicated or at least world economy and ensure global financial stability.
more sophisticated than the way things used to be for
much of human history. In general, the Bretton Woods System has five key
elements:
WHAT IS MARKET INTEGRATION?
Is the expression of currency in terms of gold or gold
• The extent to which markets make goods available value to establish a par value.
and keep prices stable depends on whether markets are
integrated with each other. The official monetary authority in each country (a
central bank) would have to agree to exchange its own
• A situation in which separate markets for the same currency for those of other countries at the established
product become one single market. exchange rates, plus or minus a one percent margin.
In simpler manner, it is an indicator that explains how The establishment of an overseer for these exchange
much different markets are related to each other. rates thus the international monetary fund was
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS founded.

World economies have been brought closer together by Eliminating restrictions on the currencies of member
globalization. The strength of a more powerful economy states in the international trade.
brings greater effect on other countries. In the same The US dollar became the global currency.
GATT • Its goal was to help countries which were in trouble at
that time and who could not obtain money by any
• This is one of the systems born out of Bretton Woods
means.
is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
• IMF served as a lender or a last resort for countries
• Established in 1947, currently having 23 member
which needed financial assistance.
countries.
WB
• It focused on trade goods through multinational trade
agreements conducted in many “rounds” of • Its goals had more long-term approach which revolved
negotiation. around the eradication of poverty and it funded specific
goals and it funded specific projects that helped them
However, it was out of the Uruguay Round (1986-1993)
reach their goals.
that an agreement was reached to create the World
Trade Organization (WTO). Unfortunately, the reputation of these institutions has
been dwindling, mainly due to practices such as lending
WTO
the corrupt governments or even dictators and
• It was established in 1995, and as of 2005, it has 152 imposing ineffective austerity measures to get their
member states. Its headquarters is located at Geneva, money back.
Switzerland.
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and
• It is an independent multilateral organization that Development
became responsible for trade in services, non-tariff-
•It has 35 member states as of 2016.
related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of
trade liberalization. •This emanates from the member countries’ resources
and economic power
However, there are significant criticism to WTO.
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
1. trade barriers created by developed countries cannot
be countered enough by them. •It has 14 member countries

2. The decision-making processes were heavily •This organization was formed because member
influenced by larger trading powers, in so-called Green countries wanted to increase the price of oil, which in
Room, while excluding smaller powers in meetings. the past had relatively low price and had failed in
keeping up with inflation
3. International Non-Government Organizations (INGOs)
are not involved, leading to the staging of regular EU European Union
protests and demonstrations against the WTO.
•It is made up with 28 member states.
IMF and WB
•Most members in the Eurozone adopted the euro as
• Both the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and basic currency
World Bank (WB) were founded after the World War II
NAFTA
mainly because of peace advocacy.
North American Free Trade Agreement
• These institutions aimed to help the economic
stability of the world. A trade pact between the United States, Mexico, and
Canada which helps in developing and expanding world
• Both of them are basically banks, but instead of being
trade by broadening international cooperation.
started by individuals like regular banks, they started by
organizations. It aims to increase corporation for improving working
conditions in North America by reducing barriers to
•They were designed to complement each other.
trade as it expands the markets of the three countries
IMF
It lowered prices by removing tariffs, opened up new INFORMATION REVOLUTION
opportunities for small and medium sized business to
• Ours is the time of the information revolution.
establish a name for itself, quadrupled trade between
the three countries, and created five million US jobs. • Computers and other technologies are beginning to
replace many jobs because of automation or
Some of the negative effects, however, include
outsourcing jobs offshore.
excessive pollution, loss of more than 682,000
manufacturing jobs, exploitation of workers in Mexico, • Development of technologies in the second half of
and moving Mexican farmers out of business. 20th century.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION • Technologies has reduced the use of human labor and
shifted from a manufacturing-based economy to one
1. Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution
that is based on service work and the production of
2. Capitalism and Socialism ideas rather than goods.

3. The Information Revolution CAPITALISM and SOCIALISM

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION There were two competing economic models that
sprung around the time of Industrial Revolution, as
• It was the first big economic change.
economic capital became more and more important to
• When people learned how to domesticate plants and the production of goods – the capitalism and socialism.
animals, they realized that it was much more productive
CAPITALISM
than hunter gatherer societies
• A system in which all natural resources and means of
Farming helped societies build surpluses, meaning, not
production are privately owned.
everyone had to spend their time producing food. Thus,
it led to major developments. • It emphasizes profit maximization and competition as
the main drivers of efficiency
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The idea that if one leaves a capitalist economy alone,
• It was the second major economic revolution in
consumers will regulate things themselves by selecting
1800s.
goods and services that provide the best value. This is
• With the rise of industry came new economic tools, what Adam Smith called as the “invisible hands”.
factories popped up and change how work functioned
• In practice, an economy does not work well if it is left
Instead of working at home, people began working as completely on autopilot. It would lead to market failure
wage laborers and then becoming more specialized in such as monopoly.
their skills. Thus productivity went up, standards of
• Market failures are the reasons most countries are
living rose, and people had access to wider variety of
not purely capitalist societies.
goods due to mass production.
SOCIALISM
HOWEVER, every economic revolution comes with
economic casualties. • Government plays an even larger role in socialism.

• The workers in factories worked in dangerous • The means of production are under collective
conditions for low wages. ownership – property is owned by the government and
allocated to all citizens, not only those with the money
• More productivity came greater wealth, but also
to afford it.
greater economic inequality.
To Karl Marx, socialism is a stepping stone to
• Because of it, in the late 19th century, labor unions
communism
began to form that sought to improve wages and
working conditions. MULTINATIONAL CORPORTATIONS
• The increase in international trade has both created
and been supported by international regulatory groups,
like WTO, and transnational trade agreements, like
NAFTA.

• The international trade agreements often benefit

private industries the most.

• Companies can produce their goods and services

across many different countries.

• It is also referred as Global corporations

• It is a company that operates in its home country, as

well as in other countries around the world.

• It maintains a central office located in one country, State

which coordinates the management of all other offices
such as administrative branches or factories. • It a political unit that has authority over its own
affairs. In other words, its borders are recognized by
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTINATIONAL other countries.
CORPORATIONS
• It views as the institution that created warfare and
• Very high assets and turnover sets economic policies for a country.
• Network branches  State may refer to the Philippine government, the
• Control Philippine Territory, and its internal and external
sovereignty.
• Continued growth
Treaty of Westphalia of 1648
• Sophisticated technology
established the notion of the nation-state and the idea
• Right skills of sovereignty
• Forceful marketing and advertising •With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease
in the power of the state and that other “actors” are
• Good quality of products
actually becoming powerful.
REASONS FOR BEING A MULTINATIONAL
Is the idea of the nation-state outdated in the
CORPORATIONS
contemporary world? If so, what is it we need to think
• Access to lower production costs about as “replacements”?

• Proximity to target international markets NATION AND STATE

• Avoidance of tariffs • The state is a distinctive political community with its

own set of rules and practices and that is more or less
separate from other communities.

It has four elements:

 People  Territory  Government  Sovereignty

PERMANENT POPULATION

- A group of people who live in a place

It is strengthen by territory
TERRITORY He saw greater demands being placed on the state
because of four major sources of collective insecurity:
• An area of land and body of water that belongs to or is
controlled by a government Terrorism

It is effectively controlled by the government Economic Globalization

GOVERNMENT Threats to National Identity

The government regulates relations among its own Spread of Global Disease
people and with other states.
Further, the state does not only respond to these
It is formally constituted with sovereignty threats, but may also exaggerate or create dangers,
thereby making its citizens more insecure.
SOVEREIGNTY
Global processes of various kinds are not as powerful as
a country’s independent authority and the right to
many believe.
govern itself.
“To see globalization as a threat to, a constraint on, the
nation-state; it can also be an opportunity for the
Nation nation-state”

refers to people rather than any kind of formal INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL
territorial boundaries or institutions. RELATIONS

• It is a collective identity grounded on a notion of •Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: the UN and
shared history and culture. NATO

•Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

• Nation may refer to our shared collective notion of •Global Economic Associations: the WTO and NAFTA
democracy, our history, and our collective identity.
UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)
• In other words, state is a political concept, while a
• It was coined by former US President Franklin D.
nation is a cultural aspect. •States, through its
Roosevelt in 1942.
formalized institutions, more ore less reflect nations.
• Founded on October 24, 1945 with 50 representatives
nation-state
• As of 2011, there are 193 members
It is a territory bounded sovereign institution that
governs individuals sharing a collective history, identity, • Its headquarters is located in New York City, New
and culture. York, USA

• Its current Secretary-general is Antonio Guterres

THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMID GLOBALIZATION CENTRAL MISSION:

Variety of Arguments are made including that Nation- “Maintain international peace and security.”
Sates continue to be the Major Players on the Global
•According to the UN (2011),
Stage.
Peace and security are maintained “by working to
“Retain at least some power in the pace of
prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace;
globalization” (Gilpin, 2001)
peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow
Beland (2008) argued that “the role of the state is peace to hold and flourish.”
enduring - and even increasing in advanced industrial
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
societies.”
 It is the gathering of all of the representatives of UN.
 It is held in a auditorium where speeches are given. done terrible things to people can be put to trial for
their crimes.
 They provide form for member states to express their
views and reach consensus.  Representatives from  Variety of international courts and tribunals created
different member states can vote on issues. by UN such as International Criminal Court (ICC) and
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS
GENERAL FUNCTIONS:
- There are variety of UN-Sponsored human
Military Issues
rights treaties and agreements have been done
Economic Issues for human protection.
- Other mechanisms include:
Human Protection -  OHCHR – Office of the UN High Commissioner
Environmental Issues for Human Rights
-  UNDG-HRM – UN Development Group’s
OTHER PROGRAMS OF UN Human Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism
UNICEF -  The Special Advisers on the Preventions of
Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect.
 United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund - There are also a legal instruments that help the
organization like the International Bill of Human
 Its primary goal is to help children around the world
Rights which consist of three legal documents:
where they collect funds to distribute emergency relief
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
from famine, poverty and diseases.
2. The International Covenant on Civil and
 They operate semi-independently and rely on Political Rights
fundraising 3. The International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights.
The Sustainable Development Goals
- UN created the Security Council – a group of
 It covers a range of concerns for the improvement of countries decides what to do when two or more
all aspects of life. countries are waging war or are on the verge of
fighting
 It is the UN’s post-2015 has an agenda that - There are 15 countries who are members of the
showcases the vision of the organization when it comes UN Security Council
to broader issues such as climate change, disaster risk Permanent members or the BIG FIVE
reduction and gender equality USA BRITAIN RUSSIA CHINA FRANCE
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Other 10 additional countries for two-year
terms, as of 2019
 It addresses environmental issues such as pollution Ivory Coast
and hazardous waste. Equatorial guinea
Kuwait
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Peru
 It took efforts that mitigate climate change like Poland
assessment of climate science, facilitation of climate Dominican republic
agreements, and giving assistance to countries to Germany
reduce emissions. Belgium
Indonesia
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
South Africa
 It is located in Netherlands
The UN is being criticized as being weak and is
 This is where countries can settle disputes in a court unable to stop wars.
of law and where war criminals and rulers who have This gave rise to the institution that plays a big
role in foreign affairs – NATO
 • Globalization – increase or decline in the degree of
North Atlantic Treaty Organization globalism.
NATO is a defensive treaty or military alliance
• Globalism – refers to the network of connections that
between the US, Canada and 25 European
transcends distances of different countries in the world.
countries.
In other words, the links among countries and people
• Founded on April 4, 1949 in Washington, D.C.,
are better associated with globalism while the speed in
USA
which they become linked with one another is
• Its headquarters is located at Brussels,
globalization.
Belgium.
• The current SecretaryGeneral is Jen • We can also differentiate globalism and globalization
Stoltenberg in terms of its “thickness”. Globalism is thin, as it
becomes thicker, globalization happens.
This treaty and international organization is based on This means that being able to connect countries in the
the idea of collective security. world through a more dynamic and faster way is
globalization
The main purpose of this formal alliance was to defend
each other from the possibility of communist Soviet INFORMATIONALISM
Union taking control of their Nation.
•This technological paradigm, associated with
The countries in this organization basically agreed to computer, science and modern telecommunication,
combine their militaries and announce to the world that that replaces industrialism is called informationalism.
if a country messes with one of its members, the other
countries will come to their defense. • It is defined as the exchange of information and
knowledge that become the central in the
contemporary world.
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
• The growth of information as the binding force among
•These are organizations that are not tied to any people, things, and places around the globe
country which allows them to operate freely
throughout the world. •This is due to the 3 of the most cutting-edge aspects of
the social world in general and globalization in
•They provide emergency relief such as food, water, particular, technology, media and internet.
and medical supplies for those homes have been
destroyed by disaster or war. •This is due to the 3 of the most cutting-edge aspects of
the social world in general and globalization in
• NGOs are neutral during wars. particular, technology, media and internet
Examples of NGOs are: MEDIA
Red Cross is an organization that help those who are • McLuhan and Flore (2006) argued that the New Media
wounded during wars. Age, the importance lies in the medium, the way in
which the message is transmitted, not necessarily in the
Doctors without Borders provides free emergency
content presented through the medium
healthcare in disaster areas.
• Guy De Bord (1994), French Social theorist, emphasize
Oxfam fights famine and diseases
in his media spectacle the sophistication and ubiquity of
Amnesty international speaks out human rights and spectacular visual in televisions
political prisoners
INTERNET
Save the Children Fund helps kids gets health care and
• Online social networking, spam, and computer
education
viruses, it is the internet that binds them all.
• The internet is a work of the contemporary world
according to Ritzer (2015).

• Internet has prompted a flat world basis, anyone can

be included in it, at least theoretically

While globalization allowed the expansion of

information, access to modern technologies is not a
universal matter that is available to every person
around the world.

•Technologies are limited by certain barriers. These

barriers include lack of electricity, illiteracy, weak
financial systems and government regulations